CN113287659A - 一种功能结构油及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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- CN113287659A CN113287659A CN202110502636.6A CN202110502636A CN113287659A CN 113287659 A CN113287659 A CN 113287659A CN 202110502636 A CN202110502636 A CN 202110502636A CN 113287659 A CN113287659 A CN 113287659A
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Abstract
一种功能结构油,由樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂进行四元酯交换而构成。以脂肪酶为催化剂,在适宜温度及搅拌强度下,使樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂直接进行四元酯交换,经分子蒸馏纯化后,得到所述功能结构油。本发明功能结构油能显著改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱、平衡补充体内必需和功能脂肪酸、快速补充能量,可满足消费者,尤其是超重、肥胖、脂肪肝、高血脂、高血糖、高血压、高血粘稠度、高尿酸血症、高胰岛素血症等代谢综合症患者及运动员的饮食和营养需求,可广泛地应用于油脂粉末、奶茶、代餐粉、保健食品、运动营养食品和特殊医学用途食品行业。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食用油脂技术领域。
背景技术
近几年来,国内外陆续有关于中长链结构脂的研究成果发表。中链甘油三酯和长碳链甘油三酯在催化条件下进行脂肪酰基交换,形成中长链甘油三酯以及副产物。与单纯的中链油脂和长碳链油脂的混合物相比,中长链结构脂的物理化学性质以及功效都大有不同。
中链油脂所含中链脂肪酸有辛酸(Caprylic acid,缩写为C)、癸酸(Capric acid,缩写为Ca)、月桂酸(Lauric acid,缩写为La)三种。中链油脂是以游离中链脂肪酸的形式在体内被吸收、转运、代谢。分子量小、血液中溶解度大、半衰期短,体内转运不需依赖肉毒碱-酰基肉毒碱转移酶系统,可直接进入细胞和线粒体进行氧化产能,体内代谢和产能速度快,血液中清除速度也快且完全。在体内不易再酯化,对肝、肾、肺等脏器影响小,不与胆红素竞争白蛋白,不加深黄疸,节省蛋白质(节氮)作用比长碳链脂肪酸更显著。具有快速补充体内能量、改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱作用。但中链脂肪酸不是人体必需脂肪酸,也不能在体内转化为功能脂肪酸,无法提供人体生长发育所需必需脂肪酸和功能脂肪酸。
长碳链油脂是以甘油三酯的形式在体内被吸收、转运、存储。长碳链脂肪酸在细胞内的转运和代谢产能需依赖肉毒碱-酰基肉毒碱转移酶系统,其分子量较大、血液中溶解度较小、半衰期较长、代谢和清除较慢而不完全。体内多余的长碳链脂肪酸易于再酯化为长碳链甘油酯而积蓄于血液、肝脏、脂肪等组织内,影响肝、肾、肺等脏器功能,进而引发脂代谢紊乱、糖代谢紊乱。长期过量摄入富含长碳链油脂的高能食物是引发超重、肥胖、脂肪肝、高血脂、高血糖、高血压、高血粘稠度、高尿酸血症、高胰岛素血症等代谢综合症的主要原因之一。
亚油酸(Linoleic acid,缩写为L)是一种ω-6必需脂肪酸,亚麻酸(linolenicacid,缩写为Ln)是一种ω-3必需脂肪酸。亚油酸、亚麻酸是体内合成花生四烯酸(Arachidonic acid,缩写为ARA)、二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid,缩写为EPA)、二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,缩写为DHA)、前列腺素(Prostaglandin,缩写为PG)、血栓烷(Thromboxane,缩写为TXA)以及白三烯(Leukotrienes,缩写为LT)等具有重要生理功能的多不饱和脂肪酸的前体或母体。这些多不饱和脂肪酸是大脑和视网膜的重要构成成分,具有促进和维持脑神经系统和视觉系统发育和生长、可降低血液中甘油三脂和胆固醇含量、防止胆固醇和脂肪在动脉壁上积聚、健康心脑血管系统和免疫系统、改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱作用。但由于人类食用的油脂多为以油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、芥酸为主的长碳链油脂,人类体内必需脂肪酸不平衡、缺乏亚麻酸的现象比较普遍。
