CN116529316A - 包含油籽粗粉的聚合物复合材料 - Google Patents
包含油籽粗粉的聚合物复合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116529316A CN116529316A CN202180068080.2A CN202180068080A CN116529316A CN 116529316 A CN116529316 A CN 116529316A CN 202180068080 A CN202180068080 A CN 202180068080A CN 116529316 A CN116529316 A CN 116529316A
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- ground
- meal
- polymer composite
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- polymer
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Abstract
本发明涉及聚合物复合材料,包含:a.聚合物,用量为总重量的5wt%‑94.5wt%;b.研磨的油籽粗粉,用量为总重量的至少5wt%;c.增塑剂,用量为组分b)的5‑50%w/w;d.可选的填料,以及e.可选的添加剂,其中,c)是熔融温度在70至210°范围内的固体增塑剂。本发明还涉及其制备方法、中间体和包含该聚合物复合材料的固体制品。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包含油籽粗粉(oilseed meal)的聚合物复合材料。更具体地,本发明涉及包含增加量的油籽粗粉的聚合物复合材料。
背景技术
油籽(oilseed)是主要生长用于提取食用油的种子,尽管它们还可以包括出于用于任何应用(如在香料和个人护理中)提取油的目的而生长的种子。全油籽含有高浓度的能量和中等浓度的蛋白质和纤维。主要的油籽包括大豆、油菜籽(芥花籽,canola)、向日葵和棕榈油。
在从油籽中提取油(使油籽脱脂)中使用的工艺基本上分为三类:溶剂提取、热压(或渣油提取(expeller-extracted))和冷压。在这些油籽机械破碎之后,通常使用己烷(工业上)进行溶剂提取,并且导致去除97%-99%的油含量,其中油含量<1.5%是通常预期的。通过从油籽中物理挤压油机械地进行压制提取,其中冷压发生在低于60℃/140°F。热压/渣油提取涉及在压榨之前对油籽进行加热预处理。通过压榨预期的油提取含量通常是<95%。
油提取后油籽的剩余物通常称为粗粉(meal)、渣油(expeller)或饼(cake)(压饼(press-cake))。更准确地,溶剂提取的油籽产生粗粉,热压提取产生渣油粗粉,并且冷压提取产生渣油饼。出于本专利的目的,粗粉被定义为溶剂提取过程的所得材料,含有小于3%,优选等于或小于1.5w/w的油。例如,溶剂提取的油菜籽粗粉必须不包含超过2%-3%的油,https://www.feedipedia.org/node/52。
油籽粗粉是家畜饲料中蛋白质的主要来源,其中蛋白质水平通常超过20%。商业粗粉的实例包括但不限于例如大豆粗粉或豆粗粉、棕榈粗粉或棕榈仁粗粉、椰子粗粉或椰子核粗粉、向日葵粗粉、花生粗粉或落花生粗粉,棉籽粗粉、油菜籽粗粉或油菜粕(rapemeal)或芥花籽粗粉、蓖麻籽粗粉、亚麻籽粗粉、亚麻种子粗粉或亚麻粗粉、红花粗粉、亚麻荠粗粉、象牙棕榈坚果粗粉或象牙棕榈粗粉、葡萄籽粗粉,麻风树芯粗粉、芥菜籽粗粉、玉米胚芽粗粉、婆罗双树籽粗粉(sal seed meal)或婆罗双树种子粗粉(Shorea Robustaseed meal)、芝麻籽粗粉、麻种子粗粉、烟草种子粗粉、西瓜籽粗粉、油菊籽粗粉(nigerseed meal)、米糠粗粉、小麦胚芽粗粉、琉璃苣粗粉、黑加仑粗粉、月见草粗粉、玫瑰果粗粉、田紫草(Buglossoides arvensis)(田紫草(Ahiflower))粗粉、荷荷巴(jojoba)粗粉、以及杏仁粗粉。
已经证明一些油籽粗粉具有类似于它们提取的油的抗氧化剂和自由基清除特性。
通常已知的是,从油籽中提取的油已经被用作聚合物(包括可生物降解的聚合物,如聚乳酸和聚(丁二酸丁二醇酯))中的功能性添加剂(主要是增塑剂)。亚麻籽油和其他环氧化油尤其如此。
还广泛已知的是,已经报道了通过化学手段与它们对应的粗粉分离并且借助于不同的增塑剂的特定蛋白质分离物用于聚合物膜中,作为主要组分,以及作为与其他常见聚合物的复合材料。对于大豆、油菜籽(芥花籽)和棉籽的蛋白分离物来说,尤其如此。
然而,含有研磨的油籽粗粉(具有油含量<3%)的聚合物复合物的情况较少见到报道。
将脱脂亚麻籽饼(丙酮改性的)以5%-30%w/w之间的负载量水平结合到聚乳酸中,参见O.Mysiukiewicz和M.Barczewski在“Utilization of linseed cake as apostagricultural functional filler for poly(lactic acid)green composites”Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2018,DOI:10.1002/APP.47152中,尽管脱脂亚麻籽饼的残余油含量经测量为17.4%并且不应当被认为是粗粉。
