CN112899350B - 核酸检测方法和试剂盒 - Google Patents
核酸检测方法和试剂盒 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了将快速恒温核酸扩增与Cas检测体系相结合的核酸检测技术和检测试剂盒。它们可用于恒温情况下检测样品中的靶核酸,具有成本低、检测时间短、操作简便、特异性高、灵敏度高等优点,尤其适用于POCT应用。
Description
本申请为2018年5月14日提交的发明名称为“DNA聚合酶以及核酸检测方法和试剂盒”的中国发明专利申请的分案申请,在此通过引用将其原文并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及核酸检测技术,尤其是将恒温核酸扩增和Cas检测相结合的核酸检测技术。
背景技术
核酸检测技术具有极大的分子诊断、生化分析、疾病诊断应用价值,例如,用于病毒、细菌、病原体核酸检测以及核酸类疾病标记物的检测,等等。PCR(聚合酶链式反应,polymerase chain reaction)技术是目前应用最为广泛的核酸检测技术。该技术由Dr.Mullis于1983年发明,其主要分为三个基本步骤,即:变性、退火和延伸。PCR技术需要通过反复升降温来实现核酸扩增,对仪器和操作环境要求较高,仪器精密复杂、价格昂贵,且操作繁琐,需要专业技术人员和实验室,因此PCR技术应用范围具有较大的局限性,例如限制了其在即时检测(Point-of-care testing,POCT)等领域的应用。由此以RPA(recombinase polymerase amplification)、RAA(recombinase-aid amplification)、LAMP(loop—mediated isothermal amplification)等为代表的核酸恒温扩增技术越来越得到人们的关注,然而这些技术的特异性不是特别高,容易在实践过程中出现非特异扩增,干扰结果的判读。
另外,长期以来,对RNA的检测依赖于逆转录酶,需要首先由逆转录酶将RNA反转录为cDNA,随后再进行DNA序列的扩增(例如PCR等)。Gulati等人发现,DNA聚合酶I能够依赖寡核苷酸oligo-dT对病毒RNA进行反转录。然而,这种反转录体系对DNA聚合酶:RNA模板比例要求高,逆转录扩增效率不理想(Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci USA Vol.71,No.4,pp.1035-1039,1974)。
发明内容
为了克服上述问题,在一方面,本发明提供了一种以DNA或RNA为模板的DNA聚合酶,其为通过对大肠杆菌聚合酶I的Klenow大片段进行如下氨基酸置换而获得:G198W、V222I,E306K、Q354E、A381E、和E582K。
在一些实施方案中,所述DNA聚合酶具有如SEQ ID NO:18所示的氨基酸序列。
相应地,本发明还提供了编码所述DNA聚合酶的多核苷酸序列或其互补序列。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种用于核酸恒温扩增的DNA引物对,其中所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者具有茎环结构。
在一些实施方案中,所述茎环结构是通过在与模板序列互补的线性DNA引物5’端添加2至15个碱基而形成,所述2至15个碱基与所述线性DNA引物的3’末端序列互补或者与距所述所述线性DNA引物的3’末端1至10个碱基的序列互补。
在一些实施方案中,所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者的长度为33至45个碱基;或者在所述线性引物的5’端还添加有T7启动子序列,则所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者的长度为51至63个碱基。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种在样品中确定靶核酸的水平的方法,包括:
1)从所述样品中分离所述靶核酸;
2)以分离的所述靶核酸为模板,采用恒温核酸扩增技术进行扩增,获得DNA扩增产物;以及
3)采用Cas检测组合物检测所述DNA扩增产物的量,并将所述DNA扩增产物的量与所述样品中所述靶核酸的水平相关联。
在一些实施方案中,所述靶核酸为DNA或RNA。
在一些实施方案中,所述恒温核酸扩增技术包括使用具有茎环结构的DNA引物对。
在一些实施方案中,所述恒温核酸扩增技术包括使用含有解旋酶、重组酶和DNA聚合酶的扩增反应体系。
在一些实施方案中,所述解旋酶选自RecQ解旋酶、UvrD解旋酶、DnaB解旋酶、和CMC解旋酶;所述重组酶选自噬菌体的UvsX系统、真核生物Rad系统、酵母或大肠杆菌recA系统;所述DNA聚合酶选自Deep VentRTM DNA聚合酶、Deep VentRTM(exo-)DNA聚合酶、Klenow片段(3’-5’exo-)、DNA聚合酶I,Klenow大片段、phi29 DNA聚合酶、DNA聚合酶、VentR(exo-)DNA聚合酶。
在优选的实施方案中,所述DNA聚合酶为对大肠杆菌聚合酶I的Klenow大片段进行如下氨基酸置换而获得的:G198W、V222I,E306K、Q354E、A381E、和E582K。
在优选的实施方案中,所述DNA聚合酶具有如SEQ ID NO:18所示的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,所述Cas检测组合物包含Cas12a或Cas13a蛋白。
在另一些实施方案中,所述Cas检测组合物包含Cas13a蛋白和Csm6蛋白。
在一些实施方案中,所述靶核酸源自病毒或细菌。
