EP1199728A2 - Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall - Google Patents
Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1199728A2 EP1199728A2 EP01402422A EP01402422A EP1199728A2 EP 1199728 A2 EP1199728 A2 EP 1199728A2 EP 01402422 A EP01402422 A EP 01402422A EP 01402422 A EP01402422 A EP 01402422A EP 1199728 A2 EP1199728 A2 EP 1199728A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- conductor
- layer
- mica
- glass
- tape
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/02—Disposition of insulation
- H01B7/0258—Disposition of insulation comprising one or more longitudinal lapped layers of insulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/02—Disposition of insulation
- H01B7/0275—Disposition of insulation comprising one or more extruded layers of insulation
- H01B7/0283—Disposition of insulation comprising one or more extruded layers of insulation comprising in addition one or more other layers of non-extruded insulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
- H01B7/295—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to flame
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an insulated electrical conductor with functional integrity in the event of a fire, an electrical line with functional integrity in the event of a fire and a Method of making an insulated electrical conductor and an electrical one Management.
- cables are exposed to the flames, they usually burn in the cable existing insulation and sheath materials, provided they are not materials, that dripped completely or partially under the influence of the fire heat are. Residues left on the conductors after the fire may, if not have become conductive due to charring or the action of extinguishing agents, prevent a short circuit between the conductors or an earth fault and thus low operating voltages make emergency operation possible. These residues are however usually not mechanically resilient, so that even the smallest movements like thermal changes in length of the conductor when cooling after the fire or slight vibrations lead to the destruction of the residues and thus the failure of the Effect cable.
- Cables that must remain operational in the event of a fire for example Cables for emergency systems or the operation of fire extinguishing systems are included Insulated materials that are stable in the event of fire. Additional mineral deposits Layers - such as glass silk tapes - can reduce the insulating ability in the event of a fire maintained. However, extinguishing agents can also reduce insulation become significantly worse.
- an insulated conductor in which one on the conductor first layer of an inorganic barrier material is applied.
- This is what it is about is a glass fabric tape, which is reinforced with mica.
- the mica particles are connected to the glass fabric tape with a silicone resin.
- the layer can be applied to the conductor by extrusion, as a tape or in some other way.
- Above the first layer is an abrasion-resistant second layer made of polyimide. Further insulating layers can also be applied to the polyimide layer.
- One on insulated conductors produced in this way are characterized by a low weight, high abrasion resistance and high flame resistance.
- a heat-resistant electrical line has a nickel-plated copper conductor made of at least one layer Mica tape and an overlying fiberglass braid is surrounded. About that There is still an overlapping wrapped metal band and glass fiber braid above it is a braid made of metal wires. Such a structure is very expensive and not on the market, or at most for special applications enforceable. In addition, the line is not very flexible and because of the high Heavy metal content.
- the object of the present invention is an insulated electrical Providing ladder that is flexible, lightweight and inexpensive can be produced.
- the main advantage of the invention is the fact that by Letting in e.g. two mica tapes in the claimed Overlap de facto three layers of mica are generated on the conductor. Will one Wrapping with a thread or tape made of tensile, flame-resistant material The two belts are provided during production and also in the event of a fire held together.
- FIG. 1 shows an insulated conductor according to the teaching of the invention shown - with a metallic conductor 1, solid or consisting of individual wires, which is preferably made of copper.
- the conductor 1 or the individual wires of the conductor can be tinned.
- the glass silk / mica tape consists of one Glass silk fabric, with which mica particles are connected by means of a silicone resin.
- the next layer 3 also forms a longitudinal entry with at least 50% Glass fiber / mica tape applied overlap, the overlap seam 2a of the first layer 2 offset by 180 ° to the overlap seam 3a of the second layer 3 is located.
- the first layer 2 is applied to the conductor 1 so that the mica layer the conductor surface is facing.
- Two threads 4 and 5 are crosswise on the second Layer 3 wound up.
- the threads 4 and 5 are preferably glass or carbon threads.
- a extruded insulating layer 6 forms the outer shell of the insulated conductor.
