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EP0814199B1 - Process for applying an asphalt mixture - Google Patents

Process for applying an asphalt mixture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0814199B1
EP0814199B1 EP97109535A EP97109535A EP0814199B1 EP 0814199 B1 EP0814199 B1 EP 0814199B1 EP 97109535 A EP97109535 A EP 97109535A EP 97109535 A EP97109535 A EP 97109535A EP 0814199 B1 EP0814199 B1 EP 0814199B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tamper
paver
motion
tampers
accordance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97109535A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0814199A3 (en
EP0814199A2 (en
Inventor
Dirk Heims
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABG Allgemeine Baumaschinen GmbH
Original Assignee
ABG Allgemeine Baumaschinen GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABG Allgemeine Baumaschinen GmbH filed Critical ABG Allgemeine Baumaschinen GmbH
Publication of EP0814199A2 publication Critical patent/EP0814199A2/en
Publication of EP0814199A3 publication Critical patent/EP0814199A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0814199B1 publication Critical patent/EP0814199B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/22—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for consolidating or finishing laid-down unset materials
    • E01C19/30—Tamping or vibrating apparatus other than rollers ; Devices for ramming individual paving elements
    • E01C19/34—Power-driven rammers or tampers, e.g. air-hammer impacted shoes for ramming stone-sett paving; Hand-actuated ramming or tamping machines, e.g. tampers with manually hoisted dropping weight
    • E01C19/40—Power-driven rammers or tampers, e.g. air-hammer impacted shoes for ramming stone-sett paving; Hand-actuated ramming or tamping machines, e.g. tampers with manually hoisted dropping weight adapted to impart a smooth finish to the paving, e.g. tamping or vibrating finishers
    • E01C19/407—Power-driven rammers or tampers, e.g. air-hammer impacted shoes for ramming stone-sett paving; Hand-actuated ramming or tamping machines, e.g. tampers with manually hoisted dropping weight adapted to impart a smooth finish to the paving, e.g. tamping or vibrating finishers with elements or parts partly or fully immersed in or penetrating into the material to act thereon, e.g. immersed vibrators or vibrating parts, kneading tampers, spaders

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for paving asphalt mix according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the rammers usually have such pavers a metering slope to meter the mix to be installed act, in the event that such rammers used as a pair be, the front tamper in the direction of travel a pre-compression to a lower height than the subsequent one, but also dosing working rammer while subsequently through the screed is smoothed and, if necessary, additionally compressed.
  • the object of the invention is a method according to the preamble of claim 1, in which the appearance of sickle-shaped Openings adjacent to coarse grain on the surface is avoided.
  • the compression unit shown in the direction of travel is arranged behind a distributor screw for asphalt mix two strip-shaped ones arranged directly behind one another in the direction of travel Stamper 1, 2 by a drive, not shown are driven in opposite directions, and a subsequent screed 3, in particular with a vibration drive, not shown is coupled and then also has an additional compacting effect.
  • Both rammers 1, 2 are each provided with a metering slope 4 which runs approximately at an angle of 45 ° to the horizontal, while in front of the Stompers 1, 2 follow the distribution room for mixed material in the direction of travel rear guiding plate 5 at an angle of about 60 ° to the horizontal is provided.
  • a paver is for example known from EP-A-0 115 567.
  • the compression unit is on at all on tension arms attached to the paver and floats on the road to be compacted Mix on.
  • the top dead center position of the front rammer 1 is pulled through shown, while his bottom dead center position is shown in dashed lines is. Its lifting height is the difference in height between these two Locations.
  • the bottom dead center position of the rear rammer 2 is pulled through shown, while his top dead center position is shown in dashed lines is. Its lifting height is the difference in height between these two Locations.
  • the stroke setting of the two rammers 1, 2 can be seen chosen such that the bottom dead center of the front in the direction of travel Stammer 1 about the top dead center of the rear in the direction of travel Stammerers 2 corresponds, cf. the two dashed pounding positions.
  • a paver can be used to carry out the process use, with both rammers 1, 2 independent eccentric drives have non-adjustable or adjustable strokes, or the front and / or the rear tamper 1, 2 has a vibration drive.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Machines (AREA)
  • Working-Up Tar And Pitch (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Einbauen von Asphaltmischgut nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for paving asphalt mix according to the preamble of claim 1.

