CN117223559B - High-efficiency heat-preservation cultivation method for early spring watermelon in arch shed - Google Patents
High-efficiency heat-preservation cultivation method for early spring watermelon in arch shed Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides an efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for early spring watermelon in a shed, which comprises seed treatment, sowing, seedling emergence management, grafting, field planting and field planting post-management. The modified coconut coir has good water and fertilizer retention effects under the dual effects of the composite matrix and the activation liquid without covering a mulching film after germination and seeding of early spring watermelon seeds, the water in the composite matrix is uniform, the seed has better absorption effect on nutrient elements in the composite matrix, and the surface of the matrix is not dry and hard after the activation liquid is sprayed, so that the seedling emergence is facilitated. The volume weight of the composite matrix prepared by the invention is about 0.37-0.46 g/cm 3 88-95% of total porosity and 1.3-1.8 mS/cm of EC (electric conductivity) 2 Water absorption of 13.4-15.2 ml/g; by adopting the high-efficiency heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed, the emergence rate is 100%, seedlings can emerge within 4-5 days, and the phenomenon of uneven emergence caused by capping and soil emergence is avoided. At the end of 12 months or at the beginning of 1 month for watermelonThe seedlings are subjected to field planting, and the early spring watermelon can be marketed at the end of 3 months or at the beginning of 4 months by adopting the field planting heat preservation cultivation method disclosed by the invention, so that the income of melon farmers is increased.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of watermelon planting, and particularly relates to an efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for a premature-spring watermelon arch shed.
Background
The watermelon is crisp, sweet and juicy, is fresh and cool, and is one of the favorite fruits in summer. The Shandong province is an important production place of watermelons, the watermelon industry is a special agricultural of cold pavilion areas of the city of the manufacturer, and currently, the planting area of watermelons in the whole cold pavilion area is about 5.2 mu, and the yield is about 10.6 hundred million yuan. The watermelon is usually ripened and marketed in 6 months, and the arch shed is adopted for cultivating the early spring watermelon, so that the watermelon can be marketed in advance, the market demand is met, and the income of the melon farmers can be increased.
Early spring watermelons are generally sowed and grown in the middle of 1 to 2 months, and the outside environment temperature is low during growth of seedlings, so that the seedlings are mostly planted in an arch shed, and a mulching film is covered after sowing, so that the soil temperature is increased, the evaporation of water in a matrix is reduced, and the damage of diseases and insects is prevented. However, the use of the mulching film also brings a series of defects, such as poor air permeability, influence on the growth of seedlings, occurrence of seed-stuffy phenomenon, reduction of the emergence rate and the like. If the mulching film is selected to be removed, the temperature in the arch shed is higher, the moisture in the matrix is easy to evaporate, and the surface of the matrix is dried and hardened, so that the seedling emergence is not facilitated; meanwhile, the moisture and nutrient substances in the matrix are not uniform, and the phenomenon of uneven emergence of seedlings when the cap is worn easily occurs. In addition, the mulch film is mostly PE material, and improper treatment after use can cause certain pollution to the environment.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides an efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for the early-spring watermelon arch shed, which achieves the aims of improving the emergence rate of the early-spring watermelon, avoiding uneven emergence and leading the early-spring watermelon to be on the market in advance.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for a premature-spring watermelon arch shed comprises the following steps:
s1, seed treatment
Selecting full healthy, sterilized and aired watermelon seeds, scalding the watermelon seeds in warm water at 45-55 ℃ for 20-30min, soaking the watermelon seeds in warm water at 30-35 ℃ for 6-8h, soaking the watermelon seeds in 600 times carbendazim for 3-7min, taking out and airing surface water, covering the watermelon seeds with wet tissues, and accelerating germination at 28-30 ℃ until radicle is white.
S2, sowing
Setting an electric heating temperature bed in a greenhouse with the length and the width of 6-6.5m, and placing two rows of seedling raising trays on the electric heating temperature bed, wherein the row spacing is 1.5m; watering, wetting and uniformly stirring the sterilized composite matrix, then placing the composite matrix into a seedling raising tray, scraping the composite matrix, digging a sowing hole with the depth of 0.9-1.2cm at the center of the seedling raising tray, sowing the germinated watermelon seeds into the sowing hole, covering the watermelon seeds with the composite matrix, and scraping the watermelon seeds.
Preferably, the specification of the seedling raising tray is 540mm multiplied by 280mm multiplied by 50mm.
Preferably, the composite matrix comprises the following components in parts by weight: 90-110 parts of vegetable garden soil, 40-50 parts of modified coconut husk, 15-20 parts of plant ash, 10-15 parts of vermiculite, 8-10 parts of compound fertilizer and 10-15 parts of animal manure.
