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EP1582943A1 - Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern - Google Patents

Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1582943A1
EP1582943A1 EP04405197A EP04405197A EP1582943A1 EP 1582943 A1 EP1582943 A1 EP 1582943A1 EP 04405197 A EP04405197 A EP 04405197A EP 04405197 A EP04405197 A EP 04405197A EP 1582943 A1 EP1582943 A1 EP 1582943A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
movement
barrels
barrel
shaft
movement according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04405197A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1582943B1 (de
Inventor
Johnny Frédéric Girardin
Stephen Edward Methuen Forsey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Richemont International SA
Original Assignee
Cartier International BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cartier International BV filed Critical Cartier International BV
Priority to DE602004016282T priority Critical patent/DE602004016282D1/de
Priority to EP04405197A priority patent/EP1582943B1/de
Priority to PCT/CH2005/000052 priority patent/WO2005096104A1/fr
Publication of EP1582943A1 publication Critical patent/EP1582943A1/de
Priority to HK06103287.0A priority patent/HK1085807A1/xx
Priority to US11/540,615 priority patent/US7452123B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1582943B1 publication Critical patent/EP1582943B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B1/00—Driving mechanisms
    • G04B1/10—Driving mechanisms with mainspring
    • G04B1/12—Driving mechanisms with mainspring with several mainsprings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B27/00—Mechanical devices for setting the time indicating means
    • G04B27/02—Mechanical devices for setting the time indicating means by making use of the winding means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B3/00—Normal winding of clockworks by hand or mechanically; Winding up several mainsprings or driving weights simultaneously
    • G04B3/04—Rigidly-mounted keys, knobs or crowns
    • G04B3/046—Operation by rotation and axial movement with extra function of axial shift of operating element, e.g. crown combined with push button
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B9/00—Supervision of the state of winding, e.g. indicating the amount of winding
    • G04B9/005—Supervision of the state of winding, e.g. indicating the amount of winding by optical indication of the amount of winding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to spring watch movements mechanical energy, of the type comprising a frame intended to carry the parts movable movement and provided with an upper face and a lower face, the distance between the faces defining the thickness of the movement.
  • a coaxial arrangement of the two barrels makes it possible to carry out a movement whose surface remains small, but which has a relatively big.
  • the thickness can be low when the barrels are arranged side by side, but they occupy a large area of the movement, corresponding to a sector close to 180 °.
  • document EP 1 115 040 proposes to equip the watch with four barrels arranged coaxially in pairs. Such a solution allows no only to store a significant amount of potential energy, which guarantees operation for more than a week, but still restitution with a speed and a torque compatible with a wheel of usual finishing.
  • the two pairs of coaxial barrels occupy practically the entire thickness of the movement and a sector of the order of 180 °.
  • the power reserve is certainly important, but it is difficult to accommodate mechanisms providing complementary.
  • a power reserve indicator mechanism is disposed between the barrels, in their thickness, which implies that the pairs are distant from each other and must be connected to each other by a train of referrals. The surface of the movement thus occupied is further increased.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a movement allowing store a lot of energy, and that uses the available volume so optimal.
  • the movement comprises a frame intended to carry moving parts of the movement and defining upper faces and lower. The distance between these faces defines the thickness of the movement.
  • the energy is stored in springs each housed in a barrel.
  • This movement is characterized in that it comprises at least three barrels, of which the first and second are superimposed, the third being disposed laterally to the other two and in their thickness, ie in the thickness of one and / or the other of the two superposed barrels, and without superposition with another barrel.
  • the two superposed barrels can occupy a sector about 90 ° on a significant part of the thickness of the movement, whereas the third barrel occupies only part of the thickness in the sector it occupies, which facilitates the integration of one or more mechanisms complementary.
  • the two superposed barrels can be of the same diameter or different diameters, or slightly shifted relative to each other. They are, however, advantageously coaxial.
  • the movement a mechanism of which at least part of the component parts is located in the thickness of the barrels stacked and is arranged between the third barrel and one of the faces of the movement. In this way, this mechanism does not does not change the outer dimensions of the movement.