- the insulation layer 6 can consist of an inexpensive plastic, e.g. Polyethylene, the However, polyethylene should be flame retardant due to known additives, in order to prevent a fire To prevent the flames from spreading.
- the more than 50% overlap of layers 2 and 3 results in at least one triple mica layer, which increases the resistance of the conductor to Flame exposure is significantly increased.
- the threads 4 and 5 ensure that the layers 2 and 3 both during production and in the event of a fire after the insulation 6 is destroyed, maintain its closed position around the conductor 1 and thus the Mica flakes isolate the conductor 1 even during a fire and afterwards surround.
- the glass portions of layers 2, 3 and optionally 4 and 5 start at to melt at a temperature above 1000 ° C and form with the mica platelets effective insulation at high temperatures.
- FIG. 2 shows a section through a line with functional integrity in the event of fire, which the four insulated wires 7,8,9 and 10, which are twisted together and one first layer 11 made of a coated glass silk tape, the coating of which an unvulcanized flame-retardant, halogen-free ethylene copolymer compound exists, is surrounded.
- the layer 11 is intended to act as a flame barrier layer.
- a drain wire 12 preferably running in the form of a helical line, which is tinned.
- a second layer 13 made from one side plastic-coated metal tape running lengthways with overlapping tape edges shaped, wherein the bare metal layer contacts the drain wire 12.
- This second layer 13 serves as a shield.
- An outer jacket 14 surrounds the shielding layer 13.
- Each The wire is constructed like the insulated conductor according to FIG. 1.
- the outer jacket 11 is made expediently made of a flame-retardant plastic e.g. highly filled Polyethylene.
- Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of a manufacturing method for a Line as shown in Figure 2.
- the metallic conductor 1 is from a supply coil or a storage container 15 peeled off and first from a glass silk / mica tape forming the first layer 2 wrapped lengthways, the one that supports the mica layer Surface of the glass silk / mica tape facing the conductor surface.
- the bandwidth of the fiberglass / mica tape is dimensioned so that it is at least the same is 1.5 times the circumference of the conductor 1.
- Forming the from a supply spool 16 stripped glass silk / mica tape is done by a coaxial to the continuous conductor 1 arranged tube, not shown. The same way becomes the glass layer / mica tape which forms the second layer 3 and is drawn off from a supply spool 17 around the first layer 2.
- the second layer 3 is placed on the first layer 2 so that the overlaps are diametrically opposed to each other. Layers 2 and 3 thus form a three layer Layer containing mica.
- the stranded composite 22 is in an extruder 23 with the outer jacket 14 and the finished line on a supply spool 24 wound.
- the means for applying the glass silk ribbon 11 of the drain wire 12, and the shield 13 are omitted for the sake of clarity. Such means are known in cable and wire technology.
- the extruder 19 can also be an extruder with four mouthpieces. At this Execution with the first layer 2, the second layer 3 and the threads 4th and 5 provided conductor 1 coated with the insulation 6 and after the Pass through the cooling pool 20 stranded.
Landscapes
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (14)
- Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall, bestehend aus einem metallischen Leiter, einer auf den Leiter aufgebrachten ersten Glas und/oder Glimmer enthaltenden Schicht und einer die erste Schicht umgebenden zweiten Kunststoffschicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die erste Schicht aus zumindest zwei längseinlaufend auf den Leiter aufgebrachten Bändern (2,3) aus Glas und/oder Glimmer, wobei die Breite der Bänder (2,3) so gewählt ist, daß die Bänder (2,3) einander um mindestens 50 % überlappen.
- Leiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß auf die erste Schicht zumindest ein Band oder Faden (4,5) aus zugfestem, flammbeständigem Material schraubenlinienförmig aufgebracht ist.
- Leiter nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bänder aus einem Glasseideband mit Glimmerteilchen bestehen, die mit einem Silikonharz mit dem Glasseideband verbunden sind.
- Leiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwei Bänder oder Fäden (4,5) mit einander gegenläufiger Schlagrichtung auf die erste Schicht (2,3) aufgewickelt sind.