将相同的丙酮脱脂亚麻籽饼进一步结合到聚乳酸中最高达40%w/w负载量,参见M.Barczewski,O.Mysiukiewicz,J.Szulc和A.Klozinski在“Poly(lactic acid)greencomposites filled with linseed cake as an agricultural waste filler.Influenceof oil content within the filler on the rheological behaviour”Journal ofApplied Polymer Science 2019,DOI:10.1002/APP.47651中。
这篇文章的两段内容如下(添加括号中的文本用于解释):
“可以看出,在具有20wt%和更多的两种(亚麻籽饼,LC,和丙酮改性的亚麻籽饼,LCA)填料类型的材料的情况下,在测量过程中的流量通过量变得极高,如果与在毛细管和扭矩流变学测量的情况下还观察到的壁滑效果相比,这是合理的。对于含有20wt%-40wt%的填料的复合材料观察到的高MFI(熔体流动指数)值,对于扭矩流变学的结果具有容差,表明结合高于10wt%的填料可以在熔融加工和生产稳定性方面提供强限制。”
“不幸的是,在复合材料包含大于20wt%的LC和LCA(亚麻籽饼和丙酮改性的亚麻籽饼)的情况下,两种类型的LC填料(纯的和脱脂的)中大量的油在动态捏合机室中增塑期间引起强限制。”
Olga Mysiukiewicz、Mateusz Barczewski、Katarzyna Skórczewska、JoannaSzulc和Arkaduisz Klozinski在“Accelerated Weathering of Polyplactide-BasedComposites Filled with Linseed Cake:The Influence of Time and Oil Content inthe Fillers”,Polymers 2019,11,1495中报道了石油醚脱脂亚麻籽渣油导致4.6%油含量和第二脱脂过程导致0.9%的油含量。这些材料中的第二种可以被认为是粗粉。将两者以10%w/w的负载量水平结合到聚乳酸中,而不使用任何其他添加剂。发现0.9%的样品更强但更脆,这与结合更高水平的亚麻籽油含量的相同样品相反。
O.Mysiukiewicz,K.M.Barczewski和J.Szulc在“The influence ofoil content within lignocellulosic filler on thermal degradation kinetics andflammability of polylactide composites modified with linseed cake”,PolymerComposites 2020,https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25727中也报告了相同的材料。
M.Delgado,M.Felix和C.Bengoechea在“Development of bioplasticmaterials:From rapeseed oil industry by products to added-value biodegradablebiocomposite materials”Industrial Crops&Products 2018,125,401–407中公开了在不大于120℃的温度下,将与甘油(作为增塑剂)60:40预混的油菜籽粗粉(无指定的油含量)与5%-20%w/w的聚己酸内酯(PCL)聚合物一起注射模制成1mm厚的板。
使用脲水溶液增塑的玉米麸质粗粉、芥花籽粗粉、棉籽粗粉、向日葵粗粉和亚麻籽粗粉(无指定的油含量)被美国专利10,513,063涵盖,它们在生产注塑模制制品中作为热固性聚合物使用。
本发明的目的是寻找允许包含更大量的研磨的油籽粗粉(例如。研磨的琉璃苣粗粉、研磨的玫瑰果粗粉和/或研磨的田紫草(Ahiflower)),而不损失强度或柔性的解决方案。此外,本发明的目的是寻找可以模制成例如一次性制品,如咖啡胶囊、刀叉餐具、吸管、饮料搅拌器、食物托盘、单份包装(single-serve packaging),如杯、帽、容器和/或盖、或任何其他一次性物品等的聚合物复合材料,即具有足够的强度以形成壁厚大于250μm的一次性制品。
发明内容
提供了如权利要求1所述的聚合物复合材料,包含。
a.聚合物,用量为总重量的5wt%-94.5wt%;
b.研磨的油籽粗粉,用量为总重量的至少5wt%;
c.增塑剂,用量为组分b)的5-50%w/w;
d.可选的填料,以及
e.可选的添加剂,
其中,
c)是熔融温度在70至210℃范围内的固体增塑剂。
还提供了用于制备该聚合物复合材料的方法、用于制备该聚合物复合材料的中间体以及包括该聚合物复合材料的制品。
具体实施方式
已经发现,通过添加基于该研磨的油籽粗粉的按重量计至少5%、优选至少15%的固体增塑剂,可选地与适当的填料一起,该研磨的油籽粗粉可以与聚合物甚至在高负载量水平下(例如基于该研磨的油籽粗粉和聚合物高于20%w/w或甚至高于40%w/w)形成塑料复合材料,具有足够的强度以形成具有大于250μm(10mil)壁厚度的一次性制品。
对于在本发明中使用,如以上定义的任何类型的油籽粗粉可以用作组分b)。本发明特别关注基于向日葵、琉璃苣、棉籽、田紫草(Ahiflower)、红花、玫瑰果、芥花籽、黑加仑、棕榈仁、油菜籽、亚麻籽和月见草中的任何一种或多种的研磨油籽粗粉。在混合之前,将油籽粗粉筛分/研磨成细粉,具有小于1mm,优选小于500μm的粒度。这优选在多个阶段中进行以获得均匀的小粒度。例如,可以使用磨碎的琉璃苣粗粉。类似的考虑适用于玫瑰果、田紫草(Ahiflower)、油菜籽、亚麻籽、月见草和黑加仑或其组合。