  • This mechanism can, for example, ensuring the indication of the power reserve, the reassembly and the time setting or chronograph function.
  • the winding and setting mechanism which comprises a time-setting rod extending radially outwards and mobile in rotation and in translation along an axis parallel to the faces of the movement, is at least partially arranged in the space between the third barrel and one of the faces of the movement.
  • the stem can advantageously be oriented so that its axis forms substantially the bisector of an angle defined by two straight lines connecting the axes pivoting barrels and the center of the movement.
  • the power reserve indication mechanism advantageously comprises a differential gear comprising an output connected to means indicating the power reserve and two respectively connected inputs by gear trains to mobiles ensuring on the one hand the arming of springs, on the other hand the drive of the finishing gear.
  • the third barrel has a pierced tree axially from one side to the other.
  • At least one of the motives of these trains gearbox comprises a rod engaged in the drilling of this shaft, for kinematically connect mobiles of these gear trains arranged at neighborhood of the lower and upper faces.
  • the movement represented in the drawing comprises a frame, more particularly visible in FIG. 1 and comprising a plate 10 and bridges, in particular a barrel bridge 12.
  • the outer face of the plate 10 defines the face superior movement, which is usually covered by a dial, while the outer face of the bridges defines the lower face 16 of the movement, usually arranged on the bottom side of the box.
  • the bridges are positioned on the plate 10, in a conventional manner, by means of feet, and fixed by screws, not shown in the drawing to avoid the overload.
  • the barrels 18 and 20 are coaxial. They went up pivoting between the plate 10 and the bridge 12 on a rod 24, cylindrical in its central portion 24a and provided at its ends with two pivots 24b and 24c engaged in holes that respectively comprise the plate 10 and the bridge 12.
  • the barrels 18 and 20 each comprise a drum identified by the letter a , a cover b and a shaft c .
  • the drums a are provided on their cylindrical outer wall, a toothing d whose function will be specified later. They comprise, in their central part a tubular portion e in which is engaged the rod 24.
  • the toothing 20d is formed in a steel ring fixed on the drum 20a.
  • the trees c are pierced and have two tubular portions f and g , connected by an annular portion h .
  • the tubular portions f are pivotally mounted on the rod 24, facing one another. They have at their free end structures of complementary shapes such that they are secured to one another in rotation.
  • the tubular portions g are engaged on the tubular portions e of the drum and are provided with a hook thus forming a bung.
  • Springs 26 and 27 are respectively housed in the barrels 18 and 20 and fixed by one of their ends to the inner wall of the drum a and the other to the hook of the tubular portion g which forms the bung.
  • the covers b are fixed notches, in a conventional manner on the drums a .
  • the barrel 22 comprises a drum 22a and a shaft 22b.
  • the drum 22a is provided with a toothing 22c at its periphery, engaged with the teeth 18d of the barrel 18.
  • the shaft 22b is provided, in its central part, with a portion provided with a hook and forming a bung 22d, and at its ends, two pivots 22e and 22f, respectively engaged in bearings that comprise the platinum 10 and the bridge 12.
  • the shaft 22b carries, fixed rigidly and in its part between the bung 22d and the pivot 22f, a wheel 28 which covers the drum 22a on the side where it is open.
  • a spring 29 is disposed in the drum 22a and fixed thereto by one of its ends and the bung 22d by the other.
  • the barrels 18 and 20 coaxial, occupy a significant part of the thickness of the movement.
  • the springs equipping the barrels 18, 20 and 22 are armed by a mechanism winding which will be described later, by means of a wheel in engagement with the toothing 20d of the cylinder 20. In this way, the drum 20a is driven by rotation.
  • the spring 27 that it contains, hooked to the wall of the drum 20a by one of its ends, is armed by the rotation of the latter.
  • the tree 20c, to which is attached the other end of the spring 27, is subject to a couple, which is transmitted to the tree 18c.
  • this spring 26 As the latter is connected to one end of the spring 26 housed in the barrel 18, this spring 26 is also armed and submits the drum 18a to a couple by its other end.
  • the toothing 18d then drives the teeth in rotation 22c of the barrel 22 which thus arms the spring 29 that it contains, submitting then the shaft 22b to a torque transmitted to the gear train by the wheel 28, as will be explained below.
  • the work train is clearly visible in FIG. 2. Its various mobiles pivot, of course, in the frame, which has not been shown to make it easier to read the drawing.
