DE1964427A1 - A method of operating a thermal engine and a machine for practicing this method - Google Patents

Description

"Method for operating a heat engine and machine for Exercise this procedure, "

The invention relates to a method for operating a heat engine, preferably designed as a piston engine, in which first a mixture of air and fuel is compressed, oHer in which at first only tuft alone is compressed and then the fuel is added, then this mixture is burned, thereby generating worms and this worm is eventually converted into mechanical energy or work.

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* T * DTlSCHt

BATH ORIGINAL

As is known, a mixture is at a working according to the Otto principle, the heat engine in a working cylinder av * sucked air and fuel, this mixture is then compressed in this cylinder and finally ignited, thereby Warne is generated, which causes a movement of the piston, so that this piston movement can be converted into the drive energy for a crankshaft, which is coupled to a gearbox. A heat engine operating on the principle of this differs from this only in that only air is initially compressed in the working cylinder to such a high pressure temperature value that the fuel then injected undergoes self-ignition to trigger the piston movement.

In the previously known internal combustion engines of the aforementioned type, it is disadvantageous that only a relatively short time is available for combustion; in the fuel itself contained energy is possible. The exhaust gases of such internal combustion engines are not possible because of the complete combustion is enriched with poison gases, which is a well-known phenomenon for the expert.

Taking into account the foregoing, the invention has for its object to provide a method of the noted type which allows to obtain a perfect combustion of the air-fuel mixture to thereby di · generation of harmful exhaust gas components, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen "onoxyd etc.. z \) to avoid.

To solve this problem sleep the invention after its supporting «In · incomplete control valve - 3 -

109837/0612

BATHROOM 0RJ6INAL

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- - ■ * "^ 3rh di-r; j ih'ui'i ^ .M-scM UST t'srfi ^ duRg is de © eis ^ ge ^ gs ge :: RRL« i. Vorfn? IifR L-sui: iii &? N mii- deri Liifl-Hrafistoff-Mixture, cder noi "" .- ". Ί the Ltffi- r-in flUssi ^ s or gssftSiwigeG Kfihioiiiel in wr-Rigsi ^ iis; - * - inem VorryJ Indians pre-dense, the \% - fbreni: »ng des εο condensed ö * - R.ir.! ec wild <! nn in« ifiei cKtschliahnden ί rcsEni; ciBmer under «ifjii?« ν rtirIV -: - ι "' · -Mf <T i.>. Imi: '«Jr: iri de? Krcf ^ -lofiec iu dioser vcrgemofaritn ffif: J? Ei if; V ¹ SOr Vri '. I: ^T finni: iT · produced tfifiwe' -fird thin eventually * n-a 5UE / "- rficiir; ij-J ϊΐϊ'ηϋ" ir riipj · "; ^ in ^ efifctsi * This Verfeiirco ΓϊΊί, ΐίΜ primür wt-tjen uvr rowal i rfum - '^ Ji renniifsg dor Verdi chi «ng wnd the burning of» jiix / rbeiisif ί ί siisng cine aptisiole Gei-ta3iwj? i''V'egg ~ sealunr. ¹ a ^ rspfir m'kI t-ine f-scrseö aptitarle Gestellcn ^ ίί ·: - ί Vr iürei sisciiTi thircft geeitincfo change side control ei ■ ··. '. or ^ eJ den n «- · -? λ« π. ■ "τϋ F-iiti" v - 5ilri-t.Kr-f «e Vf» 3? .I. EUiüKg rr # ieli 'icnioh, co k ί; * α · - _: · η «ή i ^' - pu>1; * f, if f? ■ ·: i - ^ - l.1 ncfei's pmffv.iseh lisinp εβΙ *? ϊ {Ιiichen ttiEii ^ f ί! ί ^: ic ■ 1-.ii »iJfe. · -ί ^ iirrf _€ 1In mm mH this preceding of« r-as:; .. er

