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CN110397454A - The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment - Google Patents

The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110397454A
CN110397454A CN201910720032.1A CN201910720032A CN110397454A CN 110397454 A CN110397454 A CN 110397454A CN 201910720032 A CN201910720032 A CN 201910720032A CN 110397454 A CN110397454 A CN 110397454A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
steelframe
arch
section
heavy
wall
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201910720032.1A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李五红
王海军
王海青
曹学
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd
Second Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd
Original Assignee
China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd
Second Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd, Second Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd filed Critical China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co Ltd
Priority to CN201910720032.1A priority Critical patent/CN110397454A/en
Publication of CN110397454A publication Critical patent/CN110397454A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/10Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/14Lining predominantly with metal
    • E21D11/18Arch members ; Network made of arch members ; Ring elements; Polygon elements; Polygon elements inside arches

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment, comprising: S1) concrete of the first given thickness of first spray on the arch wall to supporting section of tunnel deformation segment;S2) along longitudinal installation site for going out multiple heavy steelframes to fixed spacing setting-out according to first to supporting section;S3) assembled arch steelframe section, and arch steelframe section is jacked to the arch wall arch to installation site;S4 abutment wall steelframe section) is installed on the arch wall abutment wall of installation site, and connects abutment wall steelframe section and arch steelframe section, forms heavy steelframe;S5 the heavy steelframe of adjacent two) is connected;S6 more foot anchor tubes, fixing lock foot anchor tube and heavy steelframe) are performed at the arch springing close to heavy steelframe.The installation method by by heavy steelframe arch steelframe section and abutment wall steelframe section be separately mounted to specified installation site, facilitate construction personnel's installation, adjustment, improve the installation speed of heavy steelframe, and then improve the efficiency of entire tunnel support construction.

Description

The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of tunnel construction, and in particular, to when one kind changes supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe.
Background technique
Tunnel coal measure strata anticlinal nucleus rock stratum is slow to incline, rock stratum is weak, by factors shadows such as construction high-ground stress, hole group's effects It rings and soft rock large deformation occurs, even if main tunnel is using the large deformation A type lining cutting after optimization, III type of large deformation lining in construction early period It builds, puts down to lead and excavated not applying the floor section just measures such as Zhi Zengshe inverted arch steelframe progress strengthening supporting, the part paragraph in tunnel Still by serious deformation failure, there is the short abutment wall cracking of just branch chip off-falling, steelframe torsional deformation, inverted arch, lining concrete Phenomena such as peeling off chip off-falling and bar bending, inverted arch tunnel bottom protuberance.In order to guarantee tunnel support structure and construction safety, guarantee secondary The design thickness that village is built must carry out soft rock large deformation Duan Chuzhi to remove and country rock digs, while perform and meeting safety requirements New supporting structure system, the integrated treatments measures such as the double-deck supporting proposed according to designing unit, circular liner are constructed.
Again the construction speed in entire tunnel certainly will be will affect by performing new supporting construction to deformation section, especially entirely propped up Steelframe can be largely installed to ensure the supporting intensity of entire supporting construction in protection structure, therefore the installation effectiveness for improving steelframe has Conducive to the construction efficiency for improving entire new supporting structure system, in the prior art, the installation of arch wall steelframe is needed using segmentation installation Several construction personnel's coordinating operations, construction efficiency is low and labor intensity is big, therefore, needs a kind of installation side of arch wall steelframe Method to improve the installation speed of arch wall steelframe, and then improves the construction efficiency of entire tunnel support process.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide it is a kind of change supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment when arch wall heavy type steelframe installation side Method carries out arch wall heavy type in the work progress of supporting again to deformation section after soft rock large deformation occurs for coal measure strata for solving The low problem of steelframe installation effectiveness to improve the installation speed of arch wall heavy type steelframe, and then improves the construction efficiency in entire tunnel.
