CN1711217A - 制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法 - Google Patents
制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1711217A CN1711217A CNA2003801028837A CN200380102883A CN1711217A CN 1711217 A CN1711217 A CN 1711217A CN A2003801028837 A CNA2003801028837 A CN A2003801028837A CN 200380102883 A CN200380102883 A CN 200380102883A CN 1711217 A CN1711217 A CN 1711217A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- tert
- polyolefin
- butyl
- filler
- bis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- -1 sorbitan ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 130
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002530 phenolic antioxidant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical class OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonodiperoxoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)OO NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001701 hydrotalcite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960001545 hydrotalcite Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012745 toughening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical group O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical group OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VNSBYDPZHCQWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;aluminum;dioxido(oxo)silane;sodium;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na].[Al].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O VNSBYDPZHCQWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000271 hectorite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hectorite Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Mg+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O[Si]([O-])(O1)O[Si]1([O-])O2 KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000273 nontronite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000275 saponite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000276 sauconite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052615 phyllosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 30
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC(=CC=1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1C(C)(C)C JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 8
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 6
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920000974 Poly(dimethylsiloxane-ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]propyl] 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)(COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C1 BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 5
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BPXVHIRIPLPOPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound OCCN1C(=O)N(CCO)C(=O)N(CCO)C1=O BPXVHIRIPLPOPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ALVZNPYWJMLXKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,9-Nonanediol Chemical compound OCCCCCCCCCO ALVZNPYWJMLXKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YEWBOZCFGXOUQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-ylmethanol Chemical compound C1OP2OCC1(CO)CO2 YEWBOZCFGXOUQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KXPXKNBDCUOENF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(Octylthio)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCSCCO KXPXKNBDCUOENF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZPIRWAHWDCHWLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylsulfanylethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCSCCO ZPIRWAHWDCHWLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CKPKHTKLLYPGFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6,6-dimethylheptane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CC(CCCCC(O)O)(C)C CKPKHTKLLYPGFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N monopropylene glycol Natural products CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- COVMBDWAODLWIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-(2-hydroxyethyl)oxamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C(=O)NCCO COVMBDWAODLWIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FTWUXYZHDFCGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-diphenyloxamide Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1NC(=O)C(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 FTWUXYZHDFCGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 4
- YODZTKMDCQEPHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiodiglycol Chemical compound OCCSCCO YODZTKMDCQEPHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- RXFCIXRFAJRBSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,2,3-tetramine Chemical compound NCCCNCCNCCCN RXFCIXRFAJRBSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 3
- HVUMOYIDDBPOLL-XWVZOOPGSA-N Sorbitan monostearate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O HVUMOYIDDBPOLL-XWVZOOPGSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N Sorbitan trioleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920006242 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
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- 150000005208 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C)=CC(CC=2C(=C(C=C(C)C=2)C(C)(C)C)O)=C1O KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BWJKLDGAAPQXGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-octadecoxypiperidine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC1CC(C)(C)NC(C)(C)C1 BWJKLDGAAPQXGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LKALLEFLBKHPTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-bis[(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methyl]-4-methylphenol Chemical compound OC=1C(CC=2C(=C(C=C(C)C=2)C(C)(C)C)O)=CC(C)=CC=1CC1=CC(C)=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1O LKALLEFLBKHPTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVUXDWXKPROUDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 BVUXDWXKPROUDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ONTODYXHFBKCDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC=C1C1=NC=NC=N1 ONTODYXHFBKCDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XOUQAVYLRNOXDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C(O)=C1 XOUQAVYLRNOXDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其包括熔融混合聚烯烃、填料和非离子表面活性剂的混合物。
Description
本发明涉及用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的新方法,其包括将聚烯烃、填料和非离子表面活性剂的混合物熔融混合。本发明进一步的实施方案是使用非离子表面活性剂将填料插层和剥离,和将填料分散在聚烯烃基质中,以形成纳米复合材料。本发明进一步的实施方案是纳米复合材料,其包含a)对氧化、热或者光-诱导的降解敏感的聚烯烃,b)填料,c)非离子表面活性剂,和d)选自以下的添加剂:酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂、加工稳定剂、颜料、染料、增塑剂、相容剂、增韧剂、触变剂、流平助剂、除酸剂和金属减活剂或者其混合物。
