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EP0022107A1 - A light-weight wall element - Google Patents

A light-weight wall element Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0022107A1
EP0022107A1 EP19800850092 EP80850092A EP0022107A1 EP 0022107 A1 EP0022107 A1 EP 0022107A1 EP 19800850092 EP19800850092 EP 19800850092 EP 80850092 A EP80850092 A EP 80850092A EP 0022107 A1 EP0022107 A1 EP 0022107A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frame
concrete
wall element
lathing
elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19800850092
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0022107B1 (en
Inventor
Tauno Jokela
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wilh Schauman Oy AB
Original Assignee
RAKENNUSDOMINO Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by RAKENNUSDOMINO Oy filed Critical RAKENNUSDOMINO Oy
Publication of EP0022107A1 publication Critical patent/EP0022107A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0022107B1 publication Critical patent/EP0022107B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/38—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels
    • E04C2/384—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels with a metal frame
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a light-weight wall element produced quickly and cheaply, and being particularly suitable for house building in warm countries such as in the Middle East.
  • Building elements can be produced either at building sites or in building element factories.
  • the external surface or face of this type of element is nowadays often made of porous, gypsum-based materials, timber or reinforced concrete. Thermal insulation and weather insulation of gypsum-based materials is often very poor, and wood cannot resist termites in warm countries. Elements being made of concrete and reinforced with steel are usually massive, thick and heavy, and transportation and erection costs for such elements are high.
  • the main object of the present invention is thus to provide a light-weight, prefabricated wall element particularly suitable for use in warm countries.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a light-weight wall element which can be manufactured quickly and at a low cost.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a method for manufacturing such elements.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the element or unit of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a further cross-sectional view of the element of the invention, and particularly shows the edge detail, i.e. the L-shaped fixing profile.
  • Figure 3 is also a cross-sectional view of the invention, and especially shows one embodiment of the mechanical fixing of the reinforcement of the external layer.
  • Figure 1 shows a sandwich type construction of a wall element in accordance with the invention. Between an external concrete layer 8 and an inner board 3 there is positioned a thermal insulation 4.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show primarily the construction of the external layer.
  • a ribbed lathing 9 has been fixed using a joint comprising mechanical fixing means 10.
  • the lathing 9 is provided with ribs 12.
  • Figure 2 shows an L-shaped steel profile 7 surrounding the element.
  • the element of the present invention can be made for example using the following method:
  • the frame 2 of the element can be made of any suitable material, for example timber or steel. It is required that the frame 2 be rigid. In the shown embodiment of the present invention the frame 2 constitutes a load carrying construction and the concrete layer 8 stiffens the frame and can withstand wind loads.
  • the (perforated) ribbed lathing 9 (for example British red- rib) is used as a covering of the frame 2.
  • the lathing 9 is made of galvanized steel sheet and acts as a double- functional reinforcement; the ribs 12 act as tension bars and thus as a bracing construction, and the ribbed lathing 9 acts as a key for the concrete and reinforcement to avoid wreckage.
  • the concrete slab is thus reinforced in one direction.
  • Ribbed lathing 9 and L-shaped profile 7 are fixed directly to the frame 2 by fixing means capable of transferring forces.
  • the fixing can be made preferably mechanically, for example using hot dipped galvanized screws 10.
  • the fixing can be made for example using the tack welding method, in a line.
  • the concrete casting is made in the ordinary way onto the frame 2: the concrete is spread, vibrateduwith beam tamping and the surface is textured (e.g. by brushing).
  • Use of light-weight lathing or net 9 makes possible that the layer 8 need not be heavy; the concrete layer 8 is considerably thinner than normal, and moreover - because the concrete is fixed to the frame 2 with the reinforcement - the stiffening capacity of the concrete is utilized.
  • the wall element of the present invention can be moved to storage immediately after casting, whereas an element made using traditional methods has to dry in its mould for about twenty-four hours.
  • the suction casting method can be used when producing elements of the present invention, i.e. the excess amount of water will be sucked away.
  • the suction casting method cannot be used whenrproducing traditional sandwich elements.
  • the external layer of the element of this invention is thin, about 25 mm (when using the traditional techniques to produce elements the external layer is about 70 mm).
  • the total thickness of the element (2.4 x 2.6 m) of the present invention, described in the foregoing example, is only about 110 mm, of which the thermal insulating wool is about 70 mm, which satisfies the Middle Eastern standards.
  • the bulk density of the element is thus 500 kg per cubic metre, which is only about 16 per cent of the bulk density of the traditional sandwich element, and the element is thus very light and economical to move and transport.
  • the element of the present invention is, however, firm and durable, and its thermal insulating capacity is good. The element has been calculated for 100 kg/m 2 wind load.
  • the production of the element of the present invention does not require great hall areas, neither expensive moulds nor heavy equipment for moving elements on the production area or at the building site.
  • the casting site does not require great investments, and the making of the element does not require highly skilled workers.
  • the element can be produced in small workshops quickly, and at low material ' and labour costs.
  • the fact that the element can be moved to storage immediately after casting, enables a large production capacity.
  • Light equipment like forklifts is sufficient to move the elements of the present invention. The lightness of the element therefore saves on handling equipment and shortens erection time, and makes possible the use of lighter foundations.
  • the element of the present invention can be made coloured in a cheaper way than traditional elements.
  • the element of the invention needs significantly less concrete, and therefore it needs less colour powder, too, which generally has been added about 6 per cent of the weight of concrete; in other words, three times more colour powder . is neede to colour the traditional sandwich element than to colour the element of the present invention.
  • the wall element, and method of producing same can be modified within the scope of the claimed invention, and in accordance with prevailing working conditions.
  • the elements of the present invention are provided mainly for the demands of warm countries, they can be suitably modified for use under cooler conditions, too.
  • the thickness of the rock wool layer could be increased, or the layer can be replaced by polyurethane foam for the sake of increasing the thermal insulating capacity.
  • the main advantage of the present invention is that there is a concrete slab constituting the external layer of the element, and this slab is made by using the frame as a mould, and furthermore it is reinforced with the ribbed steel lathing which is affixed directly to the frame, preferably mechanically.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Abstract