  • This cog comprises a medium-sized mobile 30, a small average mobile 32, a seconds mobile 34 and an escape mobile 36. Each of these mobiles comprises a pinion identified by the letter a and a board identified by the letter. b , which is provided with a toothing identified by the letter c .
  • the barrel 22 rotates the medium-high mobile 30 by meshing of the wheel 28 with the pinion 30a.
  • the finishing gear is dimensioned so that this mobile performs one revolution per hour.
  • Her 30c teeth is engaged with the pinion 32a of the small average mobile 32, which is secured in rotation with the board 32b and the toothing 32c which meshes with the pinion 34a of the seconds mobile 34.
  • the latter which performs a revolution in one minute, meshes with its gear 34c with the pinion 36a of the escapement mobile 36, which leads, in a conventional manner, the anchor and the pendulum that have not been referenced.
  • a tube 44 is rigidly mounted in the center of the plate, and extending beyond of the face 14. It is intended to ensure the pivoting of mobiles bearing the central needles.
  • the finishing gear is completed by a center wheel 46, meshing with a second pinion 32d of the small average mobile 32 and carrying a roadway 48 rise to friction and engaged on the tube 44.
  • the floor 48 is arranged so as to able to wear a minute hand.
  • the movement further includes a timer wheel, the first of which mobile is the floor 48.
  • a timer 50 comprising a pinion 50a and a board 50b provided with a toothing 50c, pivots on the plate 10 and meshes by its teeth 50c with the road 48. It drives, by its pinion 50a, a cannon wheel 52 engaged by its barrel 52a on the floor 48, this barrel being arranged to receive an hour hand.
  • the winding and setting mechanism is shown in FIG. In this figure, the frame has not been shown to make it better visible the constituents of this mechanism.
  • This comprises, in a conventional manner, a winding stem and 54, a pull tab 56, a rocker 58 and a jumper bridge 60.
  • the rod 54 is pivotally mounted in the plate 10 around a parallel axis to the faces 14 and 16 of the movement and extending from the center to the outside of the movement.
  • This axis substantially forms the bisector of an angle defined by two straight lines connecting to the center of the movement the pivot axes of the barrels 18 and 20 on the one hand, barrel 22 on the other.
  • the rod 54 carries a sliding pinion 62 and a winding pinion 64, in engagement or not with each other according to the radial position of the rod and its direction of rotation, by means of a Breguet toothing identified by the letter a .
  • the sliding pinion 62 is further provided with a toothing in the field 62b and the winding pinion 64 of a radial toothing 64b.
  • a crown wheel 66 is disposed below the sliding pinion 62, mounted on the barrel bridge 12, and engaged with the winding pinion 64 by its radial teeth 64b, as well as with an intermediate mobile 68 comprising a pinion 68a which meshes with the crown wheel 66 and a board 68b provided with a set of teeth 68c, which drives the drum 20a by its toothing 20d.
  • the barrels springs 26, 27 and 29 are wound by turning the rod 54 when in the depressed position. This rotation drives the pinion flowing 62, engaged with the winding pinion 64 by their teeth Breguet 62a and 64a, which rotates the crown wheel 66 and the mobile intermediate 68 which meshes with the toothing 20d of the drum 20.
  • FIG. 4 represents a power reserve indicator mechanism, of the type using a differential gear. It is ordered on the one hand means of a wheel 70 mounted to rotate with the shaft 22b of the barrel 22, which rotates in synchronism with the finishing gear, and on the other hand with means of a linkage gear engaged with the crown wheel 66 and which is not represented in the drawing, the presence of this cogwheel masking the other constituents.
  • the differential gear comprises a sun gear 72 mounted free in rotation on a shaft 74 and positioned axially by stops 75 formed by the plate 10 and an intermediate bridge 76 carried by the plate 10.
  • the sun gear is provided with a toothing 72a that meshes, via a 77, with the wheel 70 that carries the shaft 22b of the cylinder 22. It thus forms the arming input of the power reserve indicator.
  • the sun gear 72 carries a satellite 78 comprising a wheel 78a and a pinion 78b.
  • the shaft 74 pivots in bearings that comprise the plate 10 and the bridge 76. He wears a lantern wheel 80, which meshes with pinion 78b as well an output wheel 82 integral in rotation, whose function will be specified further.
  • the lantern wheel 80 is provided with a barrel 80a frictionally mounted on the shaft 74 to form the lanternage, and on which pivots an entrance mobile of disarming 84 which comprises a pinion 84a and a wheel 84b.
  • the pinion 84a meshes with the wheel 78a of the satellite 78, while the wheel 84b is connected kinematically to the ring gear 66 by the linkage train.
  • the crown 66 drives the wheel 84 via the linkage train. Its pinion 84a is engaged with the wheel 78a of the satellite 78. As the sun gear 72 is engaged with the wheel 70 and, with it, with the shaft 22b of the barrel 22, it turns very slowly. The satellite 78 remains virtually immobile around the axis of the sun gear. It rotates against its own axis and its pinion 78b drives the wheel 80. The latter rotates the shaft 74 by its lanterned shaft 80a and the output wheel 82.
