CN103619928B - 用于制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法 - Google Patents
用于制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103619928B CN103619928B CN201280029631.5A CN201280029631A CN103619928B CN 103619928 B CN103619928 B CN 103619928B CN 201280029631 A CN201280029631 A CN 201280029631A CN 103619928 B CN103619928 B CN 103619928B
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- hydroxyl value
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- aethoxy sklerol
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Abstract
一种制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法,所述方法通过使以下物质反应:a)有机多异氰酸酯,与b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团具有活性的氢原子的化合物,在以下物质的存在下:c)起泡剂,d)催化剂和,如果合适,e)助剂和添加剂,其中将以下物质的混合物用作多元醇组分b):b1)20至60重量份的一种或多种具有3.5至5.5官能度和400至550mg?KOH/g羟值的高官能度聚醚醇,b2)1至20重量份的一种或多种基于脂族胺并且具有3.5至4.5官能度和450至900mg?KOH/g羟值的聚醚醇,b3)10至30重量份的一种或多种具有1.5至3官能度和150至450mg?KOH/g羟值的聚醚醇和/或芳族聚酯醇,和b4)任选的1至5重量份的水。本发明的多元醇组分b)具有良好的储存稳定性并且获得的刚性聚氨酯泡沫具有良好的表面质量、固化度和粘合性。
Description
本发明涉及用于制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法并且涉及通过本发明方法制备的刚性聚氨酯泡沫以及涉及多元醇组分。
刚性聚氨酯泡沫已经已知很长时间并且被广泛地记载。刚性聚氨酯泡沫主要用于绝热(例如在制冷装置、运输装置或建筑中)以及用于制备结构元件,特别是夹层元件。
刚性聚氨酯泡沫的一个重要的应用领域为组合元件。特别是由金属覆盖层和基于异氰酸酯的泡沫芯(通常为聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫或聚异氰酸酯(PIR)泡沫)组成的组合元件—通常还称为夹层元件—在连续操作双带装置上的制备目前以较大规模实施。除用于冷库绝热的夹层元件外,具有有色覆盖层的元件对于各种建筑的正面结构而言变得越来越重要。除涂覆的钢板外,还将不锈钢板、铜板或铝板用作覆盖层。
重要的是刚性聚氨酯泡沫均匀且没有空隙地填充空腔,以使对覆盖层非常好的粘结得到可确保良好绝热的稳定结构。为防止泡沫缺陷,可发泡的PU反应混合物必须在短时间内引入至待绝热的空腔内。低压机器或优选的高压机器通常用于用泡沫填充该制品。
刚性聚氨酯泡沫的制备及其作为组合元件中的覆盖层或芯层的用途以及其在制冷工程或加热工程中作为绝缘层的用途的综述可见于例如“Polyurethane”,Kunststoff-Handbuch,第7卷,第3版,1993,由Dr.GunterOertel编,Carl-Hanser-Verlag,Munich/Virnna。
合适的刚性聚氨酯泡沫可以以已知的方式通过有机多异氰酸酯与一种或多种具有至少两个活性氢原子的化合物在起泡剂、催化剂和任选的助剂和/或添加剂存在下反应而制备。
作为具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团具有活性的氢原子的化合物,优选为使用聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇以制备聚氨酯。多元醇的选择特别是基于成本和所需的使用特性而作出(例如EP-A1632511、US-B6,495,722、WO2006/108833)。
然而,已知刚性聚氨酯泡沫的表面特性仍能够进行改进,特别是在制备组合元件中更是如此,原因是这些特性对覆盖层与泡沫的粘合性具有相当大的影响。在通过喷雾成泡方法制备泡沫中,良好的表面也是非常重要的。
文献EP0728783A1、EP0826708A1和WO2010/106067A1记载了制备刚性PU泡沫的方法,其中多元醇组分包括蓖麻油。蓖麻油对于泡沫的表面特性是有利的。另一方面,在水存在下,由于相分离,蓖麻油可以导致多元醇组分的不稳定性,这可在加工中产生问题。水在多元醇组分中通常用作廉价并且环境友好的起泡剂。EP0826708A1中记载的方法的缺点在于多元醇组分粘度高并且所形成的刚性PU泡沫的粘合性非常差。通过EP0728783A1中所记载的方法制备的刚性PU泡沫也能够改进其表面特性和粘合性。如WO2010/106067A1所述制备的刚性PU泡沫显示出良好的粘合性和良好的表面,但在相对大量水(﹥1.5重量份)的情况下仍能够改进多元醇组分的储存稳定性。
因此,本发明的一个目的在于开发一种制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法,所述方法使得泡沫具有良好的粘结性、良好的固化性和表面质量并且其多元醇组分具有良好的储存稳定性并且因此具有良好的加工特性。
该目的出人意料地通过一种制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法而实现,所述方法通过使:
a)有机多异氰酸酯,与
b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团具有活性的氢原子的化合物,在以下物质的存在下反应:
c)起泡剂,
d)催化剂和任选的
e)助剂和添加剂,
其中以下混合物用作组分b):
b1)20至60重量份的一种或多种具有3.5至5.5官能度和400至550mgKOH/g羟值的高官能度聚醚醇,