A light-weight wall element having a concrete slab constituting the external layer (8) of the element. This slab is made by using the frame (2) and an L-shaped profile (7) attached thereto as a mould and casting concrete therein. The slab is reinforced with a ribbed steel lathing (9) which inturn is affixed directly to the frame (2) by means of screws (10).

Description

  • The present invention relates to a light-weight wall element produced quickly and cheaply, and being particularly suitable for house building in warm countries such as in the Middle East.
  • Different types of building elements are today used in house building. As an exterior wall element a sandwich element is often used, which comprises layers of different types of materials. Between the external and internal layers in such wall element there is placed thermal insulation, e..g. insulation of rock wool or polyurethane foam. Building elements can be produced either at building sites or in building element factories.
  • In order to standardize the building methods, for the purpose of minimizing the building costs, speeding up the building work and reducing the work at the building site, it has been proposed to use prefabricated building elements.
  • The external surface or face of this type of element is nowadays often made of porous, gypsum-based materials, timber or reinforced concrete. Thermal insulation and weather insulation of gypsum-based materials is often very poor, and wood cannot resist termites in warm countries. Elements being made of concrete and reinforced with steel are usually massive, thick and heavy, and transportation and erection costs for such elements are high.
  • If concrete elements are produced in a warm country, where the building work is to be executed, the requirements of elements made by using a normal method include the establishing of an element factory with large factory facilities .and expensive moulds for the production of the elements. Transportation and removal of these elements would require heavy duty equipment and thus the investment costs would be high. Moreover, these arrangements are limiting from a production planning point of view; building will probably be very monotonous.
  • The tradional element production is relatively slow. Erecting such heavy and massive units requires the use of heavy duty equipment, and moreover their weight places heavy demands on groundload carrying capacity and foundations. When coloured elements are to be used, such elements will be very expensive when made by using traditional methods because of the large amount of colour powder needed for a thick external layer.
  • The invention as claimed is intended to eliminate the above disadvantages.
  • The main object of the present invention is thus to provide a light-weight, prefabricated wall element particularly suitable for use in warm countries. A further object of the present invention is to provide a light-weight wall element which can be manufactured quickly and at a low cost. Still another object of the invention is to provide a method for manufacturing such elements.
  • The specific features of the invention are defined in the claims. The advantages of the invention can be obtained by means of an embodiment of the invention which is further illustrated in the accompanying drawings showing an example of one application.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the element or unit of the present invention. Figure 2 is a further cross-sectional view of the element of the invention, and particularly shows the edge detail, i.e. the L-shaped fixing profile. Figure 3 is also a cross-sectional view of the invention, and especially shows one embodiment of the mechanical fixing of the reinforcement of the external layer.
  • Figure 1 shows a sandwich type construction of a wall element in accordance with the invention. Between an external concrete layer 8 and an inner board 3 there is positioned a thermal insulation 4.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show primarily the construction of the external layer. At the frame 2 a ribbed lathing 9 has been fixed using a joint comprising mechanical fixing means 10. The lathing 9 is provided with ribs 12. Figure 2 shows an L-shaped steel profile 7 surrounding the element.
  • The element of the present invention can be made for example using the following method:
    • First the frame 2 is assembled,-whereupon the inner board 3 and thermal insulation 4 are mounted in their respective positions. The lathing 9, which is a metal net, and the L-shaped profile'' 7 extending around the element are then affixed to the frame 2. Reinforcing lathing 9 and edge profile 7 are mechanically affixed to the frame 2. Thereupon the concrete layer 8 is spread.
  • The frame 2 of the element can be made of any suitable material, for example timber or steel. It is required that the frame 2 be rigid. In the shown embodiment of the present invention the frame 2 constitutes a load carrying construction and the concrete layer 8 stiffens the frame and can withstand wind loads.
