CN113261465B - Quick citrus orchard forming method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a citrus rapid garden forming method, which belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation and comprises the following steps: 1. selecting strong seedlings; 2. mechanically building a garden; 3. soil is changed from rhizosphere; 4. fertilizer and water management; 5. shaping and shearing-free; 6. the plant diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented and controlled; 7. and (5) covering the tree disk. According to the invention, a mode of optimizing strong seedlings and locally improving soil in root areas is adopted to create a basic condition for rapid expansion of root systems, so that nutrient supply in the seedling stage of oranges is satisfied, and the complicated procedure of applying base fertilizer in autumn in the seedling stage is reduced; the garden building mode of deep ditch wide boxes and single row ridging is convenient for mechanical light and simple operation, and greatly reduces the later-period management and protection cost; the application of the shaping shearing-free technology realizes the rapid outward expansion of the plant crowns, and avoids nutrient waste caused by pruning; the disease and pest critical period prevention and control and the formulated fertilization technology realize the efficient management of the seedling period, obviously reduce the dosage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the investment of labor force, and the growth vigor and the fruiting period of plants are 2-3 years earlier than those of the prior art, thus realizing the early fruiting high-yield stable yield of fruit trees and sustainable soil production.

Description

Quick citrus orchard forming method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a citrus rapid garden forming method.

Background

In recent years, along with the strong implementation of the strategy of lean attack and country vibration, the western underdeveloped area takes the lean attack as the trigger, the citrus industry is developed greatly, and the implementation of the strategy of country vibration, citrus becomes the first large fruit with the largest planting area and the highest total yield in China.

The prior art generally utilizes a field or a sloping field to open wide-compartment deep ditches or utilizes contour lines to dig and field planting ditches or build piers or directly dig and field planting holes without ditching, the plant row spacing is 3m multiplied by 3-4m, the operation steps are that firstly, the position of the field planting holes or drainage ditches is confirmed in a paying-off mode, then, the field planting holes with the width and depth of 25-40cm are manually dug, no base fertilizer is applied, namely, bare root seedlings or container seedlings are field planted in the holes, soil is covered for compaction and water filling, when new shoots are sent out in spring of the second year, urea or compound fertilizer is applied to two sides of a tree disk until organic fertilizer is applied in autumn of the second year.

In addition, in the prior art, a shaping light shearing mode is generally adopted for pruning, namely upright branches, overgrown branches and excessively dense branches of the sapling are pruned or erased from a base part at one time, one branch simultaneously pumps a plurality of new shoots (cluster branches), and the five-thinning, three-thinning and one-thinning principles are adopted for thinning, so that a large amount of nutrients in the seedling stage can be lost; secondly, the prior art lacks a technical proposal of systematic seedling-stage fertilizer and water regulation and plant diseases and insect pests targeted prevention and control all year round, which is inconvenient for a grower to master and manage in a standardized way; meanwhile, under the density of the prior art, citrus fruits are sealed after 6-8 years, so that the citrus fruits are not convenient for later operation management; the top dressing mode can cause the root system to longitudinally extend and be blocked, and the root system is turned to transversely grow at two sides, so that the root system floats upwards, is not deep to be pricked, is easily influenced by external environment, and has the phenomena of sunburn fruits and split fruits, and the phenomena of element deficiency, even young trees, stiff seedlings and the like in the later stage.

Under the prior art, citrus usually needs 4-5 years to start to put into production, and the defects of large seedling stage investment, weak plant growth vigor, long young age, slow fund recovery, inconvenient mechanized operation and the like exist, so that the production risk of citrus is increased.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a rapid citrus orchard forming method which can effectively solve the defects of large seedling stage investment, weak plant growth vigor, long young age, inconvenient mechanical operation, large citrus production risk and the like in the existing citrus orchard forming technology.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a quick orange garden forming method, which specifically comprises the following steps: 1. selecting strong seedlings; 2. mechanically building a garden; 3. soil is changed from rhizosphere; 4. fertilizer and water management; 5. shaping and shearing-free; 6. the plant diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented and controlled; 7. and (5) covering the tree disk.

Further, in the step 1, strong seedlings are selected from orange stocks or bitter orange stock container seedlings; nursery stock selection criteria: the branches are right, the grafting openings are well healed, the root system is complete and developed, the leaf color is dark green, the diameter is larger than or equal to 1cm, the height is larger than or equal to 80cm, the number of branches is larger than or equal to 3, and the trunk height is 20-30cm.

Further, the specific process of mechanized garden construction in the step 2 is as follows:

2.1, soil preparation and shape adjustment are carried out by adopting a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, and plant row spacing is selected to be 2-3 m multiplied by 4.5-6 m;

2.2, mechanically ridging, wherein the standard is that the ridge base is 2.2-2.6 m, the ridge top is 1.8-2 m, the ridge height is 0.6-0.7 m, the inter-row tractor-ploughing channels are 2.3-2.6 m, and the ridge surface is mechanically tidied after ridging, so that the side surface is kept flat;

and 2.3, determining the positions of planting holes by adopting the principles of 'guy ropes spacing, unified paying off and standard planting', ensuring that the planting holes are transversely arranged in rows, vertically arranged in rows and obliquely arranged in lines, and digging the planting holes by utilizing mechanical equipment, wherein the depth and the width of the planting holes are 75-90 cm.

