CN115777520A - Breeding method and cultivation method of sweet waxy corn - Google Patents
Breeding method and cultivation method of sweet waxy corn Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a breeding method of sweet waxy corn. Belongs to the technical field of corn breeding. Performing hybridization by taking TA021 as a female parent and taking TB533 as a male parent, and performing land selection and preparation; (2) sowing; (3) management in the growing period; (4) The sweet waxy corn varieties are harvested in time for cross breeding management, the bred sweet waxy corn varieties have high germination rate, strong growth vigor and large pollen amount, the yield of seed production is improved, the sweet waxy corn varieties are slow in desugaring and dehydration and not easy to dent, and the shelf life of products is prolonged. The invention also provides a cultivation method of the sweet waxy corn, perfects the cultivation technology of the sweet waxy corn, improves the cultivation yield of the sweet waxy corn variety and further improves the economic benefit of farmers.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of corn breeding, in particular to a breeding method and a cultivation method of sweet waxy corn.
Background
At present, sweet waxy corn is a fresh-eating corn type firstly bred and matched by a breeder in China, and refers to waxy corn with sweet grains and waxy grains (the ratio is basically 1. In recent years, the growing area of sweet and glutinous rice is continuously enlarged, and the sweet and glutinous rice becomes an important hand grip for bringing the income of farmers to be increased and becoming rich.
However, sweet waxy corn breeding (sweet waxy ratio 1. The sweet and glutinous double-hidden inbred line has few seed inclusions due to the double-hidden characteristic, and generally has the problems of low bud rate, weak growth potential, small pollen amount, difficult storage and the like, so that the problems of low seed production yield, high cost and the like in the seed production process of the sweet and glutinous corn generally exist. In addition, the rapid loss of moisture and sugar in the sweet grains on the ears after the sweet and waxy corns are mature, and the easy sinking of the sweet and waxy corns are also important factors which cause the short shelf life of the sweet and waxy corns and influence the sales. In addition, the relative backward hybrid planting management technology leads to low yield and low planting benefit, and is also a key factor for restricting the development of the sweet waxy corn industry.
Therefore, the technical personnel in the field need to solve the problems of high breeding germination rate, strong growth potential, large pollen amount, easy seed preservation, low seed desugarization and dehydration speed of sweet and glutinous double-implicit inbred line, the combination of new varieties with good quality, long shelf life and high seed production yield, and the exploration and perfection of the seed production technology of the sweet and glutinous corn and the key cultivation technology of hybrid seeds.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the invention provides a breeding method and a cultivation method of sweet waxy corn.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for breeding sweet waxy corn, which takes TA021 as a female parent and TB533 as a male parent for hybridization, comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land block which is fertile in soil and convenient for irrigation and has a space interval with the surrounding corn field of more than 500 meters or a flowering interval of more than 20 days as a seed preparation field, uniformly spreading a base fertilizer on the ground surface after the seed preparation field is ploughed, then raking, smashing, leveling and raising ridges, wherein the width of each ridge is 1.3-1.4 meters, and digging a middle waist ditch, a ring field ditch and an outer field drainage ditch of the field;
(2) Sowing: the female parent and the male parent are sown according to a row ratio of 4;
(3) And (3) management in a growth period: removing impurities and inferior plants respectively in the seedling stage, the jointing stage and before powder scattering, removing mixed plants, weak plants and suspicious plants, and removing hard grains and mildew grains during threshing after harvesting; removing the tassels of the female parent in time before the tassels loose powder when the flowering phases meet to ensure that the tassels are not missed and remain, taking the removed tassels out of the seed production field, and removing the tassels and the filaments of the late plants and the weak plants of the female parent with leaves; only one bud is left at the top end of each plant, and the rest buds are removed;
(4) Harvesting in time: harvesting at the time of 35 days after female parent pollination in spring and 40 days after female parent pollination in autumn when the surface of bract is dry and about 50% of seeds are sunk.
The female parent TA021 of the invention is a fine waxy corn inbred line which is bred by continuously selfing, screening and identifying the hybrid Jingke waxy 2000 for many years for multiple generations; the male parent TB533 is bred with Hua sweet jade No. 4 by adopting Jinghua glutinous 2008, F1 is backcrossed with Hua sweet jade No. 4, and then the inbred line is bred by low-generation (S1-S3) high-density (5000 strains/mu) stress and multiple-generation inbreeding (selecting sweet grains for inbred generations) for multiple years.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the base fertilizer in the step (1) comprises 500-1000 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer of pig manure and/or chicken manure, 30-40 kg/mu of compound fertilizer and 10-15 kg/mu of urea.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the planting density of the seeding in the step (2) is 3200-3500 female parent plants/mu and 3500-3800 male parent plants/mu, and the seeding time is 3 middle ten days or 8 last ten days of the month.
