CN111092242A - 一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备方法,属于质子交换膜燃料电池技术领域,该方法包含如下步骤:在清洗处理后的不锈钢或钛合金上利用PVD、CVD、ALD或电沉积中的任一种工艺,制备籽晶层;再利用PVD、CVD、ALD或电沉积工艺中的任一种制备第一功能层;进一步,利用ALD工艺制备分别制备第二功能层,其中籽晶层和催化层至少包含一种。本发明的结构在燃料电池工作的酸性环境下耐腐蚀性更强,同时第二功能层对第一功能层的缺陷也起到了修补、进一步保护的作用,催化层起到到加快反应速率的作用。与传统的涂层方式相比,能大大提高双极板的使用寿命,满足商业化需求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于质子交换膜燃料电池技术领域,具体涉及一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备方法。
背景技术
质子交换膜燃料电池是一种新型能源装置,具有启动快,无污染,效率高,变载响应快等特点,在汽车,固定电站,便携式电源等方面具有广泛的应用前景。典型的质子交换膜燃料电池主要由膜电极(MEA)和双极板构成,其中膜电极是燃料电池的核心,双极板是电池的重要组成部份,在燃料电池中起到收集电流、气体分配以及水管理、热管理的作用。传统的石墨极板由于加工困难,抗振动性能差,逐渐被金属极板所取代。但金属极板在燃料电池酸性环境中运行表面发生钝化,造成接触电阻增加,同时析出的金属离子污染催化剂,降低质子交换膜传导率。因此对金属双极板表面改性,增强其防腐性能非常必要,在金属表面制备导电性好、抗腐蚀能力强的涂层是提高金属极板性能促进燃料电池商业化的重要研究方向。
目前对于金属双极板涂层主要是碳基涂层、金属基涂层(包括贵金属涂层、金属碳化物涂层、金属氮化物涂层、金属氧化物涂层),目前涂层制备工艺已发展至数种,广泛采用的表面技术有化学镀,电沉积,热喷涂,PVD和CVD,但是以上方式制备的涂层致密性及涂层均匀性比较差,所以目前金属双极板寿命比较短,一般在4000小时左右,完全不满足燃料电池的使用寿命要求,不适合质子交换膜燃料电池未来的实际使用及商业化需求,因此制备一种耐腐蚀、长寿命的金属双极板涂层变得非常重要。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中的燃料电池金属极板导电性能、抗腐蚀性能不佳,涂层在燃料电池酸性环境下耐久性能不高的技术问题,一种质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构及其制备方法,从而制备一种新型的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构,实现提高金属电极板抗腐蚀性,延长双极板的使用寿命,满足商业化需求。
本发明提供一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备方法,包含如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的不锈钢或钛合金上利用PVD、CVD、ALD或电沉积中的任一种工艺,制备籽晶层;
(2)在所述的籽晶层上,利用PVD、CVD、ALD或电沉积工艺中的任一种制备第一功能层;
(3)在所述的第一功能层上,利用ALD工艺制备分别制备第二功能层;
(4)在所述的第二功能层上,利用ALD工艺制备分别制备催化层;
所述方法至少包括步骤(1)和步骤(4)中的一个步骤。
进一步的,所述的步骤(4)中的ALD工艺具体为在温度300-400℃,压力250-400Pa的条件下,真空腔体内,依次循环通入第二功能层金属源—吹扫气体—反应气体—吹扫气体,通过循环次数控制薄膜的厚度;
所述的金属源的脉冲时间0.5-5s;
所述的吹扫气体为N2、He、Ar中的一种,所述吹扫时间为5-15s,所述吹扫气体流量为350-420sccm;
所述的反应气体为O2、O3、H2O、H2O2、H2、NH3,反应物气体脉冲时间3-10s;反应气体流量100-300sccm。
进一步的,所述的步骤(4)中的ALD具体的为PEALD,所述的反应气体为O2、O3、H2O、H2O2、H2或NH3的等离子体,等离子体的射频为13.56MHz,功率400-500W。
所述的第二功能层的金属源为TiCl4、Ti[N(CH3)2]4、Ti[N(CH2CH3)2]4、CrCl3·6H2O中的任一种或多种;
所述的催化层的金属源为MeCpPtMe3、Pd(hfac)2、Rh(acac)3、Ir(acac)3、[CH3COCH=C(O-)CH3]3Ir中的任一种或多种。
进一步的,所述的籽晶层的厚度为0-9nm;所述的第一功能层的厚度为1-100nm;所述的第二功能层的厚度为1-500nm;所述的催化层的厚度为3-50nm。
进一步的,所述的籽晶层的厚度为1-9nm;所述的第一功能层的厚度为1-100nm;所述的第二功能层的厚度为1-500nm;所述的催化层的厚度为0-50nm。
所述的籽晶层为贵金属、金属氮化物或金属氧化物中的任一种或多种;所述的第一功能层为金属碳化物;所述的第二功能层为金属氮化物;所述的催化层为贵金属或金属氧化物中的一种或多种。