Further, in the step 3, the rhizosphere soil improvement adopts a four-layer soil improvement method, namely a water filtering layer, a fertilizer water layer, a living soil layer and a matrix layer are sequentially arranged in the field planting hole from bottom to top.

Further, the water filtering layer consists of crushed plant straw and surface soil, is positioned at the bottom of the planting hole and has the thickness of 30-45cm; the fertilizer layer is formed by mixing organic fertilizer and surface soil, and the thickness is 20-30cm; the active soil layer is formed by backfilling surface fine soil and is positioned around the matrix layer; the matrix layer is positioned around the soil ball of the container seedling, and the distance between the matrix layer and the ground is 15-20cm.

Further, the mass ratio of the crushed plant straw to the surface soil in the water filtering layer is 5-10:1-3.

Further, the mass ratio of the organic fertilizer to the surface soil in the fertilizer water layer is 3-7:1-3.

Further, the organic fertilizer is formed by mixing 10-15kg of decomposed rape seed cake or 20-30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer with 2-3kg of calcium superphosphate.

Further, the specific process of fertilizer and water management in the step 4 is as follows:

4.1, young citrus trees within 5 years are respectively root-irrigated with water and fertilizer nutrient solution for two times in 3 months, 6 months and 9 months, and each time is 15-20d apart;

4.2, N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 2 years: p (P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.3:0.5, the pure N amount is 0.09-0.11 kg; n in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 3 years: p (P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.4:0.6, the pure N amount is 0.18-0.23 kg; n in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 4-5 years: p (P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.5:0.7, and the pure N amount is 0.27-0.33 kg.

Further, the root irrigation mode in the step 4.1 is that the water-soluble fertilizer is added to the rhizosphere, and the concentration of the water-fertilizer nutrient solution is 2% -3%.

Further, the pure N amount in the water-fertilizer nutrient solution for the young citrus trees in the 2 years in the step 4.2 is 0.1kg, the pure N amount in the water-fertilizer nutrient solution for the young citrus trees in the 3 years is 0.2kg, and the pure N amount in the water-fertilizer nutrient solution for the young citrus trees in the 4-5 years is 0.3kg.

Further, the specific shaping and shearing-free process in the step 5 is as follows:

young citrus trees in 5 years are cultivated to grow tree vigor and promote outward expansion of tree crowns, and the young citrus trees are provided with little movable branch scissors, wherein the specific operation is that after 1/3-1/2 of upright branches are semi-lignified, the upright branches are pinched outwards or twisted inwards by 270-360 degrees by hands from 3-10cm of base parts, so that the branches are opened downwards for 5-30 degrees horizontally; culturing 1-2 bare branches close to the central trunk of each plant to serve as a backbone branch group of an upward crown expansion, and carrying out core picking treatment when the bare branches grow to 1.6-2m to promote layering results; and after the rest branches of the overgrowth branch and the strong branch group are lignified, carrying out branch pulling and hanging treatment, so that the crown of the tree is rapidly and outwards opened at a level of 5-45 degrees, and the layering result and early fruiting and high yield of the citrus are realized.

Further, the specific process of efficient prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests in the step 6 is as follows:

6.1, 11 months-2 months of the next year, and cleaning the garden in winter and spring: carrying out full-garden spraying for 1 time by adopting 150 times of mineral oil or a 1 Be-2 Be-degree lime sulphur in winter; 150 times of mineral oil or 150 times of engine oil emulsion, 1500 times of 73% of cyromazine and 1250 times of 25% azoxystrobin are adopted for full-circle spraying for 1 time in spring;

6.2, 3 months to 5 months to prevent and control citrus red spider, aphid, bud maggot and anthracnose; the specific measures are as follows: when the number of the red spider leaf insect mouth is less than 3, predatory mites are thrown in to prevent and control; when the leaf-insect population base number is more than 3 and less than 6, spraying insecticide for prevention and control; when the number of leaf insect ports is more than 6, spraying acaricide is adopted to prevent and control, and meanwhile, spraying bactericide is adopted to prevent anthracnose; spraying insecticide with the concentration of 1.5 times in the middle ten days of 4 months to kill adult fruit flies on the ground;

6.3, 6 months to 7 months to prevent and control citrus fruit fly, rust ticks, leaf miner, scale insect, resina and anthracnose; the specific measures are as follows: the insect-killing lamp is arranged in the last ten days of 6 months, the fly-trapping ball is hung in the last ten days of 6 months to trap adult fruit flies, the sex attractant and sugar-vinegar liquid are hung to trap young fruit flies, and the pheromone trap is hung to trap leaf miners;

6.4, preventing and controlling fruit flies, leaf miners and red spiders in 8-9 months; the specific measures are as follows: leaf miner adopts late summer and early autumn tips before 8 months of erasing; spraying chlorantraniliprole and mineral oil for 1 time when the autumn tips grow to 2-3cm in 9 months, and adopting a physical trapping and killing mode to prevent and control fruit flies and red spiders;

6.5, 10-11 months to prevent and control citrus red spider, anthracnose and resiniferations.

