CN115895090A - 一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115895090A CN115895090A CN202211646681.XA CN202211646681A CN115895090A CN 115895090 A CN115895090 A CN 115895090A CN 202211646681 A CN202211646681 A CN 202211646681A CN 115895090 A CN115895090 A CN 115895090A
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- conductive polymer
- composite material
- polymer composite
- percolation threshold
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将液态金属及其他金属混合,加热,使液态金属及其他金属融化形成熔体;将所述熔体冷却进行重结晶,获得结晶性导电填料;将所述结晶性导电填料与高分子基体混合,经加工成型,获得所述导电高分子复合材料。本发明中所述的结晶性导电填料中液态金属成份被超快氧化,提高了结晶性导电填料和高分子的界面相容性,从而显著地降低了该导电高分子的渗流阈值。根据填料含量,实现了导电高分子电阻率从1×105Ω·cm到1×10‑7Ω·cm的变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,尤其涉及一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料制备方法。
背景技术
导电高分子复合材料是通过将导电填料和高分子共混复合得到的一种导电率在10-4S/m以上的高分子材料。根据渗流阈值理论,在复合型导电高分子中,导电填料需要一定的填充量才能在高分子基底中互相接触,形成导电网络,从而实现从绝缘体到导体的转变。
目前主要使用的导电填料有碳系填料和金属填料两类。碳系填料本身的导电性较低,因此碳系导电高分子的导电率较差(<102S/m),无法满足现代技术领域内的高端应用。金属具有天然的高导电性(106~108S/m)。然而,金属球粉的比表面积小,难以在高分子基体里面互相接触形成导电网络。为此,研究人员制备了具有针状、片状等微观结构的金属填料(如银纳米线、片状银等)来提高填料的长径比,增大填料在高分子基体里面互相接触的概率。然而,传统的具有针状、片状等微观结构的金属填料有较大缺点:(1)填料难以制备:例如,银纳米线的制备需要用光刻法、多元醇法、水热法等方法。(2)难以大规模制备,造成填料的成本高。(3)金属填料在高分子中难以分散,容易团聚:金属作为无机材料和有机高分子材料之间界面差异巨大,金属和高分子之间的相容性很差。(4)由于难以分散,导致金属填充的导电高分子的渗流阈值较高(体积分数>40%),极大地损害了导电高分子的力学和加工性。
因此,寻找一种简便的方法来制备分散性好的金属导电填料,进而制备渗流阈值低的导电高分子复合材料,对于降低导电高分子复合材料的成本,提高力学和加工性能就显得尤为重要。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明的目的是提供一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法。
技术方案:本发明的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将液态金属及其他金属混合,将液态金属及其他金属混合,加热,使液态金属及其他金属融化形成熔体;
(2)将所述熔体冷却进行重结晶,获得结晶性导电填料;
(3)将所述结晶性导电填料与高分子基体混合,经加工成型,获得所述导电高分子复合材料。
其中,步骤(1)中,所述加热的温度只要能使液态金属及其他金属同时处于熔融态,混合后能形成熔体即可;优选加热的温度为30~1000℃。
其中,所述导电高分子复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数5%~30%。
其中,步骤(1)中,所述液态金属及其他金属的体积份数比为5~95:0~70;其中,不包括端点值。
其中,步骤(1)中,所述液态金属镓、锌、铋、铟、锡、铝中的至少一种单质,或者两种及以上元素的合金。
其中,步骤(1)中,所述其他金属为金、银、铜、锌、汞、铂、镉、铝、铁、钴、镍、镓、铟、锡、铋、铅、铬、碲、铯、钛、钒、镧系、锕系、钪、铱、钨、钇、锂、锰、镁、锑、铊、钙、钠、钾、铷、铯、钫、铍、锶、钡、镭、锗、钋、锆、铌、钼、锝、钌、铑、钯、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铪、钽、铼、锇、钍、镤、铀、镎、钚、镅、锔、锫、锎、锿、镄、钔、锘、铹中的至少一种单质,或者两种及以上元素的合金。
其中,步骤(3)中,所述高分子基体的体积份数为5~95份。
其中,步骤(3)中,还包括功能添加剂,所述功能添加剂的体积份数为0~5份。
其中,步骤(2)中,所述结晶性导电填料的微观形貌为球状、针状、棒状、片状、五角星、或雪花状。
其中,步骤(3)中,所述高分子基体为热塑性树脂、热固性树脂或橡胶。