Preferably, the preparation method of the modified coconut husk comprises the following steps: crushing coco coir to 1-3 mu m, placing the coco coir into distilled water, stirring for 10-20min, heating to 40-50 ℃, adding glacial acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 10-25% to adjust the pH to 4-5, adding 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine and benzoyl peroxide to react for 3-5h, performing suction filtration, washing the product with water, washing with alcohol sequentially, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 80-90 ℃ for 3-4h to obtain the modified coco coir.
Further, the mass of the distilled water is 10-12 times of that of the coco coir.
Further, the addition amount of the 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is 33-42% of the mass of the coco coir, and the addition amount of the benzoyl peroxide is 2-5% of the mass of the coco coir.
The main components of the coconut husk are cellulose and lignin, and 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is grafted on the coconut husk, and because the 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound and has two methyl groups, nitrogen heterocycles are modified on cellulose and lignin macromolecules, the water retention of the coconut husk, the absorption and slow release capacity of nutrient elements in the compound fertilizer and the coordination capacity of ions in the compound fertilizer are improved. After cellulose and lignin macromolecules with the modified dimethyl nitrogen heterocyclic structure are coordinated with ions, more three-dimensional net structures are formed, and the water and fertilizer retaining effect and air permeability of the modified coconut coir are improved.
Preferably, the adsorption rate of the modified coconut husk to ions in the compound fertilizer is 91-94% (the adsorption time is 2h, and the temperature is 25 ℃).
Preferably, the compound fertilizer is purchased from Shandong Nanhan agricultural technology Co., ltd, and contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and microelements such as iron, calcium and magnesium; the compound fertilizer contains 18% of nitrogen, 6% of phosphorus, 21% of potassium and 0.3% of trace elements.
Preferably, the sterilized composite substrate is watered, moistened and uniformly mixed until the water content is 45-55%.
S3, seedling emergence management
Spraying an activation promoting liquid to the seedling tray after sowing, wherein the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 16-20 ℃ at night; and then spraying the activation liquid once again on the 3 rd day, and taking the watermelon cotyledon as a scion for grafting after 4-5 days when the watermelon cotyledon is completely unfolded.
Preferably, gibberellin in the promoting liquid is 15-25mg/L, beta-mannase is 1-4mg/L, soybean peptide is 0.01-0.1mg/L, and the solvent is water; the temperature of the activation solution is 30 ℃.
Further, the enzyme activity of the beta-mannanase is 10000 mu/g.
Wherein, gibberellin can accelerate the generation of alpha-amylase, promote the hydrolysis of nutrient substances in seeds and provide nutrition for seed germination; the beta-mannase can reduce resistance brought by seed coats when seeds bud, and the soybean peptide can enhance the activity of the seeds and accelerate the germination of the seeds.
Preferably, the spraying amount of the activating liquid is 45-65ml per disc.
S4, grafting
Grafting stocks and scions with similar sizes in a big arch shelter by adopting a top grafting method, keeping the temperature in the big arch shelter at 22-26 ℃, planting the stocks and scions in a nutrition pot after grafting, putting the seedlings in a seedling bed, pouring enough water in the seedling bed, moving the seedlings in a small arch shelter and sealing the seedlings, keeping the air humidity in the big arch shelter to be more than 95%, keeping the daytime temperature at 30-33 ℃ and the night temperature at 15-18 ℃, properly providing illumination after grafting for 3-4 days, avoiding direct irradiation, and selecting noon for ventilation;
after 7 days of grafting, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 70-80%, the daytime temperature is 25-30 ℃, the night temperature is 18-20 ℃, the buds of the stock are removed in time in the cultivation process, the compound fertilizer and the carbendazim are properly sprayed, 20-25 days after grafting, 5 true leaves grow out from the grafted seedlings, and the grafting is successful.
S5, field planting
Hardening off seedlings 5-7 days before field planting, prolonging ventilation time in daytime, gradually reducing temperature of the seedbed, and enhancing frost resistance and disease resistance of melon seedlings; the field planting is carried out in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6-6.5m, two rows of small arch sheds are arranged in the big arch shelter, the row spacing is 1.5m, cotton quilts are put on the small arch sheds in the morning and evening, fertilizer is applied in a whole week before the field planting, water is fully applied in one day before the field planting, the depth of the field planting is 0.9-1.2cm, the temperature of the white day in the big arch shelter after the field planting is 28-30 ℃ and the night temperature is 20-22 ℃.