oiui 'with j .-. r. "o i2 * ^i: i 'ke'-jpji l'ttitpr ^ i.'" - ·; itnas chinen RcrfJi dor; "iig" or KtP ^ eI-F] ^Γ, Ιρ "ii"; ^Jficltc!? i.öi &"£« K * f Ti 'ciimli ^ n _e i &i; r i-rF-i- »üerlicii, eiitr - *'ir; -? i. 'Jnscki'cfimasfiiinr-n opposite height it VcTcHt,'; ting di »s Uffi-KK ■ H ^ toif-Gi.mi · rticr or» only the loft in front of ^ c:: - "? * - (Vs r _f -» '* -, · with t-this Vcrf * - Iu <= n «j4 a gJ. <> IHten Veirtiichtungewri 'iiccrf ^". · ■ (t-; rr <o? Ii, (iijnti FiiHli' dies vr- «it> n der Afeischenselwltuisg dti rronnku - :, rtci - Ct ^ alpe, fi <- "" * iiiiffial only dierer nioderi? VerdichttiR ^f * ^! "Uioel ·;;: r IiJ, -!:> Ηί ewegtrng ofiPffcstui i" f wt- ^ fO! Esin _t iil * · - L "? i: ·: * .; oliciv ^l; 't ^J ti"i; ^if: t ^"TJP miigHcfi isi, you," ISPI hei "-": "vcxbcfc-orintrn author': ■ ηυης, δ « I- nn n« Hi »i>; i / r ^ rf ^ nf. T! R-. Ν

and the i "aktoi.« l «i Jie jeUffMt-e l-'ίf ί ··« ΐ-_ '- "= - * \ · hurdle οαΐί now f ei'iinding-iH« eat Ve ι f «sin ^ r to t-i'i "* ei ^r \ r fi ■; eiicn hßh« nl · ^ 'J at the' iff («nnten i-'aiTBetrGfi ■ -s- -. (Jk:; « ^ en Lcistunjjsfc

BAD ORiGINAL

If it is true, as with these adiabatically compressing, then this would require a relatively high compressor lining, to avoid which the invention proposes in its other main feature to compress "with the air-fuel mixture or only" with the air a liquid or gaseous coolant to include this coolant in the work performance in order to obtain a compression curve in the p, V state diagram that lies between adiabatic and isothermal compression, which is to be considered ideal. This co-compressed coolant releases the work put into it during compression during expansion, so that the additional power to be applied during compression compared to the previously known heat engines is thereby equalized again.

According to further partial features of the method according to the invention, it becomes Considered particularly expedient to additionally introduce air and / or exhaust gas as a heat carrier into the combustion chamber. This achieves that the combustion temperatures in the combustion chamber are reduced, if necessary. Down to such a low value that after the subsequent expansion in the working cylinder, exhaust gases are obtained at a temperature that is as low as 0 C and in individual cases even can assume an even lower value. Recommended as a coolant the invention the use of water and / or carbon dioxide regenerated from the exhaust gases. If water is used as a coolant, it should be placed in the forecylinder or in the intake manifold of whose air supply line can be injected or misted in order to achieve faster evaporation of the water and thus faster thermal bonding. In this immediate context, recommends the In addition, the invention to undertake the compression in the preliminary cylinder to such a pressure-temperature value that at the end of the compression the complete or almost complete evaporation of water

109837/0612

BATH ORIGINAL

ensures. Compaction is considered to be particularly advantageous in the pre-cylinder to about 100 ato / 310 C, there it can thus be achieved that the coolant content in the combustion chamber is immediately converted into superheated steam. This pressure-tempexature value on the other hand ensures that a machine operating according to the method is built in a size that is reasonable in terms of cost can be.

The efficiency of the process according to the invention can be improved by condensing the coolant water and reusing it after its work; an improvement in efficiency is also achieved when at least some of the exhaust gases are compressed to a liquefaction pressure of carbon dioxide and then is cooled to obtain liquefied carbon dioxide which is fed to the forecylinder or its intake manifold for air.

If, according to a further partial feature of the invention, the compressed air-coolant mixture is fed to the combustion chamber in a pulsating manner, then the combustion in the combustion chamber is promoted. A change in performance can be achieved in the method according to the invention in a very simple manner by regulating the pressure of the compression of the air / coolant mixturea carried out in λ the pre-cylinder and / or the admixture of the fuel in the combustion chamber.