b2)1至20重量份的一种或多种基于脂族胺并且具有3.5至4.5官能度和450至900mgKOH/g羟值的聚醚醇,
b3)10至30重量份的一种或多种具有1.5至3官能度和150至450mgKOH/g羟值的聚醚醇和/或芳族聚酯醇,和
b4)任选的1至5重量份的水。
所定义的多元醇组分b)的b1)至b4)的总重量份不超过100重量份。多元醇组分b)还可包含催化剂、稳定剂以及常规助剂和添加剂。
羟值根据DIN53240测定。
本发明还提供包括以下混合物的多元醇组分b):
b1)20至60重量份的一种或多种具有3.5至5.5官能度和400至550mgKOH/g羟值的高官能度聚醚醇,
b2)1至20重量份的一种或多种基于脂族胺并且具有3.5至4.5官能度和450至900mgKOH/g羟值的聚醚醇,
b3)10至30重量份的一种或多种具有1.5至3官能度和150至450mgKOH/g羟值的聚醚醇和/或芳族聚酯醇,和
b4)任选的1至5重量份的水。
关于用于本发明方法并且用于本发明多元醇组分b)的各个组分,可进行以下描述:
a)可用的有机多异氰酸酯为本身已知的脂族、脂环族、芳脂族并且优选芳族多官能异氰酸酯。
具体的实例为亚烷基中具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如十二烷1,12-二异氰酸酯、2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯并且优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任何混合物、1-异氰酰基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酰基甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯)、六氢甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和六氢甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二环己基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,以及优选为芳族二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯,例如甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,2’二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯的混合物,聚苯基聚亚甲基聚异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷二苯基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯以及聚苯基聚亚甲基聚异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)以及粗MDI和甲苯二异氰酸酯的混合物。所述有机二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯可以单独使用或以它们的混合物形式使用。
通常使用改性多官能异氰酸酯,即通过有机二异氰酸酯和/或多异氰酸酯的化学反应而获得的产物。可提及例如含有酯基、脲基、缩二脲基、脲基甲酸酯基、碳二亚胺基、异氰脲酸酯基、脲二酮基和/或氨基甲酸酯基的二异氰酸酯和/或多异氰酸酯。
具体的实例为:含有氨基甲酸酯基并且基于总重量计的NCO含量为33.6至15重量%,优选31至21重量%的有机多异氰酸酯,优选芳族多异氰酸酯,例如低分子量二醇、三醇、二亚烷基二醇、三亚烷基二醇或聚氧基亚烷基二醇与分子量最高达6000,特别是分子量最高达1500的改性二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯,改性二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯混合物或改性粗MDI或甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯或甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯的反应产物,可以单独或作为混合物使用的二亚烷基二醇或聚氧基亚烷基二醇的实例为:二乙二醇、二丙二醇、聚氧亚乙基、聚氧亚丙基和聚氧亚丙基-聚氧亚乙基二醇、三醇和/或四醇。还合适的为含有NCO基团并且NCO基团含量为25至3.5重量%,优选21至14重量%,基于总重量计,并且由下述聚酯多元醇和/或优选的聚醚多元醇和二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯的混合物、甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯或甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯或粗MDI制备的预聚物。
含有碳二亚胺基团和/或异氰脲酸酯环并且基于总重量计的NCO含量为33.6至15重量%,优选31至21重量%的液体多异氰酸酯,例如基于二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯和/或二苯基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯和/或甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和/或甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯的化合物也被发现是可用的。
改性多异氰酸酯可以任选地彼此混合或与未改性的有机多异氰酸酯如二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、粗MDI、甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和/或甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯混合。