在一些实施方案中,所述病毒或细菌选自Inf.A、Inf.B、Inf.C、HPV、Strep.A、RSV、PTB、MP、CP、AdV、EV、BoV、以及HRV。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种用于在样品中检测靶核酸的试剂盒,包括用于进行恒温核酸扩增的解旋酶、重组酶和DNA聚合酶以及用于对DNA扩增产物进行检测的Cas检测组合物。
在一些实施方案中,所述解旋酶选自RecQ解旋酶、UvrD解旋酶、DnaB解旋酶、和CMC解旋酶;所述重组酶选自噬菌体UvsX系统、真核生物Rad系统、和酵母或大肠杆菌recA系统;所述DNA聚合酶选自Deep VentRTM DNA聚合酶、Deep VentRTM(exo-)DNA聚合酶、Klenow片段(3’-5’exo-)、DNA聚合酶I,Klenow大片段、phi29 DNA聚合酶、DNA聚合酶、和VentR(exo-)DNA聚合酶。
在优选的实施方案中,所述DNA聚合酶为对大肠杆菌聚合酶I的Klenow大片段进行如下氨基酸置换而获得的:G198W、V222I,E306K、Q354E、A381E、和E582K。
在优选的实施方案中,所述DNA聚合酶具有如SEQ ID NO:18所示的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,所述Cas检测组合物包含Cas12a或Cas13a蛋白。
在一些实施方案中,所述Cas检测组合物包含Cas13a蛋白和Csm6蛋白。
在一些实施方案中,所述试剂盒还包括用于恒温核酸扩增的DNA引物对,所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者具有茎环结构。
在一些实施方案中,所述茎环结构是通过在与所述靶核酸互补的线性DNA引物5’端添加2至15个碱基而形成,所述2至15个碱基与所述线性DNA引物的3’末端序列互补或者与距所述所述线性DNA引物的3’末端1至10个碱基的序列互补。
在一些实施方案中,所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者的长度为33至45个碱基;或者在所述线性引物的5’端还添加有T7启动子序列,则所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者的长度为51至63个碱基。
在一些实施方案中,所述试剂盒用于检测乙型流感病毒的检测,所述DNA引物对分别具有SEQ ID NO:6和7所示的核苷酸序列或者SEQ ID NO:9和10所示的核苷酸序列;或者所述试剂盒用于HPV病毒的检测,所述DNA引物对分别具有SEQ ID NO:14和15所示的核苷酸序列。
在一些实施方案中,所述试剂盒用于检测乙型流感病毒的检测,还包括具有SEQID NO:8或11所示的核苷酸序列的crRNA;或者所述试剂盒用于HPV病毒的检测,还包括具有SEQ ID NO:16所示的核苷酸序列的crRNA。
本发明提供的DNA聚合酶、茎环结构引物、以及检测核酸的方法和试剂盒可用于在恒温情况下检测样品中的靶核酸,具有成本低、检测时间短、操作简便、特异性高、灵敏度高等优点,尤其适用于POCT应用。
附图说明
图1为本发明RINA-CAS技术示意图
图2为本发明改造的Klenow大片段(MT-Klenow)和野生型Klenow大片段(WT-Klenow)进行恒温核酸扩增的对比结果图。其中,表示使用MT-Klenow扩增的荧光曲线,表示使用WT-Klenow扩增的荧光曲线。
具体实施方式
除非另有说明,本文使用的技术和科学术语具有本领域技术人员所通常理解的含义。除非另有说明,本文采用的分子生物学、基因工程等基本操作为本领域技术人员所公知的常规生物学技术。除非另有说明,本发明所使用的试验材料为从普通生化试剂公司可购得的。
用在本文时,术语“Klenow大片段”指大肠杆菌的DNA聚合酶I经胰蛋白酶或枯草杆菌蛋白酶部分水解生成的C末端605个氨基酸残基的片段。该片段保留了DNA聚合酶I的5’-3’聚合酶活性和3’-5’外切酶活性,但缺少完整酶的5’-3’外切酶活性。另外,如上文所述,该Klenow大片段还具有较弱的RNA依赖的DNA聚合酶活性。
用在本文时,术语“恒温核酸扩增”或“恒温核酸扩增技术”可互换使用,指在等温情况下进行的核酸扩增过程。即,在扩增过程中无需反复热变性,这与常用的PCR技术不同。近20多年来,恒温核酸扩增技术处于不断发展过程中,涌现出采用不同扩增原理的细分技术,例如,环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)、链替代扩增(strand displacement amplification,SDA)、滚换扩增(rolling circleamplification,RCA)、依赖解旋酶的等温DNA扩增(helicase-dependent isothermal DNAamplification,HDA)、重组酶聚合酶扩增(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)、重组酶介导扩增(recombinase-aid amplification,RAA),等等。由于这些恒温扩增方法不需要反复热变性,扩增速度比PCR扩增反应快得很多,通常在30分钟内、甚至在15分钟内完成,在本文中也将它们称为快速恒温核酸扩增(rapid isothermal nucleic-acidamplification,RINA)。
用在本文时,提及DNA引物时使用的术语“茎环结构”或“发夹结构”可互换使用,指该DNA引物自身通过5’端碱基与3’端碱基配对而形成二级机构。通过碱基配对形成的双链部分为“茎部”,配对碱基之间的序列则形成“环部”。在一些情况下,茎部可以不为平末端,例如具有3’突出末端或5’突出末端,可以称为带有立足点的茎环结构。茎环结构内配对的碱基数量通常为2至15个碱基,例如,5、6、7、8、10、12个碱基等。“环部”则通常由十几到几十个碱基形成。