Further, in the step 6, the pesticides in the efficient prevention and control of the plant diseases and insect pests can be avermectin/deltamethrin/thiamethoxam/buprofezin/pyriproxyfen/spirotetramat and the like, the acaricides can be spirodiclofen/etoxazole/fenpyroximate/bifenazate and the like, the leaf miner can be prevented and controlled by 99% mineral oil+20% chlorantraniliprole, and the fungicide can be prevented and controlled by difenoconazole/pyrimethanil/azoxystrobin/thiophanate methyl/captan prochloraz and the like.

Further, the specific process of tree disk coverage in step 7 is as follows:

7.1, controlling grass and moisturizing young citrus trees in the ages of 4 by adopting a mode of covering LS (LS GROUNCOVER) ground cloth or straw coverage between rows;

and 7.2, 4 years later, adopting a no-tillage broadcast sowing mode, sowing 2-3 kg/mu of green manure among rows to promote natural grass growth, inhibit weeds and fertilize and activate soil.

Further, the green manure in 7.2 is at least one of clover, sweet potato, common vetch and mucuna pruriens.

The invention has the following advantages:

1. the garden building mode is suitable for mechanized operation and reduces the underground water level, is beneficial to preventing fruit cracking and ponding root rot before picking, promotes the root system to extend downwards, and achieves the effects of accurate, efficient and labor-saving operation. The invention adopts a wide-row narrow-plant planting mode, and a tractor-ploughing path of 2.4-2.6 m is reserved between rows, so that the mechanized pesticide spraying, fertilizer application and fruit picking transportation management after the garden formation are facilitated; the single-row ridging and garden building mode is beneficial to the drainage and drainage in the middle period of rainfall collection of the orchard and the improvement of the rhizosphere soil of barren mountains. Compared with the existing conventional garden building mode, the fruit cracking rate of the late fruit is reduced by 60%, the soluble solid is improved by 8% -15%, and the mechanical application ratio can cover 60% -80% of annual management;

2. the invention adopts layering to improve rhizosphere soil, obviously improves the growth quantity and quality of root systems, and realizes rapid citrus orchard formation. The invention adopts a four-layer soil-modifying method, namely, the soil-modifying method is divided into a water filtering layer, a fertilizer water layer, a living soil layer and a matrix layer from bottom to top in a field planting hole. The water filtering layer is formed by crushed plant straw and a small amount of surface soil, is positioned at the bottom of the fixed planting hole and is basically level with a plowing channel of the inter-row machine, and mainly plays roles of filtering water and improving deep soil in the middle period of rainfall collection in summer; the deep 20-30cm of the fertilizer layer is formed by mixing organic fertilizer and surface soil, so that the fertilizer layer is a key area with the most concentrated distribution of the citrus root system, not only can continuously supply nutrient requirements in the seedling stage of the citrus, but also can induce the root system to rapidly spread downwards and outwards; the living soil layer is formed by backfilling surface fine soil and is positioned around the matrix layer, so that the effects of building up root systems and enhancing the adaptability of the root systems are mainly achieved; the substrate layer is positioned around the soil balls of the container seedlings, plays a role in protecting the root systems of the seedlings and promoting the rapid extraction and the extension of the root systems, and the method can rapidly improve the organic matters of rhizosphere soil to 7% -15%, the growth quantity of the root systems is 2-3 years earlier than that of the root systems of the rhizosphere soil by the synchronous conventional field planting method, and the incidence rate of the nutrient deficiency is reduced by more than 60%;

3. according to the invention, by timely and properly supplying fertilizer according to the needs, the proportion of nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is balanced, the balance of nutrient elements of soil is maintained on the basis of guaranteeing nutrients required by healthy growth of oranges in different stages of seedling stage, the water and fertilizer utilization rate is up to 85%, the healthy and sustainable growth of soil and the early bearing and high yield of oranges are promoted, and compared with the conventional fertilizer application, the growth vigor is earlier than that of oranges by 2-3 years;

4. the shearing-free technology of the invention utilizes strong nutrition branch groups such as overgrowth branches, upright branches and the like, and cultures the branches into backbone branches and fruiting branch groups by twisting, pulling, supporting and the like, thereby promoting the rapid expansion of the tree crowns to the periphery. Compared with the conventional light pruning technology, pruning is reduced for 3-4 times in the whole year, meanwhile, the nutrition branch group has obvious growth advantages, and the pruning-free technology utilizes the growth characteristics of the branches, so that the rapid garden forming of the tree crowns is realized, the nutrient waste is avoided, and the pruning method is 2-3 years earlier than the conventional pruning method;

5. the invention creates good foundation conditions for rapid expansion of root systems by optimizing the container strong seedlings and local soil improvement in root areas, satisfies the nutrient supply of citrus seedling stage, reduces the complicated procedures of applying base fertilizer in autumn in seedling stage, facilitates mechanized light and simple operation in a deep trench wide-box and single-row ridging mode, greatly reduces the later-stage management cost, realizes rapid outward expansion of plant crowns by the application of shaping shearing-free technology, avoids nutrient waste caused by pruning, realizes efficient management in seedling stage by the disease and pest critical-stage prevention and control and formula fertilization technology, can obviously reduce the investment of chemical fertilizer and pesticide consumption and labor force, and simultaneously has the beneficial effects of early fruiting, high and stable yield of fruit trees, sustainable soil production and the like, wherein the plant growth vigor and the fruiting period are 2-3 years earlier than that of the conventional technology.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a garden construction distribution according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the rhizosphere soil improvement according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further illustrated by, but not limited to, the following examples.