研磨优选在干燥材料上进行,例如以便更容易获得均匀的小粒径和/或减少引入的液体如水的量。在实施例中,因此可以在研磨之前将材料干燥。因此,虽然在本说明书中,材料可以仅被称为被研磨,但本发明可替代地或另外地是指这些材料被干燥研磨的实施例,并且因此,如果必要的话,词语“研磨的”可以在整个说明书中在适当时被词语“干燥研磨的”替换。换言之,“研磨的”必须被解释为意指“研磨的和/或干研磨的”,除非另外明确地说明。
研磨的油籽粗粉可以以低负载量水平使用,从总重量的按重量计5%开始,但是优选以超过20%的负载量使用,例如,按总重量的重量计,在20%-90%的负载水平下,更优选在20%-80%的负载水平下,还更优选在20%-70%的负载水平下,或在超过总重量的按重量计40%的负载水平下,例如在40%-90%的负载水平下,更优选在40%-80%的负载水平下,还更优选在40%-70%的负载水平下。可以将研磨的油籽粗粉与例如,按重量计最高达100%,优选最高达50%的组分b)混合,组分b)为:研磨的渣油/饼、研磨的果渣、研磨的蒸馏酒糟、研磨的啤酒糟(或啤酒废糟/酒糟(draff))、研磨的饼干粗粉(或饼干谷物粗粉)、研磨的全种子、研磨的全根、研磨的全豆、研磨的茎和/或叶、谷物禾本植物的全谷粒粉、咖啡粉、和豆类粉、或其组合。例如,可以使用两种材料的混合物,如研磨的琉璃苣粗粉和研磨的饼干粗粉、或槟榔(areca catechu)叶鞘粉。当将研磨的油籽粗粉与其他油籽渣油、饼等混合时,固体增塑剂的量是基于油籽粗粉混合物的组合(总)重量计算的。
考虑到油籽的一些油已知为聚合物的增塑剂,那么粗粉与渣油(具有更高的油含量)的混合物可以提供对处理和将油引入复合材料混合物的控制。
合适的渣油(expeller)可以包括但不限于向日葵种子、油菜籽、亚麻籽、花生、棕榈果、芝麻籽、蓖麻籽和甜菜浆的渣油。合适的粗粉可以包括但不限于向日葵粉、琉璃苣、棉籽、田紫草(Buglossoides arvensis)(田紫草(Ahiflower))、红花、玫瑰果、芥花籽(油菜籽,canola)、黑加仑、棕榈仁、油菜籽粕(rapemeal)和月见草(evening primrose)的粗粉。饼干粗粉或饼干谷物粗粉可包括烹饪和加工的饼干、蛋糕和谷物食品的粉碎废物的混合物或单独组分。谷物禾本植物包括主要作物诸如玉米、小麦、水稻、大麦、燕麦和稷以及杂交种诸如黑小麦,以及用于动物的饲料,诸如金丝雀草籽。豆类(pulses)包括从豆荚中可变大小、形状和颜色的一至十二个种粒或种子产生的一年生豆科作物,它们用于食物和饲料两者并且仅收获用于干种子,例如紫花豌豆(field pea)、蚕豆(faba bean)和羽扇豆(lupinbean)。果渣的适合的实例可以包括葡萄果渣、橄榄果渣、苹果果渣、或其他水果或蔬菜在压榨汁或油之后的固体残余物。
聚合物复合材料可以由作为组分a)的任何聚合物制成,但优选使用热塑性聚合物。合适的聚合物包括合成的和天然的聚合物,例如,基于生物的和可生物降解的聚合物。合适的热塑性材料包括聚酰胺(诸如尼龙)、丙烯酸聚合物、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯(PP)、聚乙烯(包括低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE))、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚乙醇酸、聚碳酸酯、聚苯并咪唑、聚醚砜、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酰亚胺、聚苯醚、聚苯硫醚、聚氯乙烯和聚四氟乙烯,或其任何合适的混合物。
还可以使用弹性体或热塑性聚合物与弹性体的组合。合适的弹性体包括例如天然和合成橡胶、氯丁二烯(chloroprene)、氯丁橡胶(neoprene)、异戊二烯、聚丁二烯、丁基橡胶、卤化丁基橡胶、苯乙烯-丁二烯、丁腈橡胶、胶乳、含氟弹性体、硅橡胶、表氯醇、聚醚嵌段酰胺、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)和乙烯乙烯醇(EVOH)。弹性体可以包括热塑性弹性体,其可以选自例如,苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(TPE-s)、热塑性烯烃(TPE-o)、弹性体合金(TPE-v或TPV)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)、热塑性共聚酯(TPE-E)和热塑性聚酰胺。
也可使用热固性聚合物,或热塑性聚合物与热固性聚合物的组合。合适的热固性聚合物包括例如环氧树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛、聚酯树脂和脲甲醛。
合适的丙烯酸类聚合物(其可以是热塑性塑料、热固性塑料或热塑性弹性体)包括例如聚丙烯酸树脂、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚乙基丙烯酸乙酯和聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯。