中长链结构酯是通过酯化或者酯交换反应得到的新型结构的甘油三酯,结构特点为甘油骨架上既有中链脂肪酸又有长碳链脂肪酸,中长链甘油三酯比长碳链甘油三酯和中链甘油三酯在营养代谢这一方面有着极其巨大的优势,在各个领域都应用广泛,特别是食品和医药行业中需求更是日益剧增,尤其是脂肪乳剂这一方面,中长链结构酯的需求更是巨大。中长链结构酯比单纯的中链甘油酯和长链甘油酯具有更快的氧化、水解释放和血浆清除率,具有更好的节氮效果,不影响机体网状内皮系统功能等诸多优点。
为克服中链食用油脂和长碳链食用油脂产品的弊端,更好的开发中长链结构酯,国内外相关油脂研究人员相继研发出多种制备中长碳链甘油三酯的方法。
中国专利(CN 107805647 A)公开了一种酶法合成中长链结构酯的方法,用经粉碎的固定化脂肪酶作为催化剂,长链甘油三酯和中链甘油三酯的投入质量比为6.4:2~10。样品中MLCT含量达50%以上,但是该专利并未考虑必需脂肪酸的配比,且结构酯含量偏低。
中国专利(CN 102140390 A)公开了一种以辛癸酸甘油三酯和大豆油为原料、采用乙醇钠催化两种油脂酯交换制备中长碳链结构甘油三酯的合成方法,专利CN102140390A公开了一种化学酯交换方法制备医用中长碳链结构甘油三酯的合成方法。此类方法虽然研究较多,但多集中于酯化方式的改变,油脂中的中链脂肪酸含量较低,最高不会超过35%(w/w)。
中国专利(CN 107828830 A)公开了一种调整中长链结构甘油三酯组成的方法,用大豆油和中链甘油三酯重量比为2:1-15:1,中链脂肪酸含量低于50%,而且也没有考虑必需脂肪酸的比例问题。
美国专利(US2004191391A1)公开了一种中链脂肪酸含量为5~23%(w/w)、分子内含2个中链脂肪酸的甘油三酯的含量为1~20%(w/w)的油脂。
中国专利(CN 102140390A)公开了一种中/长链结构甘油三酯的合成方法,按摩尔比1:0.5-2称取中链甘油三酯和长链甘油三酯进行酯交换反应,结构脂含量可达70~80%,但是纯度仍然不高,且中链脂肪酸含量低于50%,没有考虑必需脂肪酸比例问题。
中国专利(CN 103380827 A)公开了一种以豆油、菜籽油、玉米油、葵籽油、花生油、芝麻油、红花籽油、亚麻油、棉籽油、稻米油等植物油、动物油脂、中链甘油三酯为原料,采用脂肪酶催化两种油脂酯交换制备预防肥胖性脂肪肝的油脂组合物及其制备方法。
中国专利(CN 105821089A)公开了一种酶法中长链结构甘油三酯的方法,按摩尔比1:0.5-5称取长链甘油三酯和中链甘油三酯进行酯交换反应,结构脂含量可达70~80%,但是纯度不高,没有考虑必需脂肪酸比例问题。
中国专利(CN1293176C)公开了一种可用于烹调的含中链脂肪酸的油脂组合物,其中链脂肪酸含量低于14%(w/w)。
中国专利(CN 103891920 A)公开了一种含中长碳链甘油三酯的油脂组合物及其制备方法,其中链脂肪酸含量低于30%(w/w);中国专利(CN103380827A)公开了一种降低肝脏甘油三酯的油脂组合物,该组合物中的中链脂肪酸占油脂组合物全部脂肪酸的比例为25~35%(w/w)。而根据我们的前期研究发现,中链脂肪酸含量低于50%的中长碳链甘油酯降低体内脂肪积累作用效应不显著。
中国专利(CN100523206)公开了一种含有多不饱和脂肪酸的甘油三酯的油或脂肪的生产方法。但一则该专利的中链脂肪酸不包括月桂酸,多不饱和脂肪酸中不包括亚油酸。二则该专利只是根据脂肪酸的公开功能认定其含有含多不饱和脂肪酸的甘油三酯的油或脂肪的生理作用,并采用含有多不饱和脂肪酸的甘油三酯的油或脂肪制备功能型食品、营养补充型食品、新生儿食品、婴儿配方食品、儿童食品、孕妇食品、老年食品、治疗性营养食品、药物组合物及动物饲料。并未通过细胞和动物实验评价这些产品的生理功能。
综合已有的发明产品和技术来看,目前还存在以下问题:
一是目前国内外的中长链甘油三酯的专利基本存在较大的局限,成本昂贵,操作复杂且费时,最终产物结构脂含量较低,难以实现工业化。
二是国内外生产和销售的辛酸癸酸类中链油脂至今还是以辛酸和癸酸含量低于10%(w/w)的植物油为原料,经水解或裂解、分离、酯化而生产的人工合成产品,其生产能耗和成本高,且基本不含月桂酸。而属于天然中链油脂的樟树籽仁油含中链脂肪酸达95.60~98.50%(含辛酸0.32~0.47%、癸酸56.49~61.98%、月桂酸34.18~39.20%),却未见有关利用樟树籽仁油研发和生产功能结构油的文献报道。
三是没有依据动物实验结果来优化结构脂的脂肪酸组成和确定结构脂的生理效果。
四是各种中长碳链结构脂都没有涉及改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱、同时补充必需脂肪酸(亚油酸、亚麻酸)的生理作用。中国人日常饮食中亚麻酸与亚油酸处于长期严重失衡状态。目前现有的发明产品和技术中,其亚麻酸与亚油酸比例仍旧严重失衡。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目的在于,提供一种功能结构油,以中链甘油酯(樟树籽仁油和辛酸甘油酯为主要原料,以亚油酸类油脂和亚麻酸类油脂为辅助原料、通过四元酯交换改变油脂的脂肪酸组成和分布而构建的功能结构油。该功能结构油具有显著改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱、平衡补充体内必需脂肪酸和功能脂肪酸、快速补充体内能量的特点。