Example 1

The example provides a method for rapidly forming a garden by 'Chunshi', as shown in figures 1-2, comprising the following steps:

(1) Selecting strong seedlings: selecting citrus aurantium 'spring-see' container seedlings with the diameter larger than or equal to 1cm, the height larger than or equal to 80cm, the branch number larger than or equal to 3, the trunk height larger than or equal to 25cm, complete and developed root systems, dark green leaf colors, pure varieties, normal sources, strong growth vigor and no quarantine diseases, and planting in 3 months;

(2) Mechanized garden building: the planting density is 2.5m multiplied by 5m, the soil is prepared and adjusted to the bottom along the slope by adopting a mode of single-row soil gathering and ridging, the ridge base is 2.5m, the ridge top is 1.8m, the ridge height is 0.6m, the tractor-ploughing channels are left between rows for 2.5m, after the ridge surface is finished, the line is released to determine the position of a planting hole, and a small excavator is used for digging the planting hole with the depth and the width of 80 cm;

(3) Soil improvement at rhizosphere: crushing corn stalks and mixing surface soil (the mass ratio of the crushed corn stalks to the surface soil is 7:2) to backfill 40cm, pouring 10kg of decomposed rape cakes, 2kg of calcium superphosphate and 8kg of surface soil into each hole, pouring water while covering a small amount of soil, uniformly stirring until the surface soil is fully filled, backfilling the surface soil to the position of 20cm above the ridge, righting container seedlings, placing the container seedlings in the center of a planting point, pouring turf around the container seedlings as a matrix, covering soil, filling water and stepping the planting point;

(4) Fertilizer and water management: root irrigation is carried out in a water-soluble fertilizer-following mode at 15d intervals for two times on sunny days of 3 months, 6 months and 9 months respectively, and pure N0.1 kg (N: P) is applied to young 2-year tree plants ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.3:0.5 A) is provided; 3 young tree N0.2 kg (N: P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O＝1：0.4：0.6) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the 4-5 young tree pure N0.3 kg (N: P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.5: 0.7). Controlling the concentration of the water and fertilizer nutrient solution to be 2%;

(5) Shaping and shearing-free: young citrus trees in 5 years are cultivated to grow tree vigor and promote outward expansion of tree crowns, and the young citrus trees are provided with little movable branch scissors, wherein the specific operation is that after 1/3-1/2 of upright branches are semi-lignified, the upright branches are pinched outwards or twisted inwards by 270-360 degrees by hands from 3-10cm of base parts, so that the branches are opened downwards for 5-30 degrees horizontally; culturing 1-2 bare branches close to the central trunk of each plant to serve as a backbone branch group of an upward crown expansion, and carrying out core picking treatment when the bare branches grow to 1.6-2m to promote layering results; after the branches of the rest overgrowth branches and strong branches are lignified, carrying out branch pulling and hanging treatment, and promoting the crown to be opened at 5-45 degrees outwards rapidly, so as to realize layering results and early fruiting and high yield of oranges;

(6) High-efficient prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests: winter garden cleaning is carried out by using a 1Be degree lime sulphur agent at the beginning of 11 months, spring garden cleaning is carried out by using 150 times of mineral oil, 73% of cyromazine, 1500 times of cyromazine and 25% of azoxystrobin at 1250 times in the last ten days of 2 months, and diseases and insect pests such as citrus overwintering eggs, red spiders and the like are controlled;

monitoring the pest and disease damage of field citrus red spider, aphid, bud maggot, anthracnose and the like in a key way for 3-5 months, when the number of the leaf-insect-mouth of the red spider is within 3, adopting predatory mites for prevention and control, controlling the number of the leaf-insect-mouth of the red spider to be above 3, using high-efficiency low-toxicity insecticide for prevention and control, when the number of the leaf-insect-mouth of the red spider is above 6, using emergency acaricide for prevention and control, and adding a bactericide for preventing anthracnose; 2, in the middle ten days of 4 months, using 1.5 times of pesticide with conventional concentration to kill adult large (small) fruit flies on the ground;

the method is characterized in that the insect pests such as citrus leaf miners, scale insects, large (small) fruit flies, rust ticks, resinoid diseases, anthracnose and the like are monitored in a key way in 6-7 months, insect-killing lamps are arranged in the whole field in the last ten days of 6 months to trap phototactic pests, fly-trapping balls are hung in the middle ten days to trap the large fruit flies, a hanging attractant and sugar-vinegar liquid are used for trapping and killing the small fruit flies, and a pheromone trapper is hung to trap and kill leaf miners, so that the existing insect pests in the same period are heavier;