  • In the shown embodiment of the present invention the (perforated) ribbed lathing 9 (for example British red- rib) is used as a covering of the frame 2. The lathing 9 is made of galvanized steel sheet and acts as a double- functional reinforcement; the ribs 12 act as tension bars and thus as a bracing construction, and the ribbed lathing 9 acts as a key for the concrete and reinforcement to avoid wreckage. The concrete slab is thus reinforced in one direction.
  • The L-shaped corner profile 7, which is fixed around the frame 2, acts as an edge trim and so, together with the frame 2, as a mould, thereby obviating the traditional, expensive mould which is necessary when producing elements using traditional techniques.
  • Ribbed lathing 9 and L-shaped profile 7 are fixed directly to the frame 2 by fixing means capable of transferring forces. The fixing can be made preferably mechanically, for example using hot dipped galvanized screws 10. Alternatively the fixing can be made for example using the tack welding method, in a line. When the reinforcement is carefully fixed to the frame, the concrete external layer will stiffen the frame. This stiffening can be used when calculating the total stability of the building frame, in other words, these concrete elements constitute shear walls holding house together.
  • The concrete casting is made in the ordinary way onto the frame 2: the concrete is spread, vibrateduwith beam tamping and the surface is textured (e.g. by brushing). Use of light-weight lathing or net 9 makes possible that the layer 8 need not be heavy; the concrete layer 8 is considerably thinner than normal, and moreover - because the concrete is fixed to the frame 2 with the reinforcement - the stiffening capacity of the concrete is utilized.
  • The wall element of the present invention can be moved to storage immediately after casting, whereas an element made using traditional methods has to dry in its mould for about twenty-four hours. The suction casting method can be used when producing elements of the present invention, i.e. the excess amount of water will be sucked away. The suction casting method cannot be used whenrproducing traditional sandwich elements.
  • The external layer of the element of this invention is thin, about 25 mm (when using the traditional techniques to produce elements the external layer is about 70 mm). The total thickness of the element (2.4 x 2.6 m) of the present invention, described in the foregoing example, is only about 110 mm, of which the thermal insulating wool is about 70 mm, which satisfies the Middle Eastern standards. The bulk density of the element is thus 500 kg per cubic metre, which is only about 16 per cent of the bulk density of the traditional sandwich element, and the element is thus very light and economical to move and transport. The element of the present invention is, however, firm and durable, and its thermal insulating capacity is good. The element has been calculated for 100 kg/m2 wind load.
  • The production of the element of the present invention does not require great hall areas, neither expensive moulds nor heavy equipment for moving elements on the production area or at the building site. The casting site does not require great investments, and the making of the element does not require highly skilled workers. The element can be produced in small workshops quickly, and at low material' and labour costs. The fact that the element can be moved to storage immediately after casting, enables a large production capacity. Light equipment like forklifts is sufficient to move the elements of the present invention. The lightness of the element therefore saves on handling equipment and shortens erection time, and makes possible the use of lighter foundations.
  • Moreover, the element of the present invention can be made coloured in a cheaper way than traditional elements. The element of the invention needs significantly less concrete, and therefore it needs less colour powder, too, which generally has been added about 6 per cent of the weight of concrete; in other words, three times more colour powder. is neede to colour the traditional sandwich element than to colour the element of the present invention.
  • The wall element, and method of producing same, can be modified within the scope of the claimed invention, and in accordance with prevailing working conditions. For example, although the elements of the present invention are provided mainly for the demands of warm countries, they can be suitably modified for use under cooler conditions, too. For example, the thickness of the rock wool layer could be increased, or the layer can be replaced by polyurethane foam for the sake of increasing the thermal insulating capacity. The main advantage of the present invention is that there is a concrete slab constituting the external layer of the element, and this slab is made by using the frame as a mould, and furthermore it is reinforced with the ribbed steel lathing which is affixed directly to the frame, preferably mechanically.