  • the display of the power reserve is achieved by means of a rack 86 slidably mounted in the plate 10 and kinematically connected to the wheel 82 by two mobiles 88 and 90. It is provided with an apparent index on the dial.
  • the disposition of the barrels 18, 20 and 22 makes it possible to house a large part of the parts of time and power reserve in the barrel thickness 18 and above barrel 22, which allows a particularly advantageous distribution of the movement components.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 The movement shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is similar to that described previously. Its power reserve indicator mechanism differs from it essentially by the structure of the gear train ensuring the training of the indicator.
  • the shaft 74 carries the wheel 80 provided with the barrel 80a frictionally mounted on the shaft 74, as well as the wheel 82, integral in rotation with the shaft 74.
  • the sun gear 72 is connected to the shaft 22b of the barrel 22 by a gear train having a first return 91 integral in rotation with the shaft 22b, a second return 92 and a mobile 93 having a wheel 93a, engaged with the return 92, and a pinion 93b meshing with the sun gear 72.
  • This gear train ensures the training of the power reserve indicator during the disarming of the springs.
  • the barrel shaft 22b is pierced axially and serves as a housing for a rod 94 passing through it from one side to the other.
  • This latter door secured in rotation, a wheel 94a connected kinematically at the toothing 20d of the barrel 20 and a reference 94b resulting in the gear train which controls the movement of the reserve indicator during the winding of the springs.
  • This gear train includes a mobile 95, formed of a pinion 95a meshing with the reference 94b and a wheel 95b, and a reference 96 connecting the wheel 95b to the pinion 80a.
  • the wheel 82 ensures (FIG. 6) the connection of the differential gear to the rack 86, via a mobile 97 comprising a wheel 97a in taken with the wheel 92 and a pinion 97b driving the rack 86.
  • FIG. 7 represents a movement whose structure of the barrels and their mounting on their frame are different from those described above.
  • the difference Essential refers to coaxial barrel shafts 18 and 20.
  • the barrel 18 is provided with a shaft 98 having a central portion 98a housed in the space between the drum 18a and the cover 18b and forming a bung, a cylindrical portion 98b adjacent to the central portion 98a and engaged in a hole in the bottom of the drum 18a, to form a pivot.
  • Portion 98b is extended by a pivot 98c pivoting in the plate 10.
  • a link portion 98d and a portion cylindrical 98e extend from the central portion 98a to the bridge 12.
  • the connecting portion is of cylindrical shape provided with two dishes whose function will be specified later.
  • the cylindrical portion 98e is provided with its end of a pivot 98f engaged in a bearing that includes this bridge.
  • a ring 98k is driven onto the shaft 98, surrounding the link portion 98d.
  • the outer diameter of the ring 98k is slightly smaller than that of the lid hole 18b, so that it can rotate in the lid 18b of the cylinder 18. Because of the dishes of which is equipped with this connecting portion 98d, there exists between it and the ring 98k of spaces to serve as dwellings, as will be explained more far.
  • the barrel 20 comprises a shaft 99 which has a central portion 99a forming a bung. It is pierced right through and is engaged on the portion cylindrical 98th. On either side of its central portion 99a, the shaft 99 is provided with two cylindrical portions 99b and 99c respectively engaged in the drum 20a and in the lid 20b and forming pivoting. The end of the portion 99b is extended by two fingers 99d engaged in the housings formed by the ring 98k and the connecting portion 98d between them, thus making the shafts 98 and 99 integral in rotation.
  • drums and barrel lids are advantageously made of cupro-beryllium alloy.
  • This second variant makes it possible to reduce the number of constituent parts, since the shaft 98 provides the two functions of the rod 24 and the shaft 20c of the first variant.
  • the movement according to the invention can be equipped with many other mechanisms, arranged or not in space thus made available.
  • a perpetual calendar for example, a Countdown, repetition, etc.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Unknown Time Intervals (AREA)
  • Electromechanical Clocks (AREA)
  • Transmission Devices (AREA)
EP04405197A 2004-04-01 2004-04-01 Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern Expired - Lifetime EP1582943B1 (de)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE602004016282T DE602004016282D1 (de) 2004-04-01 2004-04-01 Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern
EP04405197A EP1582943B1 (de) 2004-04-01 2004-04-01 Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern
PCT/CH2005/000052 WO2005096104A1 (fr) 2004-04-01 2005-02-01 Mouvement de montre comportant plusieurs barillets
HK06103287.0A HK1085807A1 (en) 2004-04-01 2006-03-14 Watch movement comprising several barrels
US11/540,615 US7452123B2 (en) 2004-04-01 2006-10-02 Watch movement comprising several barrels