用在本文时,术语“Cas检测体系”或“Cas检测组合物”指利用细菌的CRISPR(规律间隔性成簇短回文重复序列,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromicrepeats)相关蛋白(CRISPR associated proteins,Cas)来进行核酸检测的系统。CRISPR系统是目前已发现存在于大多数细菌中的一种细菌免疫系统,被用来识别和摧毁噬菌体和其它病原体入侵。CRISPR为细菌基因组中的独特DNA区域,储存有病毒DNA片段,从而允许细菌细胞能够识别试图再次感染它的病毒。CRISPR区域序列经转录后产生的短RNA序列(被称作crRNA)在识别并结合病毒核酸后,导致与crRNA结合的Cas蛋白(或称为Cas酶)对病毒核酸进行剪切。迄今已发现了多种CRISPR/Cas系统,例如CRISPR/Cas9、CRISPR/Cas13a、CRISPR/Cas12a等。不同于Cas9,Cas13a和Cas12a在激活后具有相应的核酸酶活性,除了能够对靶核酸切割之外,还具有附带切割(collateral cleavage)活性,能够继续切割附近其它的非靶单链DNA(Cas12a)或RNA(Cas13a)。可以将这些特征用于对样品中靶核酸的检测。例如,为了检测样品中靶核酸水平,可以设计特异结合靶核酸序列的crRNA以及带有荧光基团和淬灭基团的短RNA或DNA报告分子,利用Cas13a或Cas12a的这种附带切割活性来实现对报告分子核酸序列的切割,产生荧光信号。最后,通过检测这种荧光信号的强弱或随时间的变化情况来反映样品中靶核酸的水平。这种体系在本文中称为“Cas检测体系”。当然,Cas检测体系不仅限于Cas13a或Cas12a,也可以采用具有类似于Cas13a或Cas12a酶活性的其它蛋白来实现这种检测。
用在本文时,术语“报告分子(reporter)”指短的单链DNA或单链RNA分子,例如6至20个碱基长度,其5’端连接有荧光基团(例如,FAM、HEX、cy3、JOE或ROX),3’端连接为淬灭基团(例如BHQ2、BHQ3等)。在完整的报告分子中,荧光基团与淬灭基团在空间上接近,淬灭基团抑制激发光照射引起的荧光信号产生;而在例如Cas13a或Cas12a切割报告分子中单链DNA或单链RNA情况下,荧光基团与淬灭基团分离,则在激发光照射下可检测到荧光信号的产生。
对Klenow大片段的改造
Klenow大片段为DNA聚合酶I缺失5’-3’核酸外切酶结构域的剩余部分,包括605个氨基酸残基,氨基酸序列为:VISYDNYVTILDEETLKAWIAKLEKAPVFAFDTETDSLDNISANLVGLSFAIEPGVAAYIPVAHDYLDAPDQISRERALELLKPLLEDEKALKVGQNLKYDRGILANYGIELRGIAFDTMLESYILNSVAGRHDMDSLAERWLKHKTITFEEIAGKGKNQLTFNQIALEEAGRYAAEDADVTLQLHLKMWPDLQKHKGPLNVFENIEMPLVPVLSRIERNGVKIDPKVLHNHSEELTLRLAELEKKAHEIAGEEFNLSSTKQLQTILFEKQGIKPLKKTPGGAPSTSEEVLEELALDYPLPKVILEYRGLAKLKSTYTDKLPLMINPKTGRVHTSYHQAVTATGRLSSTDPNLQNIPVRNEEGRRIRQAFIAPEDYVIVSADYSQIELRIMAHLSRDKGLLTAFAEGKDIHRATAAEVFGLPLETVTSEQRRSAKAINFGLIYGMSAFGLARQLNIPRKEAQKYMDLYFERYPGVLEYMERTRAQAKEQGYVETLDGRRLYLPDIKSSNGARRAAAERAAINAPMQGTAADIIKRAMIAVDAWLQAEQPRVRMIMQVHDELVFEVHKDDVDAVAKQIHQLMENCTRLDVPLLVEVGSGENWDQAH(SEQ ID NO:17)。从结构上看,Klenow大片段的P61-Q194结构域具有3’-5’核酸外切酶校对活性,L422-D570结构域为聚合酶结构域。其具有依赖DNA的DNA聚合酶活性和弱的依赖RNA的DNA聚合酶活性(即反转录活性)。
为了改善其活性,尤其是反转录活性,我们对该Klenow大片段进行改造,利用定点突变(site-directed mutagenesis)对其中部分氨基酸进行了置换。基于结构生物学数据(PDB:1KFD_A),并经过多次试验,我们设计并引入如下六个氨基酸残基的置换:G198W,V222I,E306K,Q354E,A381E和E582K。经改造的Klenow大片段的序列为:
这里采用IUPAC-IUB生化命名委员会所推荐的单字母符号来表示各个氨基酸,例如,其中G代表甘氨酸,W代表色氨酸、V代表缬氨酸、I代表异亮氨酸、E代表谷氨酸、K代表赖氨酸、Q代表谷氨酰胺、A代表丙氨酸。G198W表示将该Klenow大片段中第198位甘氨酸替换为色氨酸,以此类推。在以上序列中用来置换的氨基酸以加有下划线的粗体显示。这6个氨基酸残基的变化提高了Klenow大片段在逆转录以及后续恒温扩增反应中的活性(见下文实施例1)。可以预期,本领域技术人员还可以在本发明提供的这种经改造的Klenow大片段(称为本发明DNA聚合酶)基础上对其它氨基酸进行置换,这种置换不导致其DNA聚合物活性(包括反转录活性)的丧失,例如沉默置换,则这种置换也包括在本发明聚合酶的范围内。