合适的聚酯包括聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚丙交酯或聚(乳酸)(PLA)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚(丁二酸丁二醇酯)(PBS)及其共聚物,例如聚(丁二酸丁二醇酯-共-己二酸丁二醇酯)(PBSA)、聚(己二酸丁二醇酯-共-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯)(PBAT)、具有β-1,4键的N-乙酰基-葡糖胺和N-葡糖胺的线性共聚物、乙酸纤维素(CA)、聚(羟基丁酸酯)(PHB)或其他聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)、聚(羟基丁酸酯-共-羟基戊酸酯)(PHBV)、或其任何适合的混合物。最优选地,PLA或PBS用作组分a)。最优选地,为了改进的可生物降解性,聚合物复合材料包括总混合物的30%-50%w/w之间的量的PLA或PBS。
增塑剂是在聚合物工业中广泛用作添加剂的一类重要的低分子量的非挥发性化合物。用于热塑性塑料的增塑剂总体上是具有在300与600之间的平均分子量、以及直链的或环状的碳链(14至40个碳)的高沸点液体。然而,用于生物材料的增塑剂的目的是防止碳水化合物/蛋白链的团聚,使得该生物材料与聚合物混合并且两者变成单一的塑料块体(mass)。为了本发明的目的,增塑剂必须与组分b)相容并且不同于组分b)。
甘油、聚乙二醇和山梨糖醇是在基于蛋白质的(来自蛋白质分离物)生物塑料研究中最常用的增塑剂,而本发明要求仅使用具有在55至210℃范围内、优选在70至210℃范围内、更优选在80至210℃范围内、并且最优选在90至210℃范围内的熔融温度的固体增塑剂。增塑剂可选自多元醇、多官能醇、双极性增塑剂如羧酸和酯,例如单-、二-和三甘油酯;单-、二-和寡糖及其组合。已发现多元醇特别有效。合适的增塑剂包括山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇、三氯蔗糖、苏糖醇、赤藓糖醇、阿洛酮糖(psicose)、阿洛糖、塔罗糖、核糖醇、塔格糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖醇、乳糖醇、阿拉伯糖醇、甘油醛、艾杜糖醇、山梨糖、核糖、半乳糖、伏伦糖醇(volemitol)、甘露糖醇、岩藻糖醇、木糖、木糖醇、海藻糖、纤维二糖、棉子糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、果糖、异麦芽酮糖醇(isomalt)、聚葡萄糖和蔗糖;和/或其组合。例如,可以使用具有144℃-145℃的熔点的木糖和/或具有94℃-96℃的熔点的山梨糖醇、和/或具有92℃-96℃的熔点的木糖醇。使用山梨糖醇优于木糖的优点是所得聚合物复合材料的更高拉伸强度。使用木糖醇优于山梨糖醇和木糖的优点是所得聚合物复合材料的更高拉伸强度。此外,木糖醇具有比山梨糖醇更低的水溶解度,这意味着当在使用过程中经受水,例如,热水,如在咖啡机中,的固体制品中使用聚合物复合材料时,木糖醇溶解到水中的机会更低。
而且,可以使用固体增塑剂和液体增塑剂的混合物,条件是该混合物具有在55至210℃的范围内,优选在70至210℃的范围内,更优选在80至210℃的范围内,并且最优选在90至210℃的范围内的熔化温度。液体增塑剂的量优选是小的,例如按组分c)的重量计最高达的10%。
增塑剂可以以组分b)的15-50%w/w,优选组分b)的22-40%w/w之间的量使用。
此外,聚合物复合材料的可选组分包括填料,如矿物填料和/或天然纤维和/或碳基填料。
合适的矿物填料包括碳酸盐(包括碳酸氢盐)、磷酸盐、亚铁氰化物、二氧化硅、硅酸盐、铝硅酸盐(包括所有形式的粘土矿物、云母和滑石)、二氧化钛或其组合。例如,可以使用霞石正长岩(nepheline syenite)或衍生自二氧化硅-未饱和的和过碱性火成岩(igneous rock)以及任何类型的膨润土的任何类似的填料。
天然纤维包括纤维素或木质纤维素纤维,例如来自胚、叶、种子、木材、或茎的植物或植物纤维。例如,可以使用木质纤维素纤维。
碳基填料包括碳纳米管(CNT)、石墨烯、富勒烯、石墨和无定形碳。
填料可以以总混合物的0-96%w/w,优选总混合物的1-40%w/w的量使用。
可选的附加组分包括增容剂、芳香剂、热和UV稳定剂、着色剂等。适合的增容剂包括任何丙烯酸接枝的热塑性塑料(例如:马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯、聚丙烯、或聚乳酸)、界面活性的高分子量过氧化物、聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)、柠檬酸的任何酯、芳香族碳二亚胺(例如:来自朗盛公司(Lanxess)的BioAdimide)、蜡基乳液添加剂(例如:来自毕克添加剂公司(BYK Additives)的Aquacer)、有机硅烷偶联剂、以及异氰酸酯(或二异氰酸酯)偶联剂(例如:亚甲基二异氰酸酯)。
这些另外的组分可以以按总混合物的重量计从0%-30%、优选按总混合物的重量计在0%-15%之间的量使用。
聚合物复合材料通过所谓的“热复合”技术制造,其中组分在引起熔融塑料状态(助熔,fluxing)的热和剪切力下组合,将其成形为所期望的产品,冷却并允许发展强度和完整性的极限性能。热混配包括压延、挤出、注射以及压缩模制。这在对所选择的聚合物特定的温度、压力和加工条件下进行。例如,当使用PLA时,温度优选在130至215℃的范围内,更优选在130至210℃的范围内,甚至更优选在130至185℃之间,并且最优选在130至165℃之间。
聚合物复合材料也可以通过多步骤方法制备,其中研磨的油籽粗粉首先与固体增塑剂配混并造粒,然后将粒料或研磨的粒料与聚合物合并。可以在多步骤过程的任何步骤中添加另外的组分。本发明因此还提供了与增塑剂和其他组分(如果有的话)混配并造粒的研磨的油籽粗粉的粒料或研磨粒料,作为与聚合物组合以生产聚合物复合材料的中间产物。
