CN87107792A - 包衣膜及由它制备的组合物 - Google Patents
包衣膜及由它制备的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN87107792A CN87107792A CN87107792.2A CN87107792A CN87107792A CN 87107792 A CN87107792 A CN 87107792A CN 87107792 A CN87107792 A CN 87107792A CN 87107792 A CN87107792 A CN 87107792A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/1617—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5073—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals having two or more different coatings optionally including drug-containing subcoatings
- A61K9/5078—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals having two or more different coatings optionally including drug-containing subcoatings with drug-free core
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Abstract
本发明提供一种医药、兽医、化妆品用的合成或萃取的包衣膜、含有一种单独的亲油性物质或它与硬化剂的混合物,其中亲油性物质选自12—20碳原子的脂肪酸和石腊、硬化剂选自纤维素醚或酯、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯和聚乙烯乙酸酯。
Description
本发明是关于一种医药用和工业用的包衣膜以及由它制备的组合物。更具体地说,本发明是一种用来受控释放活性组分的包衣膜以及含有被包衣的活性组分的组合物,该活性组分可以是药物、兽用药物、合成型或者是萃取型的。
在药物领域里,生产能持续释放的微粒是已知技术(例如EP123,470及122,077)。
其制备方法是用一种特殊的粘结剂将活性组分包到园的芯粒上,芯粒直径为0.2-2mm。或者可以制备一种有粘结剂的或没有粘结剂的活性组分园的芯粒。然后包上一层半透膜,这种膜可让药在受控时间内扩散或者在确定的释放药的时间内分散。
在一些专利中所叙述的常用膜是由以下物质组成的:紫胶、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、乙基纤维素、乙基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯,羟基丙基甲基纤维素、纤维素乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯、等等。上述的及目前所使用的这几种膜也都是天然原料,(例如紫胶),因此没有确定的成份。因而要得到相同的包衣所使用的量常常有显著的变化,而且由此带来稳定性的问题。成批生产也就有困难,经常不能得到相同的释放型。
另外,要达到零级释放或在按药物需要的受控时间内释放是很困难的。
在药物领域里,形成持续释放的目的是,在按药理剂量一天服用两次时,得到12小时有疗效的血平,或者一天服一粒单胶囊,得到24小时有疗效的血平。为了达到所说的疗效,药的释放必须或多或少地迟后于每种药的特征半衰期。
现在人们已经发现,改进所包衣的膜的量或两种组分之间的比例,能使持续释放的时间从4-6小时提高到18-22小时,并能更高,如图1中的酮苯甲酸(ketoprofen)(乙基纤维素/硬脂酸膜)及图2的硫氮 酮氯化氢(diltiazem hydrochloride)(石腊/甲基丙烯酸共聚物膜)。
这种技术上的灵活性使人们可以在玻璃器皿中选择最合适的释放条件,以便在体内时,在所要求的时间里产生有药效的血平。
几次试经已经表明,每批生产的膜有很好的重复性和良好的稳定性。经分析试验表明,从具有明确分子组成的合成产品制得的、并在国际药典中通常报导的膜,其纯度是提高了。
这些新的膜(例如石腊),从它们本身的性质而言,对被包物质的化学亲和力很低。这样,在膜与被包的产品之间必须要具有很好的匹配性,才可达到良好的时间稳定性。
因此,本发明是关于使用单独的亲油化合物或它与适当的硬化剂的混合物作为半透膜或易碎膜。更具体地说,本发明是一种药用、化妆品用、兽医用的、合成和萃取物质的包衣膜,及由它制备的组合物。
在具体的实施方案中,本发明也提供了一种制备该组合物的方法,该方法包括在惰性物质颗粒上先包一层有治疗性的活性化合物,再包由单独的亲油物质或它与硬化剂的混合物组成的第二层。
在本发明的组合物中,惰性颗粒最好含有蔗糖和淀粉。
作亲油膜用的物质是以下这几种:
A)含有12-20碳原子的脂肪酸,例如棕榈酸,和/或石腊(uspxxi,1584页).(usp-美国药典)