本发明所述是通过以下技术方案实现的。
本发明所述的一种功能结构油由樟树籽仁油(Cinnamomumcamphora Seed KernelOil,缩写为CCSKO)、辛酸甘油酯(Glyceryl caprylatel,简称Gc)、亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂进行四元酯交换而构成。
所述的亚油酸类油脂包括大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油或红花籽油等。
所述的亚麻酸类油脂包括亚麻籽油或紫苏籽油等。
本发明所述的功能结构油辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7~7﹕3,优选的,辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5。
本发明所述的功能结构油的脂肪酸以脂肪酸摩尔计,中链脂肪酸(樟树籽仁油和辛酸甘油酯)与长碳链脂肪酸(亚油酸类油脂和亚麻酸类油脂)的摩尔比为2,且长碳链脂肪酸中的亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2。
本发明所述中链脂肪酸是指樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯;长碳链脂肪酸是指亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油。
优选的,本发明所述的功能结构油中亚油酸类油脂取自大豆油、亚麻酸类油脂取自亚麻籽油。
本发明的发明人研究发现,樟树籽仁油约含辛酸0.32~0.47%、癸酸56.49~61.98%、月桂酸34.18~39.20%,中链脂肪酸含量达95%以上,属于天然中链甘油脂。
本发明所述的樟树籽仁油也可以用与樟树籽仁油脂肪酸组成相同的油脂或混合油脂替代。
本发明的第二个目的在于,提供一种上述功能结构油的制备方法。
本发明所述的一种功能结构油的制备方法包括:以脂肪酶为催化剂,在适宜温度及搅拌强度下,使樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂直接进行四元酯交换,经分子蒸馏纯化后,得到所述功能结构油。其中,所述功能结构油的辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7~7﹕3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2。
优选的,所述的功能结构油的辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5:5,中链甘油酯中的中链脂肪酸与亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂中的长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2。
所述的脂肪酶为脂肪酶Lipozyme RM、脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM、脂肪酶Novozyme435。
所述脂肪酶加入量10%(混合油质量的百分比)、四元酯交换反应温度60℃、四元酯交换反应时间8h。
所述分子蒸馏条件为进样口温度150℃,加热器温度210℃,刮板转速200rpm。
本发明人团队研究发现:三种中链脂肪酸都有改善肥胖大鼠体内脂代谢的作用,但其作用效果上有所差异。在甘油三酯代谢方面,辛酸、癸酸和月桂酸均可抑制肝脏及脂肪组织中甘油三脂的合成、增加甘油三酯的分解,同时可增加线粒体的生物合成而加速转运脂肪酸至线粒体内、增加线粒体内脂肪酸的β氧化。随着碳链长度的增加,中链脂肪酸改善甘油三酯代谢的效应越显著。在胆固醇代谢方面,三种中脂肪酸均可抑制胆固醇的合成、提高肝脏中胆固醇转化为胆汁酸的速率、增加肠道中胆汁酸的分泌,但随着碳链长度的增加,其作用效果显著降低。辛酸、癸酸均可增加胆固醇逆转运,而月桂酸则会降低胆固醇逆转运、增加肠道内固醇的重吸收。长时间高剂量摄入月桂酸会加剧肥胖大鼠胆固醇代谢紊乱,导致血浆胆固醇含量升高而造成高胆固醇血症。因此,改变中链油脂中辛酸、癸酸和月桂酸的含量和比例,可改善体内糖脂代谢的效应。
樟树籽仁油食用安全无毒,可通过降低肥胖大鼠体内甘油三酯合成、增加甘油三酯分解和氧化从而减少体内脂肪积蓄、降低血脂、改善肝功能,可通过激活机体抗氧化酶系统提高胰岛素敏感性、降低血糖水平等改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱的作用。但樟树籽仁油中月桂酸含量较高、达34%以上,长时间高剂量摄入樟树籽仁油可能会加剧肥胖大鼠胆固醇代谢紊乱、导致血浆胆固醇含量升高、造成高胆固醇血症。因此,通过降低樟树籽仁油中的月桂酸含量、提高樟树籽仁油中的辛酸含量,可更好的补充体内能量、改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱效应。