The female parent is higher than the male parent, so that the proportion of the male parent is higher than that of the female parent in the row proportion setting of the male parent and the female parent, so that the pollen amount is increased, and the pollination effect is ensured.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the growth period management in the step (3) further comprises auxiliary pollination or artificial pollination in the flowering period.
As a preferable technical solution of the present invention, the growing period management in step (3) further comprises fertility management: spraying and applying 500-750 kg of 20% decomposed liquid dung and 3 kg of urea per mu when the seedlings grow to have two leaves and one core, spraying and applying 4-5 kg of urea and water after 6-7 days, and continuously applying for 2-3 times;
and (3) applying a pre-fertilization spike fertilizer in a large flare opening period, applying 10-15 kg of urea and 10kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and performing large hilling after application. The pregnant spike fertilizer is an important top dressing and is applied in time.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the growth period management in the step (3) further comprises pest control:
using 20% of 600 times of Longgu bacteria and 20% of 600 times of leaf withering solution to prevent and control stem rot and large and small leaf spot diseases at the early stage of disease attack and in the large bell mouth period;
when the seedlings grow to 11-12 leaves, using 300 times of 5% validamycin solution to prevent and control sheath blight, and stripping 1-2 leaves at the lower part after pollination;
1 day before planting, spraying 400 ml of 50% phoxim and 800 kg of water on a whole bed in drought, and spraying 75 kg of water on the bed in cloudy days to prevent and control cutworms and mole crickets;
after emergence of seedlings, 50 g of 50% acephate and insecticidal double-spraying can be applied to the periphery of the plants;
in the large bell mouth period, 50 g of 48 percent leston and 50 g of water are sprayed at the large bell mouth for preventing and controlling the corn borers;
20 g of aphid, namely spraying 50kg of water to control aphid;
when the pollination of corn is basically finished and the larvae are still harmful on the filaments, the agent is sprayed for prevention and control in time, and the base of the filaments at the top end of the corn bracts is sprayed more.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a cultivation method of sweet waxy corn, which uses the corn seeds obtained by the above breeding method as seeds, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Isolated planting, timely sowing: sowing the seeds in more than 400 meters of space or more than 20 days of isolated flowering season from the other varieties of corns, wherein the spring sowing is from 3 middle of the month to 4 last of the month; autumn sowing is 8 months old and middle ten days;
(2) Reasonable density, scientific fertilization: setting seedlings at 3000-3300 plants/mu; applying enough base fertilizer, applying the seedling fertilizer early, and applying the pulling-out and node-saving fertilizer and the heading fertilizer heavily; applying 120-150 kg of commercial organic fertilizer, 14-16 kg of pure nitrogen (N) and potassium oxide (K) per mu in each growing season 2 O) 10 kg-14 kg, phosphorus pentoxide (P) 2 O 5 ) 6 kg-8 kg, and the specific fertilizing amount is determined according to the soil nutrient content in different areas. Organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are suitable to be used as base fertilizer, and are intensively applied in furrows in the field at one time, and soil is covered after application. The application of the nitrogen fertilizer is generally that the base fertilizer accounts for 30 percent, the seedling fertilizer accounts for 20 percent, and the ear fertilizer accounts for 50 percent; the fertilizer is applied when the seedling fertilizer (4-5) is applied to the leaves, the ear fertilizer (10-12) is applied to the leaves, holes are punched among the plants when the fertilizer is applied to the field covered by the mulching film, and the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied.
(3) Strengthening management, removing tillers and ears: thinning when the plant grows to 3-4 leaves, fixing seedlings when 5-6 leaves grow, only keeping 1 strong seedling in each hole, only keeping the top 1 corn bract in each plant, and removing all the rest clusters;
(4) Preventing and controlling diseases and pests, and harvesting in due time: in pest control, attention should be paid to the control work of big spot, small spot, soil insects and corn borer; and 21-23 days after pollination, the filaments are dry and become black brown, and the harvesting is carried out when the seeds at the top of the ears are basically full and glossy.