Asphaltmischgut mit hohem Grobkornanteil (insbesondere Größenordnung 30 mm und mehr) bei gleichzeitig fehlendem oder vermindertem Anteil an mittlerer Korngröße ist beim Einbau mit Straßenfertigern, die zumindest einen Stampfer und eine sich daran anschließende Glättbohle aufweisen, problematisch, da das Grobkorn an der Oberfläche der Einbauschicht nicht allseitig in Mischgut kleinerer Korngröße eingebettet bleibt, sondern in Fahrtrichtung des Straßenfertigers gesehen hinter dem Grobkorn mehr oder weniger breite, etwa sichelförmige Öffnungen auftreten. Diese Öffnungen lassen sich auch durch anschließende Walzverdichtung nicht mehr schließen.Asphalt mix with a high proportion of coarse grains (in particular size 30 mm and more) with missing or reduced portion at the same time medium grain size is required when paving with road pavers at least one tamper and a subsequent screed have problematic because the coarse grain on the surface of the built-in layer not embedded in mixed grain of smaller grain size on all sides remains behind, but seen in the direction of travel of the paver Coarse-grained, more or less wide, roughly crescent-shaped openings occur. These openings can also be made by subsequent roll compaction no longer close.

Die Stampfer besitzen bei derartigen Straßenfertigern üblicherweise eine Dosierschräge, um dosierend auf das einzubauende Mischgut einzuwirken, wobei in dem Fall, daß derartige Stampfer als Paar verwendet werden, der in Fahrtrichtung vordere Stampfer eine Vorverdichtung auf eine geringere Höhe als der anschließende, aber ebenfalls dosierend arbeitende Stampfer bewirkt, während nachfolgend durch die Glättbohle geglättet und gegebenenfalls zusätzlich verdichtet wird.The rammers usually have such pavers a metering slope to meter the mix to be installed act, in the event that such rammers used as a pair be, the front tamper in the direction of travel a pre-compression to a lower height than the subsequent one, but also dosing working rammer while subsequently through the screed is smoothed and, if necessary, additionally compressed.