If, as already mentioned above, exhaust gases are fed to the combustion chamber to thereby lower the combustion temperatures, then • ■ it is recommended, according to a further toilet signal of the invention, at least part of the exhaust gases at least one «parallel to the fore cylinder working second deserving cylinder. " the exit

109837/0612

BATH ORIGINAL

^G 19G4427

gases then compress in this and then in the combustion chamber bring in. The exhaust gases can be on their way to the second compression cylinder expediently be subjected to a heat exchange with the ambient temperature.

According to the invention, an expedient embodiment of a machine for carrying out the method according to the invention is also proposed. This is based in details on internal combustion engines according to the diesel and / or Ütto principle _f with which it mainly has a crankshaft and working cylinders that work together and have cam-controlled inlet and outlet valves in common. In contrast to the previously known internal combustion engines, the machine according to the invention has at least one pre-cylinder, which works with the crankshaft or with a crankshaft part that can be coupled to it, and is equipped with preferably adbsttätig working inlet and outlet valves, to which an air and coolant connection line is connected and which is connected via a Outlet line is in communication with a combustion chamber which is connected to the working cylinder on the liiiirseits via outlet lines. For the dimensioning of the pre-cylinder, the rule of thumb is that it is smaller than each of the working cylinders; for the dimensioning of the combustion chamber, on the other hand, the rule of thumb is that it is larger than at least one stroke volume of the pre-cylinder According to the invention, the machine can be pressure-adjustable; it is considered particularly advantageous to arrange a pressure accumulator between the preliminary cylinder and the combustion chamber, because it is then possible to establish at least one connecting line between this pressure accumulator and the combustion chamber, which opens into the latter like a nozzle. As a rule, two connecting lines opening like nozzles in water are provided between the pressure accumulator and the combustion chamber, one of which is the combustion air

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109837/0612

BATH ORIGINAL

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196U27

supplies, while the other supplies the heat transfer medium, its task is a reduction in combustion temperatures. With regard to the inflow of the compressed coolant-air mixture into the Combustion chamber and with regard to their movement through the combustion chamber, the internal combustion engines give a stimulus with regard to the inflow of fuel into the working cylinder. The combustion chamber should be preferably cylindrical or conical and a pressure relief valve should be arranged in its outlet line to the working cylinders, which mainly fulfills the function during start-up, to build up the operating pressure in the combustion chamber. The pressure relief valve should be designed to be pressure adjustable.

If a pressure accumulator is connected upstream of the combustion chamber, then the outlet line of at least one further compression cylinder for part of the exhaust gas, which works with the crankshaft or with the crankshaft part that can be coupled to it, preferably equipped with automatically operating inlet and outlet valves, should be connected to it. A fresh air supply line can be connected to the inlet line of this additional compression cylinder for the exhaust gases, in which, if necessary, a heat exchanger is arranged.

Finally, an is also provided for the machine according to the invention the exhaust pipe of the working cylinder a device for recovery to connect the coolant, in the case of using water as Coolant can be a screen wall, a filter on the device Cyclone principle, a centrifugal wheel or the like. be. In the case of regeneration of carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases, this device can be a compressor piston and a downstream heat exchanger »

109837/0612

BATH ORIGINAL

The invention is described in more detail below with reference to an embodiment example of the inventive machine operating according to the inventive method, which is shown schematically in the drawing. Show it

Fig. 1 is a black diagram of a two-stroke Kolbemrifraekroftaaschine, Fig. 2 in a block diagram shows an alternative detail for the

Haschine geeäflflg. 1, and FIGS. 3 and 4 comparative p _r V »and · T, s diograeae of states for a

Thermal power machine based on the Otto or diesel principle or

according to 4 · σ invention.

In FIG. 1, 1 denotes a crankshaft, "with which a total of four cylinders 2, 3, 4 and 5 are barred and to which a flywheel 6 and a starter 7 are assigned. The latter are preferably located on the output side of the crankshaft. Cylinders 4 and 5 represent the working cylinders that work in two-stroke processes; they are each assigned a neekengesteeert inlet valve 4 * or 5 * and a cam-controlled actuator valve 4 "or 5". Instead of the two working cylinders 4 and 5 shown, the machine can of course also be equipped with four working cylinders. It is also conceivable to design the machine as a four-cycle machine. The bearing of the crankshaft 1, the structural design of the working cylinders 4 and 5, the cam control of their input and output valves and the structural design of these do not form part of the subject matter of the invention, rather the invention is based on the prior art in this regard .