其中,所述热塑性树脂为聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚醚醚酮、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯、聚丁烯、苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、热塑性聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、尼龙、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺、聚三氟氯乙烯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯醇、氯化聚丙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚苯醚酮、聚苯硫醚、聚偏二氯乙烯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、加氢苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物或加氢苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物中的至少一种。
其中,所述热固性树脂为酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、密胺树脂、环氧树脂、硅树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、醇酸树脂、聚丁二烯树脂、乙烯基树脂、呋喃树脂、有机硅树脂、热固性聚酰亚胺、热固性聚氨酯树脂、纤维素树脂、醛酮树脂或氟碳树脂中的至少一种。
其中,所述橡胶为丁苯橡胶、氯丁橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁基橡胶、异戊橡胶、乙丙橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶、天然橡胶、丁腈橡胶、硅橡胶、氟橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶、聚硫橡胶、聚丙烯酸酯橡胶、氯醚橡胶、氯磺化聚乙烯、氯化聚乙烯或丁吡橡胶中的至少一种。
其中,所述功能添加剂为增塑剂、抗氧剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、润滑剂、硫化剂、着色剂、阻燃剂、抗静电剂或增稠剂中的至少一种。
其中,所述增塑剂为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、癸二酸二辛脂、己二酸二辛脂、磷酸三甲苯酯、氯化石蜡、环氧大豆油、癸二酸丙二醇聚酯、己二酸丙二醇聚酯、一缩二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯、一缩二丙二醇二苯甲酸酯、烷基磺酸苯酯、操作油、重油、煤焦油、石蜡、凡士林、沥青、石油树脂、煤焦油、古马隆树脂、煤沥青、松香、松焦油、萜烯树脂、油膏、邻苯二甲酸酯、磷酸酯、脂肪族二元酸酯、丁腈橡胶、液体聚丁二烯或液体聚异丁烯中的至少一种。
其中,所述抗氧剂为烷基单酚类、烷基多酚类、硫代双酚类、半固态酚衍生物类、氨基酚衍生物类、对苯二胺类、二芳仲胺类、酮胺类、硫代酯或亚磷酸酯类中的至少一种。
其中,所述热稳定剂为三盐基硫酸铅、二盐基亚磷酸铅、二盐基硬脂酸铅、二盐基邻苯二甲酸铅、三盐类马来酸铅、硬脂酸、月桂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、金属盐、硫醇盐、脂肪酸盐、马来酸盐、硫醇锑类、环氧化物、亚磷酸酯、半固态醇类、β-二酮、固体Ga/Zn复合稳定剂或镧系稀土金属元素中的至少一种。
其中,所述光稳定剂为二氧化钛、氧化锌、锌钡白、铁红、受阻胺类、二苯甲酮类或苯并三唑类中的至少一种。
其中,所述润滑剂为硬脂酸、硬脂酸皂、硬脂酸正丁酯、硬酯酸单甘油酯、三硬脂酸甘油酯、高级脂肪醇、半固态醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、油酸酰胺、硬脂酸酰胺、乙撑双油酸酰胺、乙撑双硬脂酸酰胺或石蜡中的至少一种。
其中,所述硫化剂为噻唑类、秋兰姆类、次磺酰胺类、胍类、二硫代氨基甲酸盐类、醛胺类、黄原酸盐类、硫脲类、氧化锌、氧化镁、氧化钙、硬脂酸、月桂酸、二乙醇胺或三乙醇胺中的至少一种。
其中,所述着色剂为炭黑、金粉、银粉、钛白粉、锌钡白、铬黄、镉红、偶氮类、酞菁类、二噁嗪类或荧光类化合物中的至少一种。
其中,所述阻燃剂为四溴双酚A、十溴联苯醚、六溴环十二烷、八溴联苯醚、双(三溴苯氧基)乙烷、六溴苯、溴代聚苯乙烯、乙撑双(四溴邻苯二甲酰亚胺)、聚二溴苯醚、磷酸酯、含卤磷酸酯、多磷酸酯、赤磷、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸三(二甲苯)酯、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁或硼酸锌中的至少一种。
其中,所述抗静电剂为硬脂基三甲基季铵盐酸盐、硬脂酰胺丙基羟乙基季铵硝酸盐、对壬基苯氧基丙基磺酸钠、烷基双(α-羟乙基胺磷酸酯)、聚丙烯酸盐、马来酸酐和其它不饱和单体共聚物的盐、聚苯乙烯苯磺酸、四溴双酚A、硬脂酸单甘油酯、烷基二羧甲基铵乙内酯或十二烷基二甲基季乙内盐中的至少一种。
其中,所述增稠剂为羧乙基纤维素、硝化纤维素、聚异丁烯、淀粉、明胶、乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、硅藻土、白炭黑、羧甲基纤维素钠、有机膨润土、钠基膨润土硅凝胶或碳纳米管中的至少一种。