Allgemein geht man davon aus, daß loses Einbaumaterial durch einen Straßenfertiger und gegebenenfalls durch nachfolgendes Walzen um etwa 25% verdichtet wird, um den Einbauzustand zu erreichen. Vielfach läßt sich diese Endverdichtung nicht durch einen Straßenfertiger, der Stampfer und eine Glättbohle verwendet, wie es bei einem Fertiger gemäß EP-A-0 115 567 der Fall ist, alleine erreichen, sondern erfordert ein zusätzliches Walzen zum Bewirken von etwa 5 bis 10% der Verdichtung, was jedoch vom Einbaumaterial abhängig ist. Gewöhnlich wird das lose Einbaumaterial mit einer Schichtdicke zwischen etwa 3 und 30 cm (auch in Abhängigkeit von der Art des Einbaumaterials) aufgebracht und verdichtet, d.h. die Gesamtverdichtung liegt etwa im Bereich von 0,8 bis 8 cm (= maximaler Hub des Stampferpaares, der sich im wesentlichen hälftig zwischen vorderem und hinterem Stampfer aufteilt). Hierbei teilt sich dieser Bereich auf den Dosierschrägenbereich des Stampferpaares derart auf, daß z.B. in der oberen Stellung der Stampfer die Dosierschrägen aneinander anschließen, d.h. im wesentlichen in einer gemeinsamen Ebene liegen. Wenn man dies nicht beachten und hiervon merklich abweichen würde, bestünde die Gefahr, daß die Glättbohle aus ihrer schwimmenden Stellung herausgehoben würde und ihre Glättfunktion nicht vornehmen könnte. Dementsprechend ergibt sich auch die Regel: Große Hübe der Stampfer für große Schichtdicken und kleine Hübe der Stampfer für kleine Schichtdikken, jeweils bei in Fahrtrichtung gestaffelter Hubeinstellung der hintereinander angeordneten Stampfer.In general, it is assumed that loose installation material a paver and possibly by subsequent rolling about 25% is compressed to achieve the installed state. Often this final compaction can not be done by a paver that Pounder and a screed are used as per a paver EP-A-0 115 567 is the case to achieve alone but requires one additional rolling to effect about 5 to 10% of what however depends on the installation material. Usually the loose paving material with a layer thickness between about 3 and 30 cm (also depending of the type of paving material) applied and compressed, i.e. the total compression is in the range of 0.8 to 8 cm (= maximum Stroke of the pair of tamper, which is essentially half between divides front and rear tamper). Here this divides Area on the metering slope area of the tamper pair in such a way that e.g. in the upper position of the tamper the dosing tilts connect, i.e. essentially lie in a common plane. If one ignores this and deviates noticeably from it, there would be the danger that the screed from its floating position would be highlighted and could not perform its smoothing function. Accordingly there is also the rule: large strokes of the tamper for large layer thicknesses and small strokes of the tamper for small layer thicknesses, each with the stroke setting staggered in the direction of travel arranged rammers.

Wenn man derart arbeitet, bilden sich bei einem Asphaltmischgut, wie es eingangs beschrieben wurde, sichelförmige öffnungen in der Oberfläche, die sich nicht mehr durch Walzen schließen lassen. Eine Variation der Stampferhübe im Bereich der dem Fachmann vorgegebenen Regeln beseitigt dieses Problem nicht. Auch höhere Einbautemperaturen oder spezielle Schichtdicken oder Änderungen der Vibrationsamplitude der Glättbohle oder Änderungen der Hubfrequenz der Stampfer führen beispielsweise nicht zum Ziel.When you work like this, with an asphalt mix, as described at the beginning, crescent-shaped openings in the Surface that can no longer be closed by rolling. A variation the tamper strokes in the range of the rules given to the expert does not solve this problem. Even higher installation temperatures or special ones Layer thicknesses or changes in the vibration amplitude of the screed or changes in the stroke frequency of the rammers, for example not to the goal.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 zu schaffen, bei dem das Auftreten von sichelförmigen Öffnungen benachbart zu an der Oberfläche befindlichem Grobkorn vermieden wird.The object of the invention is a method according to the preamble of claim 1, in which the appearance of sickle-shaped Openings adjacent to coarse grain on the surface is avoided.

Diese Aufgabe wird entsprechend den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This task is performed according to the characteristics of the Claim 1 solved.