the citrus leaf miner, the fruit fly and the red spider are controlled in an important way in 8-9 months, the leaf miner adopts a late summer tip and an early autumn tip before 8 months of erasure, and the larva feeding period is shortened in a 9-month concentrated autumn tip placing mode so as to prevent the citrus leaf miner, namely when the autumn tip grows to 2-3cm, the citrus leaf miner is prevented for 1 time by chlorantraniliprole and mineral oil, the fruit fly is mainly trapped and killed physically and the red spider is treated intensively, and the red spider is the same as above;

controlling citrus red spider, anthracnose and resina, and collecting the victimized insect-resident fruits in a concentrated manner in 10-11 months; the insecticide can be selected from imidacloprid/abamectin/deltamethrin/thiamethoxam/buprofezin/pyriproxyfen/spirotetramat and the like, the acaricide can be selected from spirodiclofen/etoxazole/fenpyrad/bifenazate and the like, the leaf miner can be controlled by 99% mineral oil and 20% chlorantraniliprole, and the fungicide can be selected from difenoconazole/pyrimethanil/azoxystrobin/thiophanate methyl/captan/prochloraz and the like for controlling;

(7) Tree disk cover: within 4 years after field planting, grass is controlled and moisturized by adopting an inter-row LS land cloth covering mode, and the land cloth is uncovered for ventilation when base fertilizer is applied in autumn until the covering is continued in the next ten days of 3 months, so that the rapid growth of citrus in seedling stage is promoted; after 4 years, adopting a no-tillage broadcasting mode, sowing 2-3 kg/mu of clover, vetch with light leaves, common vetch with common vetch, mucuna pruriens and other green manure among rows to promote natural grass growth, inhibit weeds and cultivate fertilizer to activate soil.

The plant growth vigor of the 'Chunye' of the embodiment is 3 years earlier than that of the 'Chunye', the plant is strong, the leaf color is dark green, the incidence rate of the lack of elements is reduced by 80% than that of the plant growth vigor, and the initial fruiting capacity is achieved in the 2 nd year of field planting; before the spring is seen, the yield is increased by 4000kg per mu, the soluble solid is increased by 10%, the titratable acid is reduced by more than 8%, meanwhile, the reduction and the synergy of chemical fertilizer and pesticide are realized, the use amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide in the whole garden is respectively reduced by 21% and 35% by detection, the soil organic matter in the root zone is increased to 7%, the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 20%, and the fruit quality and the comprehensive economic benefit are obviously improved.

Example 2

A rapid garden forming method of 'pretty quality' citrus comprises the following steps in sequence:

(1) Selecting strong seedlings: selecting a container seedling with the height of more than or equal to 1m, the branch number of more than or equal to 3, the trunk height of more than or equal to 30cm, the complete and developed root system and pure variety of the citrus aurantium, and planting in 3 months.

(2) Building a garden: the planting density is 3m multiplied by 4.5m, the shape is adjusted along the slope by adopting a mode of single-row soil gathering and ridging, the ridge base width is 2.2m, the ridge top is 1.8m, the ridge height is 0.6m, and the inter-row tractor-ploughing path is 2.3m.

(3) Soil improvement at rhizosphere: corn stalks are crushed and backfilled for 40cm, 30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 2kg of calcium superphosphate are poured into each hole, and container seedlings are planted according to the method of the embodiment 1.

(4) Fertilizer and water management: root irrigation is carried out in a water-soluble fertilizer-following mode at 15d intervals for two times on sunny days of 3 months, 6 months and 9 months respectively, and pure N0.09 kg (N: P) is applied to young 2-year tree plants ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.3:0.5 A) is provided; 3 young tree N0.2 kg (N: P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.4:0.6 A) is provided; 4-5 young tree pure N0.32 kg (N: P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.5: 0.7). Controlling the concentration of the water and fertilizer nutrient solution to be 2%;

(4) Shaping and shearing-free: shaping after the second year of permanent planting, mainly supporting branches, namely standing a bamboo pole at the center of the crown after 2 months, and pulling the peripheral drooping branch tips onto the bamboo pole by nylon ropes or cloth belts to enable the bamboo pole to grow upwards.

The procedure is as in example 1.

Through detection, the growth vigor of the 'love' citrus plants of the embodiment is advanced by 2 years in the same way, the leaf rolling rate of the virus diseases is reduced by 30 percent in the same way, the incidence rate of the 'small old trees' is reduced by 90 percent in the same way, and the problem that the growth vigor of the 'love' citrus plants is weak is solved; before the stable yield of the whole garden (usually 7-8 years), the cumulative yield per mu is increased by 3000kg, the soluble solid content is increased by 15%, the titratable acid content is reduced by more than 10%, the fertilizer and pesticide consumption of the whole garden is respectively reduced by 15% and 25%, the organic matters in the soil in the root zone are obviously increased to 12%, the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 30%, and the fruit quality and the comprehensive economic benefit of the garden are obviously improved.

Example 3

A rapid garden forming method of 'sweet' citrus comprises the following steps in sequence:

(1) Selecting strong seedlings: as in example 1;

(2) Building a garden: the soil is prepared and adjusted to the bottom along the slope by adopting a mode of single-row soil gathering and ridging, the ridge base width is 2.6m, the ridge top is 2m, the ridge height is 0.7m, and the inter-row tractor-ploughing path is 2.4m.