用来起硬化作用的化合物选自:
B)乙基纤维素Hercules,有44.5-50%的乙氧基。
C)羟基丙基甲基纤维素(Dow chemicals E型优质,粘度为50~4000厘泊)。
D)羟基乙基纤维素(Hercules Natrosol,粘度为180-250厘泊)。
E)羟基丙基纤维素(Hercules,Klucel,粘度为150-6500厘泊)。
F)羟基丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯(shinetsu chemicals,Tokyo)。
G)甲基纤维素(Dow Chemical-Methocel优质,粘度为15-4000厘泊Henkel,Viscontran)。
H)甲基丙烯酸共聚物(Rohm Pharma GmbH)。Eudragit E.L.S.RS.RL.E 30D、L 30D、RL 30D RS 30D型。
(丙烯酸类的各种共聚物)。
I)纤维素乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯(Kodak)。
L)聚乙二醇(Hoechst PEG,分子量为300-35000)。
M)聚乙烯乙酸酯(PVA)(Colorcon UK)(Canada packers chemicals,Canada)。
N)聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)(BASF,Kollidon,K值为10-95)。
O)羟丁基纤维素(Dow chemicals,粘度12000厘泊)。
P)羧甲基纤维素钠(Henkel Dehydazol,粘度400-15000厘泊)。
Q)聚乙烯乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)(Colorcon,UK)(Canada packers chemicals,Canada)。
上述所有的硬化剂最好是溶解在乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷或其它有机溶剂中,在室温或相应于所用溶剂的沸点温度,这样可以得到0.1%至饱和的各种溶液。硬化剂可单独溶解或相互混合成所有各种比例而溶解。
亲油物质是溶解在上述这些溶剂中的,或者它们是熔融的,可以单独使用或者相互混合使用,并可以用熔融态包衣或者用溶液包衣。
在茶碱上用单独硬脂酸作为膜进行试验,试验表明,单用硬脂酸的膜与用同样量的硬脂酸但加有羟基丙基甲基纤维素的膜相比较,前者释放得较快。加硬化剂的亲油化合物中,可以达到更灵活的控制并减低在受控时间范围内的快速释放,为了得到力学上较硬而且较稳定的膜,应当将亲油性化合物与硬化剂在溶液中共混,或者如果可能,将它们制成隔层的形式。
在这种情况下,亲油性化合物与硬化剂的比例最好是亲油物质为0.1-100%,硬化剂为0.9-99.9%。在微粒或者其它需要进行包衣的材料上使用膜的目的是要达到:被包物质缓慢地释放,保护胃,分离不相容的物质,减少化学反应活性,物理分离,改善处理,消除难闻的味道,提高稳定性。将熔融的或者溶解的膜包在被包的材料上是通过高压泵的方法以将熔化液或溶液细分成微滴。
上述过程在不锈钢包衣锅中进行操作,锅的转速可根据直径大小从3-40(rpm)(每分钟转数)之间变化,设有流化床装置(uni-glatt)或者是快速的混合器,例如Loeding等型式。该方法中所用的溶剂,在30-45℃的真空恒温干燥器中挥发掉。
对于单独的或与可能加入的硬化剂相互混合的亲油性化合物,也可以使用喷雾干燥或者喷雾冷却技术。
以下举例说明本发明,以便于对发明的理解。
例1
将19公斤由75%(重量比)的蔗糖和25%(重量比)的淀粉组成的中性粒子置于不锈钢包衣锅中,用20%(重量比)聚乙二醇的乙醇溶液将酮苯丙酸(53.5公斤)包在上述粒子上。干燥后,用加有2.70公斤滑石的4.5%(重量比)乙基纤维素(有44.5-50%乙氧基)和7.5%的硬脂酸的乙醇溶液进行包衣。干燥后,产品含有2.23公斤硬脂酸(NF XVI,1611页)(NF-国家处方集)和1.33公斤乙基纤维素。释放试验按USP XXI进行,用NO.1仪器,转速150rpm,PH7.2的900毫升浆液,试验结果如图1曲线D所示。曲线A到C是按膜量增加的配方所得到的结果,用所说配方所制的胶囊含50到250毫克酮苯甲酸。
例2
将82.00公斤4-乙酰氨基酚放入Loedige型混合器中,并在搅拌和50-60℃温度下加入12.40公斤硬脂酸(NF XVI,1611页),该硬脂酸是熔融的并与25.00公斤10%(重量比)乙基纤维素(44.5-50%乙氧基)的乙醇溶液进行共混。
将该物料搅拌10~15分钟,然后在35-45℃的恒温箱中干燥,由此而得的粒子气味隐蔽,可以做成单一剂量的袋剂或者其它剂型的药物。将这种粒子与3.00公斤硬脂酸镁混合,然后制成含200毫克至1克剂量的4-乙酰氨基酚片剂。
释放试验按USP XXI完成,用NO.2仪器,转速50rpm,PH5.8的900毫升浆液,释放的结果如下:
第一小时=22.8%
第四小时=54.6%
第八小时=98.3%
释放速度随着所包的膜量的变化而成比例地增加或减少。应当注意的是,不用Loedige型混合器,可以用流化床或不锈钢包衣锅代替,并可以得到同样膜的比较结果。
