CN112841134A

CN112841134A - Method for cultivating high-quality chicken by using mangoes

Info

Publication number: CN112841134A
Application number: CN202110196161.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 秦黎梅; 蓝海恩; 吴强; 张莹; 覃仕善; 黄丽; 周俊华; 韦凤英; 吴亮; 陈武权
Original assignee: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Animal Husbandry
Current assignee: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Animal Husbandry
Priority date: 2021-02-22
Filing date: 2021-02-22
Publication date: 2021-05-28

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of chicken cultivation, and discloses a method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangoes, which selects Hongguang black chickens for cultivation; selecting a complete feed of Fuhua company as a basic ration; before feeding, preparing a feed by using basic ration; carrying out feeding management; and (5) carrying out feeding record and observation. The Hongguang black chicken is 38 days old. The preparation of the feed using a basal diet comprises: 5% fermented mango material was added using the basal diet. The fermented mango material was added at 10% using the basal diet. The invention processes the acquired data, comprising: the data obtained were initially processed by Excel, analyzed for variance using SPSS17.0 software, and the means were subjected to LSD multiple comparisons, with the data represented as mean ± standard deviation. The invention can realize the reutilization of waste generated in the mango processing process, realize the utilization of resources, reduce waste and environmental pollution and simultaneously realize the promotion of the growth and development of chickens.

Description

Method for cultivating high-quality chicken by using mangoes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of chicken culture, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating high-quality chicken by using mangoes.

Background

At present, the fruit varieties in Guangxi are rich and the yield is huge due to the unique geographical position and climate condition of subtropical zones in Guangxi. In 2018, the total yield of Guangxi garden fruits is 1790.03 ten thousand tons, which is arranged behind Shandong, Henan and Shaanxi and is third place nationwide; the orchard area is 126.36 ten thousand hectares and occupies the second place of the country. Guangxi is also the biggest tropical and subtropical fruit production base in China, and in recent years, the yield of tropical fruits accounts for about 35% of the total fruit yield, wherein mangoes are the biggest tropical fruits except bananas, account for about 4% of the total amount of Guangxi fruits, and account for 20% of the tropical fruit yield. As early as 2015, the Guangxi mango yield exceeded the national first Hainan residence; the yield in 2017 accounts for 35 percent of the whole country, is higher than 6 percent in the second Hainan province and 20 percent in the third Yunnan province. In 2018, the yield of Guangxi mangos is 63.57 ten thousand tons, which accounts for 18% of the yield of tropical fruits in the whole region; in 2019, the ratio is increased to 21%, the yield is 79.83 ten thousand tons, and the ripe mango has sweet taste, full fruity flavor and beautiful color. Has high nutritive value, and is rich in mineral elements such as fat, protein, crude fiber, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc., and multiple vitamins, all of which are essential for human body. Especially, the carotene in mango pulp is as high as 2.2-6.3mg/100g, which is 10 times of banana and 50 times of apple [1 ]. However, mango is easy to rot, cold-resistant and storage-resistant, most of mango is sold as fresh fruit, a large amount of secondary fruit left after manual primary screening is sold at low price or discarded in an orchard, and most of the waste generated in the mango processing process, such as mango peel and mango kernel, is treated as waste, so that great waste and environmental pollution are caused.

Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: mango is easy to rot, cold-resistant and storage-resistant, most of the mango is sold as fresh fruits, a large amount of secondary fruits left after manual primary screening are sold at low price or discarded in an orchard, and most of the mango waste generated in the mango processing process is treated as waste, so that great waste and environmental pollution are caused.

The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: the variety and structure of mango planting in China are unreasonable, the mango harvesting period is concentrated, the peak period is only 2 months, and the selling pressure of fresh fruits is high. And the storage period of the picked mangos is short, and the pulp is easy to rot due to mechanical damage because of low fruit hardness. The loss rate of the mangoes in China in the storage and transportation stage after harvest can reach about 20 percent every year. In the aspect of deep processing of mangoes, the annual processing amount is less than 3% of the total output, so a large amount of inferior mangoes with residual fruits are directly discarded at the head of an orchard field as wastes, which causes great waste, and the mangoes are rich in moisture and sugar, are very easy to breed flies and insects, and cause great harm to the orchard.

The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: by recycling the low-grade mangos and the mango processing waste, the pollution to the environment can be reduced, the insect pest breeding is reduced, the income of fruit growers is improved, the enthusiasm of farmers for planting mangos is stimulated, and a foundation is laid for the vigorous development of the mango industry.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangoes.