Through the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The invention provides a method for breeding sweet waxy corn, which comprises the steps of selecting Jingke waxy 2000 hybrid for continuous selfing for many years, and screening a good waxy corn selfing line TA021 as a female parent; hybridizing Jinghua glutinous rice 2008 with Hua sweet jade No. 4, backcrossing F1 with Hua sweet jade No. 4, and carrying out low-generation high-density stress breeding to screen out an inbred line TB533 as a male parent; the parents and the parents are hybridized to screen out a sweet waxy corn variety which has high germination rate, strong growth vigor and large pollen quantity, the yield of seed production is improved, and meanwhile, the seeds of the variety are slowly dehydrated and desugared, the seeds are not easy to dent, the quality and the shelf life of the product are improved, and the technical guarantee is provided for the sweet waxy corn seed production technology;
(2) The cultivation method of the sweet and glutinous corn is also provided, key hybrid planting technologies are explored and perfected, technical support is provided for the cultivation method of the screened sweet and glutinous corn variety through technical means of isolation planting, reasonable density scientific fertilization, tiller removal, spike removal, disease prevention, insect expelling and the like, and the yield and planting benefits of the sweet and glutinous corn are improved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a picture of the growing period of sweet waxy corn according to example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for breeding sweet waxy corn, which takes TA021 as a female parent and TB533 as a male parent for hybridization, comprises the following steps:
female parent:
male parent:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land block which is fertile in soil, convenient to irrigate and has a space interval of more than 500 meters with a surrounding corn field or a flowering interval of more than 20 days as a seed production field, uniformly spreading a base fertilizer on the ground surface after the seed production field is ploughed, then raking, crushing, leveling and raising a furrow, wherein the furrow width is 1.3-1.4 meters, and digging a middle-field waist ditch, an annular field ditch and an outer-field drainage ditch;
the base fertilizer comprises 500-1000 kg/mu of pig manure and/or chicken manure decomposed organic fertilizer, 30-40 kg/mu of compound fertilizer and 10-15 kg/mu of urea.
(2) Sowing: the female parent and the male parent are sown according to a row ratio of 4;
the planting density is 3200-3500 female parent plants/mu, 3500-3800 male parent plants/mu, and the sowing time is 3 middle ten days or 8 last ten days.
(3) And (3) management in a growth period: removing impurities and inferior plants respectively in the seedling stage, the jointing stage and before powder scattering, removing mixed plants, weak plants and suspicious plants, and removing hard grains and mildew grains during threshing after harvesting; removing the tassels of the female parent in time before the tassels loose powder when the flowering phases meet to ensure that the tassels are not missed and remain, taking the removed tassels out of the seed production field, and removing the tassels and the filaments of the late plants and the weak plants of the female parent with leaves; only one bud is left at the top end of each plant, and the rest buds are removed;
also includes auxiliary pollination or artificial pollination in the flowering period.
And also comprises fertility management: spraying and applying 500-750 kg of 20% decomposed liquid dung and 3 kg of urea per mu when the seedlings grow to have two leaves and one core, spraying and applying 4-5 kg of urea and water after 6-7 days, and continuously applying for 2-3 times;
and (3) applying a pre-fertilization spike fertilizer in a large flare opening period, applying 10-15 kg of urea and 10kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and performing large hilling after application. The pregnant spike fertilizer is an important top dressing and is applied in time.
Further comprises pest control:
using 600 times of solution of 20 percent of Longgu bacteria and 600 times of solution of 20 percent of leaf withering to prevent and control stem rot and large and small leaf spot diseases at the early stage of disease development and in the large trumpet mouth period;
when the seedlings grow to 11-12 leaves, using 300 times of 5% validamycin solution to prevent and control sheath blight, and stripping 1-2 leaves at the lower part after pollination;
1 day before planting, spraying 400 ml of 50% phoxim mixed with 800 kg of water on the whole furrow in drought, and spraying 75 kg of water on the furrow in cloudy days to prevent and control cutworms and mole crickets;
after emergence of seedlings, 50 g of 50% acephate and insecticidal double-spraying can be applied to the periphery of the plants;
in the large-horn mouth period, 50 g of 48 percent lesonian mixed with 50 g of water is sprayed at the large-horn mouth per mu to prevent and control corn borers;
20 g of aphid, namely spraying 50kg of water to control aphid;
when the pollination of corn is basically finished and the larvae are still harmful on the filaments, the agent is sprayed for prevention and control in time, and the base of the filaments at the top end of the corn bracts is sprayed more.