该方法的结果可以处于固体制品(或其层或部分)的形式并且可以包括例如复合粒料、挤出工件、注塑模制制品、吹塑模制制品、旋转模制塑料制品、两件式液体模制制品、层压板、3D打印机细丝、毡、织造织物、针织织物、刺绣织物、非织造织物、土工织物(geotextile)、纤维或固体片材。
该固体制品可以处于以下形式:咖啡胶囊、刀叉餐具、吸管、饮料搅拌器、食物托盘、或单份包装(single-serve packaging)(如杯、帽、容器和/或盖)、或任何其他一次性使用物品。
该固体制品优选地适合于水环境中和/或在水环境中清洁,其中温度高于室温、优选地高于30℃的温度、更优选地高于50℃的温度、甚至更优选地高于60℃的温度、并且最优选地高于80℃的温度。固体制品可以例如用于使用温度为80-100℃,例如87-92℃的水的咖啡机中。
所述固体制品优选适于在压力下使用,例如,压力高于2巴,优选压力高于4巴,更优选压力高于6巴,最优选压力高于8巴,如在咖啡机中使用。
固体制品优选具有高于250μm,优选高于350μm,更优选高于500μm,最优选高于600μm的最小厚度。
本发明通过以下实施例进行说明。
实施例1
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克的PLA(3251D,来自Natureworks LLC)、225克的琉璃苣粗粉(New Holland Extraction Ltd;含油量0.9%w/w)和67.5克的木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物1)。
实施例2
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo3251D PLA、225克玫瑰果粗粉(New Holland Extraction Ltd;含油量<0.5%w/w)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物2)。
实施例3
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo3251D PLA、225克田紫草(Ahiflower)粗粉(New Holland Extraction Ltd;含油量0.7%w/w)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物3)。
实施例4
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo3251D PLA、225克月见草粗粉(New Holland Extraction Ltd;含油量0.9%w/w)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物4)。
实施例5
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo 3251D PLA、225克黑加仑粗粉(New Holland Extraction Ltd;油含量<3%w/w)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物5)。
实施例6
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo 3251D PLA、225克油菜粕(rapemeal)(Cargill plc;含油量2%-4%w/w)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物6)。
实施例7
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的150克Ingeo3251D PLA、192克月见草粗粉、58克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)和100克HiFillTMN800(霞石正长岩(nephelinesyenite)粉末作为无机填料,来自Sibelco UK Ltd)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物7)。
实施例8
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275g的Ingeo 3251D PLA、225g的热压的油菜籽渣油(Yelo Enterprises Ltd;含油量8%-10%w/w)和67.5g的木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物8)。
实施例9
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo 3251D PLA、225克冷压亚麻籽渣油(Pureflax Linseed Original from Compton Grove Farm UK)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物9)。
实施例10
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的275克Ingeo 3251D PLA、225克甜菜浆(British Sugar plc)和67.5克木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物10)。