有大量关于基于粘土或者层状硅酸盐例如蒙脱土和合成聚合物的有机-无机纳米复合材料的最新文献。已经从有机改性粘土制备了聚烯烃纳米复合材料。使用的粘土通常用长链烷基或者二烷基铵离子或者胺进行改性,或者在一些情况下用其它鎓离子、例如磷鎓进行改性。铵离子/胺添加剂通常通过独立的插层步骤引入粘土结构。
当被用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料时,这些常规的有机改性粘土具有许多缺点。铵盐在聚烯烃加工的温度下是对热不稳定的,或者可能在加工条件下是反应性的。粘土不能直接分散到工业聚烯烃中以形成稳定的纳米复合材料。虽然一些报道说这类有机改性粘土可以通过强烈混合直接分散到聚烯烃中而形成纳米复合材料。然而,以这种方式形成的剥离结构通常被认为是不稳定的,并且可能在随后的熔融加工操作例如注塑期间再附聚。
因此,通过熔体加工来形成聚烯烃纳米复合材料需要使用附加的添加剂,最通常的是聚丙烯-接枝-马来酸酐,其在工作实施例中作为最终产品的主要组分存在。
A.Okada等,Macromolecules,1997,30,6333-6338,或者U.S.5,973,053,公开了当在包含极性官能团的聚烯烃低聚物、例如聚丙烯-接枝-马来酸酐的存在下,将用十八烷基铵盐预改性的粘土与聚丙烯配混时,获得了聚丙烯纳米复合材料。
U.S.5,939,184公开了基于烷基铵改性粘土和极性接枝聚烯烃或者烯烃共聚物的聚丙烯纳米复合材料的制备,所述极性接枝聚烯烃或者烯烃共聚物通常以超过粘土的量使用。
WO-A-99/07790公开了基于粘土、聚合物基质和嵌段共聚物或者接枝共聚物的纳米复合材料,所述粘土具有层状结构和30到250毫当量/100克的阳离子交换容量,所述嵌段共聚物或者接枝共聚物包含一个或多个与粘土相容的第一结构单元(A),和一个或多个与聚合物基质相容的第二结构单元(B)。这类嵌段共聚物的特定的实例是由以下嵌段构成的嵌段共聚物:一个聚环氧乙烷嵌段(PEO)和一个聚苯乙烯嵌段(PS);一个聚4-乙烯基吡啶嵌段(P4VP)和一个聚苯乙烯嵌段(PS);一个树枝状聚乙烯亚胺嵌段(dend-P8PEI)和一个聚苯乙烯嵌段(PS);或者由用16个十八烷基基团(嵌段B,是PE-相容的)官能化的一个树枝状聚乙烯亚胺芯嵌段(dend16)组成的多嵌段共聚物。
WO-A-00/34393公开了聚合物-粘土纳米复合材料,其包含(i)可熔融加工的基质聚合物,(ii)层状粘土材料,和(iii)基质聚合物-相容的官能化低聚物或者聚合物。特别地公开的组分(iii)的实例是例如铵官能化聚己内酯。
WO-A-01/48080公开了基于使用阳离子交换的粘土和高分子量聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐的聚烯烃纳米复合材料。
WO-A-01/85831公开了基于使用阳离子交换的粘土和聚烯烃接枝有机阳离子如铵离子的聚烯烃纳米复合材料。
B.Liao等在Polymer 42,10007-10011(2001)中,描述了在低密度聚乙烯纳米复合材料的制备中使用聚(环氧乙烷)-嵌段-聚乙烯。这些作者未提及在一步纳米复合材料制备中使用嵌段物。
WO-A-02/00776涉及用于压铸法的多孔模具,该模具由形成基质的聚合物材料制造,在该基质中加入了粘土和嵌段共聚物或者接枝共聚物,其中所述嵌段共聚物或者接枝共聚物包含一个或多个与粘土相容的第一结构单元(A)和一个或多个与聚合物基质相容的第二结构单元(B),所述压铸法用于制造多孔过滤器材料。特别地公开的这类嵌段共聚物的实例是由一个聚环氧乙烷嵌段(PEO)和一个聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段(PMMA)组成的嵌段共聚物。
这些已知的方法利用有机(铵或者胺)改性粘土制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料,没有在各个方面满足所要满足的高要求,特别是对经受氧化、热或者光诱导降解的聚烯烃模塑制品的高要求。所考虑的其它性能包括提高的热变形温度、提高的阻燃性、提高的气体阻隔性、提高的劲度、提高的外观质量和尺寸稳定性。
因此仍然需要寻找用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的有效的方法,其能提供所考虑的性能,但是没有上述的缺点,并且其允许使用在使用之前没有经过改性的天然填料。
因此,本发明涉及用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其包括熔融混合a)聚烯烃、b)填料和c)非离子表面活性剂的混合物。
所述引入可以在任何装备有搅拌器的可加热容器中进行,例如在密闭的装置例如捏和机、混合机或者搅拌容器中进行。加入优选地在挤出机或者捏和机中进行。加工是在惰性气氛中还是在氧存在下进行并不重要。
组分(a)、(b)和(c)的加入可以在所有通常的混合机器中进行,其中聚合物被熔融并且与添加剂混合。适合的机器是本领域技术人员已知的。它们主要地是混合机、捏和机和挤出机。所述加工优选在挤出机中通过在加工期间引入添加剂来进行。特别优选的加工机械是单螺杆挤出机、反转和正转双螺杆挤出机、行星式齿轮挤出机、环挤出机或者共捏和机。还可以使用装备有至少一个脱气区的加工机械,在该脱气区上可以施加真空。适合的挤出机和捏和机描述于例如Handbuch der Kunststoffextrusion,卷1,Grundlagen,编辑F.Hensen,W.Knappe,H.Potente,1989,第3-7页,ISBN:3-446-14339-4;和卷2Extrusionsanlagen 1986,ISBN3-446-14329-7)。例如,螺杆长度是1-60倍的螺杆直径、优选35-48倍螺杆直径。螺杆的转速优选为10到600转/分钟(rpm),例如25-300rpm。最大处理量取决于螺杆直径、转速和推动力。本发明的加工还可以通过改变上述参数或者使用称重机输送添加量而在低于最大处理量的水平下进行。如果加入多种组分,这些组分可以预混合或者单独地加入。
所感兴趣的是制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中填料是天然或者合成的层状硅酸盐或者这类层状硅酸盐的混合物或者层状羟基碳酸盐(hydroxycarbonate)。优选地,所述填料是层状硅酸盐粘土或者层状羟基碳酸盐。特别令人感兴趣的是用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中填料是蒙脱土、膨润土、贝得石、云母、锂蒙脱石、皂石、囊脱石、锌蒙脱石、蛭石、伊利石、magadite、水羟硅钠石、硅镁石、铬岭石、水滑石或者其混合物。
由层状羟基碳酸盐例如水滑石组成的系列中的化合物可以通过通式III描述:
M2+ 1-x·M3+ x·(OH)2·(Ay-)x/y·pH2O (III)
其中,
M2+=Mg,Ca,Sr,Zn,Sn和/或Ni,
M3+=Al,B或者Bi,
Ay-是具有化合价y的阴离子,
y是1到4的数字,
x是0到0.5的数字,和
p是0到20的数字。
其它实例在例如DE-A-4 106 403中给出。
Ay-优选是:
OH-,Cl-,Br-,I-,ClO4 -,HCO3 -,CH3COO-,C6H5COO-,CO3 2-,SO4 2-,(-OOC-COO-),(CHOHCOO)2 2-,(CHOH)4CH2OHCOO-.C2H4(COO)2 2-,(CH2COO)2 2-,CH3CHOHCOO-,SiO3 2-,SiO4 4-,Fe(CN)6 3-,Fe(CN)6 4-或HPO4 2-。
可以被优选使用的其它水滑石是具有通式IIIa的化合物:
M2+ x·Al2·(OH)2x+6yz·(Ay-)2·pH2O (IIIa)
其中,M2+是选自Mg和Zn的至少一种金属、优选Mg,Ay是阴离子,例如选自CO3 2-、(-OOC-COO-)、OH-和S2-,其中y是阴离子的化合价,p是正数,优选0.5到15,和x和z是正数,x优选为2到6和z优选小于2。
优选选自具有以下通式(III)的水滑石的化合物:
M2+ 1-x·M3+ x·(OH)2·(Ay-)x/y·pH2O (III)
其中,M2+是Mg或者Mg和Zn的固体溶液,Ay-是CO3 2-,x是0到0.5的数,和p是0到20的数。
非常特别优选具有以下通式的水滑石:
Al2O3·6MgO·CO2·12H2O,
Mg4,5Al2(OH)13·CO3·3,5H2O,
4MgO·Al2O3·CO2·9H2O,
4MgO·Al2O3·CO2·6H2O,
ZnO·3MgO·Al2O3·CO2·8-9H2O或
ZnO·3MgO·Al2O3·CO2·5-6H2O。
所感兴趣的是其中非离子表面活性剂是线性非离子表面活性剂的用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法。
同样所感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂是嵌段或者接枝共聚物,其包含亲水性或者“亲粘土性”和疏水性链段,其不包含鎓官能团。
优选,亲水性或者“亲粘土性”链段包括许多的极性基团,例如,适当近似地,醚[-O-]、酰胺
硫代酰胺
腈和羟基。这类嵌段接枝物的实例是聚(环氧乙烷)、聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯腈或者聚(乙烯基醇)。
优选,疏水性链段是“亲聚烯烃的”,其特征在于是与聚烯烃基质相可混溶的或者相容的,例如烃类链段。另外,疏水性链段是与聚烯烃不相容的,并且包括非聚集的材料,例如氟碳化合物,硅氧烷链段或者低分子量甲基丙烯酸酯。
特别感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂是嵌段或者接枝共聚物,其包含亲水性和疏水性链段,其不包含鎓官能团,并且亲水性链段是聚(环氧乙烷)嵌段和疏水性链段是支化的或者无支链的聚烯烃、氟碳化合物、硅氧烷或者低分子量甲基丙烯酸酯。
同样感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂是嵌段或者接枝共聚物,其包含亲水性和疏水性链段,其不包含鎓官能团,并且亲水性链段是聚(环氧乙烷)嵌段和疏水性链段是支化或者无支链的聚烯烃。
同样特别感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂是脱水山梨醇酯、二甲基硅氧烷-环氧乙烷-嵌段共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-嵌段-聚环氧乙烷共聚物或者以下通式I的化合物:
其中
m是1或者2,
n是1或者2,
x大于或等于1,
y大于或等于1,
z大于或等于0,并且
R1是氢或者C1-C25烷基。
通式I的化合物是对称的或者不对称的。这是指,如果n是2,“x”可以与其它残基中的“x”相同或者不同。
具有最多25个碳原子的烷基是支链或者无支链的基团,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、2-乙基丁基、正戊基、异戊基、1-甲基戊基、1,3-二甲基丁基、正己基、1-甲基己基、正庚基、异庚基、1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基、1-甲基庚基、3-甲基庚基、正辛基、2-乙基己基、1,1,3-三甲基己基、1,1,3,3-四甲基戊基、壬基、癸基、十一基、1-甲基十一基、十二烷基、1,1,3,3,5,5-六甲基己基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、十七烷基或者十八烷基。
优选的通式I的化合物是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),
其中m是1,
n是1,
x是8到50,
y是1到32,
z是0,和
R1是氢。
这些优选的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)中的许多是市售可得的,例如Aldrich聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)MW 1400(x平均值是50;y平均值是15);Aldrich聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)MW 875(x平均值是50;y平均值是4);Aldrich聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)MW 920(x平均值是32;y平均值是10);Aldrich聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)MW 575(x平均值是33;y平均值是2-3);Nafol 1822+2EO(x平均值是20;y平均值是2)。
特别优选的通式I的化合物是通式I的聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),例如通式Ia、1b、Ic、Id或者le的化合物,其可以按照已知的文献方法得到,名称为DAB25、DAB50、Aduxol GA7-02、Aduxol GA8-03和Aduxol GA10-03。
(Ia)[DAB25]
(Id)[Aduxol GA8-03]
(Ie)[Aduxol GA10-03]
优选的脱水山梨醇酯是山梨糖醇或者乙氧基化脱水山梨醇与C12-C25羧酸的酯。
C12-C25羧酸的实例是月桂酸、油酸、棕榈酸或者硬脂酸。这些羧酸与山梨糖醇的酯是市售可得的,如Fluka(瑞士)的Span 20(RTM)[脱水山梨醇一月桂酸酯]、Span 40(RTM)脱水山梨醇一棕榈酸酯]、Span 60(RTM)[脱水山梨醇一硬脂酸酯]、Span 65(RTM)[脱水山梨醇三硬脂酸酯]、Span 80(RTM)[脱水山梨醇单油酸酯]或者Span 85(RTM)[脱水山梨醇三油酸酯]。
优选的乙氧基化脱水山梨醇与C12-C25羧酸的酯是例如通式II的化合物
其中,R2是C12-C25烷酰基或者C12-C25烯酰基。
具有12到25个碳原子的烷酰基是支链或者无支链的基团,例如十二烷酰基、十三烷酰基、十四烷酰基、十五烷酰基、十六烷酰基、十七烷酰基、十八烷酰基、二十烷酰基或者二十二烷酰基。优选具有14到18个碳原子的烷酰基。特别优选十八烷酰基(硬脂酰基)。
具有12到25个碳原子的烯酰基是包含一个或多个碳-碳双键的支链或者无支链的基团,例如十二烯酰基、十三烯酰基、十四烯酰基、十五烯酰基、十六烯酰基、十七烯酰基或十八烯酰基。优选具有14到18个碳原子的烯酰基。特别优选十八碳烯基(油烯基)。
特别感兴趣的氟碳化合物是例如半氟化表面活性剂,例如Du PontZonyl(RTM)氟化表面活性剂。这类化合物的实例是Zonyl FSA(RTM)[RFCH2CH2SCH2CH2CO2Li];Zonyl FSN(RTM)[RFCH2CH2O(CH2CH2)XH];或者Zonyl TBS(RTM)[RFCH2CH2SO3Y],其中RF是F(CF2CF2)38,和Y是氢。
特别感兴趣的硅氧烷是例如聚硅氧烷,例如表A中公开的那些。
表A:聚硅氧烷的实例
代码 | 结构 |
DBE-224 | PDMS-PEO嵌段(75/25) |
DBE-712 | PDMS-PEO嵌段(25/75) |