The two cylinders 2 and 3, which are shown in the drawing as working together with the crankshaft 1, with which the two working cylinders 4 and 5 work, also know instead ■ it to work together a · separate crankshaft part, which is then connected to the

109837/061?

BAD OB) GINAL

The crankshaft is designed so that it can be coupled, with which the working cylinders work together. The cylinder 2, which will be designed to be smaller than each of the two working cylinders 4 and 5, has an intake manifold 8 for air, to which an air filter 9 is preferably assigned. In the intake manifold 8, a preferably automatically operating inlet valve 10 is arranged, 11 denotes an injection device for a coolant, namely, for example, water that is ordered from a storage tank 12 by a feed pump 13 to this device 11, which in turn is either in the intake manifold 8 or opens directly into the cylinder space of the preliminary cylinder 2, preferably in the manner of a nozzle, in order to inject or mist the coolant into it. 14 denotes the connecting line between the container 12 and the injection device 11. In the outlet line 15 of the preliminary cylinder 2, a preferably also automatically operating outlet valve 16 is arranged, which should be designed to be pressure-adjustable. For the design of the valve 10 and 10, the invention is based on the prior art. The outlet line 15 opens into a pressure accumulator 17 which, via a connecting line 18 at 19, opens like a nozzle in a combustion chamber 20 which, as a rule, has a volume which is at least equal to a stroke volume of the preliminary cylinder 2 and which is made of such a highly refractory material it should be that the combustion temperatures prevailing in this combustion chamber are controlled at their peak value in terms of resistance. An injection device 21 injects the fuel brought in from a fuel tank 22 via a connection line 23 into the combustion chamber 20 so that it is still mixed with the air / coolant gas tank fed via the connection line 18 and burned to form a flaw "" 24 * n can

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109837/0612

,,: ■ ·: 'Γ-Β6 &' ORIGINAL '

When the engine is started, an overpressure valve 25 arranged in the outlet line of the combustion chamber 20 will first be closed. The pre-cylinder 2 compresses the air sucked in via the intake manifold 8 together with the water dosed by the injection device 11 into this intake manifold 8 or directly injected into the cylinder 2 to a pressure-temperature value, which is preferably regulated to about 100 ata / 310 C. At this pressure value, the outlet valve 16 opens and the air-coolant mixture compressed in this way is drained into the pressure accumulator 17, from which it then flows into the combustion chamber 20 via the connecting line 18, 19. Time-controlled with this inflow of the air-coolant mixture into the combustion chamber 20, the injection device 21 injects the fuel into the combustion chamber 20, it has been ignited, then the mixture burns, as indicated by the flame 24, and finally builds in the combustion chamber 20, the operating pressure, when it is reached, the pressure relief valve 25 opens so that the combustion gases can flow into those of the working cylinders 4 and 5 whose inlet valve 4 'or 5 * is just open the working cylinder 4, after this work they are then pressed as exhaust gas via the then opened exhaust valve 4 ″ into the exhaust gas line 26 and can leave the machine, as indicated by the arrow 27.

In FIG. 1 it is further illustrated that at least part of the exhaust gases is fed via a line 28, in which a heat exchanger 29 can be arranged, into the preliminary cylinder 3, which operates parallel to the preliminary cylinder 2 and which has preferably automatically operating inlet and outlet .Exhaust valves 30 and 31 is equipped. «The outlet line 32 of this preliminary cylinder 3 opens into a second Druskfmicher 33, which opens like a nozzle via a connecting line 34 at 35 in the combustion chamber 20 * The« c in dl »Bi # nnfco» ** r 20 3if! g

-H-

10S837 / O612 ^ _mAI

BATH ORIGINAL

4,

Exhaust gases, which may be mixed with fresh air, which is introduced into line 28 at 36. Take on the task of reducing the combustion temperatures prevailing in the combustion chamber, preferably to one, as a heat transfer medium Value of about 600 C, so that temperatures for the exhaust gases are then obtained during the subsequent expansion in the working cylinders 4 and 5 which are around 0 C and, if necessary, can also assume negative values. The exhaust gases do not necessarily need to go into the pre-cylinder 3 introduced to verden, they can instead also be introduced into the preliminary cylinder 2, in which case then the preliminary cylinder works identically with the preliminary cylinder 2, in individual cases can also such an additional utilization of part of the exhaust gases can be dispensed with, and the preliminary cylinder 3 would also be identical to the Working pre-cylinder 2 »

Finally, FIG. 1 also illustrates that a water separator 37 can be arranged in the exhaust line 26, which condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gases, the condensation water would then be via the line 38 to the container 12 feed.