- Leiter nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Faden (4,5) aus zugfestem, flammbeständigen Material ein Glasfaser- oder Kohlefaserfaden ist.
- Leiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß bei Verwendung von zwei Bändern der Überlappungsbereich (2a) des ersten Bandes (2) um 180° versetzt zum Überlappungsbereich (3a) des zweiten Bandes (3) gelegen ist.
- Leiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bänder (2,3) der ersten Schicht Glas-/Glimmerbänder sind und die Glimmerschicht dem Leiter (1) zugekehrt ist.
- Elektrische Leitung mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Leitung zumindest zwei miteinander verseilte Leiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 enthält.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines isolierten elektrischen Leiters mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall, bei dem ein elektrischer Leiter mit einer ersten Glas und/oder Glimmer enthaltenden Schicht versehen und anschließend auf diese erste Schicht eine zweite Schicht aus Kunststoff aufgebracht wird, gekennzeichnet durch die Schrittea) Aufbringen eines ersten Glas und/oder Glimmer enthaltenden längseinlaufenden Bandes auf den Leiter mit einer Überlappung von mindestens 50 %,b) Aufbringen eines zweiten Glas und/oder Glimmer enthaltenden längseinlaufenden Bandes auf das erste Band mit einer Überlappung von ebenfalls über 50 %, wobei die Überlappung des zweiten Bandes gegenüber der Überlappung des ersten Bandes um 180° versetzt ist,c) Extrusion einer Kunststoffschicht auf den mit der ersten Schicht und versehenden Leiter in Tandem.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, gekennzeichnet durch den Schritt Aufwickeln zumindest eines Bandes oder Fadens auf das zweite Band vor Schritt c).
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Längsformung der Bänder innerhalb einer Rohrführung vorgenommen wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Anspruch 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwei Glasfaser- oder Kohlefaserfäden schraubenlinienförmig mit einander gegenläufigen Schlagrichtungen auf das zweite Band aufgewickelt werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß gleichzeitig mehrere Leiter hergestellt und anschließend mit einer gemeinsamen Kunststoffumhüllung versehen werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Leiter miteinander verseilt und anschließend auf den Verseilverbund ein Außenmantel aus Kunststoff aufextrudiert wird.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10051962A DE10051962A1 (de) | 2000-10-20 | 2000-10-20 | Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall |
DE10051962 | 2000-10-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1199728A2 true EP1199728A2 (de) | 2002-04-24 |
EP1199728A3 EP1199728A3 (de) | 2003-12-17 |
Family
ID=7660402
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01402422A Withdrawn EP1199728A3 (de) | 2000-10-20 | 2001-09-21 | Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6747214B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1199728A3 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10051962A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1215687B1 (de) * | 2000-12-12 | 2005-10-12 | Studer Draht-und Kabelwerk AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kabels und nach diesem Verfahren hergestelltes Kabel |
EP1619694A1 (de) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-25 | Nexans | Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall |
CN104299691A (zh) * | 2014-10-14 | 2015-01-21 | 济南圣通电力线缆有限公司 | 一种柔性防火电缆 |
WO2016051256A1 (fr) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-04-07 | Setic Sas | Procédé de fabrication par double torsion d'un câble anti-feu à toron de cuivre-mica, lyre adaptée et ligne de fabrication adaptée, câble anti-feu obtenu |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10203900A1 (de) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-08-14 | Nexans | Elektrische Leitung |