DBE-814 | PDMS-PEO嵌段(20/80) |
DBE-821 | PDMS-PEO嵌段(15/85) |
DBP-732 | PDMS-(PPO/60-PEO/40)嵌段(30/70) |
DMS-E12 | EPCH2O(CH2)3-PDMS-(CH2)3OCH2EP(环氧基丙氧基丙基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷) |
DMS-E21 | EPCH2O(CH2)3-PDMS-(CH2)3OCH2EP |
DMS-A12 | H2N(CH2)3-PDMS-(CH2)3NH2 |
DMS-A21 | H2N(CH2)3-PDMS-(CH2)3NH2 |
PDMS是聚二甲基硅氧烷。
PEO是聚环氧乙烷。
EPCH2O是环氧基丙氧基。
PPO是聚环氧丙烷。
聚烯烃的说明性的例子是:
1.单烯烃和二烯烃的聚合物,例如聚丙烯、聚异丁烯、聚丁-1-烯、聚-4-甲基戊-1-烯、聚乙烯基环己烷、聚异戊二烯或聚丁二烯,以及环烯烃例如环戊烯或降冰片烯的聚合物,(任选地可以交联的)聚乙烯例如高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、高密度和高分子量聚乙烯(HDPE-HMW)、高密度和超高分子量聚乙烯(HDPE-UHMW)、中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、(VLDPE)和(ULDPE)。
聚烯烃,即上一段列举的单烯烃的聚合物,优选聚乙烯和聚丙烯,可以用不同方法尤其以下方法制备:
a)自由基聚合(通常在高压和高温下)
b)使用催化剂的催化聚合,该催化剂通常含有化学元素周期表IVb族、Vb族、VIb族或VIII族的一种或不止一种金属。这些金属通常有一个或不止一个配体、典型地为氧化物、卤化物、醇盐、酯、醚、胺、烷基、链烯基和/或芳基,这些可以是要么π-配位要么σ-配位的。这些金属络合物可以呈游离形式,也可以固定在基材上,典型地固定在活性氯化镁、氯化钛(III)、氧化铝或氧化硅上。这些催化剂可以是可溶于或不可溶于聚合介质中的。这些催化剂可以将本身用于聚合,也可以使用进一步的活化剂,典型地是金属烷基、金属氢化物、金属烷基卤化物、金属烷基氧化物、或金属烷基氧烷,所述金属是化学元素周期表Ia族、IIa族和/或IIIa族的元素。这些活化剂可以方便地用进一步的酯、醚、胺或甲硅烷基醚基进行改性。这些催化剂系统通常称为Phillips、Standard Oil Indiana、Ziegler(-Natta)、TNZ(DuPont)、金属茂或单一部位催化剂(SSC)。
2、第1项提到的聚合物的混合物,例如聚丙烯与聚异丁烯、聚丙烯与聚乙烯(例如PP/HDPE、PP/LDPE)的混合物,和不同类型聚乙烯(例4如LDPE/HDPE)的混合物。
3、单烯烃和二烯烃彼此的共聚物或与其它乙烯基单体的共聚物,例如乙烯/丙烯共聚物、线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)及其与低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)的混合物、丙烯/丁-1-烯共聚物、丙烯/异丁烯共聚物、乙烯/丁-1-烯共聚物、乙烯/己烯共聚物、乙烯/甲基戊烯共聚物、乙烯/庚烯共聚物、乙烯/辛烯共聚物、乙烯/乙烯基环己烷共聚物、乙烯/环烯烃共聚物(例如乙烯/降冰片烯如COC)、乙烯/1-烯烃共聚物,其中1-烯烃是原位发生的;丙烯/丁二烯共聚物、异丁烯/异戊二烯共聚物、乙烯/乙烯基环己烯共聚物、乙烯/丙烯酸烷酯共聚物、乙烯/甲基丙烯酸烷酯共聚物、乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、或乙烯/丙烯酸共聚物及其盐(离子键聚合物)、以及乙烯与丙烯和一种双烯例如己二烯、二聚环戊二烯或偏亚乙基降冰片烯的三元共聚物;这样的共聚物彼此的混合物和与以上第一项提到的聚合物的混合物,例如聚丙烯/乙烯-丙烯共聚物、LDPE/乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、LDPE/乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物(EAA)、LLDPE/EVA、LLDPE/EAA、和交替或无规聚烯烃/一氧化碳共聚物及其与其它聚合物例如聚酰胺的混合物。
优选,聚烯烃是聚乙烯或者聚丙烯或者其共聚物。
所感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中填料以基于聚烯烃重量为1到15%、优选1到10%的量存在。
同样所感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂以基于聚烯烃重量为0.1到7.5%、优选0.1到5%的量存在。
同样所感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其中组分(聚烯烃、填料和非离子表面活性剂)的熔融混合在120到290℃、优选140到250℃、例如170到230℃之间进行。
本发明方法可以包括除组分(a)、(b)和(c)之外的其它添加剂。
例如,本发明方法可以任选地同时包含0.01到10%、优选0.025到5%和特别地0.1到3%重量的各种常规稳定剂共添加剂,例如列于如下的物质或者其混合物。
1.抗氧剂
1.1.烷基化单苯酚,例如2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚、2-叔丁基-4,6-二甲基苯酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-乙基苯酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-正丁基苯酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-异丁基苯酚、2,6-二环戊基-4-甲基苯酚、2-(α-甲基环己基)-4,6-二甲基苯酚、2,6-二(十八烷基)-4-甲基苯酚、2,4,6-三环己基苯酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲氧甲基苯酚、侧链上是线型或支化的壬基苯酚例如2,6-二壬基-4-甲基苯酚、2,4-二甲基-6-(1′-甲基十一烷-1′-基)苯酚、2,4-二甲基-6-(1′-甲基十七烷-1′-基)苯酚、2,4-二甲基-6-(1′-甲基十三烷-1′-基)苯酚及其混合物。
1.2.烷硫甲基苯酚,例如2,4-二辛硫甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚、2,4-二辛硫甲基-6-甲基苯酚、2,4-二辛硫甲基-6-乙基苯酚、2,6-二(十二烷硫甲基)-4-壬基苯酚。
1.3.氢醌和烷基化氢醌,例如2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲氧基苯酚、2,5-二叔丁基氢醌、2,5-二叔戊基氢醌、2,6-二苯基-4-(十八烷氧基)苯酚、2,6-二叔丁基氢醌、2,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基茴香醚、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基茴香醚、硬脂酸3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯酯、己二酸二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯酯)。
1.4.生育酚,例如α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚及其混合物(维生素E)。
1.5.羟基化硫二苯醚,例如2,2′-硫二(6-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚)、2,2′-硫二(4-辛基苯酚)、4,4′-硫二(6-叔丁基-3-甲基苯酚)、4,4′-硫二(6-叔丁基-2-甲基苯酚)、4,4′-硫二(3,6-二仲戊基苯酚)、4,4′-二(2,6-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)二硫化物。
1.6.偏亚烷基二苯酚,例如2,2′-亚甲基二(6-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚)、2,2′-亚甲基二(6-叔丁基-4-乙基苯酚)、2,2′-亚甲基二[4-甲基-6-(α-甲基环己基)苯酚]、2,2′-亚甲基二(4-甲基-6-环己基苯酚)、2,2′-亚甲基二(6-壬基-4-甲基苯酚)、2,2′-亚甲基二(4,6-二叔丁基苯酚)、2,2′-偏亚乙基二(4,6-二叔丁基苯酚)、2,2′-偏亚乙基二(6-叔丁基-4-异丁基苯酚)、2,2′-亚甲基二[6-(α-甲基苄基)-4-壬基苯酚]、2,2′-亚甲基二[6-(α,α-二甲基苄基)-4-壬基苯酚]、4,4′-亚甲基二(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)、4,4′-亚甲基二(6-叔丁基-2-甲基苯酚)、1,1-二(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-2-甲基苯基)丁烷、2,6-二(3-叔丁基-5-甲基-2-羟基苄基)-4-甲基苯酚、1,1,3-三(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-2-甲基苯基)丁烷、1,1-二(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-2-甲基苯基)-3-正十二烷硫基丁烷、二[3,3-二(3′-叔丁基-4′-羟基苯基)丁酸]乙二醇酯、二(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基苯基)二聚环戊二烯、对苯二甲酸二[2-(3′-叔丁基-2′-羟基-5′-甲基苄基)-6-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酯]、1,1-二(3,5-二甲基-2-羟基苯基)丁烷、2,2-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙烷、2,2-二(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-2-甲基苯基)-4-正十二烷硫基丁烷、1,1,5,5-四(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-2-甲基苯基)戊烷。
1.7.0-、N-和S-苄基化合物,例如3,5,3′,5′-四叔丁基-4,4′-二羟基二苄基醚、4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苄硫基乙酸十八烷酯、4-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苄硫基乙酸十三烷酯、三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)胺、二硫代对苯二甲酸二(4-叔丁基-3-羟基-2,6-二甲基苄酯)、二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)硫醚、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄硫基乙酸异辛酯。
1.8.羟苄基化丙二酸酯,例如,2,2-二(3,5-二叔丁基-2-羟基苄基)丙二酸二(十八烷酯)、2-(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基苄基)丙二酸二(十八烷酯)、2,2-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)丙二酸二(十二烷硫基乙酯)、2,2-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)丙二酸二[4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)苯酯]。
1.9.芳香族羟苄基化合物,例如,1,3,5-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯、1,4-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯、2,4,6-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)苯酚。
1.10.三嗪化合物,例如,2,4-二(辛硫基)-6-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯胺基)-1,3,5-三嗪、2-辛硫基-4,6-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯胺基)-1,3,5-三嗪、2-辛硫基-4,6-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4,6-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪、异氰脲酸-1,3,5-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄酯)、异氰脲酸-1,3,5-三(4-叔丁基-3-羟基-2,6-二甲基苄酯)、2,4,6-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基乙基)-1,3,5-三嗪、1,3,5-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基丙酰)六氢-1,3,5-三嗪、异氰脲酸-1,3,5-三(3,5-二环己基-4-羟基苄酯)。
1.11.苄基膦酸酯,例如,2,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基膦酸二甲酯、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基膦酸二乙酯、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基膦酸二(十八烷酯)、5-叔丁基-4-羟基-3-甲基苄基膦酸二(十八烷酯)、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基膦酸单乙酯钙盐。
1.12.酰胺基苯酚,例如,4-羟基-N-月桂酰苯胺、4-羟基-N-硬脂酰苯胺、N-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)氨基甲酸辛酯。