If, according to another partial feature of the method according to the invention, it is provided as an alternative or in addition to use carbon dioxide regenerated from the exhaust gases as a coolant, then the individual device according to FIG. 2 can be used for the above-described machine in FIG. Is shown in FIG. 2 \ 26 denotes in identity with Fig., Reference numeral the exhaust pipe from which the connecting conduit 28 is branched off to one of the two priming cylinder 2 and 3, or to both of these Vorzylindern, or if necessary. To a plurality of Vorzylindern, 39 so that hi «.r in this connecting line 28

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BATH ORIGINAL

• In the tail of the exhaust gas is introduced, while the main part of the exhaust gas, the wagon of the pre-cylinder 2 and 3 and the BronnkasMar 20 nohazu kaiiia giftigon extracted trash, is discharged via the line 27 to the AtaoepHür ·. The exhaust gas branched off in 39 was initially compressed to ainan liquefaction pressure of carbon dioxide, alto, for example, ainan pressure between at about 40 and 70 ata, then after diasar compression by ainan water exchanger 41, whereby they cool down, so which fills the liquid as carbon dioxide, because "then from aina" Kondantatabtchaidar 42 to alna · SaaMlbahttltar 45 galaitat and there gaaoMsalt, because aina Aeslafilaltvng 43 "it aina · vorzugawaisa" also contains carbon dioxide, which then contains exhaust valve 44 for the exhaust gas sina ^ Dar Kondansat Abschaidar 42 can possibly still old an additional device ouegerOstet soin, which aina favors liquefaction of the koalandioxyds. The liquefied carbon dioxide is then hardened over the end 14 to the preliminary cylinder 2 .

In dan ", V- or T, s -statusdlegrs — in gea" B in FIGS. 3 and 4, in each case under a) the state diagram for aina such according to the Diasal- # rlnzi » mi vntar c) the state dbgraeni fttr aina such according to the da · arfindungsgsrtlsn principle vfthrand bai dan UHraakraftaaaUiinan after da« Otto or Diesel »rlnzi» aina adiabata compression the air force Geedschas or only the air is vorganaaeen «whereby the thin compression achieved pressure teaoeretur value is increased after the ignition to the operating pressure, In dan VerzyHnder the invention geujoJan Wimakraftaasehina baraits on the Batriabsdruck compressed, whereby the compression away at the simultaneous compression ainas KVhlaittals ainar aalyt Kurva follows, dia

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109837/061?

BATH ORIGINAL

ideal isothemic curve approximated 1st. This "rhält you» ith the erfindungsgeattBen Wttrsekraft "achine approximately the same coefficient of performance as" it ύ "η vorbekennten Wttrvekraftvaschinen at about the same GescmtbaugröBe," on but achieves this with respect to the substantial advantage that 4im exhaust achievable because of without difficulty, complete combustion by the temporal expansion of the combustion obloufes between compression and expansion would not contain any harmful admixtures «·

In the context of the embodiment described, changes in details are of course required. M lines of de "or the priming cylinder to be positioned to the Brennfcaaaer not necessarily pressure reservoir (s), u» characterized the blaze pressure values to control or · zv influence in a particularly advantageous manner the combustion process in 49X Brennkaseer optiewl low, instead, can also be a means may be provided for generating pressure waves, the rock pressure effect is limited against or "the priming cylinder in its or daxtt AuslaSventil · the shock wave" thus act only to the working cylinders hinjous and then act only via the configured as a check valve pressure relief valve imx Brennkaejwr in Strttaungsrichtung .