实施例11
将在实验室谷粒研磨机(通过1mm筛筛分)中研磨的150g的Ingeo 3251D PLA、192g的热压的油菜籽渣油、58g的木糖醇(通过1mm筛筛分)和100g的Premium QuestTM膨润土(来自Amcol Minerals Europe Ltd、作为无机填料的钙膨润土粉末)在密封的塑料袋中混合成均匀的混合物(混合物11)。
实施例12-18
将混合物1-7(来自实施例1-7)单独地倾倒进Negri Bossi v55注塑模制机的料斗中,该注塑模制机具有32mm直径的螺杆和20:1的L/D比,在从130℃至185℃范围的温度下操作。在配备有单滴热流道系统的单腔工具中,将每种熔融的塑化混合物注射模制成适用于型咖啡机的胶囊。
实施例19-22
将混合物8-11(来自实施例8-11)单独地倾倒进Negri Bossi v55注塑模制机的料斗中,该注塑模制机具有32mm直径的螺杆和20:1的L/D比,在从165℃至185℃范围的温度下操作。在配备有单滴热流道系统的双腔工具中将每种熔融的增塑的混合物注射模制成适合于搅拌饮料的饮料搅拌棒。
实施例23
将20kg月见草粗粉通过来自AMA S.p.A的装配有1mm筛的Magico EMC70电磨机,以打碎任何团聚的团块。然后将所得粉末与按重量计30%的木糖醇(通过2mm筛筛分)在翻滚混合器中混合以产生约26kg重量的混合粉末。然后将该混合物与Ingeo 3251D PLA以64:36月见草粗粉/木糖醇:PLA的比率在配备有ZS-B 25双螺杆侧进料器的Werner andPfleiderer ZSK 25双螺杆配料机上配混。在表1中给出了所使用的螺杆曲线(profile)连同用于这些组分材料的对应的注入点。沿着机桶的温度设置是170℃、190℃、170℃、170℃、170℃、170℃、170℃、170℃。将混配的长丝在水浴中冷却,在空气刀下干燥并且使用来自Intelligent Pelletizing Solutions GmbH&Co KG的SG-E 60造粒。将球粒在来自Vismecs.r.l的Dryplus 250中在80℃下干燥过夜。
表1具有材料加入点(inclusion point)的螺杆曲线
输送16/16(PLA)
36/36(x2)
36/18
36/36
36/18
捏合45/5/36
45/5/18
45/5/18(x2)
输送36/36(x5)(月见草粗粉)
捏合45/5/36(x3)
输送36/36
捏合45/5/24(x3)
输送16/16
36/36(x2)
捏合45/5/12(x2)
90/5/24
输送36/36
捏合45/5/12(x2)
45/5/12
输送36/36(x5)
24/24(x4)
实施例24
将20kg月见草粗粉通过来自AMA S.p.A的装配有1mm筛的Magico EMC70电磨机,以打碎任何团聚的团块。然后将所得粉末与按重量计30%的山梨醇(通过2mm筛筛分)在翻滚混合器中混合以产生约26kg重量的混合粉末。然后将该混合物与Ingeo 3251D PLA以64:36月见草粗粉/山梨醇:PLA的比率在配备有ZS-B 25双螺杆侧进料器的Werner andPfleiderer ZSK 25双螺杆配料机上配混。在表1中给出了所使用的螺杆曲线,并且这些组分材料的对应的注入点是根据实施例23。所有其他细节如实施例23所述。
实施例25-26
将来自实施例23-24的混配粒料以等重量份数与含有60% Ingeo3251D PLA和40%木纤维素纤维(由Sappi Maastricht BV供应)的混配粒料分开混合,并且进料到具有32mm直径螺杆和20:1的L/D比率的Negri Bossi v55注塑模制机的料斗中,该注塑模制机在从130℃至185℃范围内的温度下操作。在配备有单滴热流道系统的单腔工具中,将每种熔融的塑化混合物注射模制成适用于Nespresso型咖啡机的胶囊。
实施例27
将来自实施例12-18和25-27的代表性咖啡胶囊用研磨咖啡颗粒填充至水平容量并用自密封铝咖啡胶囊盖密封。然后在标准Nespresso咖啡机中测试填充的包(pod)以产生一定体积的过滤咖啡。测试的所有胶囊产生与从商业Nespresso胶囊排出的大约相同体积的咖啡。
实施例28
将10kg月见草粗粉通过来自AMA S.p.A的装配有1mm筛的Magico EMC70电动磨机,以打碎任何团聚的团块。然后将所得粉末与按重量计30%的木糖醇(通过2mm筛筛分)在翻滚混合器中混合以产生约13kg重量的混合粉末。然后将该混合物与BioPBS FZ71PM(PTTMCC Biochem Company Ltd)以30:70月见草粗粉/木糖醇:PBS的比率在配备有ZS-B 25双螺杆侧进料器的Werner and Pfleiderer ZSK 25双螺杆混配机上混配。所使用的螺杆曲线在表1中给出,并且对于这些组分材料的对应的注入点是根据实施例23,除了将所有机筒温度设定为高10℃之外。所有其他细节如实施例23所述。
实施例29
将来自实施例28的混配的粒料进料至在从180℃至200℃范围内的温度下操作的具有25mm直径螺杆的Krauss Maffei 120-180PX注射模制机的料斗中。在配备有热浇口热流道系统的两腔工具中将熔融的增塑的混合物注射模制成翻顶盖(flip-top cap)。
实施例30
将来自实施例15的十五个代表性咖啡胶囊(重量:2.50±0.01g)混合到含有足够的蒸馏水以使用20cm直径观察玻璃覆盖的5L Pyrex玻璃烧杯中的土壤饱和(通过不留下任何积水限定)的2kg市售顶层土(topsoil)中(通过4mm筛)。将烧杯放置在设定为58℃的Unitemp温控烘箱内(按照如ISO20200-2015中详述的嗜热孵育期)。将试验静置21天直至总计90天的单独时间段。