The invention is realized in such a way that a method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangoes comprises the following steps:

step one, selecting Hongguang black chickens for culturing; (Hongguang black chicken belongs to a kind of Guangxi high-quality chicken)

Step two, selecting complete feed of Fuhua company as basic daily ration; (Dafuhua feed has good breeding effect in industry, so it is selected as contrast)

Step three, before feeding, preparing the feed by using basic ration; ensure the nutritional requirements of the chickens.

Fourthly, performing feeding management; ensure the healthy growth of the chickens.

And fifthly, feeding record and observation are carried out, and feasibility of the fermented mango serving as the chicken raising feed is explored by comparing the breeding effect of the mango fermented feed with the breeding effect of the common complete feed.

Further, in the first step, the Hongguang black chickens are 38 days old (38 days old in the experiment, and fermented feed can be added in the whole feeding process for feeding).

Further, in the third step, the preparation of the feed by using the basic ration comprises the following steps: 5 to 10 percent of fermented mango material (mass ratio) is added into the basic ration.

Further, the preparation method of the fermented mango material comprises the following steps:

(1) taking mango peel and mango kernel which are processing wastes of a mango processing factory, and crushing the collected mango peel and mango kernel to obtain mango crushed materials;

(2) adding corn, wheat bran and a lactic acid bacteria starter into the mango crushed material, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture;

(3) placing the mixture in a 100KG sealed barrel, and compacting and sealing a cover;

(4) and (5) performing anaerobic preservation on the mixture in the sealed barrel for more than 15 days to obtain the fermented mango material.

Furthermore, the adding amount of the corn is 5-8% (mass ratio of the fermented mango material), and the adding amount of the wheat bran is 42-45% (mass ratio of the fermented mango material).

Further, the wheat bran can be replaced by rice bran.

Further, in the fourth step, the performing of feeding management includes:

1) feeding with feed twice a day without cutting;

2) free intake and drinking;

3) carrying out immunization and disinfection;

4) chicken feed and mortality were recorded daily.

Further, the feeding time was 92 days (this is only the feeding date of this experiment).

Further, in the fifth step, the recording and observing of feeding comprises: recording growth performance and slaughtering performance, and detecting serum biochemical indexes, meat quality and small intestine villus; and processing the acquired data.

Further, said performing growth performance records comprises: weighing chicken 70 days old, 85 days old, 100 days old, 115 days old and 130 days old; the number of deaths was recorded daily; and calculating average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality after feeding.

Further, the performing slaughter performance records comprises: weighing chicken carcass, pectoral muscle, leg muscle, abdominal fat, semi-bore and full bore, and calculating slaughter rate, pectoral muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate, semi-bore and full bore.

Further, the serum biochemical indicators include: total protein TP, albumin ALB, globulin GLB.

Further, the meat quality detection comprises: and (5) taking breast muscle and leg muscle to detect amino acid and fat.

Further, the processing the acquired data includes: the data obtained were initially processed by Excel, analyzed for variance using SPSS17.0 software, and the means were subjected to LSD multiple comparisons, with the data represented as mean ± standard deviation.

By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: the method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangoes provided by the invention can realize the reutilization of waste generated in the mango processing process, realize the utilization of resources, reduce the waste and environmental pollution, and simultaneously realize the promotion of the growth and development of chickens.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained from the drawings without creative efforts.

Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a method for breeding high-quality chickens by using mangoes, which is provided by the embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 2 is a flow chart of a preparation method of fermented mango material provided by the embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 3 is a flowchart of performing feeding management according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the detection of villi in the small intestine provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

in the figure: FIG. 4(a) shows a control group, FIG. 4(b) shows a test I group, and FIG. 4(c) shows a test II group.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangos, and the invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings.

As shown in fig. 1, the method for breeding high-quality chickens by using mangos provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:

s101, selecting Hongguang black chickens for culturing;

s102, selecting complete feed of Fuhua company as basic daily ration;

s103, preparing a feed by using basic ration before feeding;

s104, performing feeding management;

and S105, carrying out feeding record and observation.

The method for cultivating high-quality chicken by using mango provided by the invention can be implemented by adopting other steps by persons skilled in the art, and the method for cultivating high-quality chicken by using mango provided by the invention in fig. 1 is only a specific embodiment.

In step S101, the hongguang black chickens provided by the embodiment of the present invention are 38 days old.

In step S103, the preparation of the feed using the basic ration provided in the embodiment of the present invention includes: the fermented mango material was added at 10% using the basal diet.