(4) Harvesting in time: harvesting at the time of 35 days after female parent pollination in spring and 40 days after female parent pollination in autumn when the surface of bract is dry and about 50% of seeds are sunk.
The spring sweet corn has high air temperature when harvested, and is not solarized after harvesting. And pouring the threshed seeds on a woven bag, carefully spreading the seeds for airing, removing impurities such as residual bracts, bract cores, sand and the like, and putting the seeds into a clean cloth bag for storage when the water content of the seeds is less than 13% and the purity meets the quality requirement.
The corn seed obtained in this example was named as Jingke glutinous No. 2.
Example 2
The corn seeds obtained in example 1 were used for cultivation, comprising the following steps:
(1) Isolated planting, timely sowing: sowing the seeds in more than 400 meters of space or more than 20 days of isolated flowering season from the other varieties of corns, wherein the spring sowing is from 3 middle of the month to 4 last of the month; autumn sowing is 8 months old and middle ten days;
(2) Reasonable density, scientific fertilization: setting seedlings at 3000-3300 plants/mu; applying enough base fertilizer, applying the seedling fertilizer early, and applying the joint fertilizer and the spike tapping fertilizer heavily;
(3) Strengthening management, removing tillers and ears: when the plant grows to 3-4 leaves, thinning the seedling, when 5-6 leaves, only leaving 1 strong seedling in each hole, only keeping the uppermost 1 corn bract in each plant, and removing all the rest ears;
(4) Preventing and controlling diseases and pests, and harvesting at proper time: in pest control, attention should be paid to the control work of big spot, small spot, soil insects and corn borer; 21-23 days after pollination, the filaments become dark brown, and the harvest is carried out when the seeds at the top of the spikes are basically full and glossy.
The Jingke glutinous rice No. 2 cultivated in the embodiment has a growth period of 85 days, a plant height of 224.4 cm, a spike height of 67.7 cm, a double spike rate of 5.8%, an empty stalk rate of 2.6%, a lodging rate of 2.6% and an inflection rate of 2.4%. The ear length is 22.0 cm, the ear thickness is 5.1 cm, the bald tip length is 2.2 cm, the ear row number is 14.5 rows, the row grain number is 33.6 grains, the single ear weight is 280.9 g, the ear net rate is 77.3%, the fresh thousand grain weight is 357.9 g, and the seed yield is 70.8%.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (7)
1. A method for breeding sweet waxy corn is characterized in that TA021 is taken as a female parent, TB533 is taken as a male parent, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land block which is fertile in soil and convenient for irrigation and has a space interval with the surrounding corn field of more than 500 meters or a flowering interval of more than 20 days as a seed preparation field, uniformly spreading a base fertilizer on the ground surface after the seed preparation field is ploughed, then raking, smashing, leveling and raising ridges, wherein the width of each ridge is 1.3-1.4 meters, and digging a middle waist ditch, a ring field ditch and an outer field drainage ditch of the field;
(2) Sowing: the female parent and the male parent are sown according to a row ratio of 4;
(3) And (3) management in a growing period: removing impurities and inferior plants in the seedling stage, the jointing stage and before powder scattering, removing mixed plants, weak plants and suspicious plants, and removing hard grains and mould grains during threshing after harvesting; removing the tassels of the female parent in time before the tassels loose powder when the flowering phases meet to ensure that the tassels are not missed and remain, taking the removed tassels out of the seed production field, and removing the tassels and the filaments of the late plants and the weak plants of the female parent with leaves; only one bud is left at the top end of each plant, and the rest buds are removed;
(4) Harvesting in time: harvesting in spring 35 days after female parent pollination and in autumn 40 days after female parent pollination when the surface of bract is dry and about 50% of seeds are sunk.
2. The breeding method of sweet waxy corn according to claim 1, characterized in that the base fertilizer in step (1) comprises pig manure and/or chicken manure decomposed organic fertilizer 500-1000 kg/mu, compound fertilizer 30-40 kg/mu and urea 10-15 kg/mu.
3. The method for selectively breeding sweet waxy corn according to claim 1, wherein the seeding in step (2) has a planting density of 3200-3500 female parent plants/mu and 3500-3800 male parent plants/mu, and the seeding time is 3 middle ten days or 8 upper ten days of the month.