Because the temperature near the two sides of the big arch shelter is lower in the big arch shelter, the small arch shelter is arranged in the middle of the big arch shelter, and the cotton quilt is taken up to realize further heat preservation, thereby accelerating the growth of the watermelon.
S6, post-field management
The temperature of the white days in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the vine stretching period, the night temperature is 16-20 ℃, when the side vines grow to 20cm, the branches are pruned and pressed, one healthy side vine is reserved, all other side vines are removed, and then the side vines growing again are removed in time; when the main vines grow to 50cm, the main vines are guided to climb the vines; by artificial pollination, the fruits enter the fruit expansion period 4-5 days after pollination, the second female flowers and the third female flowers of the main vines are selected for fruit setting, and the deformed melons are removed in time.
Preferably, in the fruit expanding period, when young melons grow to the egg size, watering for 3 days, then applying a water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer to promote the melons to expand, and then applying the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer every 5-7 days, wherein the application amount of the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer is 2-3kg per mu.
By adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the following technical effects:
1. by adopting the high-efficiency heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed, the emergence rate is 100%, and the phenomenon of uneven emergence due to capping and soil emergence is avoided.
2. The field planting and heat preservation cultivation method is adopted to plant the watermelon seedlings at the end of 12 months or at the beginning of 1 month, so that early spring watermelons can be marketed at the end of 3 months or at the beginning of 4 months, the market precedent is preempted, and the income of melon farmers is increased.
3. Sowing the seeds after germination acceleration in a composite matrix, carrying out heat preservation seedling management, controlling the temperature of an arch shed, spraying a proper amount of promoting liquid, accelerating the emergence of the seeds and improving the emergence rate. Wherein, gibberellin in the activation promoting liquid can accelerate the generation of alpha-amylase, promote the hydrolysis of nutrient substances in seeds and provide nutrition for seed germination; the beta-mannase can reduce resistance brought by seed coats when seeds bud, and the soybean peptide can enhance the activity of the seeds and accelerate the germination of the seeds.
4. 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is grafted on coco coir to modify coco coir, and because 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is a nitrogenous heterocyclic compound and has two methyl groups, nitrogen heterocyclic rings are modified on cellulose and lignin macromolecules, the water retention of coco coir, the adsorption and slow release capacity of nutrient elements in the compound fertilizer and the coordination capacity of ions in the compound fertilizer are improved. After cellulose and lignin macromolecules with the dimethyl nitrogen heterocyclic structure are modified and are coordinated with ions, more three-dimensional net structures are formed, and the water and fertilizer retaining effect and air permeability of the modified coconut coir are improved; the modified coconut husk has slow release capability on nutrient elements, and can improve the absorption effect of seeds on nutrient elements.
5. Even if the mulching film is not covered after sowing, under the dual functions of the composite matrix and the promoting liquid, the moisture in the composite matrix is uniform, the modified coconut coir has good water and fertilizer retaining effect, and the surface of the matrix is not dry and hard after the promoting liquid is sprayed, thereby being beneficial to seedling emergence.
6. The volume weight of the composite matrix prepared by the invention is about 0.37-0.46 g/cm 3 88-95% of total porosity and 1.3-1.8 mS/cm of EC (electric conductivity) 2 The water absorption is 13.4-15.2 ml/g.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to specific examples.
The planting site of the embodiment is selected in the cold pavilion area of the Weifang city in Shandong province, and the planting date is 2023, 1 month and 5 days.
Example 1
S1, seed treatment
Selecting 500 plump healthy, sterilized and aired early spring honeydew watermelon seeds, scalding in warm water at 50 ℃ for 30min, soaking the seeds in warm water at 35 ℃ for 7h and soaking in 600 times carbendazim for 5min, fishing out and airing surface moisture, covering the seeds with wet tissues, and accelerating germination at 30 ℃ until radicle is exposed to white.
S2, sowing
Setting an electric heating temperature bed in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6.5m, and placing two rows of seedling raising trays on the electric heating temperature bed, wherein the row spacing is 1.5m; watering and moistening the sterilized composite matrix until the water content is 50%, putting the sterilized composite matrix into a seedling raising tray, scraping the sterilized composite matrix into a seeding hole with the depth of 1cm at the center of the seedling raising tray, sowing the germinated watermelon seeds into the seeding hole, covering the watermelon seeds with the composite matrix, and scraping the watermelon seeds.
The specification of the seedling raising tray is 540mm multiplied by 280mm multiplied by 50mm.
The composite matrix comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of vegetable garden soil, 47 parts of modified coconut husk, 15 parts of plant ash, 12 parts of vermiculite, 9 parts of compound fertilizer and 12 parts of animal manure.