As shown in fig. 2, the preparation method of the fermented mango material provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:

s201, collecting mango peel and mango kernel which are processing wastes of a mango processing factory, and crushing the collected mango peel and mango kernel to obtain mango crushed materials;

s202, adding corn, wheat bran and a lactic acid bacteria starter into the mango crushed material, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture;

s203, placing the mixture in a 100KG sealed barrel, and compacting and sealing a cover;

and S204, carrying out anaerobic preservation on the mixture in the sealed barrel for 15 days to obtain the fermented mango material.

The corn additive amount provided by the embodiment of the invention is 5%, and the wheat bran additive amount is 45%.

The wheat bran provided by the embodiment of the invention can be replaced by rice bran.

As shown in fig. 3, in step S104, the feeding management according to the embodiment of the present invention includes:

s301, feeding with a feed twice a day without cutting;

s302, freely eating and drinking water;

s303, immunizing and disinfecting;

and S304, recording the feed consumption and the death number of the chickens every day.

The feeding time provided by the embodiment of the invention is 92 days.

In step S105, the performing feeding record and observation provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: recording growth performance and slaughtering performance, and detecting serum biochemical indexes, meat quality and small intestine villus; and processing the acquired data.

The recording of the growth performance provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: weighing chicken 70 days old, 85 days old, 100 days old, 115 days old and 130 days old; the number of deaths was recorded daily; and calculating average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality after feeding.

The slaughtering performance recording method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: weighing chicken carcass, pectoral muscle, leg muscle, abdominal fat, semi-bore and full bore, and calculating slaughter rate, pectoral muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate, semi-bore and full bore.

The serum biochemical indexes provided by the embodiment of the invention comprise: total protein TP, albumin ALB, globulin GLB.

The meat quality detection provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: and (5) taking breast muscle and leg muscle to detect amino acid and fat.

The processing of the acquired data provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: the data obtained were initially processed by Excel, analyzed for variance using SPSS17.0 software, and the means were subjected to LSD multiple comparisons, with the data represented as mean ± standard deviation.

The technical solution of the present invention is further described with reference to the following examples.

1 materials and methods

1.1 test site

Poultry research laboratory test chicken farm at the Guangxi animal research institute.

1.2 test chickens and groups

560 Hongguang black chickens were introduced and randomly divided into three groups of three replicates each of 60 replicates each. The test group is a control group, a test group I (adding 5% of fermented mango peel) and a test group II (adding 10% of fermented mango peel). The test period ranged from 38 days old to 130 days old for 92 days.

TABLE 1 fermentation mango peel metabolism test recording sheet

Note: the amount of manure in the table is two chickens.

1.3 Breeding management

Feeding twice a day, continuously feeding, and freely taking food and drinking water. Conventional immunization and sterilization, the amount of material and the number of deaths were recorded daily.

1.4 basal diet and Nutrition level

1.4.1 basic daily ration

Selects the complete material of Fuhua company.

1.4.2 fermenting mango peel

Taking mango peel and mango kernel which are processing wastes of a mango processing factory, crushing, adding 5% of corn, 45% of wheat bran (or rice bran) and a bag of lactic acid bacteria starter, fully stirring, then putting into a 100KG sealed barrel, compacting and sealing, and carrying out anaerobic storage for 15 days for later use.

1.4.3 run group I batch

95% of complete feed and 5% of fermented mango peel, and preparing before feeding.

1.4.4 run group II batch

90 percent of complete feed and 10 percent of fermented mango peel, and is prepared before feeding.

TABLE 2 feed nutrient composition table for each test group

1.5 recording items and Observation indexes

1.5.1 growth Performance

The daily feed intake was recorded, and the weight was measured at 70, 85, 100, 115 and 130 days of age during the test, and the number of deaths was recorded daily. And after the test is finished, calculating the average daily gain, the average daily feed intake, the feed conversion ratio and the death rate.

Table 3 test chicken body weight recording table

1.5.2 slaughter Performance

After the test period is finished, 6 slaughter tests are randomly selected from each test group, the carcass, the breast muscles, the leg muscles, the abdominal fat, the semi-bore and the full bore of each test group are weighed, and the slaughter rate, the breast muscle rate, the leg muscle rate, the abdominal fat rate, the semi-bore rate and the full bore rate are calculated.

Table 4 slaughter record table

1.5.3 serum Biochemical indicators

The blood sample is sent to the first division of people's hospital in Guangxi district for serum biochemical index detection, and all indexes such as Total Protein (TP), Albumin (ALB), Globulin (GLB) and the like are measured.

TABLE 5

1.5.4 meat quality

The collected breast muscle and leg muscle is sent to Guangxi analysis test center to detect amino acid and fat.