US7240425B2 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2007-07-10 | Amphenol Corporation | Method of making an electrical connection to a conductor on an inner layer of a multi-layer printed circuit board |
WO2005015577A1 (en) * | 2003-07-25 | 2005-02-17 | Pirelli & C. S.P.A. | Continuous process for manufacturing electrical cables |
DE102004010923B8 (de) * | 2004-03-06 | 2006-06-01 | Dal Maso-Camenen, André Ruben | Leiter für Audiokabel |
US20080189940A1 (en) * | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-14 | Superior Essex Communications Lp | Communication cable with an asymmetrically clad steel shield |
US7939764B2 (en) * | 2007-09-25 | 2011-05-10 | Samuel Gottfried | Fire, heat and high voltage cable protection wrap |
US20130284954A1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-10-31 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | High temperature servo valve actuator |
ITMI20121178A1 (it) | 2012-07-05 | 2014-01-06 | Prysmian Spa | Cavo elettrico resistente a fuoco, acqua e sollecitazioni meccaniche |
WO2014150766A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | Commscope, Inc. Of North Carolina | Shielded cable with utp pair environment |
JP6734069B2 (ja) * | 2016-02-16 | 2020-08-05 | 日立金属株式会社 | ケーブル及びハーネス |
JP6670440B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-04 | 2020-03-25 | 日立金属株式会社 | ケーブル及びワイヤハーネス |
CN113724928A (zh) * | 2016-06-17 | 2021-11-30 | 日立金属株式会社 | 绝缘电线和电缆 |
US10354779B2 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-07-16 | Radix Wire & Cable, Llc | Free air fire alarm cable |
CN107731377A (zh) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-02-23 | 江苏凯达电缆有限公司 | 一种矿物质绝缘耐抗拉耐阻燃计算机软电缆 |
JP6870642B2 (ja) | 2018-03-28 | 2021-05-12 | 住友電装株式会社 | 複合ケーブル対 |
US11791067B2 (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2023-10-17 | Corning Research & Development Corporation | Methods for bonding stranded cable subunits to central member |
US20220013251A1 (en) * | 2020-07-07 | 2022-01-13 | James Cheng Lee | Cable and manufacturing method thereof |
US20220285046A1 (en) * | 2020-07-07 | 2022-09-08 | James Cheng Lee | Cable and manufacturing method thereof |
CN214847854U (zh) * | 2021-06-12 | 2021-11-23 | 开开电缆科技有限公司 | 一种柔性防火电缆 |
CN115331877B (zh) * | 2022-07-28 | 2024-11-08 | 武汉武湖电缆有限公司 | 一种柔性矿物质绝缘电缆及其制造工艺 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS54131791A (en) * | 1978-04-04 | 1979-10-13 | Meidensha Electric Mfg Co Ltd | Lead wire |
EP0100829A2 (de) * | 1982-08-06 | 1984-02-22 | AEG KABEL Aktiengesellschaft | Halogenfreies, flammwidriges Kabel mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall für eine bestimmte Zeit |
FR2573910A1 (fr) * | 1984-11-29 | 1986-05-30 | Habia Cable | Revetement isolant souple resistant au feu pour conduites, fils et cables electriques |
JPH05325655A (ja) * | 1992-05-20 | 1993-12-10 | Kurabe Ind Co Ltd | 耐熱耐湿絶縁電線 |
JPH08287737A (ja) * | 1995-04-17 | 1996-11-01 | Yazaki Corp | 耐火電線 |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2222555A (en) * | 1937-12-27 | 1940-11-19 | Robinson | Electrical conductor |
US3425865A (en) * | 1965-06-29 | 1969-02-04 | Cerro Corp | Insulated conductor |
US3602636A (en) * | 1969-11-06 | 1971-08-31 | Reynolds Metals Co | Wrapped service entrance cable |
US3823255A (en) * | 1972-04-20 | 1974-07-09 | Cyprus Mines Corp | Flame and radiation resistant cable |
GB2050041B (en) * | 1979-05-30 | 1983-02-02 | Pirelli General Cable Works | Fire resistant cable |
US4284842A (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1981-08-18 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. | Cable having superior resistance to flame spread and smoke evolution |
US4319940A (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1982-03-16 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Methods of making cable having superior resistance to flame spread and smoke evolution |
EP0040035A1 (de) * | 1980-05-08 | 1981-11-18 | BICC Limited | Elektrische Kabel |