相应地,本发明还提供了编码本发明DNA聚合酶的多核苷酸序列。该多核苷酸序列例如可以通过从大肠杆菌基因组分离、扩增编码Klenow大片段的核苷酸序列,并且在扩增时在特定位点引入核苷酸置换突变而获得。或者,可根据本文提供的本发明聚合酶的氨基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:18),基于氨基酸和三核苷酸密码子的对应关系来设计编码核苷酸序列,随后通过化学合成等方法获得。这些操作是本领域的常规方法,为技术人员所熟知。需要指出的是,基于密码子简并性,可以有多个多核苷酸序列都编码本发明的DNA聚合酶,它们都应包括在本发明的范围内。
用于核酸恒温扩增的引物
为了提高核酸恒温扩增技术的特异性,本发明提供了具有发卡结构(或称茎环结构)的扩增引物。这些发卡结构只有在扩增引物与目标靶序列发生真实有效的结合时,才会打开;与此同时,扩增引物分子内的发卡结构还有效避免了扩增引物之间错配的出现,防止了假阳性结果的产生,从而有效解决了恒温扩增技术中特异性差的问题。这与常用的PCR引物相反,在PCR引物设计中一般要求引物自身不能有连续4个碱基以上的互补序列。
本发明的茎环结构引物的3’端是与核酸靶序列是完全相同或完全互补的;在引物5’端额外添加2-15nt的碱基,与引物3’端互补形成茎环结构;或在5’端特外添加2-15nt的碱基,与距3’端1-10nt的碱基互补形成带有立足点的茎环结构。
例如,可以根据靶核酸序列设计一对普通的线性引物(即可以与靶核酸的部分连续序列完全互补或相同),引物长度优选为30-35nt,GC含量在40%-60%,且引物内或引物间没有或仅存在简单的二级结构,避免引物3’端与自身或另一引物互补。随后,在已设计好的线性引物5’端添加2-15nt的碱基,优选6-8nt,添加的碱基与该引物3’端的碱基互补,或与距该引物3’端1-10nt碱基后的若干碱基互补,并通过软件模拟测定其结构,以及茎环结构引物的Tm值。可以使用NUPACK(http://www.nupack.org/partition/new)进行二级结构模拟测定,以及使用Quikfold(http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?q=DINAMelt/Quickfold)进行茎环结构引物Tm值测定。茎环结构引物最佳状态为单一稳定状态且茎环结构引物Tm最佳值高于反应温度(反应温度≤65℃,例如25℃)。在茎环结构引物最佳Tm值与最佳状态无法兼容时应综合考虑,如,当设计茎环结构引物Tm值为最佳时,茎环结构引物单一但环部有简单二级结构存在时可选取Tm值为最佳;当设计茎环结构引物Tm值为最佳时,茎环结构引物不单一或/和环部有复杂二级结构存在时,应当主要考虑茎环结构引物状态,保证茎环结构引物单一性和稳定性。
快速恒温核酸扩增与Cas检测体系结合用于核酸检测
如上文所述,Cas检测体系可以用于检测样品中靶核酸序列。然而,其灵敏度经常难以满足检测要求。例如,在靶核酸序列水平较低例如几个至几百个拷贝的情况下,不能产生有效的荧光信号。另外,尽管也可利用EvaGreen、SybrGreen等DNA结合染料或者PNAOpener、DNA Beacon、PNA Beacon,实时监测恒温扩增过程中扩增产物的情况来反映样品中靶核酸的水平,但特异性方面常常不能满足要求。本发明提供的了采用快速恒温核酸扩增与Cas检测体系相结合的核酸检测技术(以下也称为RINA-CAS技术),一方面可提高灵敏度,例如可检测低至数个拷贝,甚至1个拷贝的靶核酸分子,另一方面通过恒温扩增过程中的引物匹配结合检测过程中的crRNA匹配来提高检测的特异性。
图1显示了本发明RINA-CAS技术的示意图。在茎环结构的正反向引物存在下,通过恒温核酸扩增大概15分钟获得扩增产物DNA。对于采用Cas13a的检测体系,先将该扩增产物DNA转录为单链RNA(ssRNA)。与Cas13a结合的crRNA通过识别并结合单链RNA上的互补序列,激活Cas13a的附带切割活性(单链RNA核酸酶活性),导致对RNA荧光报告分子的切割,释放荧光信号。对于采用Cas12a的检测体系,通过与Cas12a结合的crRNA识别并结合扩增产物DNA上的互补序列,激活Cas12a的附带切割活性(单链DNA核酸酶活性),导致对DNA单链荧光报告分子的切割,释放荧光信号。该荧光信号可以通过荧光检测仪检测。
本发明对现有的快速恒温核酸扩增技术进行改进,在恒温扩增时同时采用解旋酶、重组酶、和DNA聚合酶,能够提高扩增效率和特异性,通常在25-45℃(例如37℃)于3至20分钟内完成扩增过程。所用的解旋酶例如可以选自RecQ解旋酶、UvrD解旋酶、DnaB解旋酶、CMC解旋酶或其它类似的解旋酶;重组酶可以例如选自噬菌体的UvsX系统、真核生物的Rad系统、酵母或大肠杆菌的recA系统或其它原核系统中的重组酶;DNA聚合酶可以例如选自Deep VentRTM DNA聚合酶、Deep VentRTM(exo-)DNA聚合酶、Klenow片段(3’-5’exo-)、DNA聚合酶I,Klenow大片段、phi29 DNA聚合酶、DNA聚合酶、VentR(exo-)DNA聚合酶或其它类似的聚合酶。
在扩增引物存在时,重组酶与扩增引物结合形成的蛋白-DNA复合物能够在靶核酸上寻找同源序列;解旋酶协助解开DNA双链,形成稳定的D环结构;同时DNA单链结合蛋白(SBB)稳定解开的DNA单链。通过重组酶和解旋酶的联合作用,使得扩增引物与靶核酸互补序列结合,在DNA聚合酶作用下聚合延伸,在25-45℃的等温条件下,这些反应会不断重复进行,例如在3至20分钟内,完成核酸的指数型扩增。
在一些实施方案中,本发明快速恒温核酸扩增所采用的扩增体系组分可参见如下表1。
表1快速恒温核酸扩增体系的组分
Tris-HCl缓冲溶液的pH值为7.0-8.5,优选7.4。聚乙二醇的分子量范围为1000-50000,优选为20000。二硫苏糖醇用于保持各个蛋白组分还原性。