(3) Soil improvement at rhizosphere: crushing and backfilling corn stalks for 45cm, and pouring 30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 3kg of calcium superphosphate into each hole, wherein the field planting method is the same as that of the example 1;

(4) Tree disk cover: grass is controlled and moisturized by adopting an inter-row LS land cloth covering mode within 3 years after field planting, and the land cloth is uncovered for ventilation when base fertilizer is applied in autumn until the covering is continued in the next ten days of 3 months, so that the rapid growth of citrus in seedling stage is promoted; after 3 years, adopting a mode of covering rice straw with a tree disk to inhibit weeds and control soil humidity in summer;

(5) Fertilizer and water management: except for the rhizosphere top dressing of example 1, the "sweet" citrus is sprayed with 0.3% KH on the whole-garden foliage for 3 times in 6-8 months ₂ P0 ₄ +1000-1500 times of amino acid chelated calcium nutrient solution;

(6) The remainder is the same as in example 1;

through detection, the growth vigor of the 'sweet citrus plants' of the embodiment is advanced by 2 years in comparison, the branches and leaves are dark green, the incidence of lack of nutrients is reduced by 75% in comparison, the cracking rate is reduced by 85%, the problem that the citrus plants with thin peel are easy to crack is effectively solved, the accumulated yield per mu is increased by 2500kg before the 'sweet citrus plants' are produced steadily in the whole garden, the soluble solids are increased by 10%, the titratable acid is reduced by more than 5%, the soil organic matters in the root zone are obviously improved to 10%, the consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the whole garden are respectively reduced by 15% and 25%, and the fruit quality and the comprehensive economic benefit of the garden are obviously improved.

Comparative example 1

Comparative example 1 was different from example 1 in that a stock of fructus Aurantii having a diameter of 0.7cm and a height of 60cm and a trunk height of 18cm was selected as a "spring-seen" bare root seedling, and the rest of the steps were the same as in example 1. Investigation and analysis of

Comparative example 2

Comparative example 2 is different from example 1 in that the planting density is 3m×3m, a flat land garden construction mode is adopted, two rows of one trench are 30cm wide, the trench depth is 40cm, that is, the garden construction standard is different from example 1, and the rest steps are the same as example 1.

Comparative example 3

Comparative example 3 differs from example 1 in that citrus seedlings were planted in small holes without applying a base fertilizer to the rhizosphere to modify the soil, and the remaining steps were the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 4

Comparative example 4 is different from example 1 in that 3-year-old saplings were planted with 0.04kg of N (N: P) on the soil surface at the end of 2 months and at the beginning of 10 months, respectively ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 1: 1) Simultaneously, the whole garden of 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months and 10 months is filled with the alginic acid water-soluble fertilizer 1000 times for 1 time, 3kg each time; the 4-5 young tree is planted with N0.12 kg (N: P) on the soil surface three times at the bottom of 2 months, in the last 7 months and at the beginning of 10 months ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 1: 1) Meanwhile, the whole garden of 4 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months and 9 months is respectively filled with the alginic acid water-soluble fertilizer 1000 times for 1 time, 7kg of the fertilizer is filled each time, that is, the comparative example 4 is different in fertilization mode, proportion and dosage compared with the example 1, that is, the surface soil is adopted for applying the same mass ratio (N, P) ₂ O ₅ 、K ₂ O) mode, an alginic acid water-soluble fertilizer irrigation step is added, and the rest processes are the same as in the example 1.

Comparative example 5

Comparative example 5 is different from example 1 in that in each period of spring, summer and autumn tip extraction, upright branches, bare branches, too dense branches or one branch of a young tree is cut or erased at a time, a plurality of new tips (cluster branches) are extracted at the same time, and the principle of 'five-to-two and three-to-one' is adopted for thinning, namely, compared with example 1, comparative example 5 adopts a trimming mode of shaping and light shearing, and the rest processes are the same as example 1.

Comparative example 6

Comparative example 6 is different from example 1 in that chemical pesticides are used for prevention in advance before the occurrence of the disease and insect pests according to the occurrence of the citrus disease and insect pests of the past year, and the centralized control is mainly performed for 3-5 months and 7-9 months, wherein 7 disease and insect pests such as citrus red spiders, fruit flies (small) and leaf miners, flower bud maggots, rust ticks, anthracnose and resina diseases are mainly controlled, that is, compared with example 1, comparative example 6 adopts a chemical control mode of key disease and insect pest centralized control by combining the past experience, and the rest processes are the same as example 1.

Comparative example 7

Comparative example 7 is different from example 1 in that according to the conventional planting management method, the planting density is 3m×4m, the "spring" bare root seedling is selected for planting, and when planting, small hole planting, namely, clear water seedling is dug without soil improvement, and the fertilizer and water management mode of comparative example 4, the pruning mode of comparative example 5 and the pest control mode of comparative example 6 are adopted.