1.13.β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸与下列一元或多元醇的酯:例如甲醇、乙醇、正辛醇、异辛醇、十八烷醇、1,6-己二醇、1,9-壬二醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、新戊二醇、硫代二甘醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、季戊四醇、异氰脲酸三(羟基乙酯)、N,N′-二(羟乙基)草酰胺、3-硫杂十一烷醇、3-硫杂十五烷醇、三甲基己二醇、三(羟甲基)丙烷、4-羟甲基-1-磷杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷。
1.14.β-(5-叔丁基-4-羟基-3-甲基苯基)丙酸与下列一元或多元醇的酯:例如甲醇、乙醇、正辛醇、异辛醇、十八烷醇、1,6-己二醇、1,9-壬二醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、新戊二醇、硫代二甘醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、季戊四醇、异氰脲酸三(羟基乙酯)、N,N′-二(羟乙基)草酰胺、3-硫杂十一烷醇、3-硫杂十五烷醇、三甲基己二醇、三(羟甲基)丙烷、4-羟甲基-1-磷杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷,3,9-双[2-{3-(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基苯基)丙酰氧基}-1,1-二甲基乙基]-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺[5.5]-十一烷。
1.15.β-(3,5-二环己基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸与下列一元或多元醇的酯:例如甲醇、乙醇、辛醇、十八烷醇、1,6-己二醇、1,9-壬二醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、新戊二醇、硫代二甘醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、季戊四醇、异氰脲酸三(羟基乙酯)、N,N′-二(羟乙基)草酰胺、3-硫杂十一烷醇、3-硫杂十五烷醇、三甲基己二醇、三(羟甲基)丙烷、4-羟甲基-1-磷杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷。
1.16.3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基乙酸与下列一元或多元醇的酯:例如甲醇、乙醇、辛醇、十八烷醇、1,6-己二醇、1,9-壬二醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、新戊二醇、硫代二甘醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、季戊四醇、异氰脲酸三(羟基乙酯)、N,N′-二(羟乙基)草酰胺、3-硫杂十一烷醇、3-硫杂十五烷醇、三甲基己二醇、三(羟甲基)丙烷、4-羟甲基-1-磷杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷。
1.17.β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸的酰胺,例如,N,N′-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基丙酰)六亚甲基二胺、N,N′-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基丙酰)三亚甲基二胺、N,N′-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基丙酰)肼、N,N′-二[2-(3-[3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基]丙酰氧基)乙基]草酰胺(NaugardXL-1,Uniroyal公司供应)。
1.18.抗坏血酸(维生素C)
1.19.胺系抗氧剂,例如,N,N′-二异丙基对苯二胺、N,N′-二仲丁基对苯二胺、N,N′-二(1,4-二甲基戊基)对苯二胺、N,N′二(1-乙基-3-甲基戊基)对苯二胺、N,N′-二(1-甲基庚基)对苯二胺、N,N′-二环己基对苯二胺、N,N′-二苯基对苯二胺、N,N′-二(2-萘基)对苯二胺、N-异丙基-N′-苯基对苯二胺、N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N′-苯基对苯二胺、N-(1-甲基庚基)-N′-苯基对苯二胺、N-环己基-N′-苯基对苯二胺、4-(对甲苯氨基磺酰)二苯胺、N,N′二甲基-N,N′-二仲丁基对苯二胺、二苯胺、N-烯丙基二苯胺、4-异丙氧基二苯胺、N-苯基-1-萘胺、N-(4-叔辛基苯基)-1-萘胺、N-苯基-2-萘胺、辛基化二苯胺例如p,p′-二叔辛基二苯胺、4-正丁胺基苯酚、4-丁酰胺基苯酚、4-壬酰胺基苯酚、4-十二烷酰胺基苯酚、4-十八烷酰胺基苯酚、二(4-甲氧基苯基)胺、2,6-二叔丁基-4-二甲胺基甲基苯酚、2,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷、4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷、N,N,N′,N′-四甲基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷、1,2-二[(2-甲基苯基)氨基]乙烷、1,2-二(苯胺基)丙烷、(邻甲苯基)双胍、二[4-(1′,3′-二甲基丁基)苯基]胺、叔辛基化N-苯基-1-萘胺、一烷基化和二烷基化叔丁基/叔辛基二苯胺的混合物、一烷基化和二烷基化壬基二苯胺的混合物、一烷基化和二烷基化十二烷基二苯胺的混合物、一烷基化和二烷基化异丙基/异己基二苯胺的混合物、一烷基化和二烷基化叔丁基二苯胺的混合物、2,3-二氢-3,3-二甲基-4H-1,4-苯并噻嗪、吩噻嗪、一烷基化和二烷基化叔丁基/叔辛基吩噻嗪的混合物、一烷基化和二烷基化叔辛基吩噻嗪的混合物、N-烯丙基吩噻嗪、N,N,N′,N′-四苯基-1,4-二氨基丁-2-烯、N,N-二(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-4-基)六亚甲基二胺、癸二酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-4-酯)、2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-4-酮、2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-4-醇。
2.紫外线吸收剂和光稳定剂
2.1.2-(2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑,例如,2-(2′-羟基-5′-甲基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′,5′-二叔丁基-2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(5-叔丁基-2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-5′-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′,5′-二叔丁基-2′-羟基苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-2′-羟基-5′-甲基苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(3′-仲丁基-5′-叔丁基-2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-4′-辛氧基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′,5′-二叔戊基-2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′,5′-二(α,α-二甲基苄基)-2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-2-羟基-5′-(2-辛氧羰基乙基)苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-5′-[2-(2-乙基己氧基)羰基乙基]-2′-羟基苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-2′-羟基-5_(2-甲氧羰基乙基)苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-2′-羟基-5′-(2-甲氧羰基乙基)苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-2′-羟基-5′-(2-辛氧羰基乙基)苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-5′-[2-(2-乙基己氧基)羰基乙基]-2′-羟基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′-十二烷基-2′-羟基-5′-甲基苯基)苯并三唑、2-(3′-叔丁基-2′-羟基-5′-(2-异辛氧羰基乙基)苯基)苯并三唑、2,2′-亚甲基二[4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)-6-苯并三唑-2-基苯酚];2-[3′-叔丁基-5′-(2-甲氧羰基乙基)-2′-羟基苯基]-2H-苯并三唑与聚乙二醇300的酯交换产物;[R-CH2CH2-COO-CH2CH2-]2,式中R=3′-叔丁基-4′-羟基-5′-2H-苯并三唑-2-基苯基,2-[2′-羟基-3′-(α,α-二甲基苄基)-5′-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)苯基]苯并三唑;2-[2′-羟基-3′-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)-5′-(α,α-二甲基苄基)苯基]苯并三唑。
2.2.2-羟基二苯甲酮,例如,4-羟基、4-甲氧基、4-辛氧基、4-癸氧基、十二烷氧基、4-苄氧基、4,2′,4′-三羟基、和2′-羟基-4,4′-二甲氧基衍生物。
2.3.有取代的和无取代的苯甲酸的酯,例如,水杨酸4-叔丁基苯酯、水杨酸苯酯、水杨酸辛基苯酯、二苯甲酰基间苯二酚、二(4-叔丁基苯甲酰基)间苯二酚、苯甲酰基间苯二酚、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸2,4-二叔丁基苯酯、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸十六烷酯、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸十八烷酯、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸2-甲基-4,6-二叔丁基苯酯。
2.4.丙烯酸酯,例如,α-氰基-β,β-二苯基丙烯酸乙酯、α-氰基-β,β-二苯基丙烯酸异辛酯、α-甲氧羰基肉桂酸甲酯、α-氰基-β-甲基-对甲氧基肉桂酸甲酯、α-氰基-β-甲基对甲氧基肉桂酸丁酯、α-甲氧羰基对甲氧基肉桂酸甲酯、和N-(β-甲氧羰基-β-氰基乙烯基)-2-甲基二氢吲哚。
2.5.镍化合物,例如,2,2′-硫二[4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)苯酚]的镍络合物,例如1∶1或1∶2络合物,且有或无另外的配体例如正丁胺、三乙醇胺或N-环己基二乙醇胺;二丁基二硫氨基甲酸镍;4-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苄基膦酸单烷酯例如甲酯或乙酯的镍盐;酮肟例如2-羟基-4-甲基苯基·十一烷基酮肟的镍络合物;1-苯基-4-月桂酰-5-羟基吡唑的镍络合物,有或无另外的配体。
2.6.空间位阻胺,例如,癸二酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯)、琥珀酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯)、癸二酸二(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶酯)、癸二酸二(1-辛氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯)、正丁基-3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基丙二酸二(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶酯)、1-(2-羟基乙基)-2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶与琥珀酸的缩合物,N,N′-二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)六亚甲基二胺与4-叔辛胺基-2,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪的线型或环状缩合物,次氮基三乙酸三(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯),1,2,3,4-丁烷四羧酸四(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酯),1,1′-(1,2-乙二基)二(3,3,5,5-四甲基哌啶酮),4-苯甲酰-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶,4-硬脂酰氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶,2-正丁基-2-(2-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苄基)丙二酸二(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基哌啶酯),3-正辛基-7,7,9,9-四甲基-1,3,8-三氮杂螺[4.5]癸烷-2,4-二酮,癸二酸二(1-辛氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶酯),琥珀酸二(1-辛氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶酯),N,N′-二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)六亚甲基二胺与4-吗啉代-2,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪的线型或环状缩合物,2-氯-4,6-二(4-正丁胺基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶基)-1,3,5-三嗪与1,2-二(3-氨基丙胺基)乙烷的缩合物,2-氯-4,6-二(4-正丁胺基-1,2,2,6,6-五甲基哌啶基)-1,3,5-三嗪与1,2-二(3-氨基丙胺基)乙烷的缩合物,8-乙酰基-3-十二烷基-7,7,9,9-四甲基-1,3,8-三氮杂螺[4.5]癸烷-2,4-二酮,3-十二烷基-1-(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)吡咯烷-2,5-二酮,3-十二烷基-1-(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶基)吡咯烷-2,5-二酮,4-十六烷氧基-和4-硬脂氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶的混合物,N,N′-二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)六亚甲基二胺和4-环己胺基-2,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪的缩合物,1,2-二(3-氨基丙胺基)乙烷与2,4,6-三氯-1,3,5-三嗪以及4-丁胺基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶的缩合物(CAS登录号[136504-96-6]);N-(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶)正十二烷基琥珀酰亚胺;N-(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶基)正十二烷基琥珀酰亚胺;2-十一烷基-7,7,9,9-四甲基-1-氧杂-3,8-二氮杂-4-氧代螺[4.5]癸烷;7,7,9,9-四甲基-2-环十一烷基-1-氧杂-3,8-二氮杂-4-氧代螺[4.5]癸烷与表氯醇的反应产物,1,1-二(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-哌啶氧羰基)-2-(4-甲氧基苯基)乙烯,N,N′-二甲酰基-N,N′-二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)六亚甲基二胺,4-甲氧亚甲基丙二酸与1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-羟基哌啶的二酯,聚[甲基丙基-3-氧-4-(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)]硅氧烷,马来酸酐/α-烯烃共聚物与2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-氨基哌啶或1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-4-氨基哌啶的反应产物。
2.7.草酰胺,例如,4,4′-二辛氧基-N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺,2,2′-二乙氧基-N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺,2,2′-二辛氧基-5,5′-二叔丁氧基-N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺,2,2′-二(十二烷氧基)-5,5′-二叔丁氧基-N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺,2-乙氧基-2′-乙基-N,N′二苯基乙二酰胺,N,N′二(3-二甲胺基丙基)草酰胺,2-乙氧基-5-叔丁基-2′-乙氧基-N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺及其与2-乙氧基-2′-乙基-5,4′-二叔丁氧基-N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺的混合物,有邻位和对位甲氧基二取代的N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺的混合物,以及有邻位和对位乙氧基二取代的N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺的混合物。
2.8.2-(2-羟基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,例如,2,4,6-三(2-羟基-4-辛氧基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基-4-辛氧基苯基)-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2,4-二羟基苯基)-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2,4-二(2-羟基-4-丙氧基苯基)-6-(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基-4-辛氧基苯基)-4,6-二(4-甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基-4-十二烷氧基苯基)-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基-4-十三烷氧基苯基)-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-[2-羟基-4-(2-羟基-3-丁氧基丙氧基)苯基]-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-[2-羟基-4-(2-羟基-3-辛氧基丙氧基)苯基]-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-[4-(十二烷氧基/十三烷氧基-2-羟基丙氧基)-2-羟基苯基]-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-[2-羟基-4-(2-羟基-3-十二烷氧基丙氧基)苯基]-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯基)-4,6-二苯基-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基-4-己氧基苯基)-4,6-二苯基-1,3,5-三嗪,2,4,6-三[2-羟基-4-(3-丁氧基-2-羟基丙氧基)苯基]-1,3,5-三嗪,2-(2-羟基苯基)-4-(4-甲氧基苯基)-6-苯基-1,3,5-三嗪,2-{2-羟基-4-[3-(2-乙基己基-1-氧基)-2-羟基丙氧基]苯基}-4,6-二(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1,3,5-三嗪。
3.金属失活剂,例如,N,N′-二苯基草酰胺,N-水杨醛-N′-水杨酰肼,N,N′-二(水杨酰)肼,N,N′-二(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基丙酰)肼,3-水杨酰氨基-1,2,4-三唑,二(偏亚苄基)草酰二肼,N,N′-二苯基乙二酰胺,间苯二甲酰二肼,癸二酰二苯基肼、N,N′-二乙酰己二酰二肼,N,N′-二(水杨酰)草酰二肼,N,N′-二(水杨酰)硫代丙酰二肼。
4.亚磷酸酯和亚膦酸酯,例如,亚磷酸三苯酯、亚磷酸二苯酯烷酯,亚磷酸苯酯二烷酯,亚磷酸三(壬基苯酯),亚磷酸三月桂酯,亚磷酸三(十八烷酯),二亚磷酸二硬脂酯季戊四醇酯,亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯酯),二亚磷酸二异癸酯季戊四醇酯,二亚磷酸二(2,4-二叔丁基苯酯)季戊四醇酯,二亚磷酸二(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酯)季戊四醇酯,二亚磷酸二异癸氧基季戊四醇酯,二亚磷酸二(2,4-二叔丁基-6-甲基苯酯)季戊四醇酯,二亚磷酸二(2,4,6-三叔丁基苯酯)季戊四醇酯,三亚磷酸三硬脂酯山梨糖醇酯,4,4′-联苯二亚膦酸四(2,4-二叔丁基苯酯),6-异辛氧基-2,4,8,10-四叔丁基-12H-二苯并[d,g]-1,3,2-二氧杂phosphocin,亚磷酸二(2,4-二叔丁基-6-甲基苯酯)甲酯,亚磷酸二(2,4-二叔丁基-6-甲基苯酯)乙酯,6-氟-2,4,8,10-四叔丁基-12-甲基二苯并[d,g]-1,3,2-二氧杂phosphocin,2,2′,2″-次氮基[三乙基三(3,3′,5,5′-四叔丁基-1,1′-联苯-2,2′-二基)亚磷酸酯],亚磷酸2-乙基己酯(3,3′,5,5′-四叔丁基-1,1′-联苯-2,2′-二)酯,5-丁基-5-乙基-2-(2,4,6-三叔丁基苯氧基)-1,3,2-二氧杂phosphirane。
5.羟胺,例如,N,N-二苄基羟胺,N,N-二乙基羟胺,N,N-二辛基羟胺,N,N-二月桂基羟胺,N,N-二(十四烷基)羟胺,N,N-二(十六烷基)羟胺,N,N-二(十八烷基)羟胺,N-十六烷基-N-十八烷基羟胺,N-十七烷基-N-十八烷基羟胺,从加氢牛油脂肪胺衍生的N,N-二烷基羟胺。
6.硝酮,例如,N-苄基-α-苯基硝酮,N-乙基-α-甲基硝酮,N-辛基-α-庚基硝酮,N-月桂基-α-十一烷基硝酮,N-十四烷基-α-十三烷基硝酮,N-十六烷基-α-十五烷基硝酮,N-十八烷基-α-十七烷基硝酮,N-十六烷基-α-十七烷基硝酮,N-十八烷基-α-十五烷基硝酮,N-十七烷基-α-十七烷基硝酮,N-十八烷基-α-十六烷基硝酮,从加氢牛油脂肪胺衍生的N,N-二烷基羟胺衍生的硝酮。
7.硫协同剂,例如,硫二丙酸二月桂酯或硫二丙酸二硬脂酯。
8.过氧化物清除剂,例如,β-硫二丙酸的酯例如月桂酯、硬脂酯、肉豆蔻酯或十三烷酯,巯基苯并咪唑或2-巯基苯并咪唑的锌盐,二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸锌,二硫化二(十八烷基),四(β-十二烷硫基)丙酸季戊四醇酯。
9.聚酰胺稳定剂,例如,与碘化物和/或磷化合物组合的铜盐,和二价锰的盐。
10.碱性助稳定剂,例如,蜜胺,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,双氰胺,氰脲酸三烯丙酯,脲衍生物,肼衍生物,胺,聚酰胺,聚氨酯,高级脂肪酸的碱金属盐和碱土金属盐,例如硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸锌、山萮酸镁、硬脂酸镁、蓖麻酸钠、棕榈酸钾、焦儿茶酚锑或焦儿茶酚锌。
11.成核剂,例如,无机物质,如滑石,金属氧化物如二氧化钛或氧化镁,碱土金属等的磷酸盐、碳酸盐或硫酸盐;有机化合物例如单羧酸或多羧酸及其盐,例如4-叔丁基苯甲酸、己二酸、二苯基乙酸、琥珀酸钠或苯甲酸钠;聚合物化合物,例如离子型共聚物(离子键聚合物)。具体实例是1,3∶2,4-二(3′,4′-二甲基偏亚苄基)山梨糖醇,1,3∶2,4-二(对甲基二偏亚苄基)山梨糖醇,和1,3∶2,4-二(偏亚苄基)山梨糖醇。
12.其它添加剂,例如,增塑剂、润滑剂、乳化剂、颜料、流变学添加剂、催化剂、流动控制剂、荧光增白剂、防火剂、抗静电剂和发泡剂。
13.苯并呋喃酮和吲哚满酮,例如,US 4,325,863、US 4,338,244、US 5,175,312、US 5,216,052、US 5,252,643、DE-A-4316611、DE-A-4316622、DE-A-4316876、EP-A-0589839或EP-A-0591102中公开的那些,或3-[4-(2-乙酰氧基乙氧基)苯基]-5,7-二叔丁基苯并呋喃-2-酮、5,7-二叔丁基-3-[4-(2-硬脂酰氧基乙氧基)苯基]苯并呋喃-2-酮、3,3′-二[5,7-二叔丁基-3-(4-[2-羟基乙氧基]苯基)苯并呋喃-2-酮]、5,7-二叔丁基-3-(4-乙氧基苯基)苯并呋喃-2-酮、3-(4-乙酰氧基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-5,7-二叔丁基苯并呋喃-2-酮、3-(3,5-二甲基-4-新戊酰氧基苯基)-5,7-二叔丁基苯并呋喃-2-酮、3-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-5,7-二叔丁基苯并呋喃-2-酮、3-(2,3-二甲基苯基)-5,7-二叔丁基苯并呋喃-2-酮。
特别感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,该纳米复合材料包含作为其它添加剂的酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂、加工稳定剂、颜料、染料、增塑剂、相容剂、增韧剂、触变剂、流平助剂、除酸剂和/或金属减活剂。优选,其它添加剂是酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂和/或加工稳定剂。
组分(a)、(b)和(c)以及任选地其它添加剂的混合借助于通常使用的技术进行,例如辊炼、在班伯里型混炼机中混合或者在挤出机料筒中混合等等。
X射线衍射分析显示,非离子表面活性剂与填料例如层状硅酸盐粘土相互作用。当被加入到在聚烯烃熔体中的粘土中时,非离子表面活性剂插层和部分地剥离所述粘土结构。最重要的是不需要用添加剂对粘土预插层。
按照本发明的方法制备的聚烯烃纳米复合材料具有与聚烯烃纳米复合材料有关的性能和应用。这些性能包括提高的热变形温度、提高的阻燃性、提高的气体阻隔性、提高的劲度和尺寸稳定性以及提高的机械性能例如较高的拉伸模量和拉伸强度,其类似于或者高于单独的聚烯烃基质相。按照本发明的方法制备的聚烯烃纳米复合材料还具有提高的均匀性和/或透明性,以及提高的润湿性,该性能提高了聚烯烃的可染性或者可印刷性。
通过本发明的方法制备的聚烯烃纳米复合材料,当与常规纳米复合材料(例如铵改性粘土)相比时,具有上述的物理特性和提高的长期热稳定性以及较高的断裂伸长率。
所感兴趣的是这样一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其包括熔融混合聚烯烃、填料和非离子表面活性剂的混合物,其中所述填料是未改性的填料。
填料和非离子表面活性剂以及视需要而定的其它添加剂的混合物,还可以以母料的形式加入聚烯烃,该母料包含例如2.5到40%重量的浓度的所述混合物。然后将这种母料与聚烯烃一起加热以形成聚烯烃纳米复合材料。