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04405197A EP1582943B1 (de) 2004-04-01 2004-04-01 Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1582943A1 true EP1582943A1 (de) 2005-10-05
EP1582943B1 EP1582943B1 (de) 2008-09-03

Family

ID=34878363

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04405197A Expired - Lifetime EP1582943B1 (de) 2004-04-01 2004-04-01 Uhrwerk mit mehreren Federhäusern

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US7452123B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1582943B1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004016282D1 (de)
HK (1) HK1085807A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2005096104A1 (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2463986A1 (de) * 2010-12-10 2012-06-13 Celsius X Vi Ii Tragbares elektronisches Gerät
EP2977828A1 (de) * 2014-07-21 2016-01-27 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Anzeige der Gangreserve einer Uhr
CH711870A1 (fr) * 2015-12-10 2017-06-15 Parmigiani Fleurier S A Mouvement horloger.

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CH702035B1 (fr) * 2006-10-20 2011-04-29 Eterna Sa Fabrique D Horlogerie Pièce d'horlogerie.
EP1925995B1 (de) * 2006-11-21 2014-06-18 Christophe Claret Engineering S.A. Schlagwerk
EP2060957A1 (de) * 2007-11-16 2009-05-20 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Motorelement mit federn für uhrwerk
CH699988A2 (fr) * 2008-11-28 2010-05-31 Patek Philippe Sa Geneve Organe moteur pour mouvement horloger.
EP2214064A1 (de) 2009-01-29 2010-08-04 Samep S.A. - Montres Emile Pequignet Uhrwerk
CH702852B1 (fr) * 2010-03-20 2014-09-30 Paul Hartzband Pièce d'horlogerie.
CH704150A2 (fr) * 2010-11-17 2012-05-31 Cartier Creation Studio Sa Organe moteur pour mouvement d'horlogerie.
EP2515186B1 (de) * 2011-04-20 2014-06-11 Cartier Création Studio S.A. Gear-train for timepiece
EP2634649B1 (de) * 2012-02-29 2017-07-12 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Ökonomisches Federgehäuse für Uhrwerk
CH706214B1 (fr) * 2012-03-09 2016-09-30 Sowind SA Barillet de pièce d'horlogerie.
CN104204965B (zh) * 2012-04-04 2018-03-27 劳力士有限公司 发条盒以及包括该发条盒的钟表机芯、腕表和表
CH710362A1 (fr) * 2014-11-13 2016-05-13 Société Anonyme De La Mft D'horlogerie Audemars Piguet & Cie Dispositif de rattrapante à train épicycloïdale pour pièce d'horlogerie.
EP3382468B1 (de) * 2017-03-30 2020-01-15 The Swatch Group Research and Development Ltd Uhrwerk mit verlängerung der gangreserve
JP7327181B2 (ja) * 2020-01-27 2023-08-16 セイコーエプソン株式会社 時計

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FR1195976A (fr) * 1957-06-25 1959-11-20 M Le Directeur Du Service Des Installation de ressorts en spirale
CH610465B5 (en) * 1972-11-02 1979-04-30 Longines Montres Comp D Watch movement containing two barrels
EP1115040A1 (de) * 2000-01-06 2001-07-11 Chopard Manufacture SA Antriebsvorrichtung für Uhrwerk mit grosser Gangreserve
WO2003001304A2 (de) * 2001-06-26 2003-01-03 Watch-U-License Ag Uhrwerk mit mehreren federhäusern

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2463986A1 (de) * 2010-12-10 2012-06-13 Celsius X Vi Ii Tragbares elektronisches Gerät
EP2977828A1 (de) * 2014-07-21 2016-01-27 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Anzeige der Gangreserve einer Uhr
US9519270B2 (en) 2014-07-21 2016-12-13 Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogere Suisse Power reserve indicator for a timepiece
CH711870A1 (fr) * 2015-12-10 2017-06-15 Parmigiani Fleurier S A Mouvement horloger.

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DE602004016282D1 (de) 2008-10-16
WO2005096104A1 (fr) 2005-10-13
HK1085807A1 (en) 2006-09-01
EP1582943B1 (de) 2008-09-03
US20070091728A1 (en) 2007-04-26
US7452123B2 (en) 2008-11-18

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