To achieve the goals above, the embodiment of the present invention provides arch wall weight when one kind changes supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment The installation method of shaped steel frame, the installation method include: S1) on the arch wall to supporting section of tunnel deformation segment just spray first to Determine the concrete of thickness;S2) along longitudinal peace for going out multiple heavy steelframes to fixed spacing setting-out according to first to supporting section Holding position;S3) assembled heavy steelframe is mounted on the arch steelframe section of the arch wall arch to supporting section, and by the arch steelframe section The arch wall arch to supporting section in each installation site to the first pneumatically placed concrete that reclines is jacked according to specified sequence; S4 the arch wall abutment wall to supporting section after first pneumatically placed concrete that) reclines in each installation site, which is installed in heavy steelframe, to be installed It is connected in the abutment wall steelframe section of the arch wall abutment wall to supporting section, and by the abutment wall steelframe section with corresponding arch steelframe section, shape At heavy steelframe;S5 longitudinally connected muscle and connection steelframe are performed between adjacent two heavy steelframes) to connect adjacent two A heavy type steelframe;S6 more lock foot anchor tubes) are performed close to each heavy steelframe at the arch springing to supporting section, by institute State lock foot anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation.
Specifically, step S3) in, the arch steelframe section of the arch wall arch to supporting section is mounted in assembled heavy type steelframe, And by the arch steelframe section according to specified sequence jack in each installation site to the first pneumatically placed concrete that reclines to The arch wall arch of supporting section, comprising: the arch steelframe section is assembled into using multistage fashioned iron section;According to specified sequence, arch is utilized Frame installs trolley for the arch to supporting section after the first pneumatically placed concrete that reclines in arch steelframe section jacking to the installation site Wall arch.
Specifically, described first give fixed spacing between 0.5m-0.8m.
Specifically, the installation method further includes step S4) later and before step S5), in the heavy type of erection Steelframe and described to give fixed spacing to wedge multiple wedge blocks according to second along the profile of the steelframe between supporting section arch wall.
Specifically, described second give fixed spacing between 1.8m-2.5m.
Specifically, step S6) in, by the lock foot anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation, comprising: use L-type Reinforcing bar side welds the lock foot anchor tube and the corresponding heavy steelframe.
Specifically, the installation method further includes after step S6), spraying again on the arch wall to supporting section The concrete of two given thickness.
The present invention provides a kind of installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment, the installation Method digs out after supporting section in tunnel deformation segment, and just pneumatically placed concrete closes the arch to supporting section on the arch wall to supporting section Wall metope has simultaneously filled and led up the pit on arch wall metope conveniently to the subsequent supporting construction on supporting section arch wall, mixes later in first spray The installation site that setting-out on the arch wall to supporting section of soil goes out multiple heavy steelframes is coagulated, arch wall arch will be mounted in heavy steelframe Arch steelframe section jack to the arch wall arch in specified installation site, the abutment wall steelframe that will be mounted on arch wall abutment wall later Section is placed on the corresponding abutment wall of the installed position, arch steelframe section is fixedly connected with abutment wall steelframe section, in the installation position It sets place and forms heavy steelframe, in order to make entirely to be connected to the heavy steelframe of supporting section, strengthen the supporting construction to supporting section Supporting intensity, adjacent heavy steelframe is fixedly connected with connection steelframe by longitudinal connecting member muscle, finally makes multiple heavy types Steelframe interconnection is integrally formed, and in order to make heavy steelframe and be connected as entirety to supporting section country rock, more are performed at arch springing Foot anchor tube, and foot anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation will be locked.
Installation method provided by the invention, by by heavy steelframe arch steelframe section and abutment wall steelframe section separately hang Onto specified installation site, construction personnel's construction and installation are facilitated, improve the installation speed of heavy steelframe, and then are improved The construction efficiency in entire tunnel.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will the following detailed description will be given in the detailed implementation section.
Detailed description of the invention
The drawings are intended to provide a further understanding of the invention, and constitutes part of specification, with following tool Body embodiment is used to explain the present invention together, but is not construed as limiting the invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is a kind of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment that embodiment of the present invention provides The flow chart of installation method.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with attached drawing, detailed description of the preferred embodiments.It should be understood that this place is retouched The specific embodiment stated is merely to illustrate and explain the present invention, and is not intended to restrict the invention.
It should be noted that in the absence of conflict, the feature in embodiment and embodiment in the present invention can phase Mutually combination.
In the present invention, in the absence of explanation to the contrary, the noun of locality used such as " upper and lower, top, bottom " is usually needle For direction shown in the drawings either for it is vertical, on vertical or gravity direction for each component mutual alignment relation Word is described.