例3
操作如例2中所述,但包膜的量只有10%,所得的片剂显示出很快速的释放速度。把此片剂在不锈钢包衣锅中继续包上10至20%的相同的膜,则得到以下的释放分布情况:
第一小时=10-25%
第四小时=40-80%
第八小时=70-100%
例4
操作如例1中所述,在34.40公斤惰性粒子上(粒度0.7-1毫米),用11.00公斤20%(重量比)聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(K值=30)的乙醇溶液包49.50公斤萘心安Hcl(PropanololHcl)。
对总重量为8.10公斤预先熔化并在30-45℃下用二氯甲烷稀释到40%浓度的石腊,进行逐层包膜。
用甲基丙烯酸共聚物(Rohm Pharma,Eudragit E和RS型)的丙酮溶液包膜,膜的最后量如下:
Eudragit RS 0.6公斤;Eudragit E 0.3公斤。
在逐层包衣过程中加4.80公斤滑石。
释放试验按USP XXI进行,用NO.1仪器,转速100rpm,900毫升的浆液,第一小时浆液的PH值为1.2,第四小时和第八小时PH值为7.5,给出以下结果:
第一小时=13.3%
第四小时=47.2%
第八小时=82.8%
服用含有160毫克萘心安HCl的胶囊后,临床观察结果,体内24小时有药理活性的血平,如同端士,英国等市售的已知产品Inderal LA一样。用以上配方可以制得含有40-250毫克萘心安Hcl的胶囊。
例5
操作如例4所述,但在干的微粒上用以下的百分比组成:
中性粒子 22.5%(粒度0.7-1毫米)
石腊(USP XXI,1584页) 13.0%
聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮 8.8%
(USP XXI,1584页)
Eudragit E(Rohm 2.1%
Rharma)
Eudragit RS(Rohm 0.8%
Pharma)
滑石 9.2%
按USP XXI进行分析,用NO.1仪器,转速100rpm,在800毫升N/10的Hcl中进行,结果如图2,曲线D。其它曲线是在增加或减小膜量后与上述进行比较而得的,这些不同的释放速度必须要有膜的很好再生性来加以保证。
例6
将69.30公斤中性微粒(粒度0.9-1.1毫米)放在不锈钢包衣锅中,并将23.00公斤异山梨糖醇-5-单硝酸酯在溶有0.95公斤乙基纤维素(44.5-50%乙氧基)的20.00公斤丙酮和45.00公斤二氯甲烷中溶解后,对上述微粒进行包衣。
由乙醇溶液包衣的膜经干燥后,干的微粒含6.05公斤乙基纤维素,0.655公斤硬脂酸(NF XVI 1611页)和85克滑石。
按USP XXI进行分析,用NO.2仪器,转速100rpm,用PH值为7.5的1000毫升浆液,其释放结果如下:
第一小时=29.7%
第四小时=70.4%
第八小时=88.7%
以50毫克胶囊对8个受试者进行试验,与西德市售的已知产品Elantan Long比较,一天一粒胶囊的剂量有很好的生物等效性。
用上述组成可配制成含20-120毫克的异山梨糖醇-5-单硝酸酯的胶囊。
例7
如例6所述的那样进行操作,但是用以下的百分组成:
苯基丙醇胺Hcl 31.6%
中性粒子 56.5%(0.7-1毫米)
聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮 2.0%(K值=30)
乙基纤维素 7.7%(乙氧基44.5-50%)
硬脂酸(NF XVI 1611页) 0.7%
滑石 1.5%
按USP XXI的方法进行分析,用NO.1仪器,转速100rpm用500毫升蒸馏水,给出以下结果:
第一小时=51.8%
第二小时=72.2%
第四小时=96.4%
释放量的百分数与端士和美国市售的已知产品Dexatrin一样。用上述配方可以制备10-150毫克的胶囊。
例8
在用例1所叙述的方法而制得的33.00公斤中性微粒上包40.00公斤diacerheyn,并使用粘结剂,该粘结液中含10.20公斤聚乙二醇4000和40.00公斤乙醇。
干燥后,用含有42.20公斤乙醇,2.20公斤乙基纤维素(乙氧基44.5-50.0%)和0.500公斤硬脂酸的溶液进行包衣。
按USP XXI的方法进行试验,用NO.2仪器,转速100rpm,用PH值为7.5的900毫升并加有0.05%(重量比)吐温80的浆液,给出以下结果:
第一小时=47%
第四小时=73%
第八小时=88%
第十二小时=94%
例9
将93.00公斤茶碱与溶液一起放入造粒机中,该溶液含有3.50公斤聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(K值=30)和14.00公斤乙醇。干燥后,将粒料过筛,只保留粒度为500-800这一部分粒料。其它较细及较粗的部分经微粉化后,在包衣锅中用含3.50公斤聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(K值=30)和28.00公斤乙醇的粘结剂溶液对所选的芯粒进行包衣。
干燥后,用含0.84公斤乙基纤维素(44.5-50.0%乙氧基)和84克硬脂酸在16.00公斤乙醇中的溶液对10.00公斤的微粒进行包衣。