The production status and overall benefit of the "spring citrus fruits of example 1 and comparative examples 1-7 were examined as follows:

1. plant growth vigor

The plant growth vigor is affected by various factors, the growth and nutrition health condition of citrus fruits are directly reflected, the example 1 is compared with the comparative examples 1-6 from the various factors of optimal seedling, garden building mode, rhizosphere soil improvement, fertilizer and water regulation, shaping, shearing-free, comprehensive prevention and control of critical period of plant diseases and insect pests, the survival rate of the seedlings of the example 1 is 100%, the incidence rate of stiff seedlings or young trees is less than or equal to 2%, the incidence rate of missing elements is less than or equal to 1%, the crown reaches 2.1m, the tree height is 2.4m, the citrus fruits are initially in garden in the fifth year, each index effect is optimal, and the survival rate of citrus fruits is low, the crown growth vigor is weakest, and the incidence rate of small old trees, missing elements and the like is highest by the conventional management method (comparative example 7).

The specific results are shown in the following table:

example type	Survival rate	Rate of stiff seedling/young tree	Crown width/height of 5 years old	Incidence of hypocrellin	Fruit cracking rate
						Example 1	100％	≤2％	2.1m/2.4m	≤1％	≤1％
Comparative example 1	84％	7％-12％	1.7m/1.8m	≤3％	≤1％
						Comparative example 2	91％	5％-10％	1.5m/1.9m	2％-5％	2％-5％
Comparative example 3	93％	8％-15％	1.6m/1.7m	4％-7％	2％-3％
						Comparative example 4	92％	≤4％	2m/2.2m	≤2％	≤2％
Comparative example 5	100％	≤3％	1.8m/1.9m	≤1.5％	≤1％
						Comparative example 6	100％	≤3％	2.1m/2.3m	≤1％	≤1％
Comparative example 7	70％	15％-23％	1.3m/1.5m	8％-15％	3％-8％

2. Soil fertility

The loss or proportion imbalance of soil nutrient elements can cause the growth and physiological metabolism of oranges to be blocked or abnormally changed, and a scientific fertilization scheme is formulated according to the soil fertilizer supply performance, fertilizer utilization effect and orange fertilizer requirement rule, so that the phenomenon of soil nutrient element deficiency or enrichment can occur after most of citrus orchards are planted throughout the year by referring to the traditional cultivation technology and unreasonable fertilization concept, and the growth and the result of oranges are seriously influenced. Example 1 compares the factors such as garden building mode, rhizosphere soil improvement, fertilizer water regulation and control with the soil fertility index of comparative examples 2-4 after 5 years of continuous planting, the effect of example 1 is outstanding in improving soil pH, improving soil organic matters, balancing soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like, and according to the conventional fertilizer water management method, the soil pH is continuously deteriorated, the organic matters are greatly reduced, the soil mineral nutrient imbalance is further increased, and the detection result is as follows:

3. production benefit

According to the method of example 1 and comparative examples 1-6, the production benefits of continuously planting citrus fruits in the aspects of fertilizer saving, pesticide reduction, synergism and the like are compared, the net production benefits are the production operation costs of fertilizer saving, pest control, seedling, land renting, water, electricity and the like, wherein the land renting cost is 500 yuan/year/mu, the unit price is 7 yuan/kg, the following statistical result shows that the comprehensive benefits of example 1 are optimal, the rapid citrus orchard comprehensive technology is utilized, the fourth year of citrus planting starts to withdraw the production cost, the net production benefits accumulated in the fifth year reach 7400 yuan, the citrus production period and the production cost before the citrus production are greatly shortened, the citrus production risk is remarkably reduced, the conventional management (comparative example 7) mode is adopted until the fifth year, the integrated net production benefits accumulated in each mu are-7080 yuan, the production cost can be withdrawn only in the 7-8 years, the profitability is realized, in addition, the comparative example 2 is easy to produce the fruits in the early stage, the quality is not increased, the quality is not easy to be reduced, and the pest control is poor, and the plant quality is not easy to be reduced due to the poor.

The foregoing is merely illustrative and explanatory of the invention as it is claimed, as modifications and additions may be made to, or similar to, the particular embodiments described, without the benefit of the inventors' inventive effort, and as alternatives to those of skill in the art, which remain within the scope of this patent.

Claims (6)

1. The rapid citrus orchard forming method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: 1. selecting strong seedlings; 2. mechanically building a garden; 3. soil is changed from rhizosphere; 4. fertilizer and water management; 5. shaping and shearing-free; 6. the plant diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented and controlled; 7. covering a tree disk;

in the step 3, the rhizosphere soil improvement adopts a four-layer soil improvement method, namely a water filtering layer, a fertilizer water layer, a living soil layer and a matrix layer are sequentially arranged in the field planting hole from bottom to top;

the water filtering layer consists of crushed plant straw and surface soil, is positioned at the bottom of the planting hole and has the thickness of 30-45cm; the fertilizer layer is formed by mixing organic fertilizer and surface soil, and the thickness is 20-30cm; the active soil layer is formed by backfilling surface fine soil and is positioned around the matrix layer; the matrix layer is positioned around the seedling soil ball of the container, and the distance between the matrix layer and the ground is 15-20 cm;

the specific process of fertilizer and water management in the step 4 is as follows:

4.1 and 5 years of young citrus trees are respectively root-irrigated with water and fertilizer nutrient solution for two times in 3 months, 6 months and 9 months, and each time is 15-20d;