在每个21天试验期结束时,在玻璃烧杯提取并冷却至室温后,将土壤小心地分开以提取任何完整的胶囊。在提取两个胶囊和较大块的破碎胶囊之后,再次通过4mm筛筛选土壤以提取任何剩余的块。将所有胶囊干燥,然后用牙刷小心地刷洗以除去任何附着的污物,然后拍照并返回至再饱和的土壤,持续另外的21天试验期,直到90天试验期结束。在90天试验期结束时,所有胶囊已经崩解成片,其中按重量计小于30%没有通过4mm筛。
总结
实施例1-6和8-10说明了具有高载量的油籽粗粉的聚合物复合材料。在实施例7、11、25和26中,使用了填料材料。
所有配制品允许制备一次性制品,在实施例12-18和25-26中为咖啡胶囊,实施例19-22中为饮料搅拌棒,和实施例29为翻顶盖(filp-tip cap)。咖啡胶囊足够强以用在咖啡机中,如实施例27中所示。此外,由月见草粗粉制成的咖啡胶囊被证明是高度可生物降解的,如实施例30中所示。
本发明可以通过以下条款进行总结:
1.一种聚合物复合材料,包含:
a.聚合物,用量为总重量按重量计5%-94.5%;
b.研磨的油籽粗粉,用量为总重量按重量计的至少5%;
c.增塑剂,用量为组分b)的5-50%w/w;
d.可选的填料,以及
e.可选的添加剂,
其中,
c)是熔融温度在55℃至210℃范围内的固体增塑剂。
2.根据条款1所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分a)包括可生物降解的聚合物,优选PLA、或它们的衍生物或聚合物共混物。
3.根据条款2所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分a)以总重量按重量计30-70%的量,优选以总重量按重量计30-50%的量存在。
4.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分b)包括研磨的琉璃苣粗粉、或研磨的玫瑰果粗粉、或研磨的田紫草(Ahiflower)粗粉、或研磨的月见草粗粉、或研磨的黑加仑粗粉、或它们的混合物。
5.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含研磨的油籽粗粉和至多达50%w/w的组分b)的混合物,组分b)为:研磨的渣油/饼、研磨的果渣、研磨的蒸馏酒糟、研磨的啤酒糟(或啤酒废糟/酒糟(draff))、研磨的饼干粗粉或其单个组分、研磨的全种子、研磨的全根、研磨的全豆、研磨的茎和/或叶、谷物禾本植物的研磨的全谷粒粉、豆类(pulse)粉、或它们的混合物。
6.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分b)或权利要求5的混合物以总重量的按重量计30-70%的量存在。
7.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含多元醇、多官能醇、双极性增塑剂如羧酸和酯,例如单-、二-和三甘油酯;单糖、二糖和寡糖或它们的混合物,作为组分c)。
8.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分c)以组分b)的22%w/w至40%w/w的量存在。
9.如以上条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含天然纤维,优选纤维素或木质纤维素纤维;和/或矿物填料,优选选自碳酸盐(包括碳酸氢盐)、磷酸盐、亚铁氰化物、二氧化硅、硅酸盐、铝硅酸盐(包括所有形式的粘土矿物和滑石)、二氧化钛;和/或碳基填料或其组合,作为组分d)。
10.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分d)以总重量的按重量计1%-40%的量存在。
11.根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包括增容剂、芳香剂、热和UV稳定剂、和/或着色剂或其混合物作为添加剂。
12.一种用于制备根据前述条款中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料的方法,其中,通过热复合技术制备聚合物复合材料,其中,在引起熔融塑料状态(助熔)的热和剪切力下组合组分,该熔融塑料成形为所期望的产品,冷却并允许发展强度和完整性的极限性能,优选通过压延、挤出、注射和压缩模制。
13.根据前述条款所述的方法,在130至210℃范围内的温度下进行。
14.根据条款12或13所述的方法,以两个步骤进行,在第一步骤中首先形成中间体并且在第二步骤中将该中间体与组分的剩余部分组合。
15.一种固体制品,包含如前述条款1-11中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料。
16.根据前述条款所述的固体制品,呈复合粒料、挤出工件、注射模制制品、吹塑模制制品、薄膜或旋转模制塑料制品、两件式液体模制制品、层压板、3D打印机细丝、毡、织造织物、针织织物、刺绣织物、非织造织物、土工织物(geotextile)、纤维或固体片材的形式。
17.根据条款15或16所述的固体制品,呈咖啡包(coffee pod)、刀叉餐具、食物托盘或单份包装的形式。
18.一种由条款14所述的方法制备的中间体,用于在制备如前述条款1-11中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料中应用。