释放试验按USP XXI方法进行,用NO.1仪器,转速125rpm,用900毫升蒸馏水,得出以下结果:
第一小时=12.7%
第二小时=22.5%
第四小时=37.6%
第六小时=49.1%
第八小时=58.2%
第十二小时=71.0%
第十六小时=82.3%
例10
由例9中所叙述的粒化方法得到的10.00公斤微粒,用含0.40公斤的羟丙基甲基纤维素(50厘泊)和0.40公斤硬脂酸的溶液进行包衣。
如例9一样进行释放试验,给出以下结果:
第一小时=7.6%
第二小时=21.9%
第四小时=45.5%
第六小时=61.4%
第八小时=72.1%
第十二小时=86.5%
第十六小时=93.9%
例11
在由例9粒化得到的10.00公斤微粒上,用含有0.35公斤的甲基丙烯酸共聚物(Eudragit RS)和0.35公斤的硬脂酸在3.50公斤丙酮和3.50公斤乙醇的溶液中进行包衣。
如例9一样进行释放试验,得出以下释放结果:
第一小时=24.5%
第二小时=47.1%
第四小时=71.5%
第六小时=82.1%
第八小时=87.8%
第十二小时=94.0%
Claims (10)
1、一种药用和工业用的包衣膜,含有单独的亲油性化合物或它与硬化剂组分的混合物。
2、按照权利要求1的包衣膜,其特征在于亲油性化合物是选自12-20碳原子的脂肪酸和石腊,硬化剂组分是选自乙基纤维素、羟基丙基甲基纤维素、羟基乙基纤维素,羟基丙基纤维素、羟基丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、甲基纤维素、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、纤维素乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯乙酸酯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、羟基丁基纤维素、羧基甲基纤维素钠和聚乙烯乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯。
3、按照权利要求1的包衣膜,其特征在于亲油性化合物与硬化剂组分的比例,亲油性化合物为0.1%-100%,硬化剂组分为0.9-99.9%。
4、按照权利要求1的包衣膜,其特征在于亲油性化合物是熔化后进行包衣的。
5、按照权利要求1的包衣膜,其特征在于,将亲油性化合物和可能含有的硬化剂组分在有机溶剂中,于预定温度下溶解成饱和的或0.1%溶液。
6、药物组合物,能受控释放其中所含的有治疗活性的化合物,其特征在于,在惰性物质微粒上第一层包治疗活性化合物,第二层包单独的亲油性化合物或它与硬化剂组分的混合物。
8、按照权利要求6和7的组合物、其特征在于,亲油性化合物选自12-20碳原子的脂肪酸和石腊、硬化剂选自乙基纤维素、羟基丙基甲基纤维素、羟基乙基纤维素、羟基丙基纤维素、羟基丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、甲基纤维素、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、纤维素乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯乙酸酯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、羟基丁基纤维素、羧基甲基纤维素钠和聚乙烯乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯。
9、制备能受控释放治疗活性化合物的药物组合物的方法,其特征在于,惰性微粒第一层包治疗活性化合物,然后包第二层,第二层由单独的亲油性化合物或它与硬化剂组分的混合物而组成。
10、按照权利要求9的药物组合物,其特征在于,惰性物质由蔗糖和淀粉组成、活性成分选自酮苯甲酸、4-乙酰氨基酚、萘心安、硫氮 酮、异山梨糖醇-5-单硝酸酯、苯基丙醇胺、diacerheyn、茶碱,亲油性化合物选自12-20碳原子的脂肪酸和石腊,硬化剂选自纤维素醚或酯、甲基丙烯酸共聚物、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯乙酰邻苯二甲酸酯和聚乙烯乙酸酯。
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-
1986
- 1986-09-30 IT IT03530/86A patent/IT1200217B/it active
-
1987
- 1987-09-29 AU AU80259/87A patent/AU602931B2/en not_active Expired