4.2, N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 2 years: p (P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.3:0.5, wherein the pure N amount is 0.09-0.11 kg; n in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 3 years: p (P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.4:0.6, wherein the pure N amount is 0.18-0.23 kg; n in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 4-5 years: p (P) ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O=1: 0.5:0.7, wherein the pure N amount is 0.27-0.33 kg;

the shaping and shearing-free concrete process in the step 5 is as follows:

young citrus trees within 5 years: after the 1/3-1/2 part of the upright branch is semi-lignified, the upright branch is pinched outwards or twisted inwards by 270-360 degrees by hands from the 3-10cm part of the base, so that the branch is opened downwards by 5-30 degrees horizontally; culturing 1-2 bare branches close to the central trunk of each plant to serve as a backbone branch group of an upward crown expansion, and carrying out core picking treatment when the bare branches grow to 1.6-2m so as to promote layering results; after the rest branches of the overgrowth branch and the strong branch group are lignified, carrying out branch pulling and hanging treatment to ensure that the crown is rapidly opened outwards at a level of 5-45 ℃;

the citrus varieties are spring.

2. The rapid citrus orchard-forming method according to claim 1, wherein the strong seedlings in the step 1 are selected from citrus fruit stocks or citrus fruit stock container seedlings; nursery stock selection criteria: the branches are right, the grafting openings are well healed, the root system is complete and developed, the leaf color is dark green, the diameter is larger than or equal to 1cm, the height is larger than or equal to 80cm, the number of branches is larger than or equal to 3, and the trunk height is 20-30cm.

3. The rapid citrus orchard forming method according to claim 1, wherein the mechanized orchard building in the step 2 comprises the following specific steps:

2.1, soil preparation and shape adjustment are carried out by adopting a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, and plant row spacing is selected to be 2-3 m multiplied by 4.5-6 m;

2.2, mechanically ridging, wherein the standard is that the ridge base is 2.2-2.6 and m, the ridge top is 1.8-2 and m, the ridge height is 0.6-0.7 and m, the tractor-ploughing channels are left between rows for 2.3-2.6 and m, and the ridge surfaces are mechanically tidied after ridging, so that the side surfaces are kept flat;

and 2.3, determining the positions of planting holes by adopting the principles of 'guy ropes spacing, unified paying off and standard planting', ensuring that the planting holes are transversely arranged in rows, vertically arranged in rows and obliquely arranged in lines, and digging the planting holes by utilizing mechanical equipment, wherein the depth and the width of the planting holes are 75-90 cm.

4. The rapid citrus orchard formation method according to claim 1, wherein the specific process of efficient pest control in step 6 is as follows:

6.1, 11 months-2 months of the next year, and cleaning the garden in winter and spring: 150 times of mineral oil or 1 Be-2 Be-O lime sulfur mixture is adopted in winter to carry out full-garden spraying for 1 time; 150 times of mineral oil or 150 times of engine oil emulsion, 1500 times of 73% of cyromazine and 1250 times of 25% azoxystrobin are adopted for full-circle spraying for 1 time in spring;

6.2, 3 months to 5 months to prevent and control citrus red spider, aphid, bud maggot and anthracnose; the specific measures are as follows: when the number of the red spider leaf insect mouth is less than 3, predatory mites are thrown in to prevent and control; when the leaf-insect population base number is more than 3 and less than 6, spraying insecticide for prevention and control; when the number of leaf insect ports is more than 6, spraying acaricide is adopted to prevent and control, and meanwhile, spraying bactericide is adopted to prevent anthracnose; spraying insecticide with the concentration of 1.5 times in the middle ten days of 4 months to kill adult fruit flies on the ground;

6.3, 6 months to 7 months to prevent and control citrus fruit fly, rust ticks, leaf miner, scale insect, resina and anthracnose; the specific measures are as follows: the insect-killing lamp is arranged in the last ten days of 6 months, the fly-trapping ball is hung in the last ten days of 6 months to trap adult fruit flies, the sex attractant and sugar-vinegar liquid are hung to trap young fruit flies, and the pheromone trap is hung to trap leaf miners;

6.4, preventing and controlling fruit flies, leaf miners and red spiders in 8-9 months; the specific measures are as follows: leaf miner adopts late summer and early autumn tips before 8 months of erasing; spraying chlorantraniliprole and mineral oil for 1 time when the autumn tips grow to 2-3cm in 9 months, and adopting a physical trapping and killing mode to prevent and control fruit flies and red spiders;

6.5, 10-11 months to prevent and control citrus red spider, anthracnose and resina.

5. The method for rapid gardening of citrus fruit according to claim 1, wherein the specific process of tree disk coverage in step 7 is as follows:

7.1, controlling grass and moisturizing young citrus trees in the ages of 4 by adopting a mode of covering LS ground cloth or straw coverage between rows;

and 7.2, 4 years later, adopting a no-tillage broadcast sowing mode, sowing 2-3 kg/mu green manure among rows to promote natural grass growth, inhibit weeds and cultivate manure to activate soil.

6. The rapid citrus orchard formation method of claim 5, wherein the green manure of 7.2 is at least one of clover, vetch and mucuna pruriens.

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