The volume weight of the composite matrix is 0.4g/cm 3 92% total porosity, EC (conductivity) of 1.68mS/cm 2 Water absorption 14.7ml/g.
The preparation method of the modified coconut husk comprises the following steps: crushing coco coir to 1 mu m, placing the coco coir into distilled water, stirring for 15min, heating to 45 ℃, adding glacial acetic acid solution with mass fraction of 20% to adjust the pH to 4.5, adding 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine and benzoyl peroxide to react for 4h, performing suction filtration, washing the product with water, washing with alcohol sequentially, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 90 ℃ for 3h to obtain the modified coco coir.
The mass of the distilled water is 12 times of that of the coco coir.
The addition amount of the 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is 37% of the mass of the coco coir, and the addition amount of the benzoyl peroxide is 4% of the mass of the coco coir.
The adsorption rate of the modified coconut husk to ions in the compound fertilizer is 94% (the adsorption time is 2h, and the temperature is 25 ℃).
The compound fertilizer is purchased from Shandong Nanhan agricultural science and technology limited company, contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and microelements such as iron, calcium and magnesium; the compound fertilizer contains 18% of nitrogen, 6% of phosphorus, 21% of potassium and 0.3% of trace elements.
S3, seedling emergence management
Spraying an activation promoting liquid to a seedling raising tray after sowing, wherein the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 27 ℃ in the daytime and at 18 ℃ at night; after that, the activation liquid is sprayed again on the 3 rd day, and the watermelon cotyledon can be used as a scion for grafting after 4 days when the watermelon cotyledon is completely unfolded.
Gibberellin in the activation promoting liquid is 20mg/L, beta-mannase is 3mg/L, soybean peptide is 0.05mg/L, and a solvent is water; the temperature of the activation solution is 30 ℃.
The spraying amount of the activation liquid is 55ml per disc.
S4, grafting
Grafting stocks and scions with similar sizes in a big arch shelter by adopting a top grafting method, keeping the temperature in the big arch shelter at 24 ℃, planting the stocks and scions in a nutrition pot into a seedbed after grafting, pouring enough water in the seedbed, moving the seedlings into a small arch shelter and sealing the seedlings, keeping the air humidity in the big arch shelter at 96%, keeping the daytime temperature at 32 ℃ and the night temperature at 18 ℃, properly providing illumination after grafting for 4 days, avoiding direct irradiation, and selecting midday ventilation;
after 7 days of grafting, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 75%, the daytime temperature is 28 ℃, the night temperature is 20 ℃, the buds of the stock are removed in time in the cultivation process, the compound fertilizer and the carbendazim are properly sprayed, more than 98% of grafted seedlings grow out 5 true leaves 20 days after grafting, and the grafting is successful.
S5, field planting
Hardening off seedlings 7 days before field planting, prolonging the ventilation time in the daytime, gradually reducing the temperature of the seedbed, and enhancing the frost resistance and disease resistance of melon seedlings; the field planting is carried out in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6.5m, two rows of small arch sheds are arranged in the big arch shelter, the row spacing is 1.5m, cotton quilts are put on the small arch sheds in the morning and evening, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out in a week before the field planting, water is fully poured in a day before the field planting, the depth of the field planting is 1cm, the temperature of the day in the big arch shelter after the field planting is 30 ℃, and the night temperature is 20 ℃.
The soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 2000kg per mu, and the application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 13kg per mu.
S6, post-field management
Controlling the white day temperature in the greenhouse to be 26 ℃ and the night temperature to be 18 ℃ in the vine stretching period, pruning and pressing the vines when the vines grow to 20cm, reserving one strong side vine, removing all other side vines, and timely removing the grown side vine; when the main vines grow to 50cm, the main vines are guided to climb the vines; by artificial pollination, the fruits enter the fruit expansion period after pollination for 4 days, the fruits of the second female flowers and the third female flowers which leave the main vines are selected, the malformed melons are removed in time, the harvest is carried out in the period of 3 months and 27 days of 2023, and the average weight of single melon is 2.5kg.
In the fruit expanding period, when young melons grow to the size of eggs, watering for 1 time, applying water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer to promote the melons to expand after watering for 3 days, and then applying water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer every 6 days, wherein the application amount of the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer is 3kg per mu.
Example 2
S1, seed treatment
Selecting 500 full and healthy sterilized and aired watermelon seeds, scalding the watermelon seeds in warm water at 45 ℃ for 20min, soaking the watermelon seeds in warm water at 30 ℃ for 8h, soaking the watermelon seeds in 600 times carbendazim for 3min, fishing out and airing the surface moisture, covering the watermelon seeds with wet tissues, and accelerating germination at 28 ℃ until radicle is exposed to white.