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of installation side of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment Method, Fig. 1 are a kind of installation method flow chart of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment, as shown in Figure 1, The installation method includes: S1) concrete of the first given thickness of first spray on the arch wall to supporting section of tunnel deformation segment; S2) along longitudinal installation site for going out multiple heavy steelframes to fixed spacing setting-out according to first to supporting section;S3) assembled weight The arch steelframe section of the arch wall arch to supporting section is mounted in shaped steel frame, and by the arch steelframe section according to specified sequence top Rise to the arch wall arch to supporting section in each installation site after reclining first pneumatically placed concrete;S4) in each peace The arch wall abutment wall to supporting section after first pneumatically placed concrete that reclines on holding position installs the arch being mounted in heavy steelframe to supporting section The abutment wall steelframe section of wall abutment wall, and the abutment wall steelframe section is connected with corresponding arch steelframe section, form heavy steelframe;S5) Longitudinally connected muscle is performed between adjacent two heavy steelframes and connects steelframe to connect the heavy steelframe of adjacent two;S6) Perform more lock foot anchor tubes close to each heavy steelframe at the arch springing to supporting section, by the lock foot anchor tube with it is right The heavy steelframe fixation answered.
The installation method provided by the invention for being suitable for arch wall heavy type steelframe when tunnel deformation segment changes supporting, is removing tunnel It is radially digged after original supporting of road deformation section and to the tunnel construction sections for removing original supporting, digs designated depth and formed To supporting section, to pneumatically placed concrete at the beginning of the arch wall to supporting section, the given thickness of the first of first pneumatically placed concrete is not less than 4cm, by first Pneumatically placed concrete closes the arch wall metope to supporting section and fills and leads up the pit on arch wall metope, in the first pneumatically placed concrete of completion to supporting Setting-out goes out the installation site of heavy steelframe on the arch wall of section, and the arch steelframe section that arch wall arch is mounted in heavy steelframe is jacked Abutment wall steelframe section is placed on the abutment wall of the installation site by the arch wall arch on to specified installation site later, by the peace Arch steelframe section at holding position is fixedly connected with abutment wall steelframe section, forms the heavy steelframe agreed with the arch wall to supporting section, In practice of construction, reinforced mesh is laid with to enhance on the arch wall wall to supporting section between adjacent two heavy steelframes The anti-crack ability of the subsequent concrete being sprayed on arch wall wall will be adjacent in order to enhance the supporting intensity of multiple heavy steelframes Two heavy steelframes by longitudinally connected muscle and connect steelframe and be fixedly connected, it is whole for being interconnected into multiple heavy type steelframes Body is applied at the arch springing of the installation site locating for each heavy steelframe to fix heavy steelframe to the position in supporting section More lock foot anchor tubes are done, and by more lock foot anchor tubes and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation, make heavy-duty steel by locking foot anchor tube Frame is fixedly connected integrally with country rock, installation method provided by the invention, and heavy steelframe is divided into arch steelframe section and abutment wall steel Frame section two parts are installed, and installation difficulty can be reduced, and staff is facilitated to install arch steelframe section and abutment wall steelframe section To specified installation site, the installation speed of heavy steelframe is improved, and then improves the construction efficiency in entire tunnel.
In one embodiment, it after soft rock large deformation occurs for coal measure strata, removes after original supporting to removing original supporting Tunnel construction sections digged, dig and formed after designated depth to supporting section, can be first when supporting section performs supporting construction Two layers of supporting construction is performed in phase supporting, and heavy steelframe is made using the fashioned iron of different model in each layer of supporting construction, For example, selecting HW200 fashioned iron that supporting steelframe of the heavy steelframe as wherein one layer of supporting construction is made, when setting up heavy steelframe It is mounted on the arch steelframe section of arch wall arch using arch installation trolley elder generation assembly, later jacks arch steelframe section onto arch wall The arch wall arch of specified installation site, the abutment wall steelframe section in heavy steelframe are lifted using 8t special purpose vehicle to arch wall abutment wall, After the completion of abutment wall steelframe section is placed, arch steelframe section and abutment wall steelframe section are fixedly connected to form heavy steelframe, in heavy-duty steel After frame is set up, it is laid with reinforced mesh on the arch wall wall between adjacent two heavy steelframes, by two adjacent weights Shaped steel frame is connected and fixed using longitudinally connected muscle and connection steelframe, later by heavy steelframe and close to the lock of heavy-duty steel frame setting Foot anchor tube fixation.