进一步的,所述的籽晶层中的贵金属为Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Au、Ag;金属氮化物为TaN、TiN、CrN;金属氧化物为SnO、PbO2。
进一步的,所述的第一功能层为TiC、TaC、VC、WC中的任一种或多种。
进一步的,所述的第二功能层TiN、TaN、Cr2N中的一种或复合叠层。
进一步的,所述的催化层的贵金属为Pt、Pd、Rh、Ir、Ru、Au、Ag;金属氧化物为TiO2、ZnO。
本发明还提供一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构,通过以上任一所述方法制备。
其中籽晶层功能主要为提高基板黏着性,第一功能层实现防腐、保护等功能属性,第二功能层实现导电、修补第一功能层缺陷、进一步保护双极板涂层、提高耐腐蚀性等功能属性,催化层实现加快反应速率的功能属性。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明提出的一种用于金属双极板的多层涂层,第二功能层和催化层由原子层沉积方法制作,由于原子层沉积具有百分百保形性及薄膜致密无针孔的特点,其在燃料电池工作的酸性环境下耐腐蚀性更强,同时第二功能层对第一功能层的缺陷也起到了修补、进一步保护的作用,催化层起到到加快反应速率的作用。与传统的涂层方式相比,能大大提高双极板的使用寿命,满足商业化需求。
附图说明
图1为本发明金属双极板多纳米涂层结构示意图;
其中1为金属极板;2为籽晶层;3为功能层;4为保护层;5催化层
图2为本发明的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备流程示意图;
图3为原子层沉积脉冲方式流程图;
图4为本发明的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的恒电位极化曲线;
图5为本发明金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的腐蚀前后接触电阻。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步的说明。在此需要说明的是,对于这些实施方式的说明用于帮助理解本发明,但并不构成对本发明的限定。
如图1所述,本发明提供一种质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构,所述的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构从下向上依次包括金属双极板、籽晶层、第一功能层、第二功能层、催化层。
所述的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的制备方法,如图2所示,包括如下步骤:
(1)清理金属双极板;
(2)在清洗处理后的金属极板上利用PVD(物理气相沉积)/CVD(化学气相沉积)/ALD(原子层沉积)/电沉积中的任一种工艺,先制备籽晶层;
(3)再利用PVD(物理气相沉积)/CVD(化学气相沉积)/ALD(原子层沉积)/电沉积工艺中的任一种制备第一功能层;
(4)利用ALD(原子层沉积)工艺在第一功能层上制备第二功能层;
(5)最后利用ALD(原子层沉积)工艺在第二功能层上沉积催化层。
实施例1
一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备7nm的Pt籽晶层;
(2)采用PEALD方法制备第一功能层,如图3所示,将制备好籽晶层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列PDMAT(0.5s)-N2吹扫(5s)-NH3(3s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,NH3流量为100sccm,循环次数为600,得到30nm厚的TaN薄膜第一功能层。
其中,等离子体发生器的射频为13.56MHz,功率400W;MeCpPtMe3源瓶加热至80℃以获得足够的饱和蒸气压。
(3)采用ALD方法制备第二功能层,如图3所示,将制备好第一功能层的金属极板,在450℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列TiCl4(1s)-N2吹扫(5s)-NH3(1s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,O2流量为300sccm,循环次数为200,得到5nm厚度的TiN薄膜第二功能层。
(4)采用PEALD方法制备催化层,如图3所示,将制备好第二功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列MeCpPtMe3(0.5s)-N2吹扫(5s)-O2plasma(3s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,O2流量为100sccm,循环次数为60,得到3nm厚的Pt薄膜催化层。
其中,等离子体发生器的射频为13.56MHz,功率500W;MeCpPtMe3源瓶加热至80℃以获得足够的饱和蒸气压。