TABLE 6 Chicken Nutrition ingredient Table

Serial number	Inspection item	Unit of	Test results 1	2	3	Basis of examination
							1	Weight of amino acid	g/100g	20.98	20.92	20.74	GB5009.124-20016
2	Saturated fatAcid(s)	g/101g	0.95	1.02	1.55	GB5009.124-20017
							3	Stearic acid	g/102g	0.25	0.26	0.35	GB5009.124-20018
4	Palmitic acid	g/103g	0.7	0.76	1.2	GB5009.124-20019
							5	Unsaturated fatty acid	g/104g	0.72	0.9	1.54	GB5009.124-20020
6	Oleic acid	g/105g	0.66	0.8	1.36	GB5009.124-20021
							7	Linoleic acid	g/106g	0.062	0.098	0.18	GB5009.124-20022
8	Linolenic acid	g/107g	0	0	0.0032	GB5009.124-20023

TABLE 7 amino acid composition Table

Serial number	Inspection item	Unit (g/100g)
						Numbering	Group 1	2 groups of	Group 3
1	Aspartic acid Asp	2.03	2	2.01
					2	Thr threonine	1	0.98	0.99
3	Serine Ser	0.88	0.86	0.87
					4	Glutamic acid Glu	3.28	3.24	3.26
5	Proline Pro	0.8	0.72	0.67
					6	GlycineAcid Gly	0.93	0.91	0.91
7	Alanine^Al^a	1.28	1.28	1.29
					8	Cysteine^Cys	0.03	0.04	0.05
9	Valine V^al	1	1.02	1.03
					10	Methionine Met	0.62	0.62	0.58
11	Ile of isoleucine	1.02	1.05	1.04
					12	Leucine Leu	1.78	1.8	1.78
13	Tyrosine Tyr	0.76	0.76	0.75
					14	Phenylalanine Phe	1.28	1.3	1.26
15	Lysine Lys	1.95	1.98	1.98
					16	Histidine His	0.88	0.92	0.87
17	Arginine^Arg	1.46	1.44	1.4
					18	Ammonia NH3	0.36	0.34	0.35

1.5.5 detection of villi in the Small intestine

Collecting duodenum and delivering to Guangxi university for small intestine villus detection.

1.6 data processing

The experimental data were initially processed using Excel, analyzed for variance using SPSS17.0 software, and the means were subjected to LSD multiple comparisons, with the data represented as mean ± standard deviation.

2 results and analysis

2.1 Effect of adding fermented mango peel in daily ration on growth performance of broiler

TABLE 8 influence of fermented mango peel addition to daily ration on broiler growth performance

Note: the data in the same column in the table are marked with different lower case letters to indicate significant difference (P <0.05), and the data in the same column in the table are marked with the same lower case letters or are not marked to indicate insignificant difference (P > 0.05).

As can be seen from Table 8, there was no significant difference in the meat-to-feed ratio between the test and control groups.

2.2 Effect of adding fermented mango peel in daily ration on broiler slaughter index

TABLE 9 slaughter Performance comparison

Item

Slaughter rate%

Half bore clearance%

The total bore cleaning rate%

Abdominal fat percentage%

The rate of pectoral muscles%

Percentage of leg muscles%

Control group

90.81±1.32

81.86±2.06

68.97±3.18

5.40±1.68b

14.49±1.17

19.26±2.03

Trial group I

91.81±0.78

83.80±1.44

69.16±1.77

8.44±2.91a

14.29±0.95

18.41±2.20

Trial II group

91.88±0.75

83.58±2.03

68.03±1.39

8.87±0.83a

13.60±1.65

18.04±1.79

As can be seen from table 9: the slaughtering rate, the half-bore rate, the full-bore rate, the pectoral muscle rate and the leg muscle rate of the control group and the test group have no obvious difference, and the abdominal fat rate of the test group is higher than that of the control group.

2.3 Effect of adding fermented mango peel to daily ration on meat quality

TABLE 10 meat quality test analysis results

As can be seen from table 10: the unsaturated fatty acid content of the test group is far higher than that of the control group, and the unsaturated fatty acid content of the test group II is more than twice that of the control group II. Research shows that hyperlipidemia is the main cause of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, apoplexy and other diseases, and unsaturated fatty acid can reduce cholesterol and triglyceride in blood which are harmful to human body; can effectively control the concentration of the blood fat of the human body; and increasing the content of high density lipoprotein beneficial to human body. Maintaining low blood lipid levels plays a key role in maintaining physical health, preventing cardiovascular diseases and improving endocrine. The oleic acid content of the test group II is far higher than that of the control group, and the oleic acid can regulate the blood fat level, reduce cholesterol and prevent the memory from being reduced; meanwhile, the oleic acid has good curative effects on metabolic disturbance, skin injury and the like. ③ the linoleic acid in the test group is higher than that in the control group, wherein the test group II is close to three times of the control group. Linoleic acid is a fatty acid that the human body cannot synthesize, or that is synthesized in far from satisfactory amounts, called essential fatty acid. Linoleic acid is considered important for lowering blood cholesterol and preventing atherosclerosis. It has been found that cholesterol must be bound to fatty acids before proper functioning and metabolism can occur in vivo. If the linoleic acid is lacked, cholesterol is combined with some saturated fatty acids, metabolic disorder occurs, the cholesterol is deposited on the blood vessel wall, atherosclerosis is gradually formed, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are caused.