Dadurch, daß der Einbau mit einer Hubeinstellung der Stampfer vorgenommen wird, bei der der untere Totpunkt des in Fahrtrichtung vorderen Stampfers etwa dem oberen Totpunkt des in Fahrtrichtung hinteren Stampfers entspricht, wird das Auftreten von sichelförmigen Öffnungen benachbart zum oberflächennahen Grobkorn vermieden. Dies beruht offenbar darauf, daß bei dieser Einstellung der Stampfer das Grobkorn, das sich in Höhe der späteren Oberfläche der Einbauschicht befindet, praktisch keinem horizontalen Versatz durch den sich in Fahrtrichtung mit dem Straßenfertiger bewegenden hinteren Stampfer unterliegt und damit nicht mehr in Fahrtrichtung des Straßenfertigers mitgezogen wird, während es durch den Stampfer auf die Einbauhöhe heruntergedrückt wird. Das Grobkorn bleibt daher allseitig in Mischgut kleinerer Korngröße eingebettet und es ergibt sich eine geschlossene Einbauschicht.The fact that the installation with a stroke adjustment of the rammer is made at the bottom dead center of the front in the direction of travel Stammerers about the top dead center of the rear in the direction of travel Stampfers corresponds to the appearance of crescent-shaped openings Avoided adjacent to the coarse grain near the surface. This is obviously due on the fact that with this setting the tamper the coarse grain located at the level of the later surface of the installation layer, practical no horizontal misalignment due to the Road paver is subject to moving rear tamper and therefore not is pulled more in the direction of travel of the paver while it is moving is pushed down to the installation height by the tamper. The coarse grain therefore remains embedded in mixed grain of smaller grain size on all sides and there is a closed installation layer.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand einer beigefügten Abbildung, die ausschnittweise und schematisch ein Verdichtungsaggregat eines Straßenfertigers zeigt, näher erläutert.The invention is illustrated below with the aid of an attached figure, the sections and schematically a compression unit of a Paver shows, explained in more detail.

Das dargestellte Verdichtungsaggregat, das in Fahrtrichtung hinter einer Verteilerschnecke für Asphaltmischgut angeordnet ist, umfaßt zwei unmittelbar in Fahrtrichtung hintereinander angeordnete, leistenförmige Stampfer 1, 2, die durch einen nicht dargestellten Antrieb gegenläufig angetrieben werden, und eine sich daran anschließende Glättbohle 3, die insbesondere mit einem nicht dargestellten Vibrationsantrieb gekoppelt ist und dann auch noch zusätzlich verdichtend wirkt. Beide Stampfer 1, 2 sind jeweils mit einer Dosierschräge 4 versehen, die etwa in einem Winkel von 45° zur Horizontalen verläuft, während vor den Stampfern 1, 2 ein den Verteilerraum für Mischgut in Fahrtrichtung nach hinten begrenzendes Führungsblech 5 in einem Winkel von etwa 60° zur Horizontalen vorgesehen ist. Ein derartiger Straßenfertiger ist beispielsweise aus EP-A-0 115 567 bekannt.The compression unit shown in the direction of travel is arranged behind a distributor screw for asphalt mix two strip-shaped ones arranged directly behind one another in the direction of travel Stamper 1, 2 by a drive, not shown are driven in opposite directions, and a subsequent screed 3, in particular with a vibration drive, not shown is coupled and then also has an additional compacting effect. Both rammers 1, 2 are each provided with a metering slope 4 which runs approximately at an angle of 45 ° to the horizontal, while in front of the Stompers 1, 2 follow the distribution room for mixed material in the direction of travel rear guiding plate 5 at an angle of about 60 ° to the horizontal is provided. Such a paver is for example known from EP-A-0 115 567.

Das Verdichtungsaggregat ist dabei insgesamt über Zugarme an dem Straßenfertiger befestigt und schwimmt auf dem zu verdichtenden Mischgut auf.The compression unit is on at all on tension arms attached to the paver and floats on the road to be compacted Mix on.

Die obere Totpunktlage des vorderen Stampfers 1 ist durchgezogen dargestellt, während seine untere Totpunktlage gestrichelt eingezeichnet ist. Seine Hubhöhe ist die Höhendifferenz zwischen diesen beiden Lagen.The top dead center position of the front rammer 1 is pulled through shown, while his bottom dead center position is shown in dashed lines is. Its lifting height is the difference in height between these two Locations.

Die untere Totpunktlage des hinteren Stampfers 2 ist durchgezogen dargestellt, während seine obere Totpunktlage gestrichelt eingezeichnet ist. Seine Hubhöhe ist die Höhendifferenz zwischen diesen beiden Lagen.The bottom dead center position of the rear rammer 2 is pulled through shown, while his top dead center position is shown in dashed lines is. Its lifting height is the difference in height between these two Locations.

