CN111994965B - 一种lth结构三元正极材料前驱体制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种LTH结构三元正极材料前驱体制备方法,在反应釜中,采用均匀沉淀技术,合成LTH结构的高比表面积、球形、粒度分布窄的三元正极材料前驱体,该工艺可以控制前驱体的形貌、振实密度,可控制二价金属离子与三价金属离子比例,并保证三种金属元素完全混合均匀。采用该前驱体制备的三元正极材料保证了材料具有优良的物理和电化学性能,提高三元正极材料的倍率性能,利于动力电池产业化进程。本发明可控制材料的形貌、粒径,且该方法简单可控,适合工业化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新能源材料制备技术领域,特别涉及LTH结构三元正极材料前驱体制备方法。
背景技术
众所周知,2l世纪的新兴高新技术里,新能源技术首当其冲,而电池行业作为新能源技术领域里的重要组成部分,在全球科技和经济发展中占据了举足轻重的地位。目前的电池行业中,锂离子电池越来越受到消费者们的青睐。锂离子电池具有比容量高、能量密度高、充放电效率高、安全性能好和循环寿命长等优点。人们生产生活中的电子产品,小到手表、手机、笔记本电脑、照相机,大到电动自行车、电动汽车,所使用的电池都是锂离子电池或从锂离子电池演化而来,因此具有优异的市场优势和应用前景。
正极材料是锂离子电池的重要组成部分,制约电池能量密度的关键因素。目前已产业化的锂离子电池正极材料为LiCoO2,工艺成熟,综合性能优良,但价格昂贵,毒性较大,安全性能较差,尤其过充时材料不稳定,与电解液发生反应等。
LiFePO4和LiMn2O4材料作为LiCoO2的替代材料应运而生。LiFePO4具有优异的热稳定性和循环性能,但实际比容量低(<150 mAh/g),工作电压低,电子电导率低,倍率性能差,限制了电池能量密度提高。LiMn2O4成本低,安全性好,但循环性能尤其是高温循环性能差,结构不稳定,发生姜-泰勒效应,引起容量急剧衰减。
目前,三元正极材料镍钴锰(铝)氧化物体系具有成本低、比容量高、电压平台高等优点而备受关注。用于HEV和PHEV的动力电池要兼顾功率和能量密度的需求,动力型三元材料的要求跟普通用于消费电子产品的三元材料是不一样的。满足高倍率的需求就必须提高三元材料的比表面积而增大反应活性面积,这跟普通三元材料的要求是相反的。三元材料的比表面积是由前驱体的BET所决定的,那么如何在保持前驱体球形度和一定振实密度的前提下,尽可能的提高前驱体的BET,就成了动力型三元材料要攻克的技术难题。
常规的三元正极材料前驱体的合成通常采用共沉淀法,氨水作络合剂,氢氧化钠作沉淀剂,得到纯的氢氧化物沉淀。这种类型的前驱体制得的三元材料振实密度高,但倍率性能不高。由于高温烧结产生孔洞,提高了材料的BET,碳酸盐三元前驱体也引起了人们的关注。但该材料加工性能差,振实密度不高,也非动力电池的良选。本发明的主要目的是合成层状氢氧化物LTH结构的三元正极材料前驱体[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+ [CO3 2-]y/n,同时满足OH-提供的高振实密度和CO3 2-提供的高比表面积需要,通过改善三元正极材料前驱体物化性能,达到提高三元正极材料的倍率性能、循环性能和热稳定性能。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种LTH结构三元正极材料前驱体制备方法,提高三元正极材料的倍率性能、循环性能和稳定性能,通过离子交换法,控制LTH的层间距,达到提高三元正极材料的倍率性能的目的。
为了达成上述目的,本发明的解决方案是:
1)将可溶性镍盐,可溶性铁盐,可溶性锌盐,可溶性锰盐,可溶性钴盐,可溶性镁盐,可溶性铝盐,可溶性铬盐中的一种或两种以上融入水中,加入可溶性镍盐,可溶性铁盐,可溶性锌盐,可溶性锰盐,可溶性钴盐,可溶性镁盐,可溶性铝盐,可溶性铬盐中的一种或两种以上,形成溶液S;
2)将步骤1)所得溶液S与碱性水溶液,沉降剂放在反应釜中,采用均匀沉淀,稳定控制合成工艺参数,合成球形或类球形三元正极材料前驱体,其化学式为[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+ [Pn-]y/n·mH2O,Pn- 是层间阴离子,m为层间结构水分子数目,0<x<1,0<y<0.2,加碳酸盐进行层间离子交换处理,洗涤干燥制得三元正极材料前驱体[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+[CO3 2-]y/n。
所述镍盐、铁盐、铬盐、钴盐、镁盐、铝盐、锌盐、锰盐为硫酸盐、硝酸盐和氯化盐的一种或一种以上,金属盐溶液浓度为1.0~4.0 mol/L,二价金属离子与三价金属离子摩尔比为4~20。
所述碱性水溶液为NaOH、KOH、LiOH和氨水的一种或一种以上,碱性水溶液浓度为1~8 mol/L。
所述沉降剂为碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵、尿素、六亚甲基四胺,六亚甲基二胺的一种或一种以上,浓度为2~10 mol/L。
所述的均匀沉淀法为在氩气、氮气或其他惰性气体保护下,在反应釜中通过化学反应使沉淀剂在整个溶液中缓慢生成,使产物均匀沉淀。