S2, sowing
Setting an electric heating temperature bed in a greenhouse with the length and the width of 6m, and placing two rows of seedling raising trays on the electric heating temperature bed, wherein the row spacing is 1.5m; watering and moistening the sterilized composite matrix until the water content is 45%, putting the sterilized composite matrix into a seedling raising tray, scraping the sterilized composite matrix into a seeding hole with the depth of 0.9cm at the center of the seedling raising tray, sowing the germinated watermelon seeds into the seeding hole, covering the watermelon seeds with the composite matrix, and scraping the watermelon seeds.
The specification of the seedling raising tray is 540mm multiplied by 280mm multiplied by 50mm.
The composite matrix comprises the following components in parts by weight: 90 parts of vegetable garden soil, 40 parts of modified coconut husk, 17 parts of plant ash, 15 parts of vermiculite, 8 parts of compound fertilizer and 10 parts of animal manure.
The volume weight of the composite matrix is 0.37g/cm 3 95% total porosity, EC (conductivity) of 1.3mS/cm 2 Water absorption 13.4ml/g.
The preparation method of the modified coconut husk comprises the following steps: crushing coco coir to 3 mu m, placing the coco coir into distilled water, stirring for 10min, heating to 40 ℃, adding glacial acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 10% to adjust the pH to 4, adding 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine and benzoyl peroxide to react for 3h, performing suction filtration, washing the product with water and alcohol sequentially, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 80 ℃ for 3h to obtain the modified coco coir.
The mass of the distilled water is 10 times of that of the coco coir.
The addition amount of the 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is 33% of the mass of the coco coir, and the addition amount of the benzoyl peroxide is 2% of the mass of the coco coir.
The adsorption rate of the modified coconut husk to ions in the compound fertilizer is 91% (the adsorption time is 2h, and the temperature is 25 ℃).
The compound fertilizer is purchased from Shandong Nanhan agricultural science and technology limited company, contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and microelements such as iron, calcium and magnesium; the compound fertilizer contains 18% of nitrogen, 6% of phosphorus, 21% of potassium and 0.3% of trace elements.
S3, seedling emergence management
Spraying an activation promoting liquid to a seedling raising tray after sowing, wherein the temperature in the day is controlled at 25 ℃ and the temperature in the night is controlled at 16 ℃ in a big arch shelter; and after that, the activation liquid is sprayed again on the 3 rd day, and the watermelon cotyledon can be used as a scion for grafting after 5 days when the watermelon cotyledon is completely unfolded.
Gibberellin 15mg/L, beta-mannase 1mg/L, soybean peptide 0.01mg/L, and water as solvent; the temperature of the activation solution is 30 ℃.
The spraying amount of the activation liquid is 45ml per disc.
S4, grafting
Grafting stocks and scions with similar sizes in a big arch shelter by adopting a top grafting method, keeping the temperature in the big arch shelter at 22 ℃, planting the stocks and scions in a nutrition pot into a seedbed after grafting, pouring enough water in the seedbed, moving the seedlings into a small arch shelter and sealing the seedlings, keeping the air humidity in the big arch shelter at 97%, keeping the daytime temperature at 30 ℃ and the night temperature at 15 ℃, properly providing illumination after grafting for 3 days, avoiding direct irradiation, and selecting midday ventilation;
after 7 days of grafting, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 70%, the daytime temperature is 25 ℃, the night temperature is 18 ℃, the buds of the stock are removed in time in the cultivation process, the compound fertilizer and the carbendazim are properly sprayed, more than 98% of grafted seedlings grow out 5 true leaves 25 days after grafting, and the grafting is successful.
S5, field planting
Hardening off seedlings 5 days before field planting, prolonging the ventilation time in the daytime, gradually reducing the temperature of the seedbed, and enhancing the frost resistance and disease resistance of melon seedlings; the field planting is carried out in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6m, two rows of small arch sheds are arranged in the big arch shelter, the row spacing is 1.5m, cotton quilts are put on the small arch sheds in the morning and evening, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out in a week before the field planting, water is fully poured in a day before the field planting, the depth of the field planting is 0.9cm, the day temperature in the big arch shelter after the field planting is 28 ℃, and the night temperature is 20 ℃.
The soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1500kg per mu, and the application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 10kg per mu.
S6, post-field management
Controlling the white day temperature in the greenhouse to 25 ℃ and the night temperature to 16 ℃ in the vine stretching period, pruning and pressing the vines when the vines grow to 20cm, reserving one strong side vine, removing all other side vines, and timely removing the grown side vine; when the main vines grow to 50cm, the main vines are guided to climb the vines; by artificial pollination, the fruits enter the fruit expansion period 5 days after pollination, the fruits of the second female flowers and the third female flowers which leave the main vines are selected, the malformed melons are removed in time, the harvest is carried out at the month of 3 and 28 days of 2023, and the average weight of single melon is 2.3kg.