Ersichtlich ist die Hubeinstellung der beiden Stampfer 1, 2 derart gewählt, daß der untere Totpunkt des in Fahrtrichtung vorderen Stampfers 1 etwa dem oberen Totpunkt des in Fahrtrichtung hinteren Stampfers 2 entspricht, vgl. die beiden gestrichelten Stampferstellungen.The stroke setting of the two rammers 1, 2 can be seen chosen such that the bottom dead center of the front in the direction of travel Stammer 1 about the top dead center of the rear in the direction of travel Stammerers 2 corresponds, cf. the two dashed pounding positions.

Hierdurch wird erreicht, daß das Grobkorn vom vorderen Stampfer 1 soweit nach unten eingestampft wird, daß der hintere Stampfer 2 nur noch mit dem unteren Teil seiner Dosierschräge 4 und seiner horizontalen Stampffläche 6 ein weiteres Zusammendrücken der Schicht bewirkt. Das Grobkorn erfährt auf diese Weise praktisch keine Längsverschiebung.This ensures that the coarse grain from the front tamper 1 is pushed down so far that the rear tamper 2 only with the lower part of its metering slope 4 and its horizontal Stamping surface 6 causes a further compression of the layer. The coarse grain experiences practically no longitudinal displacement in this way.

Hierbei ist es zweckmäßig, wenn der Hubbereich des in Fahrtrichtung vorderen Stampfers 1 etwas größer ist als derjenige des in Fahrtrichtung hinteren Stampfers 2.It is useful if the stroke range in the direction of travel front rammer 1 is slightly larger than that of the in Direction of travel of rear rammer 2.

Zur Durchführung des Verfahrens läßt sich ein Straßenfertiger verwenden, bei dem beide Stampfer 1, 2 unabhängige Exzenterantriebe mit nichtverstellbaren oder verstellbaren Hüben aufweisen, oder der vordere und/oder der hintere Stampfer 1, 2 einen Vibrationsantrieb aufweist.A paver can be used to carry out the process use, with both rammers 1, 2 independent eccentric drives have non-adjustable or adjustable strokes, or the front and / or the rear tamper 1, 2 has a vibration drive.

Claims (5)

  1. Process for the installation of mixed asphalt material with a high coarse grain component with a simultaneous lack of or reduced component of medium grain size by means of a paver, which exhibits two strip-shaped and contra-rotating tampers (1, 2) as compaction units and an attached smoothing board (3), the tampers (1, 2) positioned directly behind one another in the direction of motion, each provided with an apportioning slant bevel (4), characterised in that the installation is carried out with a lift adjustment of the tampers (1, 2), in which the lower dead centre of the front tamper (1) in the direction of motion corresponds approximately the lower dead centre of the back tamper (2) in the direction of motion.
  2. Process in accordance with Claim 1, characterised in that the lifting range of the tamper (1) arranged in the front in the direction of motion is somewhat greater than that of the tamper (2) arranged in the back in the direction of motion.
  3. Process in accordance with Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that a paver is used, which facilitates a height adjustment of the tampers with respect to one another.
  4. Process in accordance with one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that a paver is used, in which the front and the back tamper (1, 2) exhibit independent eccentric drives with non-adjustable or adjustable lifts.
  5. Process in accordance with one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that a paver is used, in which the front and/or the back tamper (1, 2) exhibits a vibration drive.
EP97109535A 1996-06-22 1997-06-12 Process for applying an asphalt mixture Expired - Lifetime EP0814199B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19625006 1996-06-22
DE19625006A DE19625006A1 (en) 1996-06-22 1996-06-22 Process for paving asphalt mix
US08/879,090 US5947638A (en) 1996-06-22 1997-06-19 Method of compacting asphalt mix

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0814199A2 EP0814199A2 (en) 1997-12-29
EP0814199A3 EP0814199A3 (en) 1998-05-13
EP0814199B1 true EP0814199B1 (en) 2000-09-06