将制备好的金属极板涂层和传统的金属极板涂层在燃料电池模拟环境中进行接触电阻测量和电化学腐蚀性能评价实验。
从图4恒电位极化曲线(PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF)中可以看出,采用本发明方法制备的实例1的金属极板涂层的腐蚀电流密度远低于传统金属极板涂层的腐蚀电流密度,抗腐蚀能力更好。
从图5中可以看出,在PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF恶化条件下,传统的使用PVD在不锈钢极板上镀碳基涂层结构的腐蚀前接触电阻为4.8mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,而实例1中本发明制备的涂层结构腐蚀前的接触电阻为2mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为2.3mΩ.cm2。由此可以看出,实例1中本发明的涂层接触电阻无论腐蚀前后均小于传统金属极板涂层,并且本发明的样品涂层腐蚀前与腐蚀后接触电阻变化更小。
实施例2
一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的钛合金上通过CVD方法制备100nm厚的TiC第一功能层;
(2)采用PEALD方法制备第二功能层,如图3所示,将制备好第一功能层的金属极板,在400℃,压力250pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列TiCl4(1s)-He吹扫(10s)-NH3(1s)-He吹扫(10s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为350sccm,NH3流量为300sccm,循环次数为10000,得到500nm厚度的TiN薄膜第二功能层。
其中,等离子体发生器的射频为13.56MHz,功率400W。
(3)采用ALD方法制备催化层,如图3所示,将制备好第二功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列TiCl4(0.5s)-N2吹扫(5s)-H2O(1s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,O2流量为100sccm,循环次数为300,得到25nm厚的ZnO薄膜催化层
将制备好的金属极板涂层和传统的金属极板涂层在燃料电池模拟环境中进行接触电阻测量和电化学腐蚀性能评价实验。
从图4恒电位极化曲线(PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF)中可以看出,采用本发明方法制备的实例2金属极板涂层腐蚀电流密度介于传统极板涂层和实例1涂层之间,更接近于实例1涂层的腐蚀电流密度。
从图5中可以看出,在长时间的加速试验条件,传统的金属极板涂层结构的腐蚀前接触电阻为4.8mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,而本发明制备的涂层结构腐蚀前的接触电阻为4mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为6mΩ.cm2。由此可以看出,本发明的实例2的涂层接触电阻无论腐蚀前后均小于传统金属极板涂层,并且本发明的样品涂层腐蚀前与腐蚀后接触电阻变化更小。
实施例3
一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备1nm厚的TiC第一功能层;;
(2)采用PEALD方法制备第二功能层,如图3所示,将制备好第一功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列TiCl4(1s)-N2吹扫(10s)-NH3(1s)-N2吹扫(10s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,NH3流量为300sccm,循环次数为20,得到1nm厚度的TiN薄膜第二功能层。
其中,等离子体发生器的射频为13.56MHz,功率400W。
将制备好的金属极板涂层和传统的金属极板涂层在燃料电池模拟环境中进行接触电阻测量和电化学腐蚀性能评价实验。
从图4恒电位极化曲线(PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF)中可以看出,采用本发明方法制备的金属极板涂层与传统金属极板涂层相比,腐蚀电流密度更高,抗腐蚀能力变差。
从图5中可以看出,在长时间的加速试验后,传统的金属极板涂层结构的腐蚀前接触电阻为4.8mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,而本发明制备的涂层结构腐蚀前的接触电阻为3mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为22mΩ.cm2。归因于虽使用本发明涂层,但各涂层厚度太薄无法起到很好的抗腐蚀性能,经过加速试验后,腐蚀电流密度变的更高。
实施例4