本发明的第三个目的在于,上述功能结构油在食品中的应用。
本发明所述的功能结构油能显著改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱、平衡补充体内必需和功能脂肪酸、快速补充能量,可满足消费者,尤其是超重、肥胖、脂肪肝、高血脂、高血糖、高血压、高血粘稠度、高尿酸血症、高胰岛素血症等代谢综合症患者及运动员的饮食和营养需求,可以广泛地应用于油脂粉末、奶茶、代餐粉、保健食品、运动营养食品和特殊医学用途食品行业,提高人类的健康和生活水平,具有显著的社会效益、生态效益和经济效益。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中功能结构油的辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油质量比对肥胖模型大鼠的各类指标的影响,其中,a为对大鼠体重的影响;b为对大鼠体内脂肪系数的影响;c为对大鼠血清中血清甘油三酯(TG)的影响;d为对大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)的影响。
图2为实施例1中功能结构油的辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油质量比对肥胖模型大鼠的各类指标的影响,其中,a为对大鼠血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)的影响;b为对大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)的影响;c为对大鼠血清空腹血糖(FBG)的影响;d为对大鼠血清空腹胰岛素(FINs)的影响。
图3为实施例1中功能结构油的辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油质量比对肥胖模型大鼠的各类指标的影响,其中,a为对大鼠胰岛素抵抗系数(HOMA-IR)的影响;b为对大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的影响;c为对大鼠血清谷草转氨酶(AST)的影响。
在图1-图3中,Gc/CCSKO--辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比,H-FSO--高脂功能结构油饲料,NC--基础饲料(AIN-93M)组,NR--恢复组,HFD--高脂饲料(D12451)组,FSO1--Gc/CCSKO=3:7的H-FSO组,FSO2--Gc/CCSKO=4:6的H-FSO组,FSO3--Gc/CCSKO=5:5的H-FSO组,FSO4--Gc/CCSKO=6:4的H-FSO组,FSO5--Gc/CCSKO=7:3的H-FSO组。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,对本发明作进一步的说明。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照常规条件。除非另外说明,否则所有的百分数、比例、比率、或百分数按照质量计算。
除非特别说明,实施例中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域技术人员所熟知的意义相同。此外,任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可用于本发明中。实施例中所述的较佳实施方法与材料仅做示范之用。
在本发明的下述实施例中。
脂肪酸含量测定方法参考GB 5009.168-2016。
酯交换率测定方法参考《Characterization of medium-chain triacylglycerol(MCT)-enriched seed oil from Cinnamomumcamphora(Lauraceae)and its oxidativestability》(Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2011,59(9):4771-4778)。
Sn-2位脂肪酸含量测定方法参考国标GB/T 24894-2010、GB 5009.168-2016。
凝固点测定方法参考SN/T0801.17—2010。
GC型号:Agilent7890B色谱柱:DB-23熔融石英毛细管柱(30m*0.25mm*0.25μm)。
HPLC型号:Agilent1260色谱柱:C18柱(5μm*4.6mm*200mm)。
本发明的下述实施例中,樟树籽仁油为自制,使用的辛酸甘油三酯、大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油、红花籽油、亚麻籽油、紫苏籽油均通过市场购买获得;脂肪酶Lipozyme RMIM、、脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM、脂肪酶Novozyme 435购自诺维信生物技术有限公司。