Family

ID=26026830

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97109535A Expired - Lifetime EP0814199B1 (en) 1996-06-22 1997-06-12 Process for applying an asphalt mixture

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5947638A (en)
EP (1) EP0814199B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3632184B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1122739C (en)
DE (2) DE19625006A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2151210T3 (en)

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US6969214B2 (en) * 2004-02-06 2005-11-29 George Jay Lichtblau Process and apparatus for highway marking
CA2515660A1 (en) * 2004-08-11 2006-02-11 Dirk Heims Vibratory paving screed for a paver
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US7591608B2 (en) * 2006-06-29 2009-09-22 Hall David R Checking density while compacting
US7712996B2 (en) * 2006-07-14 2010-05-11 Hall David R Fogging system for an asphalt recycling machine
US7588388B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2009-09-15 Hall David R Paved surface reconditioning system
US7726905B2 (en) * 2006-09-06 2010-06-01 Hall David R Asphalt reconditioning machine
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US8403595B2 (en) 2006-12-01 2013-03-26 David R. Hall Plurality of liquid jet nozzles and a blower mechanism that are directed into a milling chamber
US8485756B2 (en) 2006-12-01 2013-07-16 David R. Hall Heated liquid nozzles incorporated into a moldboard
US7976239B2 (en) 2006-12-01 2011-07-12 Hall David R End of a moldboard positioned proximate a milling drum
US7585128B2 (en) 2007-02-13 2009-09-08 Hall David R Method for adding foaming agents to pavement aggregate
US7798745B2 (en) 2007-08-20 2010-09-21 Hall David R Nozzle for a pavement reconditioning machine
PL2325391T3 (en) * 2009-11-20 2013-08-30 Joseph Voegele Ag Tamper with variable stroke
DE102009059001A1 (en) 2009-12-17 2011-06-22 MATTHÄI Technologie GmbH & Co. KG, 27283 Compression element i.e. kneading compressor, for use in longitudinal conveyor to produce asphalt road surface from bituminous paving material, has convex rounded surface rolled on bituminous paving material
EP2366832B1 (en) * 2010-03-18 2015-09-23 Joseph Vögele AG Method and paver for producing a compacted paved surface
US8262168B2 (en) 2010-09-22 2012-09-11 Hall David R Multiple milling drums secured to the underside of a single milling machine
US8371770B1 (en) * 2012-04-09 2013-02-12 Caterpillar Inc. Apparatus for tamping paving material
DE102012206861A1 (en) * 2012-04-25 2013-10-31 Leonhard Weiss Gmbh & Co. Kg Soil compactor device for compacting asphalt materials and for installing to asphalt finisher, has tamper strips executing striking-up and downward movements, and adjustable in terms of lifting height and lifting position during operation
CN102912709B (en) * 2012-10-26 2015-05-27 长安大学 Construction coating device and construction process for heat reflection type asphalt pavement coating
EP3075910A1 (en) * 2015-04-02 2016-10-05 Ammann Schweiz AG Leveling screed unit for a paver
EP3613899A1 (en) 2018-08-23 2020-02-26 Joseph Vögele AG Tamper strip for an installation board
US11078634B2 (en) * 2019-11-05 2021-08-03 Caterpillar Paving Products Inc. Variable tamper bar amplitude for asphalt pavers
CN112681074B (en) * 2020-12-23 2022-08-26 澧县永兴商品混凝土有限责任公司 A portable concrete vibrating device for road construction

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH1060813A (en) 1998-03-03
US5947638A (en) 1999-09-07
EP0814199A3 (en) 1998-05-13
CN1122739C (en) 2003-10-01
EP0814199A2 (en) 1997-12-29
DE59702306D1 (en) 2000-10-12
DE19625006A1 (en) 1998-01-15
JP3632184B2 (en) 2005-03-23
CN1172188A (en) 1998-02-04
ES2151210T3 (en) 2000-12-16

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