因此,本发明的实施方案还是这样一种制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其包括熔融混合a)聚烯烃、b)填料和c)非离子表面活性剂的混合物,其中填料和非离子表面活性剂以及视需要的其它添加剂的混合物以母料的形式加入聚烯烃,该母料包含2.5到40%重量的浓度的所述混合物。
优选在与聚烯烃熔融共混之前,将填料和非离子表面活性剂以及视需要的其它添加剂预配混。
本发明还涉及通过熔融混合聚烯烃、填料和非离子表面活性剂的混合物制备的聚烯烃纳米复合材料。
本发明进一步的实施方案是纳米复合材料,其包含
a)对氧化、热或者光-诱导的降解敏感的聚烯烃,
b)填料,
c)非离子表面活性剂,和
d)选自以下的添加剂:酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂、加工稳定剂、颜料、染料、增塑剂、相容剂、增韧剂、触变剂、流平助剂、除酸剂和金属减活剂或者其混合物。
优选,组分(d)是酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂、加工稳定剂和金属减活剂或者其混合物。
优选的非离子表面活性剂、填料和聚烯烃与在用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法中描述的那些相同。
本发明的聚烯烃纳米复合材料可以以品种繁多的形式使用,例如薄膜、纤维、带材、模塑配混物或者型材的形式,或者作为表面-涂层、特别是粉末涂层、粘合剂或者胶接剂的基料。
本发明的聚烯烃纳米复合材料可以同样以品种繁多的形式使用,特别是长期与萃取介质接触的厚层聚烯烃模塑制品的形式,例如用于液体或者气体的管子、薄膜、纤维、地质处理用膜、带材、型材或者罐。
本发明的聚烯烃纳米复合材料可以有利地用于制备各种成型制品。实例是:
I-1)漂行装置、海上应用、浮箱、浮标、用于甲板的塑料板材、桥墩、舟船、皮艇、桨和海滩增强材料。
1-2)汽车应用,尤其是减震器、仪表板、电池、后方和前方衬层、罩下模塑部件、顶板、行李箱衬层、内部衬层、空气囊复盖物、附件(灯)的电子模塑制品、仪表板的嵌板、大灯玻璃、仪表盘、外部衬层、内装璜、汽车灯、头灯、边灯、尾灯、制动灯、内部和外部装饰;门心板;气柜;前侧窗(glazing front side);后窗;椅背、外板、导线绝缘、用于密封的型材挤出物、包层物、支柱复盖物、底盘部件、排气系统、燃料过滤器/填料、燃油泵、燃料罐、车体侧面模塑制品、活动顶、车外后视镜、外部装饰、紧固件/附件、前端模块、玻璃、铰接、锁系统、行李/屋顶架、压制/模压部件、密封件、侧面碰撞防护物、噪音消声器/绝缘体和遮阳篷顶。
I-3)道路交通装置,尤其是标志柱、路标柱、汽车附件、警告三角形、医疗箱、头盔、轮胎。
I-4)用于飞机、铁路、机动车(汽车、摩托车)的装置,包括饰品。
I-5)用于空间应用的装置,尤其是火箭和人造卫星,例如重入防护罩。
I-6)用于构筑和设计的装置、采矿应用、隔音系统、街道安全岛和防风雨罩。
II-1)仪表,一般和电气/电子设备(个人计算机、电话、移动式电话、印刷机、电视、音频与视频装置)的壳体和覆盖物、浇花罐(flower pot)、卫星电视天线和表盘装置。
II-2)用于其它材料例如钢或者纺织品的护套。
II-3)用于电子工业的装置,尤其是插头绝缘,特别是计算机插头,电气和电子部件壳,印制电路板,和用于电子数据存储的材料例如切片、检验卡或者信用卡。
II-4)电器用具,尤其是洗涤机、转筒、烘箱(微波炉)、洗碗机、混合器和熨斗。
II-5)灯(例如街灯、灯罩)的复盖物。
II-6)导线和电缆中的应用(半导体、绝缘和电缆护套)。
II-7)冷凝器、制冷器、加热设备、空调器的薄片,电子、半导体的包封、咖啡机和真空净化器。
III-1)工艺制品例如嵌齿轮(齿轮)、滑动附件、间隔物、螺杆、螺栓、柄和旋钮。
III-2)转子叶片、通风机和风车叶轮、太阳能装置、游泳池、游泳池复盖物、水池衬层、池塘衬层、壁橱、衣橱、隔离壁、板条壁、折叠壁、屋顶、百叶窗(例如卷帘百页)、配件、管子之间的连接机构、套筒和传送带。
III-3)卫生制品,尤其是淋浴隔间、马桶坐圈、复盖物和落水洞。
III-4)卫生制品,尤其是尿布(婴儿、成人失禁制品)、妇女卫生制品、淋浴帷幕、刷子、垫子、澡盆、移动式卫生间、牙刷和卫生便盆。
III-5)水、废水和化学品的管子(交联的或者未交联的)、导线和电缆防护管、气体、油和污水管、泄水槽、下降管和排水系统。
III-6)任何几何形状的型材(窗格)和档板。
III-7)玻璃代用品,尤其是挤出板、建筑(单层、双层或者多层)、飞机、学校用的玻璃窗、压出片材、用于建筑玻璃窗、火车、运输的窗户薄膜、卫生制品和温室。
III-8)板材(壁板、砧板)、挤出涂料(照相纸、四角包装和管面涂层)、料仓、木材代用品、塑料板材、木材复合材料、墙壁、表面、家具、装潢薄膜、地板覆盖材料(内部和外部应用)、地板、可拆铺板和瓦。
III-9)吸入和排出支管。
III-10)胶接剂-、混凝土-、复合材料-应用和复盖物,档板和包层物、栏杆、扶手、厨房顶、顶壁、顶壁片材、瓦和篷布。
IV-1)板材(墙壁和砧板)、托盘、人工草皮、阿斯特罗特夫尼龙草皮、体育场跑道(运动)人工覆盖物、体育场跑道(运动)人造地板和带材。
IV-2)织造织物,连续和截短纤维(地毯/卫生制品/土工织物/单丝;过滤器;抹布/帷幔(遮光物)/医疗应用)、散纤维(长袍/防护衣服等应用)、网、绳子、电缆、弦线、帘线、线索、安全带、衣服、内衣、手套;长靴;雨靴、贴身内衣、服装、泳衣、运动服装、伞(阳伞、遮阳伞)、降落伞、翼伞、帆、“气球-丝制品”、露营制品、帐篷、空气床、太阳床、蓬松袋和袋子。
IV-3)用于顶壁、隧道、垃圾场、池塘、垃圾场的膜、绝缘、复盖物和密封、墙壁室顶膜、地质处理用膜、游泳池、帷幔(遮光物)/太阳-防护罩、雨篷、天篷、壁纸、食品包装和包装材料(柔性的和固形物)、医疗包装(柔性的和固形物)、安全气袋/安全带、臂-和头支持物、地毯、中心操作台、仪表板、座舱、门、头上操作台组件、门贴面、内顶板、内部照明、内部后视镜、包裹架、后方行李盖、坐具、转向柱、方向盘、纺织品和后行李箱组件。
V)薄膜(包装、倾倒、层压、农业和园艺、温室、护根、隧道、料仓)、打包包装材料、游泳池、废物袋、壁纸、拉伸薄膜、酒椰纤维、脱盐作用薄膜、电池和连接器。
VI-1)食品包装和包装材料(柔性的和固形物)、瓶子。
VI-2)贮藏系统例如箱(板条箱)、行李箱、柜子、家庭箱、集装箱、架子、轨道、螺丝盒、包装和罐子。
VI-3)胶片盒、注射器、医疗应用、运输容器、废物篮和废物箱柜、废物袋、箱柜、粉尘柜、箱衬层、wheely箱、一般容器、水/废水/化学/气体/油/气油/柴油罐;罐衬层、箱、板条箱、电池箱、槽、卫生器材,例如活塞,眼科应用、诊断设备和药物气泡包装。
VII-1)挤压涂层(像纸、四角包装、管面涂层)、任何种类的家庭用品(例如器具,热水瓶/衣架)、紧固系统例如插头、导线和电缆夹具、拉链、密封、锁和snap-密封。
VII-2)支撑装置,休闲制品例如体育制品和配合(fitness)装置、体操垫、雪橇-滑脚、嵌入-冰鞋、滑雪板、大底座、运动表面(网球场地);螺旋盖、瓶子的盖子和塞子和罐子。
VII-3)一般家具,泡沫制品(垫子、吸震器)、泡沫、海绵、盘子垫、垫子、花园椅、露天运动场坐具、桌子、沙发椅、玩具、建筑箱(板/图案/球)、运动馆、滑板和游戏车辆。
VII-4)用于光学和磁数据存储的材料。
VII-5)厨具(餐、饮、烹调、储存)。
VII-6)用于CD盒子、盒子和录像磁带;DVD电子制品、任何种类的办公用品(圆珠笔、图章和油墨垫、鼠标、架子、轨道(track))、任何体积和内容物(饮料、洗涤剂、化妆品,包括芳香剂)的瓶子和胶带。
VII-7)鞋类(鞋/鞋底)、鞋垫、鞋罩、粘合剂、结构粘合剂、食品箱(果实、蔬菜、肉类、鱼)、合成纸、瓶子标签、沙发椅、人造关节(人)、印刷板(苯胺印刷)、印刷电路板和显示技术。
VII-8)填充聚合物装置(滑石、白垩、陶土(高岭土)、硅灰石、颜料、炭黑、TiO2、云母、纳米复合材料、白云石、硅酸盐、玻璃、石棉)。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案涉及制品,尤其是薄膜、管子、带材、型材、瓶子、罐或者容器、纤维、模塑料、表面涂层特别是粉末涂层的基料、粘合剂或者胶接剂,其包含如上所述的聚烯烃纳米复合材料。
作为阻隔材料的薄膜是优选的。薄膜可以作为吹塑薄膜、流延薄膜或者经由挤出涂覆来制备。
本发明的另一个实施方案涉及模塑制品,其包含如上所述的聚烯烃纳米复合材料。所述模塑尤其是通过注射、吹制、压缩、旋转-模塑或者稀浆(slush)-模塑或者挤出进行的。
本发明的优选实施方案同样是非离子表面活性剂用于插层和剥离填料和将填料分散在聚烯烃基质中以形成纳米复合材料的用途。
优选的非离子表面活性剂、填料和聚烯烃与在用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法中描述的那些相同。
以下实施例进一步说明本发明。份或者百分数是重量份或者重量百分数。
实施例1:在分批式混合机中制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料
将50克聚丙烯[Basell KY6100(RTM)]与0.25%的Irganox 1010(RTM)(季戊四醇四[3(3,5-双叔丁基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯])和0.25%的Irgafos 168(RTM)(三(2,4-双叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯),5%的蒙脱石粘土[Cloisite(Na+)(RTM),从Southern Clay Industries获得]和2.5%的表1的非离子表面活性剂在塑料杯中共混,然后加入到在25rpm和180℃下操作的分批式混合机中,然后将混合物在50rpm下混合10分钟。利用CS-183MMX Minimax模塑机进行小规模的注塑。将混合室预热到230℃,并且在注塑之前将模具用烘箱加热到120℃。将大约5克的材料置于混合室中,加热4到5分钟。在将模具放到位之前,从CS-183MMX Minimax模塑机中取出小粒。对于5克的每种材料,生产六个拉伸样条,尺寸为18毫米乘5毫米乘0.85毫米。
拉伸试验按照ASTM D638使用装备有1000N负载传感器(40毫米/分钟)的Rheometrics小型材料拉伸试验机[Minimat 2000(RTM)]进行。结果汇总于表1中。
表1:
实施例 | 非离子表面活性剂 | d-001,c) | 标准化弹性模量e) |
1aa) | 无 | 10 | 1.12 |
1bb) | Nafol 1822+2EOd) | 13 | 1.16 |
1cb) | PE-b-PEO(MW 920)f) | 17 | 1.25 |
1db) | PE-b-PEO(MW 1400)g) | 14 | 1.20 |
1eb) | Aduxol GA8-03h) | 13.4 | 1.16 |
1fb) | Aduxol GA10-03i) | 13.3 | 1.20 |
1gb) | Aduxol GA7-02j) | 13.7 | 1.11 |
1hb) | DAB25k) | 13.6 | 1.16 |
1ib) | DAB50l) | 14.7 | 1.20 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)通过x射线衍射测定的层间距离。
d)Nafo 11822+2EO是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)
其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是20,y平均值是2,z是0,和R1是氢。
e)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
f)PE-b-PEO(MW 920)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是32,y平均值是10,z是0,和R1是氢。
g)PE-b-PEO(MW 1400)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是50,y平均值是15,z是0,和R1是氢。
h)Aduxol GA8-03(RTM)是通式Id的化合物
i)Aduxol GA10-03(RTM)是通式Ie的化合物
j)Aduxol GA7-02(RTM)是通式Ic的化合物
k)DAB25(RTM)是通式Ia的化合物
l)DAB50(RTM)是通式Ib的化合物
X射线衍射(XRD)光谱显示,表1的所有非离子表面活性剂在分批式混合机中进行的直接熔融共混实验中插入了使用的粘土。这通过d-间距-粘土层之间的间距-从10埃提高到13-17埃得到证明。样品的弹性模量相对于聚丙烯提高了4-25%。
实施例2:在分批式混合机中制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料
如实施例1所述制备纳米复合材料,但是使用2.5%的表2的非离于表面活性剂。
表2:
实施例 | 非离子表面活性剂 | d-001,Ac) | 标准化弹性模量d) |
2aa) | 无 | 10 | 1.12 |
2bb) | DBE 224(RTM)e) | 14 | 1.32 |
2cb) | DBE 821(RTM)f) | 17 | 1.32 |
2db) | Tegomer ME 1010(RTM)g) | 17.3 | 1.36 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)通过X射线衍射测定的层间距离。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)DBE 224(RTM)是二甲基硅氧烷-环氧乙烷-嵌段共聚物(25%非硅氧烷,MW 10000),可购自ABCR GmbH&Co KG(Karlsruhe,德国)。
f)DBE 821(RTM)是二甲基硅氧烷-环氧乙烷-嵌段共聚物(85%非硅氧烷,MW 3600),可购自ABCR GmbH&Co KG(Karlsruhe,德国)。
g)Tegomer ME 1010(RTM)是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-嵌段-聚亚氧乙基共聚物,可购自Goldschmidt AG(Essen,德国)。
X射线衍射(XRD)光谱显示,表2的所有非离子表面活性剂在分批式混合机中进行的直接熔融共混实验中插入了使用的粘土。这通过d-间距-粘土层之间的间距-从10埃提高到14-17埃得到证明。样品的弹性模量相对于聚丙烯提高了32-36%。
实施例3:在分批式混合机中制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料
如实施例1所述制备纳米复合材料,但是使用2.5%的表3的非离子表面活性剂。
表3:
实施例 | 非离子表面活性剂 | d-001,Ac) | 标准化弹性模量d) |
3aa) | 无 | 10 | 1.12 |
3bb) | 脱水山梨醇单油酸酯 | 13.7 | 1.32 |
3cb) | 脱水山梨醇三油酸酯 | 12 | 1.21 |