TABLE 11 amino acid analysis Table

As can be seen from table 11: the flavor amino acid content in the chicken of the control group and the test group was not significantly different.

2.4 Effect of adding fermented mango peel in daily ration on serum biochemical indexes

TABLE 12 serum biochemical index detection table

Item	Control group	Trial group I	Trial II group
				Total protein TP (g/L)	39.5±4.94	47.5±2.12	38.5±4.94
Albumin ALB (g/L)	19.5±2.12	18±0.00	16.5±0.70
				Globulin GLB (g/L)	24±1.41	29±1.41	28.5±4.94
White sphere ratio A/G (G/L)	0.595±0.03	0.635±0.01	0.655±0.03
				Urea nitrogen BUN (umol/L)	0.985±0.09	1.155±0.06	1.055±0.01

Note: the data in the same column are marked with different lower case letters in the table to indicate significant difference (P <0.05), and marked with the same lower case letter or not marked to indicate insignificant difference (P > 0.05).

As can be seen from table 12: there was no significant difference in total protein, albumin, globulin, white to globular ratio, urea nitrogen in the sera of the control and test groups.

2.5 Effect of fermented mango peel added into daily ration on chicken small intestine fluff

The duodenum was taken for small intestine villus detection, and the detection results are shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from fig. 4: the test group had significantly longer and more numerous small intestinal villi than the control group. The fermented soybean meal added into the feed can obviously increase the villus height of each intestinal section of the small intestine and improve the crypt depth of the duodenum. Can obviously improve the intestinal form, improve the villus fracture and adhesion, improve the density and the height of intestinal microvilli, and the intestinal villus is good in uniformity. Intestinal villi are arranged more neatly and tightly.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangoes is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

selecting Hongguang black chicken for culturing;

selecting complete feed as basic daily ration;

before feeding, preparing a feed by using basic ration;

carrying out feeding management; and (5) carrying out feeding record and observation.

2. The method of cultivating high-quality chickens using mangoes according to claim 1, wherein the Hongguang black chickens are 38 days old.

3. The method for rearing high-quality chickens using mangoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation of the feed using the basal diet comprises: the fermented mango material was added at 10% using the basal diet.

4. The method for cultivating high-quality chickens by using mangoes as claimed in claim 3, wherein the preparation method of the fermented mangoes comprises the following steps:

(4) and (5) carrying out anaerobic preservation on the mixture in the sealed barrel for 15 days to obtain the fermented mango material.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the corn is added in an amount of 5% by mass and the wheat bran is added in an amount of 45% by mass.

6. The method for rearing high-quality chickens using mangoes as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 5, wherein the wheat bran is replaced with rice bran.

7. The method for rearing high-quality chickens using mangoes according to claim 1, wherein the rearing management comprises:

1) feeding with feed twice a day without cutting;

2) free intake and drinking;

3) carrying out immunization and disinfection;

4) chicken feed and mortality were recorded daily.

8. The method for rearing high-quality chickens using mangoes according to claim 7, wherein the rearing time is 92 days.

9. The method for rearing high-quality chickens using mangoes according to claim 1, wherein the raising record and observation comprises: recording growth performance and slaughtering performance, and detecting serum biochemical indexes, meat quality and small intestine villus; and processing the acquired data.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the performing growth performance records comprises: weighing chicken 70 days old, 85 days old, 100 days old, 115 days old and 130 days old; the number of deaths was recorded daily; calculating average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality after feeding;

the performing slaughter performance records include: weighing chicken carcasses, breast muscles, leg muscles, abdominal fat, semi-smoldering and full smoldering, and calculating dressing percentage, breast muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate, semi-smoldering rate and full smoldering rate;

the serum biochemical indexes comprise: total protein TP, albumin ALB, globulin GLB;

the meat quality detection comprises the following steps: detecting amino acid and fat of the leg muscles of the breast muscle;

the processing of the acquired data includes: the data obtained were initially processed by Excel, analyzed for variance using SPSS17.0 software, and the means were subjected to LSD multiple comparisons, with the data represented as mean ± standard deviation.