In the fruit expanding period, when young melons grow to the size of eggs, watering for 1 time, applying water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer to promote the melons to expand after watering for 3 days, and then applying water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer every 5 days, wherein the application amount of the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer is 2kg per mu.
Example 3
S1, seed treatment
Selecting 500 full and healthy sterilized and aired watermelon seeds, scalding the watermelon seeds in warm water at 55 ℃ for 25min, soaking the watermelon seeds in warm water at 35 ℃ for 6h and soaking the watermelon seeds in 600 times carbendazim for 7min, fishing out and airing the surface moisture, covering the watermelon seeds with wet tissues, and accelerating germination at 30 ℃ until radicle is exposed to white.
S2, sowing
Setting an electric heating temperature bed in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6.5m, and placing two rows of seedling raising trays on the electric heating temperature bed, wherein the row spacing is 1.5m; watering and moistening the sterilized composite matrix, uniformly stirring until the water content is 55%, then placing the mixture into a seedling raising tray, scraping the mixture, digging a sowing hole with the depth of 1.2cm at the center of the seedling raising tray, sowing the germinated watermelon seeds into the sowing hole, covering the watermelon seeds with the composite matrix, and scraping the watermelon seeds.
The specification of the seedling raising tray is 540mm multiplied by 280mm multiplied by 50mm.
The composite matrix comprises the following components in parts by weight: 110 parts of vegetable garden soil, 50 parts of modified coconut husk, 20 parts of plant ash, 10 parts of vermiculite, 10 parts of compound fertilizer and 15 parts of animal manure.
The volume weight of the composite matrix is 0.46g/cm 3 88% total porosity, EC (conductivity) of 1.8mS/cm 2 15.2ml/g water absorption.
The preparation method of the modified coconut husk comprises the following steps: crushing coco coir to 2 mu m, placing the coco coir into distilled water, stirring for 20min, heating to 50 ℃, adding glacial acetic acid solution with mass fraction of 25% to adjust the pH to 5, adding 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine and benzoyl peroxide to react for 5h, performing suction filtration, washing the product with water and alcohol sequentially, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 90 ℃ for 4h to obtain the modified coco coir.
The mass of the distilled water is 11 times of that of the coco coir.
The addition amount of the 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is 42% of the mass of the coco coir, and the addition amount of the benzoyl peroxide is 5% of the mass of the coco coir.
The adsorption rate of the modified coconut husk to ions in the compound fertilizer is 92% (the adsorption time is 2h, and the temperature is 25 ℃).
The compound fertilizer is purchased from Shandong Nanhan agricultural science and technology limited company, contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and microelements such as iron, calcium and magnesium; the compound fertilizer contains 18% of nitrogen, 6% of phosphorus, 21% of potassium and 0.3% of trace elements.
S3, seedling emergence management
Spraying an activation promoting liquid to a seedling tray after sowing, wherein the temperature in the day is controlled at 28 ℃ and the temperature in the night is controlled at 20 ℃ in a big arch shelter; and after that, the activation liquid is sprayed again on the 3 rd day, and the watermelon cotyledon can be used as a scion for grafting after 5 days when the watermelon cotyledon is completely unfolded.
Gibberellin in the activation promoting liquid is 25mg/L, beta-mannase is 4mg/L, soybean peptide is 0.1mg/L, and a solvent is water; the temperature of the activation solution is 30 ℃.
The spraying amount of the activation liquid is 65ml per disc.
S4, grafting
Grafting stocks and scions with similar sizes in a big arch shelter by adopting a top grafting method, keeping the temperature in the big arch shelter at 26 ℃, planting the stocks and scions in a nutrition pot into a seedbed after grafting, pouring enough water in the seedbed, moving the seedlings into a small arch shelter and sealing, keeping the air humidity in the big arch shelter at 97%, keeping the daytime temperature at 33 ℃, keeping the night temperature at 18 ℃, properly providing illumination after grafting for 4 days, avoiding direct irradiation, and selecting noon for ventilation;
after 7 days of grafting, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 80%, the daytime temperature is 30 ℃, the night temperature is 20 ℃, the buds of the stock are removed in time in the cultivation process, the compound fertilizer and the carbendazim are properly sprayed, more than 98% of grafted seedlings grow out 5 true leaves 22 days after grafting, and the grafting is successful.