Profile in order to facilitate steelframe and arch agrees with, and the heavy type steelframe includes and the arch wall arch to supporting section The arch steelframe section mutually agreed with and the two abutment wall steelframe sections mutually agreed with two abutment walls of the arch wall to supporting section, two The abutment wall steelframe section is fixedly connected to form heavy steelframe with the arch steelframe section respectively.
In one embodiment, in order to which efficiently heavy steelframe is installed in the installation site of setting-out, specifically, step S3 in), assembled heavy type steelframe is mounted on the arch steelframe section of the arch wall arch to supporting section, and by the arch steelframe section according to Specified sequence is jacked to the arch wall arch to supporting section in each installation site after the first pneumatically placed concrete that reclines, comprising: The arch steelframe section is assembled into using multistage fashioned iron section;According to specified sequence, trolley is installed by the arch steel using arch Frame section jacks the arch wall arch to supporting section after reclining first pneumatically placed concrete in the installation site.Using fashioned iron section be assembled into The arch steelframe section that arch wall arch shape is agreed with, using arch installation trolley by assembled good arch steelframe section fast and accurately Arch steelframe section and abutment wall steelframe section are installed separately, facilitate construction by the arch wall arch for jacking specified installation site, can Improve the installation speed of heavy steelframe.
Specifically, the installation method further includes step S4) later and before step S5), in the heavy type of erection Multiple wedges are wedged to fixed spacing according to second along the profile of the heavy steelframe between steelframe and the arch wall to supporting section Tight block.Iron block or concrete precast block production can be selected in the wedge block.
Specifically, described first give fixed spacing between 1.8m-2.5m between 0.5m-0.8m, described second to fixed spacing.It is excellent Selection of land, first spacing are 0.6m, set 0.6m for the first spacing between heavy steelframe, make finally formed supporting knot The supporting intensity of structure meets requirement, and not will cause the waste of material;Preferably, the second spacing is 2m, can be in heavy type Excellent support is formed between steelframe and arch wall.
In one embodiment, when fixed heavy steelframe is with lock foot anchor tube, specifically, step S6) in, by the lock foot Anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation, comprising: the lock foot anchor tube and the corresponding heavy type are welded using L-type steel muscle side Steelframe.In another embodiment, fixed heavy steelframe and lock foot anchor tube by the way of reinforcing bar binding.
Specifically, the installation method further includes after step S6), spraying again on the arch wall to supporting section The concrete of two given thickness.After it will lock foot anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation, the multiple pneumatically placed concrete on arch wall, The reinforced mesh of heavy steelframe and laying is completely covered in the concrete sprayed again, after the concrete has set, concrete, heavy steelframe and Reinforced mesh forms unified support system to resist the pressure from country rock, prevents the generation again of deformation.
The present invention provides a kind of installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment, the installation Method digs out after supporting section in tunnel deformation segment, and just pneumatically placed concrete closes the arch to supporting section on the arch wall to supporting section Wall metope has simultaneously filled and led up the pit on arch wall metope conveniently to the subsequent supporting construction on supporting section arch wall, mixes later in first spray The installation site that setting-out on the arch wall to supporting section of soil goes out multiple heavy steelframes is coagulated, arch wall arch will be mounted in heavy steelframe Arch steelframe section jack to the arch wall arch in specified installation site, the abutment wall steelframe that will be mounted on arch wall abutment wall later Section is placed on the corresponding abutment wall of the installed position, arch steelframe section is fixedly connected with abutment wall steelframe section, in the installation position It sets place and forms heavy steelframe, in order to make entirely to be connected to the heavy steelframe of supporting section, strengthen the supporting construction to supporting section Supporting intensity, adjacent heavy steelframe is fixedly connected with connection steelframe by longitudinal connecting member muscle, finally makes multiple heavy types Steelframe interconnection is integrally formed, and in order to make heavy steelframe and be connected as entirety to supporting section country rock, more are performed at arch springing Foot anchor tube, and foot anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation will be locked.