在本发明的实施例1的实施方案中,动物试验中使用的饲料为基础饲料(AIN-93M)、高脂饲料(D12451)、高脂功能结构油饲料(H-FSO),其配方及产能占比详见表1-1、表1-2。
表1-1动物实验中的基础饲料和高脂饲料配方
表1-2动物实验中的高脂功能结构油饲料配方
在本发明的实施例1的实施方案中,与高脂饲料组肥胖模型大鼠相比较,所述功能结构油具有显著改善体内糖脂代谢紊乱作用,是指其改善肥胖模型大鼠体内糖脂代谢紊乱效果达15%及以上,即肥胖模型大鼠的脂肪系数、血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FGB)、空腹胰岛素(FINs)、胰岛素抵抗系数(HOMA-IR=[(FBG(mmol/L)×FINs(ng/ml)]/22.5)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)等指标水平的降低或增高率达15%及以上。
实施例1。
本实施例采用的樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、大豆油、亚麻籽油原料的脂肪酸为原料,其组成详见表2。按照辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7、4﹕6、5﹕5、6﹕4、7﹕3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2,分别称取适量的樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、大豆油和亚麻籽油于不同酯化反应器中,并按混合油质量的10%(w/w)加入脂肪酶。反应温度为60℃,搅拌反应时间为8h。四元酯交换反应结束后,分离出反应液中的脂肪酶,经过分子蒸馏纯化后,测定结构酯含量,得到辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3:7、4:6、5:5、6:4、7:3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2,结构酯含量分别为98.12%,97.53%,98.02%,97.87%,97.96%的系列功能结构油。不同辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比的功能结构油脂肪酸组成详见表3。
表2原料油的脂肪酸组成
表3功能结构油的脂肪酸组成(MCFA/LCFA为2,Ln/L为2)
备注:MCFA/LCFA指中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比,Ln/L指亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比。
实验选用3-4周龄的SD雄性大鼠,体重13-16g。实验期间,大鼠饲喂于标准饲养笼里,自由采食和饮水,12h/12h昼夜循环光照,饲养温度为23±2℃,湿度为40%-60%。经一周的适应性饲喂后,随机将大鼠分为两组,10只大鼠作为基础饲料组(Normal Chow,NC组)、饲喂基础饲料AIN-93M,70只大鼠作为高脂饲料组(High Fat Diet,HFD组)、饲喂高脂饲料D12451,饲喂8周后称量并记录大鼠体重。将HFD组中体重比NC组大鼠平均体重重15%及以上的大鼠选定为营养型肥胖模型大鼠并用于后续的实验。
造模完成后,按体重将营养型肥胖模型大鼠随机分为7组,分别为HFD组、恢复组(NR组)及5组功能结构油组(FSO1组、FSO2组、FSO3组、FSO4组),继续喂养10周。HFD组大鼠继续饲喂高脂饲料,NR组饲喂基础饲料,FSO1组、FSO2组、FSO3组、FSO4、FSO5组大鼠分别饲喂辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7、4﹕6、5﹕5、6﹕4、7﹕3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的高脂功能结构油饲料(H-FSO)。NC组大鼠继续饲喂基础饲料AIN-93M至实验结束。实验过程中所用饲料的具体饲料配方详见表1-1、表1-2。
实验终点时称量并记录了大鼠终体重,摘眼球取血、分离血清,检测大鼠血清中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINs)、谷丙转氨酶(也称丙氨酸氨基转移酶,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(也称天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶,AST)等指标水平。分离、称量大鼠睾周脂肪、肾周脂肪,将睾周脂肪和肾周脂肪总和作为腹部脂肪质量。计算脂肪系数(脂肪占体重的百分比)和稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR=[(FBG(mmol/L)×FINs(ng/ml)]/22.5)。
采用SPSS19.0统计软件包(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)进行数据处理。动物实验结果列于图1~图3中。