在一些实施方案中,重组酶可以采用UvsX酶与辅助蛋白UvsY的组合,它们为来自T4或T6噬菌体的蛋白,能够介导模板链解链及起始反应时模板链和引物链之间的链置换。这一过程需要ATP来提供能量。解链和链置换后,单链结合蛋白(例如,Gp32)能够和其中的单链结合,防止双链形成。
ATP能够由磷酸肌酸再生,而肌酸激酶能够实现磷酸肌酸的再生,循环利用。
在优选的实施方案中,所用DNA聚合酶为Klenow大片段,其具有链置换活性,能够在扩增引物与模板链进行链置换后进行特异性延伸,从而实现靶标片段扩增。在更优选的实施方案中,所用DNA聚合酶为本发明的DNA聚合酶,即上文所述的经改造的Klenow大片段。采用本发明的DNA聚合酶,不仅能够以单链或双链DNA分子为模板进行扩增,还能够以RNA分子为模板进行扩增。在以RNA分子为模板进行扩增时,首先利用本发明DNA的反转录活性合成可作为模板的cDNA分子,随后以该cDNA分子为模板进行随后的扩增反应。采用本发明的DNA聚合酶对靶RNA进行扩增时,无需额外的反转录酶来进行反转录操作,这大大简化了扩增过程。
在优选的实施方案中,所采用的上下游引物为本发明提供的具有茎环结构的引物。引物长度一般为33nt-45nt,以保证重组酶进行链替换过程中的序列识别特异性,所采用的引物个数可以随待检测靶核酸序列的个数增加而增加。此外,当使用Cas13a检测体系时,可以在正向扩增引物的5’端引入T7启动子序列TAATACGACTCACTATAG(SEQ ID NO:22),用于后续的DNA扩增产物转录及Cas13a蛋白酶切检测。这样,引物中从5’端至3’端依次包含与模板配对的序列、T7启动子序列和用于与3’端形成茎环结构的5’端序列,总长度大概为51-63nt。
所用的dNTPs包括:dATP、dTTP、dCTP、dGTP、dUTP,其中dTTP可以存在或不存在,而dUTP的使用有利于通过UNG酶来消除或极大程度消除污染问题。
另外,还可利用DMSO、PEG、DTT、Betaine、Proline、Formamide、BSA等添加剂对本扩增体系进一步优化。
快速恒温核酸扩增步骤产生的DNA扩增产物可由包含Cas12a的检测体系或包含Cas13a的检测体系检测。
在这些检测体系中采用的crRNA包括两部分结构序列:与CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a蛋白结合的序列和与靶核酸互补配对的序列。其中与靶核酸互补配对的序列长度为24nt-30nt,这可进一步增加了检测的特异性和灵敏性。
Cas12a检测体系中,crRNA与Cas12a蛋白形成的Cas12a-RNP复合物特异性识别并切割靶DNA片段(例如,DNA扩增产物),同时激活Cas12a蛋白的ssDNase活性,使得DNA报告分子(reporter)被降解。DNA报告分子为5’端带有荧光基团,3’端带有淬灭基团的寡核苷酸ssDNA片段。最终,荧光基团与淬灭基团分离,在激发光照射下,产生荧光信号并由仪器读取。
在一些实施方案中,本发明使用的Cas12a检测体系包括如表2所示的组分。
表2 Cas12a检测体系组分
Cas13a检测体系中,首先通过T7 RNA聚合酶将含有T7启动子序列的扩增产物DNA转录成RNA,随后通过crRNA与Cas13a蛋白形成的Cas13a-RNP复合物对转录的RNA进行特异性识别切割,进而激活Cas13a蛋白的RNA核酸酶活性,使得RNA报告分子被降解,发出荧光信号。RNA报告分子为5’端带有荧光基团,3’端带有淬灭基团的寡核苷酸RNA链。
具体地,该检测例如可包括如下过程:(1)通过T7 RNA聚合酶将携带有T7启动子序列的DNA扩增产物转录成为靶标RNA链;(2)让Cas13a蛋白与crRNA结合,形成Cas13a-RNP复合物,在crRNA引导下特异性靶向转录后的靶标RNA;(3)形成靶标RNA-Cas13a-crRNA复合物,从而使Cas13a蛋白构象发生改变,激活其非特异性RNA核酸酶活性;(4)Cas13a蛋白的非特异性RNA核酸酶活性能够将荧光底物RNA报告分子酶切,使荧光基团和淬灭集团分离,在激发光照射下产生荧光信号,被仪器检测分析。尽管这里是以分步骤的方式描述了检测过程,但实际操作时它们可以在同一反应体系中进行。
在一些实施方案中,本发明使用的Cas13a检测体系包括如下表3所示的组分。
表3 Cas13a检测体系组分
该检测体系中Tris缓冲液的pH值优先选为7.4。
在一些实施方案中,可以在该体系中加入另外一种CRISPR-Cas蛋白Csm6及其激活因子前体(rUrUrUrUrUrArArArArArA-(2,3-环磷酸)),当Cas13a被激活后,可将该前体切割,从而产生Csm6的激活因子,将Csm6的RNase活性激活,可以水解RNA报告分子,从而能够有效提高CRISPR-Cas13a检测体系的灵敏度。因此,在一些实施方案中,可以对CRISPR-Cas13a检测体系进行改进,补充加入终浓度为10nM的Csm6蛋白和500nM Csm6激活因子前体。
本发明的RINA-CAS技术可以使靶核酸在一个反应体系中完成扩增与检测,并且对扩增子(即DNA扩增产物)进行定性和定量分析。
检测试剂盒
本发明提供的检测试剂盒可用于上文描述的本发明的RINA-CAS技术中。该试剂盒可包括用于该技术的主要试剂,例如用于进行恒温核酸扩增反应的酶和用于对扩增产物进行检测的酶。用于进行恒温核酸扩增反应的酶主要包括解旋酶、重组酶和DNA聚合酶。在优选的实施方案中,该聚合酶为本发明提供的DNA聚合酶。对扩增产物进行检测的酶例如包括Cas12a和/或Cas13a。针对具体的细菌或病毒检测,本发明的试剂盒还可包括用于进行恒温核酸扩增反应的引物以及与Cas12a和/或Cas13a配合使用的crRNA。另外,在本文多处以表格形式列出了进行恒温核酸扩增反应的组分和用于对扩增产物进行检测的组分,这些组分的全部或部分可以包括在本发明的检测试剂盒内。