Installation method provided by the invention, by by heavy steelframe arch steelframe section and abutment wall steelframe section separately hang Onto specified installation site, construction personnel's construction and installation are facilitated, improve the installation speed of heavy steelframe, and then are improved The construction efficiency in entire tunnel.
It is described the prefered embodiments of the present invention in detail above in conjunction with attached drawing, still, the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned realities The detail in mode is applied, within the scope of the technical concept of the present invention, a variety of letters can be carried out to technical solution of the present invention Monotropic type, these simple variants all belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.
It is further to note that specific technical features described in the above specific embodiments, in not lance In the case where shield, can be combined in any appropriate way, in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the present invention to it is various can No further explanation will be given for the combination of energy.
In addition, various embodiments of the present invention can be combined randomly, as long as it is without prejudice to originally The thought of invention, it should also be regarded as the disclosure of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment, which is characterized in that the peace Dress method includes:
S1 the concrete of the first given thickness) is just sprayed on the arch wall to supporting section of tunnel deformation segment;
S2) along longitudinal installation site for going out multiple heavy steelframes to fixed spacing setting-out according to first to supporting section;
S3) assembled heavy steelframe is mounted on the arch steelframe section of the arch wall arch to supporting section, and the arch steelframe section is pressed The arch wall arch to supporting section in each installation site to the first pneumatically placed concrete that reclines is jacked according to specified sequence;
S4 the arch wall abutment wall to supporting section after first pneumatically placed concrete that) reclines in each installation site is installed in heavy steelframe It is mounted on the abutment wall steelframe section of the arch wall abutment wall to supporting section, and by the abutment wall steelframe section and corresponding arch steelframe Duan Lian It connects, forms heavy steelframe;
S5 longitudinally connected muscle and connection steelframe are performed between adjacent two heavy steelframes) to connect two adjacent heavy-duty steels Frame;
S6 more lock foot anchor tubes) are performed close to each heavy steelframe at the arch springing to supporting section, by the lock foot Anchor tube and corresponding heavy steelframe fixation.
2. installation method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step S3) in, assembled heavy type steelframe is mounted on wait prop up The arch steelframe section of the arch wall arch of section is protected, and the arch steelframe section is jacked according to specified sequence to the just pneumatically placed concrete that reclines The arch wall arch to supporting section in each installation site afterwards, comprising:
The arch steelframe section is assembled into using multistage fashioned iron section;
According to specified sequence, the arch steelframe section is jacked into the just spray that reclines in the installation site using arch installation trolley and is mixed The arch wall arch to supporting section after solidifying soil.
3. installation method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described first gives fixed spacing between 0.5m-0.8m.
4. installation method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the installation method further includes step S4) after and Before step S5), along the heavy steelframe between the heavy steelframe of erection and the arch wall to supporting section Profile wedges multiple wedge blocks to fixed spacing according to second.
5. installation method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that described second gives fixed spacing between 1.8m-2.5m.
6. installation method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step S6) in, by the lock foot anchor tube with it is corresponding Heavy steelframe fixation, comprising:
The lock foot anchor tube and the corresponding heavy steelframe are welded using L-type steel muscle side.
7. installation method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the installation method further includes, step S6) it Afterwards, the concrete of the second given thickness is sprayed again on the arch wall to supporting section.
CN201910720032.1A 2019-08-06 2019-08-06 The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment Pending CN110397454A (en)

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CN201910720032.1A CN110397454A (en) 2019-08-06 2019-08-06 The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201910720032.1A CN110397454A (en) 2019-08-06 2019-08-06 The installation method of arch wall heavy type steelframe when changeing supporting suitable for tunnel deformation segment

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102536250A (en) * 2010-12-31 2012-07-04 中铁二局股份有限公司 Construction method for tunnels with karst and gas simultaneously

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102536250A (en) * 2010-12-31 2012-07-04 中铁二局股份有限公司 Construction method for tunnels with karst and gas simultaneously

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王少宏: "两水隧道衬砌全断面拆换施工技术与风险控制", 《铁道建筑》 *
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