所述合成工艺参数为金属盐溶液,碱性水溶液,沉降剂溶液用计量泵连续输入到涡流式反应釜中,PH值控制在8.0~11.0之间;沉淀温度为50~90℃;反应釜搅拌速度为100~500 rpm,共沉淀反应时间为12~96小时。
所述合成工艺参数为反应过程固含量控制在200~1000 g/L。
加碳酸盐进行层间离子交换处理是为了将[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+ [Pn-]y/n·mH2O中的层间阴离子Pn-用碳酸根置换出来,因为层间阴离子Pn-对材料后期烧结得到的纯度有影响。将合成前驱体转至陈化槽,加入与层间阴离子摩尔数相同的碳酸盐,搅拌1~5h,进行固液分离,用去离子水洗涤所得固体产物,干燥得到类球形或球形三元正极材料前驱体。
处理层间阴离子用碳酸盐为碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵和尿素中的一种或一种以上。
所述三元正极材料前驱体呈类球形,D50为2~40μm,振实密度≥2.20 g/cm3。
本发明优点在于:在反应釜中,采用均匀沉淀技术,合成LTH结构的高比表面积、球形、粒度分布窄的三元正极材料前驱体,该工艺可以控制前驱体的形貌、振实密度,可控制二价金属离子与三价金属离子比例,并保证三种金属元素完全混合均匀。采用该前驱体制备的三元正极材料保证了材料具有优良的物理和电化学性能。
采用本发明的三元正极材料前驱体制备三元正极材料具有优异的稳定性,可提高三元正极材料的高倍率性能,利于动力电池产业化进程。本发明可控制材料的形貌、粒径,且该方法简单可控,适合工业化生产。
附图说明
图1 是本发明实施例1提供的[Ni0.5Co0.3Mn0.2(OH)2]0.2+ [CO3 2-]0.1,[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05(OH)2]0.05+ [CO3 2-]0.025,[Ni0.6Mn0.2Mn0.2(OH)2]0.2+ [CO3 2-]0.1三元正极材料前驱体的X射线衍射图谱;
图2是本发明实施例1提供[Ni0.5Co0.3Mn0.2(OH)2]0.2+ [CO3 2-]0.1前驱体的扫描电子显微镜图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
将NiSO4,CoSO4,Mn2(SO4)3按摩尔比Ni:Co:Mn=5:3:2比例配制镍钴锰混合水溶液,总浓度为2.0 mol/L,配制浓度分别为3.0mol/L的氨碱混合溶液,配制浓度为7.5mol/L的尿素溶液,用计量泵分别将镍钴锰盐溶液、氨水溶液、尿素溶液输入到容积为50L的反应釜中进行反应。由于没有锰离子加入,所以反应过程不需要保护气保护。控制反应釜温度为80℃,PH值为8.5,搅拌速率为150r/min,控制氨碱与尿素流量,控制反应釜中料液固含量为300g/L。反应24h后,将反应釜中物料转移至陈化槽,加入浓度为0.2mol/L碳酸氢铵溶液,搅拌1h,进行固液分离,去离子水洗涤干燥得到球形三元正极材料前驱体。形貌呈现类球形,粒度分布狭窄,D50为20μm,振实密度为2.22g/cm3,比表面积为0.41 m2/g,如图2所示。
实施例2
将NiSO4,CoSO4,Mn2(SO4)3按摩尔比Ni:Co:Al=8:1.5:0.5比例配制镍钴铝混合水溶液,总浓度为2.5 mol/L,配制浓度分别为4.0mol/L的氨碱混合溶液,配制浓度为5.0 mol/L的六亚甲基四胺溶液,用计量泵分别将镍钴铝盐溶液、氨碱溶液、六亚甲基四胺溶液输入到容积为50L的反应釜中进行反应。由于没有锰离子加入,所以反应过程不需要保护气保护。控制反应釜温度为70℃,PH值为9,搅拌速率为180r/min,控制氨碱与六亚甲基四胺流量,控制反应釜中料液固含量为400g/L。反应12h后,将反应釜中物料转移至陈化槽,加入浓度为0.0625mol/L尿素溶液,搅拌1.5h,进行固液分离,去离子水洗涤干燥得到球形三元正极材料前驱体。形貌呈现类球形,粒度分布狭窄,D50为30μm,振实密度为2.25g/cm3,比表面积为0.45 m2/g,。
实施例3
将NiSO4,CoSO4,Mn2(SO4)3按摩尔比Ni:Mn:Mn=6:2:2比例配制镍钴锰混合水溶液,总浓度为1.5 mol/L,配制浓度分别为3.0 mol/L的氨碱混合溶液,配制浓度为8.0 mol/L的六亚甲基二胺溶液,用计量泵分别将镍钴锰盐溶液、氨碱溶液、六亚甲基二胺溶液输入到容积为50L的反应釜中进行反应。通入氮气保护,控制反应釜温度为65℃,PH值为10,搅拌速率为200r/min,控制氨碱与六亚甲基二胺流量,控制反应釜中料液固含量为250g/L。反应18h后,将反应釜中物料转移至陈化槽,加入浓度为0.15mol/L尿素溶液,搅拌2h,进行固液分离,去离子水洗涤干燥得到球形三元正极材料前驱体。形貌呈现类球形,粒度分布狭窄,D50为18μm,振实密度为2.23g/cm3,比表面积为0.39 m2/g,。
分别测量上述实施例1~3中所制备的三元正极材料前驱体的D50,振实密度,比表面积,并列于表1中。
表1是本发明实施例物化性能数据表
实施例 | 化学式 | D50(μm) | 振实密度(g/cm<sup>3)</sup> | 比表面积(m<sup>2</sup>/g) |