4. The method for selectively breeding sweet waxy corn according to claim 1, wherein the growing period management in step (3) further comprises supplementary pollination or artificial pollination in the flowering period.
5. The method for selectively breeding sweet waxy corn according to claim 1, wherein the growing period management in step (3) further comprises fertility management: spraying and applying 500-750 kg of 20% decomposed liquid dung and 3 kg of urea per mu when the seedlings grow to have two leaves and one core, spraying and applying 4-5 kg of urea and water after 6-7 days, and continuously applying for 2-3 times;
and (3) applying a pre-fertilization spike fertilizer in a large flare opening period, applying 10-15 kg of urea and 10kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and performing large hilling after application.
6. The method for selectively breeding the sweet waxy corn according to claim 1, wherein the growing period management in the step (3) further comprises pest control:
using 600 times of solution of 20 percent of Longgu bacteria and 600 times of solution of 20 percent of leaf withering to prevent and control stem rot and large and small leaf spot diseases at the early stage of disease development and in the large trumpet mouth period;
when the seedlings grow to 11-12 leaves, using 300 times of 5% validamycin solution to prevent and control sheath blight, and stripping 1-2 leaves at the lower part after pollination;
1 day before planting, spraying 400 ml of 50% phoxim mixed with 800 kg of water on the whole furrow in drought, and spraying 75 kg of water on the furrow in cloudy days to prevent and control cutworms and mole crickets;
after seedling emergence, 50 g of 50% acephate and 50 g of insecticidal double-spraying agent can be used for spraying the periphery of a plant to prevent armyworm and aphid;
in the large-horn mouth period, 50 g of 48 percent lesonian mixed with 50 g of water is sprayed at the large-horn mouth per mu to prevent and control corn borers;
20 g of aphid, which is mixed with 50kg of water, is sprayed to control aphid;
when the pollination of corn is basically finished and the larvae are still harmful on the filaments, the agent is sprayed for prevention and control in time, and the base of the filaments at the top end of the corn bracts is sprayed more.
7. The cultivation method of the sweet waxy corn is characterized in that the corn seeds obtained by the breeding method of any one of claims 1 to 6 are used as seeds, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Isolated planting, timely sowing: sowing is carried out when the space of the corn seeds is isolated from the space of other varieties of corn for more than 400 meters or the isolated flowering phase is more than 20 days, and the spring sowing is from 3 middle of the month to 4 last of the month; autumn sowing is 8 months and middle ten days;
(2) Reasonable density, scientific fertilization: setting seedlings at 3000-3300 plants/mu; applying enough base fertilizer, applying the seedling fertilizer early, and applying the pulling-out and node-saving fertilizer and the heading fertilizer heavily;
(3) Strengthening management, removing tillers and ears: thinning when the plant grows to 3-4 leaves, fixing seedlings when 5-6 leaves grow, only keeping 1 strong seedling in each hole, only keeping the top 1 corn bract in each plant, and removing all the rest clusters;
(4) Preventing and controlling diseases and pests, and harvesting in due time: in pest control, attention should be paid to the control work of big spot, small spot, soil insects and corn borer; and 21-23 days after pollination, the filaments are dry and become black brown, and the harvesting is carried out when the seeds at the top of the ears are basically full and glossy.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102217524A (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2011-10-19 | 南京市蔬菜科学研究所 | Breeding method for sweet glutinous maize self-bred line |
| CN106538165A (en) * | 2015-09-19 | 2017-03-29 | 孔赟荣 | The cultural method of fragrant fresh and sweet glutinous multicolored Semen Maydiss |
| CN109984031A (en) * | 2019-05-10 | 2019-07-09 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | A kind of producing method for seed of sweet-waxy maizes cenospecies osmanthus sweet tea glutinous 525 |
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Patent Citations (3)
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| CN102217524A (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2011-10-19 | 南京市蔬菜科学研究所 | Breeding method for sweet glutinous maize self-bred line |
| CN106538165A (en) * | 2015-09-19 | 2017-03-29 | 孔赟荣 | The cultural method of fragrant fresh and sweet glutinous multicolored Semen Maydiss |
| CN109984031A (en) * | 2019-05-10 | 2019-07-09 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | A kind of producing method for seed of sweet-waxy maizes cenospecies osmanthus sweet tea glutinous 525 |
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