S5, field planting
Hardening off seedlings 7 days before field planting, prolonging the ventilation time in the daytime, gradually reducing the temperature of the seedbed, and enhancing the frost resistance and disease resistance of melon seedlings; the field planting is carried out in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6.5m, two rows of small arch sheds are arranged in the big arch shelter, the row spacing is 1.5m, cotton quilts are put on the small arch sheds in the morning and evening, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out in a week before the field planting, water is fully poured in a day before the field planting, the depth of the field planting is 1.2cm, the day-to-day temperature in the big arch shelter after the field planting is 30 ℃, and the night temperature is 22 ℃.
The soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 2500kg per mu, and the application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 15kg per mu.
S6, post-field management
Controlling the white day temperature in the greenhouse to be 28 ℃ and the night temperature to be 20 ℃ in the vine stretching period, pruning and pressing the vines when the vines grow to 20cm, reserving one strong side vine, removing all other side vines, and timely removing the grown side vine; when the main vines grow to 50cm, the main vines are guided to climb the vines; by artificial pollination, the fruits enter the fruit expansion period 5 days after pollination, the fruits of the second female flowers and the third female flowers which leave the main vines are selected, the malformed melons are removed in time, the harvest is carried out on the day 27 of 3 months of 2023, and the average weight of single melon is 2.4kg.
In the fruit expanding period, when young melons grow to the size of eggs, watering for 1 time, applying water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer to promote the melons to expand after watering for 3 days, and then applying water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer every 7 days, wherein the application amount of the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer is 3kg per mu.
Comparative example 1
Representative example 1 was selected, modified coco coir in the composite matrix was removed, and commercially available common coco coir was selected, the remainder being identical to example 1, as comparative example 1.
The composite matrix of comparative example 1 had a volume weight of 0.52g/cm 3 64% total porosity, EC (conductivity) of 1.5mS/cm 2 Water absorption of 7.2ml/g.
Comparative example 2
Representative example 1 was selected, the activation solution was removed, and distilled water was sprayed in an equal amount, and the rest was the same as in example 1, to obtain comparative example 2.
Comparative example 3
Representative example 1 was selected, modified coco coir and activation solution in the composite matrix were removed, commercially available ordinary coco coir was selected, and distilled water was sprayed in equal amounts, and the remainder was identical to example 1, as comparative example 3.
The composite matrix of comparative example 3 had a volume weight of 0.52g/cm 3 64% total porosity, EC (conductivity) of 1.5mS/cm 2 Water absorption of 7.2ml/g.
The emergence rates and emergence days of early spring watermelon seedlings cultivated by the cultivation methods of examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were compared, and are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
| Examples | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | Comparative example 3 |
| Emergence rate (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 92 | 94 | 72 |
| Whether or not seedlings are out of order | Whether or not | Whether or not | Whether or not | Is that | Whether or not | Is that |
| Days of emergence | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 11 |
It can be seen that even if the mulching film is not covered after sowing, under the dual functions of the composite matrix and the promoting liquid, the moisture in the composite matrix is uniform, the modified coconut husk has good water and fertilizer retaining effect, and the surface of the matrix is not dry and hard after spraying the promoting liquid, thereby being beneficial to emergence of seedlings. The modified coconut husk has slow release capability on nutrient elements, and can improve the absorption effect of seeds on the nutrient elements; sowing the seeds after germination acceleration in a composite matrix, carrying out heat preservation seedling management, controlling the temperature of an arch shed, spraying a proper amount of promoting liquid, accelerating the emergence of the seeds and improving the emergence rate.
Except for special description, the percentages are mass percentages, and the ratios are mass ratios; the raw materials are all commercially available.
Finally, it should be noted that: the foregoing description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, but although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalents may be substituted for some of the technical features thereof. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The high-efficiency heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed is characterized by comprising seed treatment, sowing, seedling emergence management, grafting, field planting and field planting post-management;
the matrix adopted by the sowing is a composite matrix, and the composite matrix comprises the following components in parts by weight: 90-110 parts of vegetable garden soil, 40-50 parts of modified coconut husk, 15-20 parts of plant ash, 10-15 parts of vermiculite, 8-10 parts of compound fertilizer and 10-15 parts of animal manure;
the preparation method of the modified coconut husk comprises the following steps: crushing coco coir to 1-3 mu m, placing the coco coir into distilled water, stirring for 10-20min, heating to 40-50 ℃, adding glacial acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 10-25% to adjust the pH to 4-5, adding 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine and benzoyl peroxide to react for 3-5h, performing suction filtration, washing the product with water and ethanol sequentially, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 80-90 ℃ for 3-4h to obtain modified coco coir;
the mass of the distilled water is 10-12 times of that of the coco coir;
the addition amount of the 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl pyrazine is 33-42% of the mass of the coco coir, and the addition amount of the benzoyl peroxide is 2-5% of the mass of the coco coir;
the seedling emergence management is carried out, after sowing, the seedling raising tray is sprayed with the activation promoting liquid, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 25-28 ℃, and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 16-20 ℃; after that, the activation liquid is sprayed again in the 3 rd day, and the watermelon cotyledon can be used as a scion for grafting after 4-5 days when the watermelon cotyledon is completely unfolded;
gibberellin 15-25mg/L, beta-mannase 1-4mg/L, soybean peptide 0.01-0.1mg/L, and water as solvent; the temperature of the promoting liquid is 30 ℃;
the spraying amount of the activation liquid is 45-65ml per disc;
the time of the field planting is 12 months at the bottom or 1 month at the beginning.