3db) | 脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯 | 13.7 | 1.36 |
3eb) | 乙氧基化脱水山梨醇酯e) | 12 | 1.16 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)通过X射线衍射测定的层间距离。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)乙氧基化脱水山梨醇酯是通式IIa的化合物
其中R2是C18烷酰基。
X射线衍射(XRD)光谱显示,表3的所有非离子表面活性剂在分批式混合机中进行的直接熔融共混实验中插入了使用的粘土。这通过d-间距-粘土层之间的间距-从10埃提高到12-14埃得到证明。样品的弹性模量相对于聚丙烯提高了16-36%。
实施例4:在双螺杆挤出机中制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料。
使用Japan Stee1 Works30毫米直径双螺杆挤出机(JSW TEX 30)进行加工,该双螺杆挤出机的L/D为42,包括10个温度控制机筒部分,每个的L/D为3.5,三个未加热的采样区,L/D为1.167,和冷却的供料头,L/D为3.5。螺杆结构由本领域技术人员所熟知的混合、捏和和输送元件的组合组成。通过JSW TTF20重力给料机(进料1)和K-Tron KQX重力给料机(进料2)将材料进料到挤出机。JSW TEX 30以正转(自擦净互相啮合)模式运转,通过量为10千克/小时,螺杆速度为200rpm。在最后的机筒部分施加真空排气。在充水线料浴中冷却挤出物并且造粒。
在第一个步骤中制备25重量%粘土母料。进料1包括聚丙烯[BasellHP400N(RTM)]和稳定剂的干共混物,所述稳定剂由0.25重量%的Irganox 1010(RTM)(季戊四醇四[3(3,5-双叔丁基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯])和0.25重量%的Irgafos 168(RTM)(三(2,4-双叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯)组成。进料2包括粘土[从Southern Clay Industries获得的Cloisite(Na+)(RTM)]和非离子表面活性剂的共混物,比例如表4中所限定的。所有机筒部分被加热到170℃。
在第二个步骤中,通过将母料(进料2)与另外的聚丙烯加稳定剂(进料1)共混,将母料稀释到需要的粘土水平(参考表4)。将第一机筒部分在180℃下加热,其余机筒部分在200℃下加热。
挤出样品的注塑使用Cincinnati Milacron VS55 28毫米直径注射模塑机预成型,该注射模塑机包括四个温度控制部分,L/D23/1。该机器在50吨的夹紧力和在2005巴的最大注射压力下操作。
拉伸测试按照ISO 521利用Instron 5500R材料拉伸试验机进行。对于使用非离子表面活性剂:粘土比率为1∶2制备的纳米复合材料,将拉伸性能标准化(相对于聚丙烯=1.0)。结果汇总于表4中。
表4:
实施例 | Cloisite的量 | 非离子表面活性剂 | 拉伸强度c) | 标准化的弹性模量d) |
4aa) | 1% | 无 | 1.07 | 1.08 |
4bb) | 1% | 0.5%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)e) | 1.09 | 1.14 |
4ca) | 3% | 无 | 1.07 | 1.13 |
4db) | 3% | 1.5%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)e) | 1.08 | 1.1g |
4ea) | 5% | 无 | 1.09 | 1.25 |
4fb) | 5% | 2.5%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)e) | 1.10 | 1.28 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的拉伸强度。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)PE-b-PE0(MW 575)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是33,y平均值是2-3,z是0,和R1是氢。
表4中的所有实施例证明,通过利用本发明的非离子表面活性剂纳米复合材料可以相对于常规纳米复合材料使机械性能得到提高。
实施例5:在双螺杆挤出机中制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料。
以下实施例表明使用线性非离子表面活性剂添加剂获得拉伸性能的最佳的链段长度。使用具有非常短的PEO链段(~2-3个EO单元)和相对短的烃类链段(~30个碳原子)的线性表面活性剂[PE-b-PEO(MW575)]观察到了拉伸性能的最大的提高。使用天然的(Cloisite Na′)和合成的粘土(Somasif ME100)观察到了相似的性能提高。
工艺条件类似于实施例4,但是在室温下将添加剂与粘土干混和,并且制备10%粘土母料。结果汇总于表5中。
表5:
实施例 | 粘土 | 非离子表面活性剂 | 拉伸强度c) | 标准化的弹性模量d) |
5aa) | 5%Cloisite Na+ | 无 | 0.99 | 1.09 |
5bb) | 5%Cloisite Na+ | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 1400)e) | 1.05 | 1.06 |
5cb) | 5%Cloisite Na+ | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 920)f) | 1.04 | 1.05 |
5db) | 5%Cloisite Na+ | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 875)g) | 1.01 | 1.11 |
5eb) | 5%Cloisite Na+ | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)h) | 1.02 | 1.17 |
5fb) | 5%Somasif ME100 | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)h) | 1.04 | 1.17 |
5ga) | 无 | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)h) | 1.00 | 0.95 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的拉伸强度。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)PE-b-PE0(MW 1400)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是50,y平均值是15,z是0,和R1是氢。
f)PE-b-PEO(MW 920)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是32,y平均值是10,z是0,和R1是氢。
g)PE-b-PEO(MW 875)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是50,y平均值是4,z是0,和R1是氢。
h)PE-b-PEO(MW 575)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是33,y平均值是2-3,z是0,和R1是氢。
实施例6:在双螺杆挤出机中制备聚丙烯纳米复合材料。
以下实施例说明基于聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的非离子表面活性剂的使用。在相对于聚丙烯为1%水平下使用具有短的PDMS链段(DBE-712)的低分子量聚合物观察到了拉伸性能的最大提高。对于DBE-712,使用较高的添加剂水平时性能下降。
使用与实施例4相似的工艺条件制备样品,但是在80℃下将添加剂与粘土预混合,并且在步骤1中制备10%粘土母料。结果汇总于表6中。
表6:
实施例 | 非离子表面活性剂 | 拉伸强度c) | 标准化的弹性模量d) | 断裂伸长率e) | 拉伸冲击强度f) |
6aa) | 无 | 1.05 | 1.26 | 1.0 | 114 |
6bb) | 1%DBE-712g) | 1.08 | 119 | 1.81 | 1.41 |
6cc) | 1%DBE-712g) | 1.04 | 1.11 | 270 | 141 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的拉伸强度。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)相对于5%粘土、无非离子表面活性剂(a)纳米复合材料(=1.0)标准化的断裂伸长率。
f)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的拉伸冲击强度。
g)DBE-712是PDMS-PEO嵌段(25/75)。
实施例7:聚丙烯纳米复合材料在空气和氮气下的热稳定性。
以下数据表明,使用非离子表面活性剂添加剂[PE-b-PEO(MW 575)]制备的样品,与聚丙烯或者聚丙烯加未改性的粘土相比,具有显著较高的热稳定性。在氮气下,热稳定性相对于聚丙烯没有降低。众所周知,基于有机改性粘土和聚丙烯-接枝-马来酸酐的常规纳米复合材料的热稳定性相对于聚丙烯显著降低。
在装备有T50801样品机械手的Mettler热天平T6A/SDTA851中,在空气或者在氮气氛下,以10℃/分钟的速度将样品(~10毫克,低温研磨粉末)从50℃加热到500℃。通过切线法计算开始和终了温度。结果汇总于表7中。
表7:
实施例 | 材料 | T开始℃ | T终了℃ | T最高℃ | 残留重量,% |
7aa) | 聚丙烯 | 280 | 390 | 380 | 0.6 |
7bb) | 无非离子表面活性剂 | 269 | 388 | 381 | 6.1 |
7cc) | PE-b-PEO(MW 575)a) | 275 | 409 | 409 | 6.2 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)如实施例5a中制备的样品
d)如实施例5e中制备的样品
实施例8.板-板(Plate-and-Plate)摆动流变学。
样品的粘度相对于聚丙烯稍微降低。常规有机改性粘土和衍生的纳米复合材料具有显著提高的粘度。本发明的纳米复合材料与基于有机改性粘土的常规纳米复合材料相比更易于加工。
使用动态流变仪ARES(Advanced Rheometric Expansion Systems)研究了共混物和纯净组分在低的剪切速率(频率)范围中的熔融性状。测量在具有1.5到2.0毫米的间隙的板-板构型中进行。样品是具有25毫米直径的圆片,从通过压塑制备的大约2毫米厚的片材上切下。在0.1到100弧度/秒频率范围中对每个材料进行扫频试验,数据在每十个点中的五个点收集。实验温度设置为200℃,对应于复合材料制备的温度。结果汇总于表8中。
表8:
实施例 | 稳定化聚丙烯 | CloisiteNa+ | 非离子表面活性剂 | 复合粘度,Pa.s@200℃对频率[rad/sec] | |||
0.1 | 1.0 | 10 | 100 | ||||
8aa) | 100%单独 | 无 | 无 | 3060 | 2320 | 1145 | 385 |
8ba) | 100%单独(加工) | 无 | 无 | 3160 | 2340 | 1170 | 395 |
8ca) | 95% | 5% | 无 | 2985 | 1945 | 940 | 315 |
8db) | 94% | 5% | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)c) | 2975 | 2150 | 1065 | 360 |
8eb) | 94% | 5% | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 875)d) | 3060 | 2025 | 980 | 330 |
8fb) | 94% | 5% | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 920)e) | 3065 | 2010 | 970 | 325 |
8gb) | 94% | 5% | 1%PE-b-PEO(MW 1400)f) | 3185 | 2100 | 1020 | 340 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)PE-b-PEO(MW 575)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是33,y平均值是2-3,z是0,和R1是氢。
d)PE-b-PEO(MW 875)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是50,y平均值是4,z是0,和R1是氢。
e)PE-b-PEO(MW 920)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是32,y平均值是10,z是0,和R1是氢。
f)PE-b-PEO(MW 1400)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是50,y平均值是15,z是0,和R1是氢。
实施例9:聚丙烯纳米复合材料的长期热稳定性。
在第一个步骤中,在Werner &Pfleiderer双螺杆挤出机(ZSK25)上,在最高200℃的温度下,以表9中的比率制备10重量%粘土母料,其由ProfaxPH 350(Basell Polyolefins,德国)、0.25重量%的IrganoxB225(RTM)[Irganox 1010(RTM)(3(3,5-双叔丁基-4-羟苯基)丙酸季戊四醇酯)和Irgafos 168(RTM)(三(2,4-双叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯)的1∶1混合物]、Cloisite(Na+)[(RTM),从Southern ClayIndustries获得]和非离子表面活性剂组成。
在第二个步骤中,通过将母料(进料2)与另外的聚丙烯加稳定剂(进料1)共混,将母料稀释到需要的粘土水平(表9)。将第一机筒部分在180℃下加热,其余机筒部分在200℃下加热。
挤出的样品的注塑制品使用Arburg 320S在230℃温度下预成型。
拉伸测试按照ISO 521利用Instron 5500R材料拉伸试验机进行。
试板的炉中老化在Memmer t对流烘箱中在135℃下进行。在风扇-辅助烘箱中在135℃下将试板进行人工老化,直到它们变脆。至变脆时的天数的结果汇总于表9中。