本发明提供的RINA-CAS技术能够在37℃甚至是室温条件下就完成反应,仅需一种小型恒温和荧光信号检测装置,而不需要使用精密昂贵的PCR热循环仪,非常适合于即时检验(POCT)应用。
下面将结合具体的实施例对本发明作更详细的解释说明,使本发明的目的、技术方案及效果更为清楚明确。以下实施例仅作为示例说明,对本发明保护范围不构成任何限定。
实施例1本发明DNA聚合酶和原Klenow大片段的活性
本实施例对改造后(即引入本文所述的氨基酸置换)的Klenow大片段(MT-Klenow)和野生型的Klenow大片段(WT-Klenow)的活性进行了对比。采用相同的RNA模板和引物,利用MT-Klenow和WT-Klenow在相同条件下进行恒温核酸扩增。所采用的RNA模板序列为:
CAGGGAGGUGCCUUGAUGACAUAGAAGAAGAACCAGAUGAUGUUGAUGGCCCAACUGAAAUAGUAUUAAGGGACAUGAACAACAAAGAUGCAAGGCAAAAGAUAAAGGAGGAAGUAAACACUCAGAAAGAAGGGAAGUUCCGUUUGACAAUAAAAAGGGAUAUGCGUAAUGUAUUGUCCCUGAGAGUGUUAGUAAACGGAACAUUCCUCAAACACCCCAAUGGAUACAAGUCCUUAUCAACUCUGCAUAGAUUGAAUGCAUAUGACCAGAGUGGAAGGCUUGUUGCUAAACUUGUUGCUACUGAUGAGCUUACAGUGGAGGAUGAAGAAGAUGGCCAUCGGAUCCUCAAUUCACUCUUCGAGCGUCUUA(SEQID NO:19);
正向引物序列为CAGGGAGGTGCCTTGATGACATAGAAGAAGAACCA(SEQ ID NO:20);
反向引物序列为TAAGACGCTCGAAGAGTGAATTGAGGATCCGATG(SEQ ID NO:21)。
所采用的反应体系体积为50μL,其中的组分如下表4所示。
表4用于WT-Klenow和MT-Klenow活性对比试验的恒温核酸扩增反应体系组分
通过荧光染料分子Eva Green来监测扩增过程,结果见图2,图中表示使用MT-Klenow扩增的荧光曲线,表示使用WT-Klenow扩增的荧光曲线。从图2可知,经本发明改造后的MT-Klenow比WT-Klenow具有更好的逆转录及扩增效率。
实施例2:茎环结构引物与线性引物对比试验
本发明茎环结构引物的3’端是与核酸靶标序列是完全相同或完全互补的;引物5’端额外添加2-15nt的碱基,与引物3’端互补形成茎环结构;或5’端特外添加2-15nt的碱基,与距3’端1-10nt的碱基互补形成带有立足点的茎环结构。
根据以上茎环结构引物设计原则,本发明对一对普通线性引物与其茎环结构引物的恒温扩增反应进行了实验对比。其中DNA模板序列为:5’-GACAGACTGCACAGGGCATGGATTACTTACACGCCAAGTCAATCATCCACAGAGACCTCAAGAGTAATAATATATTTCTTCATGAAGACCTCACAGTAAAAATAGGTGATTTTGGTCTAGCTACAGAGAAATCTCGATGGAGTGGGTCCCATCAGTTTGAACAGTTGTCTGGATCCATTTTGTGGATGGCACCAGAAGTCATCAGAATGCAAGATAAAAATCCATACAGCTTTCAGTCAGATGTATATGCATTTGGAATTGTTCTGTATGAATTGATGACTGGACAGTTACCTTATTCAAACATCAGACGGGA-3’(SEQ ID NO:1),普通线性引物为:BRAF-F(序列为:5’-CGCCAAGTCAATCATCCACAGAGACCTCAAGAG-3’(SEQ IDNO:2)),BRAF-R(序列为:5’-CCAAATGCATATACATCTGACTGAAAGCTGTATGG-3’(SEQ ID NO:3));茎环结构引物为:JH-BRAF-F(序列为:5’-CTCTTGAGCGCCAAGTCAATCATCCACAGAGACCTCAAGAG-3’(SEQ ID NO:4)),JH-BRAF-R(序列为:5’-CCATACACCAAATGCATATACATCTGACTGAAAGCTGTATGG-3’(SEQ ID NO:5))。这里以及下文茎环结构引物中5’端额外添加的用于配对的碱基加有实线下划线。该扩增反应体系体积为50μL,采用的组分如下表5所示。
表5用于引物对比试验的恒温核酸扩增反应体系组分
整个实验过程进行三次重复,通过荧光染料分子Eva Green来监测扩增过程,实验结果显示在图3中。图中表示茎环结构引物的三组平行荧光曲线,分别为对应的阴性对照,表示普通线性引物的三组平行荧光曲线, 分别对应的阴性对照。由结果可以看出,本发明的茎环结构引物可以显著降低非特异性扩增。
实施例3利用RINA-CAS(采用LwCas13a)技术检测含乙型流感病毒(Influenza B)的样品
首先,对Influenza B(乙型流感病毒yamagata亚型)样品进行核酸提取,核酸提取试剂盒为Qiagen的病毒RNA提取试剂盒(QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit)。采用不含Influenza B的样品作为阴性对照。
取提取的RNA 1μL加入到核酸扩增反应体系中,并加入浓度为10-5 M的两条扩增引物Influenza Primer F(序列为:5’-ACCAACTTAATACGACTCACTATAGGTGAAACTGCGGTGGGAGTCTTATCCCAAGTTGGT-3’(SEQ ID NO:6))、Influenza Primer R(序列为:5’-TGGTTGTCACAAGCACTGCCTGCTGTACACTTCAACCA-3’(SEQ ID NO:7))各2.4μL,在37℃进行孵育,时间为15min。所设计的引物为针对乙型流感病毒yamagata亚型的保守基因Influenza B NS1。该扩增反应体系体积为50μL,各组分如下表6所示。