109837 ^ 061?

bXd original

Claims (1)

Claims Method for operating a heat engine, preferably designed as a piston engine, in which a mixture of air and fuel is first compressed, or in which only air is first compressed and then the fuel is added, then this mixture is burned, thereby generating heat and this heat is finally converted into a mechanical energy or is converted into work, characterized in that together with the air-fuel mixture, or only with the air, a liquid or gaseous coolant is compressed in at least one pre-cylinder, that the combustion of the compressed mixture in a subsequent combustion chamber carried out with possibly prior admixture of the fuel in this and that the heat generated in the process is then converted into work in a working cylinder 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that air and / or exhaust gases are additionally introduced into the combustion chamber as a heat carrier 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the coolant is water and / or carbon dioxide regenerated from the exhaust gases 4. The method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the water is injected or misted into the pre-cylinder or into the intake manifold of the air supply line. 108837/0612 -BAD ORIGINAL ■ - * - is 5. The method according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the compression in de «pre-cylinder on one Pressure-tea-temperature-value, which a «end of the Compression the complete or almost complete evaporation of water " 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that that the compression in the pre-cylinder to about 100 ata / 310 ° C is made " 7. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that the coolant water is supplied to reuse after its work performance by condensation will. 8 · The method according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that at least some of the exhaust gases on one Condensing pressure of carbon dioxide and then compressed is cooled to hold liquefied carbon dioxide, which then de * Feed cylinder or its intake manifold for air will. 9 · The method according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that the compressed air-coolant mixture of the The combustion chamber is supplied in a pulsating manner 10. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the pressure of the pre-cylinder compression of the air-KUhlaittel-Geaisches and / or the Admixture of the fuel in the combustion chamber to 109837/061? . 6AD ORIGINAL change is regulated. 11. The method according to any one of claims 1-10, characterized in that at least some of the exhaust gases a second compression cylinder working parallel to the pre-cylinder is fed into the cylinder, compressed into the and then is introduced into the combustion chamber as a heat transfer medium 12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that that the exhaust gases are subjected to a heat exchange with the ambient temperature on their way to the second compression cylinder will. 13 · Machine for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 -12, nii a crankshaft and with nit working cylinders working together, which have cam-controlled inlet and outlet valves, characterized thereby, with the crankshaft or nit at least one crankshaft part that can be coupled to this Pre-cylinder equipped with preferably automatically working inlet and outlet valves, to which an air and coolant connection line is connected and which is connected to a combustion chamber via an outlet line, which in turn is connected to the working cylinders via an outlet line 14. Machine according to Claim 13, characterized in that that dos outlet valve of the preliminary cylinder is designed to be pressure-adjustable. 15. Matchine according to claim 14 or 13, characterized in that between the pre-cylinder and the combustion chamber Pressure accumulator is arranged - 4 -109837/061? BATH ORIGINAL 16 · Machine according to one of the claims · T3-15, characterized in that between the pressure accumulator and the combustion chamber at least one connection line bestfit, dimly opens into the latter like a nozzle · 17 · At least machine according to claim 13, characterized in that the combustion chamber is cylindrical and conical. 18 · Machine according to one of claims! 3 - 17, characterized in that g e k β η n- ' indicates that a in the exhaust pipe of the combustion chamber Overpressure valve is arranged « 19 »Machine according to claim 18, characterized in that that the pressure relief valve is designed to be pressure-adjustable 20 · A machine according to any one of claims 13-19, characterized in that the discharge pipe at least one further co-operating to the accumulator with dex crankshaft or with the crankshaft portion, equipped with a preferably automatically operating intake and exhaust valves VerdichtunBzylinders ITFR connected a part of the exhaust gases is. 21 · machine according to claim 20, characterized in that de to the inlet conduit * compression cylinder for the exhaust gases, a fresh air supply line is connected · 22 · Machine according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that in the inlet line of the compression cylinder »for the Exhaust gases are arranged in a heat exchanger. 1009 VU (IB] > BATH ORIGINAL - * - ig 23 "Machine according to one of Claims 20-22, characterized in that a pressure accumulator is arranged in the outlet line of the compression cylinder" and is connected to the combustion chamber via a connecting line which preferably ends in a nozzle-like manner. 24. Machine according to one of claims 13-23, characterized in that a device for recovering the coolant is connected to the exhaust line d »z working cylinder. I ei 9 ti 'i? / ■ "! F; I *> BATH ORIGINAL