Claims (4)

1. Light-weight wall element or unit comprising an external layer of concrete (8), characterized by a frame (2), an inner board (3), a thermal insulation (4), and an exterior slab of concrete being attached to a ribbed steel lathing (9) and fixed directly to the frame (2) by fixing means (10) capable of transferring forces, preferably mechanically.
2. A wall element according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame (2) is surrounded by an L-shaped profile (7) acting as a mould for the external concrete layer (8).
3. Method for producing a wall element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that to a frame (2) of the element, which is made by known methods and equipped with an inner board (3), a thermal insulation (4) and an L-shaped profile (7), a ribbed lathing (9) is being affixed by fixing means (10), e.g. screws, capable of transferring forces, preferably mechanically, and after affixing the lathing (9), concrete is being cast so as to form an external layer of the wall element.
4. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that the element, if appropriate-after suction, is moved after a while to storage, where it is allowed to become definitely dry.
EP19800850092 1979-06-19 1980-06-16 A light-weight wall element Expired EP0022107B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI791945 1979-06-19
FI791945A FI58810C (en) 1979-06-19 1979-06-19 LAETTKONSTRUERAT VAEGGELEMENT OCH DESS TILLVERKNINGSMETOD

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0022107A1 true EP0022107A1 (en) 1981-01-07
EP0022107B1 EP0022107B1 (en) 1985-02-06

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ID=8512733

Family Applications (1)

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EP19800850092 Expired EP0022107B1 (en) 1979-06-19 1980-06-16 A light-weight wall element

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0022107B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3070098D1 (en)
FI (1) FI58810C (en)
PT (1) PT71342A (en)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0106297A2 (en) * 1982-10-12 1984-04-25 Sorm, Walter Structural element for manufacturing concrete walls, and building wall produced with the same
US4554124A (en) * 1983-03-07 1985-11-19 Fibrestone Incorporated Horizontally poured Fibrestone building construction
US4609305A (en) * 1982-08-23 1986-09-02 501 Beheermaatschappij H.D. Groeneveld B.V. Floor for use in off-shore technique and ship building
GR880100774A (en) * 1988-11-15 1990-12-31 Tilemachos G Orfanoudakis Metallic frames for building construction
EP0691441A1 (en) * 1994-02-21 1996-01-10 Peter W. P. Graulich Structual bearing panel and panel core for building
GB2297335A (en) * 1995-01-25 1996-07-31 Riccardo Antonio Ro Cristofoli Structoral panel
EP1094169A2 (en) * 1999-10-22 2001-04-25 Dietrich Gaspary Prefabricated wall element for prefabricated houses
EP1826330A2 (en) * 2006-02-28 2007-08-29 Innovative Bau GmbH Method for manufacturing a prefabricated wall element
CN104372863A (en) * 2014-10-30 2015-02-25 辽宁省石油化工规划设计院有限公司 Combination body for completely blocking building structural steel cold bridge
CN107090941A (en) * 2017-04-21 2017-08-25 项伟钢 A kind of tooth form biting connecions integrated board
WO2022048327A1 (en) * 2020-09-07 2022-03-10 孖垚建筑科技(上海)有限公司 Curtain wall member and manufacturing method therefor

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI884288A (en) * 1988-09-19 1990-03-20 Terasjussi Oy BYGGSYSTEM, I SYNNERHET VAEGGKONSTRUKTION OCH FOERFARANDE.
CN113882587B (en) * 2021-09-30 2022-12-30 福建左海科技有限公司 Light precast concrete wallboard