其中,步骤(3)中,加工成型的方法为固化、开炼、密炼、挤出、吹塑、压制、注射、压延、吹塑、拉幅薄膜、静态浇铸、嵌铸、离心浇铸、流延铸塑、搪塑、滚塑、冷压烧结、涂覆、纺丝、发泡方法中的至少一种。
发明原理:通过简便的熔融重结晶过程可制备出不同形貌的结晶性导电填料,这些形貌有利于降低渗流阈值。其中,液态金属作为溶剂相,其他金属作为溶质相,通过加热熔化,溶质相在液态金属溶剂相中形成均匀的熔融合金相,熔融合金在室温下进行冷却重结晶。在重结晶过程中,液态金属可以通过对对称性或取向的偏好来指导溶质金属成核之后的晶体生长过程,从而在冷却后获得具有不同微观形貌的结晶性导电填料,尤其是棒状、片状或针状等高长径比微观形貌。这种高长径比的微观形貌提高了结晶性导电填料在高分子基体中互相接触形成导电网络的概率。更重要地是,结晶性导电填料里面的液态金属成份被快速氧化形成液态金属氧化层,从而有效地降低了结晶性导电填料的表面能,提高了结晶性导电填料和高分子基体之间的相容性,实现了结晶性导电填料在高分子基底中的均匀分散。因此,在高长径比微观形貌和改善的分散性共同作用下,显著地降低了导电高分子复合材料的渗流阈值,提高了材料的力学性能和加工性能,降低了生产成本。
图1的渗流阈值理论是复合型导电高分子中的经典导电理论,指的是当导电填料达到一定临界值时,材料的导电率急剧上升,发生从绝缘体到导体的突变。在此突变过程中导电率变化幅度可达10个数量级。此时,对应的导电填料临界值即称为渗流阈值,即图1中A点。
有益效果:本发明与现有技术相比,取得如下显著效果:(1)材料渗流阈值低,该导电高分子的渗流阈值可低至体积分数5%。(2)导电性能好,该导电高分子的导电电阻率可低至1×10-7Ω·cm。(3)力学性能好,该导电高分子的拉伸杨氏模量可大于700MPa。(4)加工性能好,该导电高分子能够批量加工。
附图说明
图1为复合型导电高分子的渗流阈值理论;
图2为实施例9的结晶性导电填料的扫描电子显微镜图像。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明作进一步详细描述。
实施例1
本发明公开了一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)按表1中的配比,分别称取镓单质、铅单质粉末、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓单质和铅单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到600℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
实施例2
基本步骤与实施例1相同,具体参数如表1所示。
实施例3
基本步骤与实施例1相同,具体参数如表1所示。
实施例4
基本步骤与实施例1相同,具体参数如表1所示。
表1
对于实施例1~4,经步骤1~4加工成型后,材料的液态金属占比分别为体积分数8%、7%、10%、90%;其他金属占比分别为0.6%、2.8%、7.3%、2%;材料的导电填料占比分别为体积分数8.6%、9.8%、17.3%、92%;材料的渗流阈值分别为体积分数6%、8%、15%、28%;材料的电阻率分别为1.2×10-6Ω·cm、2.7×10-6Ω·cm、3.5×10-6Ω·cm、9.0×10-6Ω·cm。
实施例5
(1)按表2中的配比,分别称取镓单质、铝单质粉末、聚氯乙烯、三盐基硫酸铅;
(2)将镓单质和铝单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到800℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚氯乙烯和三盐基硫酸铅粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在200℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
实施例6
基本步骤与实施例5相同,具体如表2所示。
实施例7
基本步骤与实施例5相同,具体如表2所示。
实施例8
基本步骤与实施例5相同,具体如表2所示。
表2
对于实施例5~8,经步骤1~4加工成型后,导电高分子复合材料中的液态金属所占的体积分数分别为20%、12.8%、20%、20%;其他金属所占的体积分数0.9%、10%、6.9%、9.6%;导电填料所占的体积分数分别为20.9%、22.8%、26.9%、29.6%;经检测后,导电高分子复合材料的渗流阈值分别为体积分数7%、20%、10%、25%;电阻率分别为4.2×10-6Ω·cm、2.3×10-6Ω·cm、5.4×10-6Ω·cm、3.2×10-6Ω·cm。
实施例9
(1)按表3中的配比,分别称取镓单质、银单质粉末、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓单质和银单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到600℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料(微观形貌见附图2);
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型
表3
对于实施例9,经加工步骤1~4后,导电高分子复合材料中的液态金属所占的体积分数为14.5%;其他金属占比为体积分数5%;经检测后,导电填料所占的体积分数19.5%;复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数15%;电阻率为3×10-6Ω·cm。