表6用于Influenza B样品扩增的恒温扩增体系组成
随后,移取4μL扩增产物,与含LwCas13a的检测液20μL(其中包含的LwCas13a-crRNA序列为: 加有波浪下划线的序列用于与LwCas13a结合,加有虚线下划线的序列用于与扩增产物结合)和RNA报告分子(FAM-5’-UUUUU-3’-TAMAR)1μL混合,在37℃进行孵育,时间为30min。该检测体系总体积为25μL,各组分如下表7所示。
表7采用LwCas13a对扩增产物进行检测的检测体系组成
整个实验过程进行三次重复,结果显示在图4中。图中表示对Influenza B实际样品检测的三组平行荧光曲线,分别为对应的阴性对照。从图4可知,通过先对样品进行恒温扩增,随后采用含LwCas13a的检测体系进行检测,本发明的RINA-CAS技术可以成功地对Influenza B样品进行检测。
实施例4:利用RINA-CAS(采用LbCas12a)技术检测含乙型流感病毒(Influenza B)的样品
首先,对Influenza B(乙型流感病毒yamagata亚型)样品进行核酸提取,核酸提取试剂盒为Qiagen的病毒RNA提取试剂盒(QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit)。同时采用不含Influenza B的样品作为阴性对照。
取提取的Influenza B的RNA 1μL加入到恒温扩增反应体系中,并加入浓度为10-5M的两条扩增引物Influenza Primer F(序列为:5’-ACCAACTGAAACTGCGGTGGGAGTCTTATCCCAAGTTGGT-3’(SEQ ID NO:9))、Influenza Primer R(序列为:5’-TGGTTGTCACAAGCACTGCCTGCTGTACACTTCAACCA-3’(SEQ ID NO:10))各2.4μL,在37℃进行孵育,时间为15min。该扩增反应体系体积为50μL,各反应组分如下表8所示。
表8用于Influenza B样品扩增的恒温扩增体系组成
随后,移取4μL扩增产物,与含LbCas12a的检测液20μL(其中包含的LbCas12acrRNA序列为: 加有波浪下划线的序列用于与LbCas12a结合,加有虚线下划线的序列用于与扩增产物结合)和DNA报告分子(FAM-5’-TTTTT-3’-TAMAR)1μL,在37℃进行孵育,时间为15min。该检测体系总体积为25μL,各组分如下表9所示。
表9采用LbCas12a对扩增产物进行检测的检测体系组成
从图5可知,通过先对样品进行恒温扩增,随后采用含LwCas13a的检测体系进行检测,本发明的RINA-CAS技术可以成功地对Influenza B样品进行检测。
实施例5:利用荧光定量PCR对相同的Influenza B样品进行检测
对实施例3中通过RNA提取试剂盒(QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit)提取的RNA作为模板进行PCR扩增,以核实其中存在乙型流感病毒。两条PCR扩增引物分别为:PCR-F(序列为:5’-GGGAGTCTTATCCCAAGTTGGT-3’(SEQ ID NO:12))、PCR-R(序列为:5’-TGCCTGCTGTACACTTCAACCA-3’(SEQ ID NO:13))。PCR反应体系及程序如下:
逆转录反应体系
PCR反应体系
PCR反应程序
每个循环结束时采集荧光信号。试验重复三次,采用不含Influenza B的样品作为阴性对照。反应结果显示在图6中。其中表示对Influenza B样品检测的三组平行荧光曲线,分别为对应 的阴性对照。从图中可知,所用的样品中存在乙型流感病毒,与实施例3采用的RINA-CAS技术得到的结果一致。
实施例6:利用RINA-CAS(采用LwCas13a)技术检测HPV样品
首先,对HPV样品进行核酸提取,核酸提取试剂盒为天根快速DNA提取检测试剂盒(购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司)。同时以不含HPV的样品作为阴性对照。
取提取的HPV的DNA 1μL加入到反应体系中,并加入浓度为10-5M的两条扩增引物HPV Primer F(序列为:5’-ACAGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGTTTGTTGGGGTAACCAACTATTTGTTACTGT-3’(SEQ ID NO:14))、HPV Primer R(序列为:5’-ACTGTGACGTCTGCAGTTAAGGTTATTTTGCACAGT-3’(SEQ ID NO:15))各2.4μL,在37℃进行孵育,时间为15min。该恒温扩增体系体积为50μL,各组分如下表10所示。
表10用HPV样品扩增的恒温扩增体系组成
随后,移取4μL扩增产物,与含LwCas13a的20μL检测液(其中包含的LwCas13a-crRNA序列为: 加有波浪下划线的序列用于与LwCas13a结合,加有虚线下划线的序列用于与扩增产物结合)和RNA报告分子(FAM-5’-UUUUU-3’-TAMAR)1μL混合,在37℃进行孵育,时间为30min。该检测体系总体积为25μL,各组分如下表11所示。
表11采用LbCas13a对扩增产物进行检测的检测体系组成
从图7可知,通过先对样品进行恒温扩增,随后采用含LwCas13a的检测体系进行检测,本发明的RINA-CAS技术可以成功地对HPV样品进行检测。
实施例7:本发明RINA-CAS技术对多种病毒/细菌样品的灵敏度