Claims (18)
1.聚合物复合材料,包含:
a.聚合物,用量为总重量的5wt%-94.5wt%;
b.研磨的油籽粗粉,用量为总重量的至少5wt%;
c.增塑剂,用量为组分b)的5-50%w/w;
d.可选的填料,以及
e.可选的添加剂,
其中,
c)是熔融温度在70至210℃范围内的固体增塑剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分a)包括可生物降解的聚合物,优选聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚丙交酯或聚(乳酸)(PLA)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)、聚己酸内酯(PCL)、聚(琥珀酸丁二醇酯)(PBS)及它们的共聚物,例如聚(琥珀酸丁二醇酯-共-己二酸丁二醇酯)(PBSA)、聚(己二酸丁二醇酯-共-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯)(PBAT)、具有β-1,4键的N-乙酰基-葡糖胺和N-葡糖胺的线性共聚物、乙酸纤维素(CA)、聚(羟基丁酸酯)(PHB)或其他聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)、聚(羟基丁酸酯-共-羟基戊酸酯)(PHBV)、或它们的任何适合的混合物、或它们的衍生物或聚合物共混物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分a)以总重量的30-70wt%的量存在,优选以总重量的30-50wt%的量存在。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分b)包括研磨的琉璃苣粗粉、或研磨的玫瑰果粗粉、或研磨的田紫草粗粉、或研磨的月见草粗粉、或研磨的黑加仑粗粉、或它们的混合物。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含研磨的油籽粗粉和至多100%w/w的组分b)的混合物,所述组分b)为:研磨的渣油/饼、研磨的果渣、研磨的蒸馏酒糟、研磨的啤酒糟(或啤酒废糟/酒糟)、研磨的饼干谷物粗粉或其单个组分、咖啡粉、研磨的全种子、研磨的全根、研磨的全豆、研磨的茎和/或叶、研磨的谷物禾本植物的全谷粒粉、豆类粉、或它们的混合物。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分b)或权利要求5的所述混合物以总重量的20-70wt%的量存在。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含多元醇、多官能醇、双极性增塑剂如羧酸和酯,例如单甘油酯、二甘油酯和三甘油酯;单糖、二糖和寡糖或它们的混合物作为组分c)。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分c)以组分b)的22-40%w/w的量存在。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含天然纤维,优选纤维素或木质纤维素纤维;和/或矿物填料,优选选自碳酸盐(包括碳酸氢盐)、磷酸盐、亚铁氰化物、二氧化硅、硅酸盐、铝硅酸盐(包括所有形式的粘土矿物、云母和滑石)、二氧化钛;和/或碳基填料或它们的组合作为组分d)。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,其中,组分d)以总重量的1wt%-40wt%的量存在。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料,包含增容剂、芳香剂、热和UV稳定剂、和/或着色剂或它们的混合物作为添加剂。
12.一种用于制备前述权利要求中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料的方法,其中,通过热复合技术制备所述聚合物复合材料,其中,在引起熔融塑料的状态(助熔)的热和剪切力下组合组分,将所述熔融塑料成形为所期望的产品,冷却并允许发展强度和完整性的极限性能,优选通过压延、挤出、注射和压缩模制。
13.根据前述权利要求所述的方法,在130℃至215℃范围内的温度下进行。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的方法,以两个步骤进行,首先在第一步骤中形成中间体并在第二步骤中将所述中间体与所述组分的剩余部分组合。
15.一种固体制品,包含前述权利要求1至11中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料。
16.根据前述权利要求所述的固体制品,呈复合粒料、挤出工件、注塑模制制品、吹塑模制制品、旋转模制塑料制品、两件式液体模制制品、层压板、3D打印机细丝、毡、织造织物、针织织物、刺绣织物、非织造织物、土工织物、纤维或固体片材的形式。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的固体制品,呈咖啡胶囊、刀叉餐具、吸管、饮料搅拌器、食物托盘、或单份包装如杯、帽、容器和/或盖、或任何其他一次性使用物品的形式。
18.一种通过权利要求14所述的方法制备的中间体,用于在制备前述权利要求1-11中任一项所述的聚合物复合材料中应用。
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