- 1987-09-29 DE DE87830347T patent/DE3786316T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-29 JP JP62505864A patent/JP2518882B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-09-29 HU HU875182A patent/HU201684B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-09-29 US US07/194,992 patent/US5149542A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-29 ES ES87830347T patent/ES2056837T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-29 CA CA000548182A patent/CA1313132C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-09-29 PT PT85819A patent/PT85819B/pt unknown
- 1987-09-29 WO PCT/IT1987/000085 patent/WO1988002253A1/en active Application Filing
- 1987-09-29 AT AT87830347T patent/ATE90871T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-09-29 EP EP87830347A patent/EP0263083B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-29 ZA ZA877316A patent/ZA877316B/xx unknown
- 1987-09-30 CN CN87107792A patent/CN1062444C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-30 NZ NZ221987A patent/NZ221987A/xx unknown
-
1988
- 1988-05-06 DK DK198802463A patent/DK174949B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-05-26 KR KR1019880700584A patent/KR880701542A/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-05-27 FI FI882524A patent/FI882524A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1047935C (zh) * | 1989-03-16 | 2000-01-05 | 布里斯托尔-迈尔斯·斯奎布公司 | 直接压制的考来烯胺片及其无溶剂包衣和制备方法 |
CN107205954A (zh) * | 2014-10-31 | 2017-09-26 | 普渡制药公司 | 特别用于治疗注意力缺陷障碍的方法和组合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1988002253A1 (en) | 1988-04-07 |
ATE90871T1 (de) | 1993-07-15 |
DK246388D0 (da) | 1988-05-06 |
IT1200217B (it) | 1989-01-05 |
FI882524A (fi) | 1988-05-27 |
CA1313132C (en) | 1993-01-26 |
PT85819A (en) | 1987-10-01 |
HUT49815A (en) | 1989-11-28 |
US5149542A (en) | 1992-09-22 |
KR880701542A (ko) | 1988-11-03 |
AU8025987A (en) | 1988-04-21 |
ES2056837T3 (es) | 1994-10-16 |
JPH01500998A (ja) | 1989-04-06 |
EP0263083B1 (en) | 1993-06-23 |
FI882524A0 (fi) | 1988-05-27 |
HU201684B (en) | 1990-12-28 |
DE3786316D1 (de) | 1993-07-29 |
DK246388A (da) | 1988-05-26 |
PT85819B (pt) | 1990-08-31 |
IT8603530A0 (it) | 1986-09-30 |
DE3786316T2 (de) | 1993-10-28 |
CN1062444C (zh) | 2001-02-28 |
EP0263083A1 (en) | 1988-04-06 |
AU602931B2 (en) | 1990-11-01 |
NZ221987A (en) | 1990-07-26 |
DK174949B1 (da) | 2004-03-22 |
ZA877316B (en) | 1988-06-29 |
JP2518882B2 (ja) | 1996-07-31 |
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