由图1-a~图1-b可以看出:基础饲料组(NC组)、恢复组(NR组)及FSO1组、FSO2组、FSO3组、FSO4组、FSO5组大鼠的脂肪系数处于较低水平,且FSO1组大鼠的脂肪系数比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低15.23%、FSO2组大鼠的脂肪系数比高脂饲料组(HFD组)低15.11%、FSO3组大鼠的脂肪系数比高脂饲料组(HFD组)低17.32%、FSO4组大鼠的脂肪系数比高脂饲料组(HFD组)低17.81%、FSO5组大鼠的脂肪系数比高脂饲料组(HFD组)低16.75%;说明辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7、4﹕6、5﹕5、6﹕4、7﹕3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的功能结构油具有显著减少大鼠体内脂肪作用。
由图1-c~图2-b可知:功能结构油对大鼠血清TG、TC影响较大。基础饲料组(NC组)、恢复组(NR组)及FSO3组、FSO4组、FSO5组大鼠的TG、TC均处于较低水平,且FSO3组大鼠的TG、TC分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低16.94%、16.14%,FSO4组大鼠的TG、TC及LDL-C水平分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低16.41%、15.63%,FSO5组大鼠的TG、TC及LDL-C水平分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低15.85%、18.40%;但FSO1组、FSO2组、FSO3组、FSO4组、FSO5组大鼠的LDL-C水平均较高,且高脂饲料组(HFD组)及FSO1组和FSO2组大鼠的TC处于较高水平,与高脂饲料组(HFD组)相比,FSO1组和FSO2组大鼠的TC的降幅低于15%;说明辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5、6﹕4、7﹕3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的FSO具有降低大鼠血脂作用而辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3:7、4:6,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的功能结构油降低大鼠血脂作用不显著。
糖脂代谢密切相关,脂代谢紊乱易引起糖代谢紊乱。从图2-c~图3-a可以看出:基础饲料组(NC)、恢复组(NR)及FSO3组、FSO4组、FSO5组大鼠血清中的FBG水平、FINs水平及HOMA-IR指数都处于正常较低水平、无明显差异,且FSO3组大鼠的FBG水平、FINs水平及HOMA-IR指数分别比高脂饲料组(HFD)大鼠低24.86%、18.85%、39.03%,FSO4组大鼠的FBG水平、FINs水平及HOMA-IR指数分别比高脂饲料组(HFD)大鼠低21.84%、16.75%、34.93%,FSO5组大鼠的FBG水平、FINs水平及HOMA-IR指数分别比高脂饲料组(HFD)大鼠低22.82%、17.43%、36.27%;说明辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5:5、6:4、7:3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的FSO具有显著改善大鼠体内糖代谢作用。然而,高脂饲料组(HFD)及FSO1组、FSO2组大鼠的FINs水平处于较高水平,且与高脂饲料组(HFD)相比,FSO1组大鼠的FINs水平降幅低于15%;说明辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3:7、4:6,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的功能结构油降低大鼠血糖作用不显著。
由图3-b、图3-c可知:功能结构油对大鼠血清ALT、AST水平影响较大。基础饲料组(NC组)、恢复组(NR组)及FSO1组、FSO2组、FSO3组、FSO4组、FSO5组大鼠的ALT、AST水平均处于较低水平,且FSO1组大鼠的ALT、AST水平分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低40.15%、27.10%,FSO2组大鼠的ALT、AST水平分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低41.10%、23.78%,FSO3组大鼠的ALT、AST水平分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低43.01%、27.58%,FSO4组大鼠的ALT、AST水平分别比高脂饲料组(HFD组)大鼠低42.22%、27.45%,说明辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7、4﹕6、5﹕5、6﹕4、7﹕3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的功能结构油具有显著修复大鼠肝损伤的作用。