表9:
实施例 | %Cloisite | 非离子表面活性剂 | 至变脆时的天数d[d] | 拉伸模d) |
9aa) | 5 | 无 | 19 | 1.07 |
9bb) | 5 | 2.5%PE-b-PEO(MW 575)b) | >42 | 1.09 |
9cb) | 5 | 2.5%Aduxol GA 10-03f) | >42 | 1.10 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)在135℃下炉中老化。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)PE-b-PEO(MW 575)(RTM)是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷),其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是33,y平均值是2-3,z是0,和R1是氢。
f)Aduxol GA10-03是通式Ie的化合物
非离子表面活性剂的存在将长期热稳定性从19天(没有非离子表面活性剂)提高到大于42天。
实施例10:水滑石基聚丙烯纳米复合材料。
如实施例9所述制备纳米复合材料,但是使用5%水滑石[Hycite713(RTM)]代替粘土[从Southern Clay Industries获得的Cloisite(Na+)(RTM)]。
表10:
实施例 | %Hycite 713 | 非离子表面活性剂 | 断裂伸长率c) | 拉伸模量d) |
10aa) | 5 | - | 0,88 | 1,07 |
10bb) | 5 | 1%Aduxol GA8-03j) | 1,09 | 1,30 |
10cb) | 5 | 1%Nafol 1822C+2EOf) | 1,02 | 1,33 |
10db) | 5 | 1%Tegome rl010g) | 1,00 | 1,45 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的拉伸强度。
d)相对于在相似条件下加工的聚丙烯(=1.0)标准化的弹性模量。
e)Aduxol GA8-03是通式Id的化合物
f)Nafol 1822+2E0是通式I的线性聚乙烯-嵌段-聚(环氧乙烷)
其中m是1,n是1,x平均值是20,y平均值是2,z是0,和R1是氢。
g)Tegomer ME1010(RTM)是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-嵌段-聚亚氧乙基共聚物,可购自Goldschmidt AG(Essen,德国)。
所述实施例表明了包含非离子表面活性剂的水滑石聚丙烯纳米复合材料具有提高的性能。拉伸模量提高最高达45%,而断裂伸长率保持在使用的聚丙烯的值。
实施例11:LDPE纳米复合材料薄膜的物理特性。
在Haake TW100挤出机上在最高180℃的温度下制备LDPE纳米复合材料配混物。所述配混物由以下组成:(Lupolen2420F350,BasellPolyolefins,德国)、0.1重量%的Irganox B921(RTM)[Irganox 1076(正十八烷基3[3,5-双叔丁基-4-羟苯基]丙酸酯)和Irgafos168(RTM)(三(2,4-双叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯)的1∶2混合物]、4%的粘土[从Southern Clay Industries获得的Cloisite(20A)(RTM)或者从CO-OP Chemical Co.,LTD.获得的Somasif ME100(RTM)]和非离子表面活性剂,其比率如表11中所限定的。
在Haake TW100上,在200℃温度下,使用25毫米环模吹制LDPE薄膜。制备了大约50-80微米的LDPE薄膜。在Modern Controls Inc.的仪器上按照DIN 53380,部分3进行氧渗透率测量。
结果汇总于表11中。
表11:
实施例 | 粘土% | 非离子表面活性剂 | 厚度c)[mm] | 氧气渗透率d) |
11aa) | 没有粘土 | 0,053 | 1 | |
11bb) | 4%Cloisite 20A | 1%Aduxol GA8-03c) | 0,059 | 0,70 |
11cb) | 4%Somasif ME100 | 1%Aduxol GA8-03e) | 0,061 | 0.63 |
a)对比实施例。
b)本发明实施例。
c)制备的LDPE薄膜的厚度。
d)标准化的氧渗透率(相对于聚丙烯=1.0)
e)Aduxol GA8-03是通式Id的配混物
包含非离子表面活性剂的LDPE纳米复合材料的氧渗透率与纯的LDPE薄膜相比降低大约37%。此外,通过加入非离子表面活性剂,就透明性而言的LDPE薄膜的光学性质得到提高。
Claims (19)
1.一种用于制备聚烯烃纳米复合材料的方法,其包括熔融混合a)聚烯烃、b)填料和c)非离子表面活性剂的混合物。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中填料是天然的或者合成的层状硅酸盐或者这类层状硅酸盐的混合物或者层状的羟基碳酸盐。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中填料是层状的硅酸盐粘土或者层状的羟基碳酸盐。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中填料是蒙脱土、膨润土、贝得石、云母、锂蒙脱石、皂石、囊脱石、锌蒙脱石、蛭石、伊利石、magadite、水羟硅钠石、硅镁石、铬岭石、水滑石或者其混合物。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂是嵌段或者接枝共聚物,其包含亲水性和疏水性链段,其不包含鎓官能团。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中亲水性链段是聚(环氧乙烷)嵌段和疏水性链段是支链或者无支链的聚烯烃、氟碳化合物、硅氧烷或者低分子量甲基丙烯酸酯。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中脱水山梨醇酯是山梨糖醇或者乙氧基化脱水山梨醇与C12-C25羧酸的酯。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中聚烯烃是聚乙烯或者聚丙烯或者其共聚物。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中填料以基于聚烯烃重量为1到15%的量存在。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中非离子表面活性剂以基于聚烯烃的重量为0.1到7.5%的量存在。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中熔融混合在120到290℃之间进行。
13.权利要求1的方法,其还包含除组分(a)、(b)和(c)之外的另外的添加剂。
14.权利要求13的方法,其作为另外的添加剂包括酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂、加工稳定剂、颜料、染料、增塑剂、相容剂、增韧剂、触变剂、流平助剂、除酸剂和/或金属减活剂。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中填料和非离子表面活性剂以及视需要的另外的添加剂的混合物以母料的形式加入聚烯烃,该母料包含2.5到40%重量的浓度的所述混合物。
16.通过权利要求1的方法制备的聚烯烃纳米复合材料。
17.一种纳米复合材料,其包含
a)对氧化、热或者光诱导降解敏感的聚烯烃,
b)填料,
c)非离子表面活性剂,和
d)添加剂,其选自酚类抗氧剂、光稳定剂、加工稳定剂、颜料、染料、增塑剂、相容剂、增韧剂、触变剂、流平助剂、除酸剂和金属减活剂或者其混合物。
18.从按照权利要求1制备的聚烯烃纳米复合材料制备的制品。
19.非离子表面活性剂用于插入和剥离填料和将填料分散在聚烯烃基质中形成纳米复合材料的用途。
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KR (1) | KR101037996B1 (zh) |
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AT (1) | ATE500201T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2003287983B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0315303A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2503579A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60336262D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2362422T3 (zh) |
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- 2003-11-03 CA CA002503579A patent/CA2503579A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-03 EP EP03779832A patent/EP1575873B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-03 KR KR1020057007791A patent/KR101037996B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-03 RU RU2005117963/04A patent/RU2360933C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 2003-11-03 DE DE60336262T patent/DE60336262D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-03 JP JP2004548851A patent/JP2006505641A/ja active Pending
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- 2003-11-03 US US10/533,011 patent/US20070142534A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-03 AU AU2003287983A patent/AU2003287983B2/en not_active Ceased
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CN109219634B (zh) * | 2016-05-24 | 2021-09-28 | 科莱恩国际有限公司 | 提高热塑性包装材料的抗粘附性质的防粘组分 |
CN106883496A (zh) * | 2017-04-17 | 2017-06-23 | 扬州工业职业技术学院 | 一种c70富勒烯改性耐磨聚乙烯复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN107760143A (zh) * | 2017-10-19 | 2018-03-06 | 深圳市冠为科技股份有限公司 | 一种超疏水层表面及其制造方法 |
CN107760143B (zh) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-11-05 | 深圳市冠为科技股份有限公司 | 一种超疏水层表面及其制造方法 |
CN110229494A (zh) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-13 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 一种ppo纳米复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN108410052A (zh) * | 2018-04-03 | 2018-08-17 | 科成精密模塑科技无锡有限公司 | 改性轻量化工程塑料及其制备方法 |
CN114651041A (zh) * | 2019-11-21 | 2022-06-21 | 3M创新有限公司 | 包含聚环氧烷嵌段共聚物的微结构化膜、组合物和方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ES2362422T3 (es) | 2011-07-05 |
CA2503579A1 (en) | 2004-05-21 |
ATE500201T1 (de) | 2011-03-15 |
US20070142534A1 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
RU2005117963A (ru) | 2006-01-20 |
WO2004041721A1 (en) | 2004-05-21 |
EP1575873A1 (en) | 2005-09-21 |
BR0315303A (pt) | 2005-08-16 |
KR20050075767A (ko) | 2005-07-21 |
US8080613B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 |
AU2003287983B2 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
TW200424249A (en) | 2004-11-16 |
EP1575873B1 (en) | 2011-03-02 |
AR041911A1 (es) | 2005-06-01 |
US20100317786A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
RU2360933C2 (ru) | 2009-07-10 |
KR101037996B1 (ko) | 2011-05-31 |
TWI329120B (en) | 2010-08-21 |
CN100393620C (zh) | 2008-06-11 |
DE60336262D1 (de) | 2011-04-14 |
AU2003287983A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 |
JP2006505641A (ja) | 2006-02-16 |
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