如图2所示,通过扫描电子显微镜表征了导电填料微观形貌,可以看出,导电填料展示出了具有高长径比的针状形貌。
实施例10
(1)按表4中的配比,分别称取镓锌合金、铅单质粉末、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓锌合金和铅单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到600℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
表4
对于实施例10,经加工步骤1~4后,导电高分子复合材料中的液态金属所占的体积分数为13.5%;其他金属占比为体积分数0.9%;经检测后,导电填料所占的体积分数14.4%;复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数10%;电阻率为2×10-6Ω·cm。
实施例11
(1)按表5中的配比,分别称取镓单质、铝单质粉末、铜单质粉末、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓单质、铝单质粉末和铜单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到950℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
表5
对于实施例11,经加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数为12.5%;其他金属所占的体积分数为1.9%;经检测后,导电填料所占的体积分数为14.4%;复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数10%;电阻率为5×10-6Ω·cm。
实施例12
(1)按表6中的配比,分别称取镓铟合金、铝单质粉末、铜单质粉末、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓铟合金、铝单质粉末和铜单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到950℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
表6
对于实施例12,经加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数10.5%;其他金属所占的体积分数为12.9%;经检测后,导电填料所占的体积分数为23.4%;复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数15%;电阻率为4×10-6Ω·cm。
实施例13
(1)按表7中的配比,分别称取镓铟锡合金、铝单质粉末、铜单质粉末、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓铟锡合金、铝单质粉末和铜单质粉末粗混,然后将混合物加热到950℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
表7
对于实施例13,经加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数9.5%;其他金属所占的体积分数13.9%;复合材料的导电填料所占的体积分数23.4%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数15%;电阻率为3×10-6Ω·cm。
实施例14
(1)按表8中的配比,分别称取镓铟锡合金、铜铝合金、聚乙烯、抗氧剂264;
(2)将镓铟锡合金、铜铝合金粗混,然后将混合物加热到950℃,混合均匀后在室温下冷却,得到导电填料;
(3)将导电填料、聚乙烯和抗氧剂264粗混;
(4)通过热压成型方法将上述混合物在180℃下施加6MPa压力成型。
表8
对于实施例14,经加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数16.7%;其他金属所占的体积分数11%;复合材料的导电填料所占的体积分数27.7%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数20%;电阻率为4×10-6Ω·cm。
对比例1
基本步骤与实施例1相同,具体如表9所示。
表9
对于对比例1,经过和实施例1相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数4%;其他金属所占的体积分数30.6%;导电填料所占的体积分数34.6%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数50%;电阻率为4×109Ω·cm。
对比例2
基本步骤与实施例1相同,具体如表10所示。
表10
对于对比例2,经过和实施例1相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数96%;其他金属所占的体积分数为1%;导电填料所占的体积分数97%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为90%;电阻率为3×10-5Ω·cm。
对比例3
基本步骤与实施例1相同,具体如表11所示。
表11