综合分析图1~图3可以断定辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5:5、6:4、7:3,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的功能结构油具有显著改善大鼠体内糖脂代谢紊乱作用,其中,辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5:5,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且长碳链脂肪酸中亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2的功能结构油改善大鼠体内糖脂代谢紊乱效果最显著。
综合衡量功能结构油改善大鼠体内脂肪代谢紊乱和高效补充体内必须脂肪酸和功能脂肪酸的作用效应,功能结构油的适宜辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5~7﹕3。
实施例2。
在本实施例中,按照辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2,称取35.31g的辛酸甘油酯、35.31g的樟树籽仁油、6.07g红花籽油和52.18g紫苏籽油于反应器中。四元酯交换反应条件为:脂肪酶为10%(混合油质量的百分比),磁力搅拌(搅拌子30mm×10mm、转速100rpm),反应温度为60℃,反应时间为8h。
反应结束后,分子蒸馏得到目标产物,通过HPLC-ELSD检测方法测定结构酯含量为97.69%。
实施例3。
在本实施例中,按照辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2,称取35.89g的辛酸甘油酯、35.89g的樟树籽仁油、7.03g玉米油和52.18g紫苏籽油于反应器中。四元酯交换反应条件为:脂肪酶为10%(混合油质量的百分比),磁力搅拌(搅拌子30mm×10mm、转速100rpm),反应温度为60℃,反应时间为8h。
反应结束后,分子蒸馏得到目标产物,通过HPLC-ELSD检测方法测定结构酯含量为98.01%。
实施例4。
在本实施例中,按照辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5,中链脂肪酸与长碳链脂肪酸摩尔比为2且亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2,称取33.87g的辛酸甘油酯、33.87g的樟树籽仁油、7.05g葵花籽油和48.82g亚麻籽油于反应器中。四元酯交换反应条件为:脂肪酶为10%(混合油质量的百分比),磁力搅拌(搅拌子30mm×10mm、转速100rpm),反应温度为60℃,反应时间为8h。
反应结束后,分子蒸馏得到目标产物,通过HPLC-ELSD检测方法测定结构酯含量为97.22%。
实施例5。
利用各实施例制备的功能结构油与其他配料制备功能植脂末,其制备流程的具体操作步骤如下:
(1)制备料液:按照功能植脂末配方表4,称取相应质量的水溶性物质于63~67℃热水中,待水溶性物质全部溶解后,称取相应质量的功能结构油和单双脂肪酸甘油酯于水溶液中,60~90rpm转速下搅拌25~30min;
(2)剪切乳化:使用剪切机剪切料液1~2min左右;
(3)均质乳化:使用加已杀菌均质机于25~30Mpa压力下均质料液2次;
(4)干燥造粒:使用压力喷雾机和流化床进行干燥造粒,进风温度180℃,出风温度90-100℃。
表4功能植脂末配方表
实施例6。
利用各实施例制备的功能结构油产品与其他配料制备营养代餐粉,其制备流程的具体操作步骤如下:
(1)制备料液:按照营养代餐粉配方表5,称取相应质量的水溶性物质于63~67℃热水中,待水溶性物质全部溶解后,称取相应质量的功能结构油和单双脂肪酸甘油酯于水溶液中,60~90rpm转速下搅拌25~30min;
(2)剪切乳化:使用剪切机剪切料液1~2min左右;
(3)均质乳化:使用加已杀菌均质机于25~30Mpa压力下均质料液2次;
(4)干燥造粒:使用压力喷雾机和流化床进行干燥造粒,进风温度180℃,出风温度90-100℃。
表5营养代餐粉配方表
配料表 | 质量分数(%) |
淀粉糖浆 | 30.0-55.0 |
功能结构油 | 20.0-50.0 |
脱脂奶粉和蛋白粉 | 20.0-30.0 |
低聚果糖 | 20.0-30.0 |
膳食纤维 | 5.0-10.0 |
抗性淀粉 | 5.0-10.0 |
单双脂肪酸甘油酯 | 0.2-5.0 |
谷氨酰胺 | 2.0-3.0 |
复合矿物质 | 0.1-1.0 |
复合维生素 | 0.1-0.5 |