2. The efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed is characterized in that the seeds are treated, full and healthy watermelon seeds after disinfection and airing are selected to be scalded in warm water at 45-55 ℃ for 20-30min, then are sequentially placed in warm water at 30-35 ℃ for soaking for 6-8h, 600 times of carbendazim is soaked for 3-7min, and then the seeds are fished out to dry the surface moisture, covered by wet tissues and sprouting is carried out at 28-30 ℃ until radicle is exposed to white.
3. The efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed is characterized in that electric heating temperature beds are arranged in the arch shed with the length and the width of 6-6.5m, two rows of seedling raising trays are placed on the electric heating temperature beds, and the row spacing is 1.5m; watering and moistening the sterilized composite matrix until the water content is 45-55%, putting the sterilized composite matrix into a seedling tray, scraping the sterilized composite matrix, digging a sowing hole with the depth of 0.9-1.2cm at the center of the seedling tray, sowing the germinated watermelon seeds into the sowing hole, covering the watermelon seeds with the composite matrix, and scraping the watermelon seeds;
the specification of the seedling raising tray is 540mm multiplied by 280mm multiplied by 50mm.
4. The method for efficiently preserving and cultivating the early spring watermelon in the arch shed according to claim 1, wherein the grafting comprises the steps of grafting stocks and scions with similar sizes in the arch shed by adopting a top-grafting method, keeping the temperature in the arch shed at 22-26 ℃, placing the grafting stocks into a nutrition pot after grafting, placing the seedling pot into a seedling bed, watering the seedling bed with water, moving the seedling pot into a small arch shed and sealing the seedling pot, keeping the air humidity in the arch shed above 95%, keeping the daytime temperature at 30-33 ℃ and the nighttime temperature at 15-18 ℃, appropriately providing illumination after grafting for 3-4 days, avoiding direct irradiation, and selecting midday ventilation.
5. The efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed is characterized in that the grafting further comprises the steps of keeping the air humidity in the shed at 70-80% after 7 days of grafting, keeping the daytime temperature at 25-30 ℃ and the nighttime temperature at 18-20 ℃, timely removing buds of the stock in the cultivation process, properly spraying compound fertilizer and carbendazim, and growing 5 true leaves after 20-25 days of grafting, wherein the grafting is successful.
6. The efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed is characterized in that seedling hardening is started 5-7 days before field planting, and daytime ventilation time is prolonged; the field planting is carried out in a big arch shelter with the length and the width of 6-6.5m, two rows of small arch sheds are arranged in the big arch shelter, the row spacing is 1.5m, cotton quilts are put on the small arch sheds in the morning and evening, fertilizer is applied in a whole week before the field planting, water is fully applied in one day before the field planting, the depth of the field planting is 0.9-1.2cm, the temperature of the white day in the big arch shelter after the field planting is 28-30 ℃ and the night temperature is 20-22 ℃.
7. The efficient heat-preservation cultivation method for the early spring watermelon arch shed is characterized by comprising the steps of managing after planting, controlling the white day temperature in the greenhouse to be 25-28 ℃ during the vine stretching period, controlling the night temperature to be 16-20 ℃, pruning and pressing the vines when the vines grow to 20cm, reserving one strong side vine, removing all the rest side vines, and timely removing the side vines which grow again; when the main vines grow to 50cm, the main vines are guided to climb the vines; artificial pollination is adopted, fruits enter the fruit expansion period 4-5 days after pollination, second female flowers and third female flowers of the main vines are selected for fruit setting, and deformed melons are removed in time;
in the fruit expanding period, when young melons grow to the size of eggs, watering for 1 time, applying a water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer to promote the melons to expand after watering for 3 days, and then applying the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer every 5-7 days, wherein the application amount of the water-soluble fruit expanding fertilizer is 2-3kg per mu.
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