对于对比例3,经过和实施例1相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数7%;其他金属所占的体积分数72%;导电填料所占的体积分数79%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数85%;电阻率为1×1010Ω·cm。
对比例4
基本步骤与实施例5相同,具体如表12所示。
表12
对于对比例4,经过和实施例5相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数3%;其他金属所占的体积分数76%;导电填料所占的体积分数75%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数80%;电阻率为2×1010Ω·cm。
对比例5
基本步骤与实施例10相同,具体如表13所示。
表13
对于对比例5,经过和实施例10相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数2%;其他金属所占的体积分数77%;导电填料所占的体积分数76%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数80%;电阻率为1×1010Ω·cm。
对比例6
基本步骤与实施例11相同,具体如表14所示。
表14
对于对比例6,经过和实施例11相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数3%;其他金属所占的体积分数76%;导电填料所占的体积分数79%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数85%;电阻率为3×1010Ω·cm。
对比例7
基本步骤与实施例12相同,具体如表15所示。
表15
对于对比例7,经过和实施例12相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数3%;其他金属所占的体积分数80.5%;导电填料所占的体积分数83.5%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数90%;电阻率为1×1010Ω·cm。
对比例8
基本步骤与实施例13相同,具体如表16所示。
表16
对于对比例8,经过和实施例13相同的加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数4%;其他金属所占的体积分数78%;导电填料所占的体积分数82%;经检测后,复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数85%;电阻率为2×1010Ω·cm。
对比例9
基本步骤与实施例14相同,具体如表17所示。
表17
对于对比例9,经过和实施例14相同的经加工步骤1~4后,复合材料的液态金属所占的体积分数3%;其他金属所占的体积分数18.7%;复合材料的导电填料所占的体积分数21.7%;复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数50%;电阻率为2×1010Ω·cm。
Claims (9)
1.一种低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将液态金属及其他金属混合,加热,使液态金属及其他金属融化形成熔体;
(2)将所述熔体冷却进行重结晶,获得结晶性导电填料;
(3)将所述结晶性导电填料与高分子基体混合,经加工成型,获得所述导电高分子复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述导电高分子复合材料的渗流阈值为体积分数5%~30%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述液态金属及其他金属的体积份数比为5~95:0~70;其中,不包括端点值。
4.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述液态金属为镓、锌、铋、铟、锡、铝中的至少一种单质,或者两种及以上元素的合金。
5.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述其他金属为金、银、铜、锌、汞、铂、镉、铝、铁、钴、镍、镓、铟、锡、铋、铅、铬、碲、铯、钛、钒、镧系、锕系、钪、铱、钨、钇、锂、锰、镁、锑、铊、钙、钠、钾、铷、铯、钫、铍、锶、钡、镭、锗、钋、锆、铌、钼、锝、钌、铑、钯、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铪、钽、铼、锇、钍、镤、铀、镎、钚、镅、锔、锫、锎、锿、镄、钔、锘、铹中的至少一种单质,或者两种及以上元素的合金。
6.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述高分子基体的体积份数为5~95份。
7.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,还包括功能添加剂,所述功能添加剂的体积份数为0~5份。
8.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述结晶性导电填料的微观形貌为球状、针状、棒状、片状、五角星、或雪花状。
9.根据权利要求1所述的低渗流阈值的导电高分子复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述高分子基体为热塑性树脂、热固性树脂或橡胶。
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