一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备1nm厚的TiC第一功能层;
(2)采用PEALD方法制备第二功能层,如图3所示,将制备好第一功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力400pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列TiCl4(1s)-Ar吹扫(15s)-NH3(1s)-Ar吹扫(15s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为420sccm,NH3流量为300sccm,循环次数为20,得到1nm厚度的TiN薄膜第二功能层。
其中,等离子体发生器的射频为13.56MHz,功率400W。
(3)采用ALD方法制备催化层,如图3所示,将制备好第二功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列TiCl4(0.5s)-N2吹扫(5s)-H2O(1s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,O2流量为100sccm,循环次数为600,得到50nm厚的TiO2薄膜催化层。
将制备好的金属极板涂层和传统的金属极板涂层在燃料电池模拟环境中进行接触电阻测量和电化学腐蚀性能评价实验。
从图4恒电位极化曲线(PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF)中可以看出,采用本发明方法制备的金属极板涂层与传统金属极板涂层相比,腐蚀电流密度更低,抗腐蚀能力更好。
从图5中可以看出,在长时间的加速试验后,传统的金属极板涂层结构的腐蚀前接触电阻为4.8mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,而本发明制备的涂层结构腐蚀前的接触电阻为3mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为8mΩ.cm2。由此可以看出,本发明的实例4的涂层接触电阻无论腐蚀前后均小于传统金属极板涂层,并且本发明的样品涂层腐蚀前与腐蚀后接触电阻变化更小,但与实例1的性能相比要差一些。
实施例5
一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备1nm的TaN籽晶层;
(2)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备10nm厚的TiC第一功能层;
(3)采用PEALD方法制备第二功能层,如图3所示,将制备好第一功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列PDMAT(0.5s)-N2吹扫(5s)-NH3(3s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,NH3流量为100sccm,循环次数为600,得到30nm厚的TaN薄膜第二功能层。
将制备好的金属极板涂层和传统的金属极板涂层在燃料电池模拟环境中进行接触电阻测量和电化学腐蚀性能评价实验。
从图4恒电位极化曲线(PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF)中可以看出,采用本发明方法制备的金属极板涂层与传统金属极板涂层相比,腐蚀电流密度更低,抗腐蚀能力更好。
从图5中可以看出,在长时间的加速试验后,传统的金属极板涂层结构的腐蚀前接触电阻为4.8mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,而本发明制备的涂层结构腐蚀前的接触电阻为2.2mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为4mΩ.cm2。由此可以看出,本发明的实例5的涂层接触电阻无论腐蚀前后均小于传统金属极板涂层,并且本发明的样品涂层腐蚀前与腐蚀后接触电阻变化更小。同时可以看出采用原子层沉积技术生成第二功能层可以有效的填补第一功能层的孔洞缺陷、增强涂层对溶液的阻挡作用,增加了抗腐蚀能力,提高了燃料电池性能。
实施例6
一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池的金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备9nm的TiO2籽晶层;
(2)在清洗处理后的不锈钢极板上通过磁控溅射方法(PVD的一种)制备10nm厚的TiC第一功能层;
(3)采用PEALD方法制备第二功能层,如图3所示,将制备好第一功能层的金属极板,在300℃,压力300pa的条件下,按照下述循环序列PDMAT(0.5s)-N2吹扫(5s)-NH3(3s)-N2吹扫(5s),作为载气及吹扫气体的N2流量均为400sccm,NH3流量为100sccm,循环次数为600,得到30nm厚的TaN薄膜第二功能层。
将制备好的金属极板涂层和传统的金属极板涂层在燃料电池模拟环境中进行接触电阻测量和电化学腐蚀性能评价实验。