实施例1 | [Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.3</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>0.2+</sup> [CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>]<sub>0.1</sub> | 20 | 2.22 | 0.41 |
实施例2 | [Ni<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.15</sub>Al<sub>0.05</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>0.05+</sup> [CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>]<sub>0.025</sub> | 30 | 2.25 | 0.45 |
实施例3 | [Ni<sub>0.6</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>0.2+</sup> [CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>]<sub>0.1</sub> | 18 | 2.23 | 0.39 |
由上表可见,本发明得到的LTH结构的三元正极材料前驱体粒度分布均匀,通过本发明对材料结构的改善,在确保高振实密度的情况下增大了材料的比表面积,提高了材料的大电流充放电性能。
Claims (5)
1.一种TLH结构的三元正极材料前驱体,其特征在于:所述的三元正极材料前驱体微观上为一种三元层状氢氧化物TLH结构,其分子式为[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+[CO3 2-]y/n,其中AII、BII 和CIII分别代表二价和三价金属离子;y是摩尔比n(C3+ )/( n(A2+)+ n(B2+)+ n(C3+));
其中0<x<1,0<y<0.2;
所述TLH结构的三元正极材料前驱体的制备方法,包括以下步骤,1)将可溶性镍盐、可溶性铁盐、可溶性锌盐、可溶性锰盐、可溶性钴盐、可溶性镁盐、可溶性铝盐、可溶性铬盐中的一种或两种以上融入水中,加入可溶性镍盐、可溶性铁盐、可溶性锌盐、可溶性锰盐、可溶性钴盐、可溶性镁盐、可溶性铝盐、可溶性铬盐中的一种或两种以上,形成浓度为1.0~4.0mol/L、二价金属离子与三价金属离子摩尔比为4~20的溶液S;
2)将步骤1)所得溶液S与溶液浓度为1~8mol/L的碱性水溶液,浓度为2~10mol/L的沉降剂放在反应釜中,采用均匀沉淀,稳定控制合成工艺参数,合成球形或类球形三元正极材料前驱体,其化学式为[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+[Pn-]y/n·mH2O,Pn-是层间阴离子,m为层间结构水分子数目,0<x<1,0<y<0.2,加碳酸盐进行层间离子交换处理,洗涤干燥制得三元正极材料前驱体[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+[CO3 2-]y/n;
所述合成工艺参数为金属盐溶液、碱性水溶液、沉降剂溶液用计量泵连续输入到涡流式反应釜中,pH值控制在8.0~11.0之间;沉淀温度为50~90℃;反应釜搅拌速度为100~500rpm,共沉淀反应时间为12~96小时;反应过程固含量控制在200~1000 g/L;
所述三元正极材料前驱体D50为2~40μm,振实密度≥2.20g/cm3;
加碳酸盐进行层间离子交换处理是为了将[AⅡ 1-x-yBⅡ xCⅢ y(OH)2]y+ [Pn-]y/n·mH2O中的层间阴离子Pn-用碳酸根置换出来,因为层间阴离子Pn-对材料后期烧结得到的纯度有影响;将合成前驱体转至陈化槽,加入与层间阴离子摩尔数相同的碳酸盐,搅拌1~5h,进行固液分离,用去离子水洗涤所得固体产物,干燥得到类球形或球形三元正极材料前驱体;处理层间阴离子用碳酸盐为碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵和尿素中的一种或一种以上。
2.如权利要求1所述TLH结构的三元正极材料前驱体,其特征在于:所述镍盐、铁盐、铬盐、钴盐、镁盐、铝盐、锌盐、锰盐为硫酸盐、硝酸盐和氯化盐的一种或一种以上。
3.如权利要求1所述TLH结构的三元正极材料前驱体,其特征在于:所述碱性水溶液为NaOH、KOH、LiOH和氨水的一种或一种以上。
4.如权利要求1所述TLH结构的三元正极材料前驱体,其特征在于:所述沉降剂为碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵、尿素、六亚甲基四胺、六亚甲基二胺的一种或一种以上。
5.如权利要求1所述TLH结构的三元正极材料前驱体,其特征在于:所述的均匀沉淀法为在氩气、氮气或其他惰性气体保护下,在反应釜中通过化学反应使沉淀剂在整个溶液中缓慢生成,使产物均匀沉淀。
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