食用香精 | 0.1-0.3 |
总计 | 100.0 |
实施例7。
利用各实施例制备的功能结构油产品与其他配料制备功能奶茶粉,其制备流程的具体操作步骤如下:
(1)制备料液:按照功能奶茶粉配方表6,称取相应质量的水溶性物质于63~67℃热水中,待水溶性物质全部溶解后,称取相应质量的功能结构油和单双脂肪酸甘油酯于水溶液中,60~90rpm转速下搅拌25~30min;
(2)剪切乳化:使用剪切机剪切料液1~2min左右;
(3)均质乳化:使用加已杀菌均质机于25~30Mpa压力下均质料液2次;
(4)干燥造粒:使用压力喷雾机和流化床进行干燥造粒,进风温度180℃,出风温度90-100℃。
表6功能奶茶粉配方表
配料表 | 质量分数(%) |
茶汁 | 20.0-50.0 |
功能结构油 | 20.0-50.0 |
脱脂奶粉 | 5.0-15.0 |
乳化剂 | 0.1-3 |
稳定剂 | 0.1-1.5 |
甜味剂 | 0.1-15.0 |
酸度调节剂 | 0.1-0.5 |
食用香精 | 0.0-0.2 |
抗氧化剂 | 0.0-0.5 |
总计 | 100.0 |
实施例8。
利用各实施例制备的功能结构油产品与其他配料制备注射营养脂肪乳,其制备流程的具体操作步骤如下:
(1)取注射用水,加热到65℃,按表7中的配料质量比,相应加入药用甘油搅拌溶解,制备为水相。
(2)将功能结构油加热到65℃,加入磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰肌醇,搅拌溶解制备为油相。
(3)将油相加入到水相中,10000rpm高速剪切10min,制备初乳。
(4)调节初乳PH值为7,加注射用水到每135g配料制备1000ml初乳。
(5)均质压力1000bar高压乳化3个循环,制备精乳。
(6)将精乳过0.45μm微孔滤膜,灭菌灌封。
表7注射营养脂肪乳
实施例9。
利用各实施例制备的功能结构油产品与其他配料制备口服营养脂肪乳,其制备流程的具体操作步骤如下:
(1)按表8中的配料比,将卵磷脂、药用甘油和纯化水(每205g配料制备1000ml脂肪乳)加热到60℃后置于真空均值乳化机中,10000rpm高速搅拌后,加入功能结构油制备成初乳。
(2)将初乳迅速转移到高压均质机中,低压阀压力为150kg·cm2,高压阀压力为500kg·cm2,压力稳定并且乳液温度稳定为40℃时收集乳液,重复操作15次至乳液粒径为50nm。
(3)调节pH至7,过0.45μm微孔滤膜,灭菌后灌装。
表8口服营养脂肪乳
配料表 | 质量分数(%) |
功能结构油 | 70 |
药用甘油 | 10 |
卵磷脂 | 5 |
酪蛋白钙 | 9 |
维生素 | 3 |
矿物质 | 3 |
Claims (9)
1.一种功能结构油,其特征是由樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂进行四元酯交换而构成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能结构油,其特征是所述的亚油酸类油脂为大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油或红花籽油。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能结构油,其特征是所述的亚麻酸类油脂为亚麻籽油或紫苏籽油。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能结构油,其特征是所述的辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为3﹕7~7﹕3。
5.根据权利要求1或4所述的一种功能结构油,其特征是辛酸甘油酯与樟树籽仁油的质量比为5﹕5。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能结构油,其特征是以脂肪酸摩尔计,中碳链脂肪酸的樟树籽仁油和辛酸甘油酯与长碳链脂肪酸的亚油酸类油脂和亚麻酸类油脂的摩尔比为2,且长碳链脂肪酸中的亚麻酸与亚油酸摩尔比为2。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能结构油,其特征是所述的樟树籽仁油用与樟树籽仁油脂肪酸组成相同的油脂或混合油脂替代。
8.权利要求1所述的功能结构油的制备方法,包括以下步骤:以脂肪酶为催化剂,在适宜温度及搅拌强度下,使樟树籽仁油、辛酸甘油酯、亚油酸类油脂、亚麻酸类油脂直接进行四元酯交换,经分子蒸馏纯化后,得到所述功能结构油;
所述的脂肪酶为脂肪酶Lipozyme RM、脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM、脂肪酶Novozyme 435;
所述脂肪酶加入量为混合油质量的10%、四元酯交换反应温度60℃、四元酯交换反应时间8h;
所述分子蒸馏条件为进样口温度150℃,加热器温度210℃,刮板转速200rpm。
9.权利要求1所述的功能结构油在食品中的应用。
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