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE802405C (en) * 1949-10-29 1951-02-12 Alfred Dipl-Ing Hettich Load-bearing wall panel in composite construction
GB786530A (en) * 1955-06-08 1957-11-20 Thermacoust Ltd Improvements in or relating to wood-wool slabs
FR1525210A (en) * 1967-04-03 1968-05-17 Derville Ets Prefabricated composite panel
US3587198A (en) * 1969-04-14 1971-06-28 Universal Oil Prod Co Heat protected metal wall
US3625808A (en) * 1969-09-29 1971-12-07 Martin Fireproofing Corp Composite concrete and cement-wood fiber plank
DE7342066U (en) * 1974-03-07 Klein W Wall element
DE1940198B2 (en) * 1968-10-03 1976-04-15 Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen- und Stahlwerke-Alpine Montan AG, Wien Composite metal framed wall and ceiling panel - with cold rolled cap sectioned frame, welded expanded metal underlays and woolmat
DE2556589A1 (en) * 1975-02-14 1976-08-26 Caroni Sa PREFABRICATED, INSULATING BUILDING PLATE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING IT

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE7342066U (en) * 1974-03-07 Klein W Wall element
DE802405C (en) * 1949-10-29 1951-02-12 Alfred Dipl-Ing Hettich Load-bearing wall panel in composite construction
GB786530A (en) * 1955-06-08 1957-11-20 Thermacoust Ltd Improvements in or relating to wood-wool slabs
FR1525210A (en) * 1967-04-03 1968-05-17 Derville Ets Prefabricated composite panel
DE1940198B2 (en) * 1968-10-03 1976-04-15 Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen- und Stahlwerke-Alpine Montan AG, Wien Composite metal framed wall and ceiling panel - with cold rolled cap sectioned frame, welded expanded metal underlays and woolmat
US3587198A (en) * 1969-04-14 1971-06-28 Universal Oil Prod Co Heat protected metal wall
US3625808A (en) * 1969-09-29 1971-12-07 Martin Fireproofing Corp Composite concrete and cement-wood fiber plank
DE2556589A1 (en) * 1975-02-14 1976-08-26 Caroni Sa PREFABRICATED, INSULATING BUILDING PLATE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING IT

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4609305A (en) * 1982-08-23 1986-09-02 501 Beheermaatschappij H.D. Groeneveld B.V. Floor for use in off-shore technique and ship building
EP0106297A2 (en) * 1982-10-12 1984-04-25 Sorm, Walter Structural element for manufacturing concrete walls, and building wall produced with the same
EP0106297A3 (en) * 1982-10-12 1985-07-10 Sorm, Walter Structural element for manufacturing concrete walls, and building wall produced with the same
US4554124A (en) * 1983-03-07 1985-11-19 Fibrestone Incorporated Horizontally poured Fibrestone building construction
GR880100774A (en) * 1988-11-15 1990-12-31 Tilemachos G Orfanoudakis Metallic frames for building construction
EP0691441A1 (en) * 1994-02-21 1996-01-10 Peter W. P. Graulich Structual bearing panel and panel core for building
GB2297335A (en) * 1995-01-25 1996-07-31 Riccardo Antonio Ro Cristofoli Structoral panel
EP1094169A2 (en) * 1999-10-22 2001-04-25 Dietrich Gaspary Prefabricated wall element for prefabricated houses
EP1094169A3 (en) * 1999-10-22 2002-09-04 Dietrich Gaspary Prefabricated wall element for prefabricated houses
EP1826330A2 (en) * 2006-02-28 2007-08-29 Innovative Bau GmbH Method for manufacturing a prefabricated wall element
CN104372863A (en) * 2014-10-30 2015-02-25 辽宁省石油化工规划设计院有限公司 Combination body for completely blocking building structural steel cold bridge
CN107090941A (en) * 2017-04-21 2017-08-25 项伟钢 A kind of tooth form biting connecions integrated board
WO2022048327A1 (en) * 2020-09-07 2022-03-10 孖垚建筑科技(上海)有限公司 Curtain wall member and manufacturing method therefor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3070098D1 (en) 1985-03-21
PT71342A (en) 1980-07-01
EP0022107B1 (en) 1985-02-06
FI58810B (en) 1980-12-31
FI58810C (en) 1981-04-10

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