将多种病毒/细菌检测靶标的质粒/基因组标准品梯度稀释成约105拷贝/μL、104拷贝/μL、103拷贝/μL、102拷贝/μL、101拷贝/μL、100拷贝/μL。
对上述稀释后的模板分别进行恒温核酸扩增,扩增温度为37℃,时间为15min,随后将结果与阴性对照进行比对,作为判定标准进行判定,检测灵敏度结果如表11所示。
表11本发明RINA-CAS技术对不同种病毒/细菌灵敏度检测结果
表中“+”表示阳性结果,“-”表示阴性结果。
相关缩写:Inf.A,甲型流感;Inf.B,乙型流感;Inf.C,丙型流感;HPV,人乳头瘤病毒;Strep.A,链球菌;RSV,呼吸道合胞病毒;PTB,pulmonary tuberculosis,肺结核;MP,肺炎支原体;CP,肺炎衣原体;AdV,腺病毒;EV,Epstein-barr virus巴尔病毒;BoV,博卡病毒;HRV,人鼻病毒。
本发明的RINA-CAS技术具有极高的检测灵敏度,例如对Inf.A等的检测限为5个拷贝,HPV等的检测限甚至低至1个拷贝。
SEQUENCE LISTING
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<120> 核酸检测方法和试剂盒
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Claims (17)
1.一种扩增靶核酸的方法,包括:以所述靶核酸为模板,采用恒温核酸扩增技术进行扩增,获得DNA扩增产物,其中所述恒温核酸扩增技术包括使用DNA聚合酶,所述DNA聚合酶为对大肠杆菌聚合酶I的Klenow大片段进行如下氨基酸置换而获得的:G198W、V222I,E306K、Q354E、A381E和E582K,其氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO:18所示。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述靶核酸为DNA或RNA。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述恒温核酸扩增技术包括使用具有茎环结构的DNA引物对。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述恒温核酸扩增技术还使用解旋酶和重组酶。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述解旋酶选自RecQ解旋酶、UvrD解旋酶、DnaB解旋酶、和CMC解旋酶;所述重组酶选自噬菌体的UvsX系统、真核生物Rad 系统、酵母或大肠杆菌recA系统。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述靶核酸源自病毒或细菌。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述病毒或细菌选自Inf.A、Inf.B、Inf.C、HPV、Strep.A、RSV、PTB、MP、CP、AdV、EV、BoV、以及HRV。
8.一种用于在样品中检测靶核酸的试剂盒,包括DNA聚合酶,所述DNA聚合酶为对大肠杆菌聚合酶I的Klenow大片段进行如下氨基酸置换而获得的:G198W、V222I,E306K、Q354E、A381E和E582K,其氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO:18所示。
9.如权利要求8所述的试剂盒,还包括用于对所述靶核酸进行恒温核酸扩增的解旋酶和重组酶以及用于对DNA扩增产物进行检测的Cas检测组合物。
10.如权利要求9所述的试剂盒,其中所述解旋酶选自RecQ解旋酶、UvrD解旋酶、DnaB解旋酶、和CMC解旋酶;所述重组酶选自噬菌体UvsX系统、真核生物Rad 系统、和酵母或大肠杆菌recA系统。
11.如权利要求9所述的试剂盒,其中所述Cas检测组合物包含Cas12a或Cas13a蛋白。
12.如权利要求9所述的试剂盒,其中所述Cas检测组合物包含Cas13a蛋白和Csm6蛋白。
13.如权利要求8所述的试剂盒,其中还包括用于恒温核酸扩增的DNA引物对,所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者具有茎环结构。
14.如权利要求13所述的试剂盒,其中所述茎环结构是通过在与所述靶核酸互补的线性DNA引物5’端添加2至15个碱基而形成,所述2至15个碱基与所述线性DNA引物的3’末端序列互补或者与距所述线性DNA引物的3’末端1至10个碱基的序列互补。
15.如权利要求14所述的试剂盒,其中所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者的长度为33至45个碱基;或者所述线性引物的5’端还添加有T7启动子序列,则所述DNA引物对中的任一个引物或者二者的长度为51至63个碱基。
16.如权利要求13所述的试剂盒,其中所述试剂盒用于乙型流感病毒的检测,所述DNA引物对的核苷酸序列分别如SEQ ID NO:6和7所示或者如SEQ ID NO:9和10所示;或者所述试剂盒用于HPV病毒的检测,所述DNA引物对的核苷酸序列分别如SEQ ID NO:14和15所示。
17.如权利要求13所述的试剂盒,其中所述试剂盒用于乙型流感病毒的检测,还包括核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO:8或11所示的crRNA;或者所述试剂盒用于HPV病毒的检测,还包括核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO:16所示的crRNA。
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