从图4恒电位极化曲线(PH3H2SO4溶液+80OC,1.6VvsSHE,1h,1ppmHF)中可以看出,采用本发明方法制备的金属极板涂层与传统金属极板涂层相比,腐蚀电流密度更低,抗腐蚀能力更好。
从图5中可以看出,在长时间的加速试验后,传统的金属极板涂层结构的腐蚀前接触电阻为4.8mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,而本发明制备的涂层结构腐蚀前的接触电阻为2.5mΩ.cm2,腐蚀后的接触电阻为4.5mΩ.cm2。由此可以看出,本发明的实例6的涂层接触电阻无论腐蚀前后均小于传统金属极板涂层,并且本发明的样品涂层腐蚀前与腐蚀后接触电阻变化更小。本实例也体现了采用原子层沉积技术生成第二功能层可以有效的填补第一功能层的孔洞缺陷、增强涂层对溶液的阻挡作用,增加了抗腐蚀能力,提高了燃料电池性能的效果。
Claims (13)
1.一种制备质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构的方法,其特征在于,包含如下步骤:
(1)在清洗处理后的金属双极板上利用PVD、CVD、ALD或电沉积中的任一种工艺,制备籽晶层;
(2)在所述的籽晶层上,利用PVD、CVD、ALD或电沉积工艺中的任一种制备第一功能层;
(3)在所述的第一功能层上,利用ALD工艺制备分别制备第二功能层;
(4)在所述的第二功能层上,利用ALD工艺制备分别制备催化层;
所述方法至少包括步骤(1)和步骤(4)中的一个步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(4)中的ALD工艺具体为在温度300-400℃,压力250-400Pa的条件下,真空腔体内,依次循环通入第二功能层金属源—吹扫气体—反应气体—吹扫气体,通过循环次数控制薄膜的厚度;
所述的金属源的脉冲时间0.5-5s;
所述的吹扫气体为N2、He、Ar中的一种,所述吹扫时间为5-15s,所述吹扫气体流量为350-420sccm;
所述的反应气体为O2、O3、H2O、H2O2、H2、NH3,反应物气体脉冲时间3-10s;反应气体流量100-300sccm。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(4)中的ALD具体的为PEALD,所述的反应气体为O2、O3、H2O、H2O2、H2或NH3的等离子体,等离子体的射频为13.56MHz,功率400-500W。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的第二功能层的金属源为TiCl4、Ti[N(CH3)2]4、Ti[N(CH2CH3)2]4、CrCl3·6H2O中的任一种或多种;
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的催化层的金属源为MeCpPtMe3、Pd(hfac)2、Rh(acac)3、Ir(acac)3、[CH3COCH=C(O-)CH3]3Ir中的任一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的籽晶层的厚度为0-9nm;所述的第一功能层的厚度为1-100nm;所述的第二功能层的厚度为1-500nm;所述的催化层的厚度为3-50nm。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的籽晶层的厚度为1-9nm;所述的第一功能层的厚度为1-100nm;所述的第二功能层的厚度为1-500nm;所述的催化层的厚度为0-50nm。
8.根据权利要求6或7任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的籽晶层为贵金属、金属氮化物或金属氧化物中的任一种或多种;所述的第一功能层为金属碳化物;所述的第二功能层为金属氮化物;所述的催化层为贵金属或金属氧化物中的一种或多种。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的籽晶层中的贵金属为Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Au、Ag;金属氮化物为TaN、TiN、CrN;金属氧化物为SnO、PbO2。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的第一功能层为TiC、TaC、VC、WC中的任一种或多种。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的第二功能层TiN、TaN、Cr2N中的一种或复合叠层。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的催化层的贵金属为Pt、Pd、Rh、Ir、Ru、Au、Ag;金属氧化物为TiO2、ZnO。
13.一种质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板多纳米涂层结构,其特征在于,通过权利要求1-12任一所述方法制备。
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