DE3201981A1 (de) * | 1982-01-22 | 1983-08-04 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Lichtwellenleitkabel mit umhuellten lichtwellenleitern |
US4514466A (en) * | 1982-06-04 | 1985-04-30 | General Electric Company | Fire-resistant plenum cable and method for making same |
CA1179211A (en) * | 1982-11-12 | 1984-12-11 | Dilip K. Tailor | Heat shrinkable covering and method for applying same |
US4510348A (en) * | 1983-03-28 | 1985-04-09 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Non-shielded, fire-resistant plenum cable |
US4715915A (en) * | 1986-06-19 | 1987-12-29 | Carlisle Corporation | Longitudinal seam and method of forming |
DE3631699C2 (de) * | 1986-09-18 | 1993-11-11 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh | Flammbeständige elektrische Leitung |
DE8716166U1 (de) * | 1987-12-08 | 1988-01-21 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh, 30179 Hannover | Hitzebeständige elektrische Leitung |
AU676036B2 (en) * | 1993-06-11 | 1997-02-27 | Bicc Public Limited Company | Electric cables |
DE4323229C2 (de) * | 1993-07-12 | 1998-04-09 | Bayer Ag | Leiterkabel mit einer Silicon-imprägnierten Glasfaser-Ummantelung |
DE19517392A1 (de) * | 1995-05-11 | 1996-11-14 | Siemens Ag | Optisches Kabel mit mindestens einer Schutzschicht aus hitzebeständigem Material |
-
2000
- 2000-10-20 DE DE10051962A patent/DE10051962A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-09-21 EP EP01402422A patent/EP1199728A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-10-19 US US09/981,713 patent/US6747214B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS54131791A (en) * | 1978-04-04 | 1979-10-13 | Meidensha Electric Mfg Co Ltd | Lead wire |
EP0100829A2 (de) * | 1982-08-06 | 1984-02-22 | AEG KABEL Aktiengesellschaft | Halogenfreies, flammwidriges Kabel mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall für eine bestimmte Zeit |
FR2573910A1 (fr) * | 1984-11-29 | 1986-05-30 | Habia Cable | Revetement isolant souple resistant au feu pour conduites, fils et cables electriques |
JPH05325655A (ja) * | 1992-05-20 | 1993-12-10 | Kurabe Ind Co Ltd | 耐熱耐湿絶縁電線 |
JPH08287737A (ja) * | 1995-04-17 | 1996-11-01 | Yazaki Corp | 耐火電線 |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 003, no. 150 (E-158), 11. Dezember 1979 (1979-12-11) & JP 54 131791 A (MEIDENSHA ELECTRIC MFG CO LTD), 13. Oktober 1979 (1979-10-13) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 018, no. 137 (E-1518), 7. März 1994 (1994-03-07) & JP 05 325655 A (KURABE IND CO LTD), 10. Dezember 1993 (1993-12-10) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1997, no. 03, 31. März 1997 (1997-03-31) & JP 08 287737 A (YAZAKI CORP), 1. November 1996 (1996-11-01) * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1215687B1 (de) * | 2000-12-12 | 2005-10-12 | Studer Draht-und Kabelwerk AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kabels und nach diesem Verfahren hergestelltes Kabel |
EP1619694A1 (de) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-25 | Nexans | Isolierter elektrischer Leiter mit Funktionserhalt im Brandfall |
WO2016051256A1 (fr) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-04-07 | Setic Sas | Procédé de fabrication par double torsion d'un câble anti-feu à toron de cuivre-mica, lyre adaptée et ligne de fabrication adaptée, câble anti-feu obtenu |
FR3026889A1 (fr) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-04-08 | Setic | Procede de fabrication par double torsion d'un cable anti-feu a toron de cuivre-mica, lyre adaptee et ligne de fabrication adapteee, cable anti-feu obtenu |
CN104299691A (zh) * | 2014-10-14 | 2015-01-21 | 济南圣通电力线缆有限公司 | 一种柔性防火电缆 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1199728A3 (de) | 2003-12-17 |
DE10051962A1 (de) | 2002-05-02 |
US20020046871A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
US6747214B2 (en) | 2004-06-08 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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