以下多异氰酸酯已被发现特别有用并且优选使用:甲苯二异氰酸酯和粗MDI的混合物或含有氨基甲酸酯基团并且NCO含量为33.6至15重量%的改性有机多异氰酸酯的混合物,特别是基于甲苯二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯异构体混合物或粗MDI的多异氰酸酯并且特别是二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯异构体含量为25至80重量%,优选30至55重量%的粗MDI。
b)所使用的聚醚多元醇b1)、b2)和b3)通过已知的方法制备,例如由亚烷基中具有2至4个碳原子的一种或多种环氧烷烃使用碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾或碱金属烷氧化物如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾作为催化剂,并且加入至少一种含有2至8个,优选2至6个连接形式的活性氢原子的起始分子以通过阴离子聚合反应而制备,或使用路易斯酸如五氯化锑、氟化硼醚化物等,或漂土作为催化剂以通过阳离子聚合而制备。还可以使用已知的称为DMC催化剂的多金属氰化物。叔胺如三乙胺、三丁胺、三甲胺、二甲基乙醇胺和/或二甲基环己胺也可以用作催化剂。
用于制备聚醚多元醇b1)、b2)和b3)的合适的环氧烷烃为例如环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、1,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷、四氢呋喃、氧化苯乙烯,优选环氧乙烷和1,2-环氧丙烷。环氧烷烃可以单独使用,或者接连使用或作为混合物使用。
可用于本发明聚醚醇b1)、b2)和b3)的起始分子为以下化合物:
b1)特别是使用含羟基的高官能度化合物,特别是糖类、淀粉或木质素作为引子物质。其中葡萄糖、蔗糖和山梨糖醇特别重要。由于这些化合物在通常烷氧基化反应条件下以固体形式存在,所以通常习惯上将这些化合物与共引发剂一起烷氧基化。合适的共引发剂特别是水和多官能低级醇,例如丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇及其同系物。
b2)所使用的起始分子特别是氨、多官能脂族胺,特别是具有2至6个碳原子和伯胺基和仲胺基的那些多官能脂族胺,以及主链上具有2至6个碳原子的氨基醇。优选使用乙二胺、单烷基乙二胺、1,3-丙二胺以及各种丁二胺和六亚甲基二胺;和乙醇胺、二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺作为氨基醇。
b3)水和低分子量二官能或三官能醇用作引子物质。特别地,使用主链中具有2至12个碳原子的直链醇或支链醇,特别是具有2至6个碳原子的直链醇或支链醇。优选用作起始物质的化合物为水和例如丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、乙二醇、丙二醇、二乙二醇、二丙二醇、1.4-丁二醇、季戊四醇、1,6-己二醇及其同系物。
聚酯醇b3)通常通过芳族羧酸和/或其衍生物(特别是酯和酸酐)与醇反应而制备。羧酸和/或醇优选均为多官能的。芳族羧酸或其酸酐特别选自对苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸和邻苯二甲酸酐,特别是邻苯二甲酸酐。
聚酯醇b3)还可以通过使用芳族羧酸的酯,特别是选自聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯和聚对苯二甲酸二甲酯的芳族羧酸的酯制备。对苯二甲酸乙二酯可以为再循环产物,特别是饮料瓶再循环产物。
聚酯醇b3)特别优选使用含有至少50重量%对苯二甲酸的羧酸及其衍生物的混合物而制备,基于羧酸重量计。在本发明一个优选的实施方案中,仅使用对苯二甲酸作为羧酸。
除上述羧酸及其衍生物外,还可以使用其它已知的多官能羧酸,例如脂族羧酸如己二酸和琥珀酸。然而,它们的含量应小于50重量%,基于羧酸的重量计。
作为制备聚酯醇b3)的其它原料,还可以同时使用疏水材料。疏水材料为含有非极性有机基团以及具有至少一种选自羟基、羧酸、羧酸酯及其混合物的活性基团的非水溶性材料。疏水材料当量重量范围为130至1000g/mol。可以使用例如脂肪酸如硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸或亚油酸以及脂肪和油例如蓖麻油、玉米油、向日葵油、大豆油、椰子油、橄榄油或妥尔油。如果聚酯醇含有疏水材料,则疏水材料在聚酯醇总单体含量中的比例优选为1至30mol%,特别优选4至15mol%。
作为用于制备聚酯醇b3)的醇,通常使用二官能醇如(单)乙二醇、二乙二醇、多乙二醇、丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇,以及多官能醇如丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇及其烷氧化物,特别是其乙氧基化物。优选为(单)乙二醇和/或二乙二醇。
所使用的聚酯醇b3)优选官能度为1.5至2.5并且羟值为170至250mgKOH/g,特别优选官能度为1.7至2.3并且羟值为180至220mgKOH/g。
可以使用一种或多种聚醚醇和/或芳族聚酯醇作为b3)。优选使用一种或多种聚醚醇。
聚醚醇b1)优选官能度为3.7至5.2并且羟值为400至520mgKOH/g并且特别优选官能度为3.9至5并且羟值为400至500mgKOH/g并且非常特别优选官能度为4至4.5并且羟值为450至500mgKOH/g。
组分b1)的比例优选30至60重量份,特别优选40至60重量份。
聚醚醇b2)优选官能度为4并且羟值为470至800mgKOH/g并且特别优选官能度为4并且羟值为730-800mgKOH/g。
组分b2)的比例优选为3至18重量份,特别优选5至15重量份。
聚醚醇b3)优选官能度为2至3并且羟值为220至430mgKOH/g。
特别优选为官能度为3并且羟值为380-420mgKOH/g的聚醚醇b3)。
组分b3)的比例优选10至25重量份,特别优选10至20重量份。
关于所使用的聚醚醇b1)、b2)和b3)及其制备的进一步信息可见于例如Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,“Polyurethane”,GunterOertel编,Carl-Hanser-VerlagMunich,第3版,1993。
组分b)可以包括1至5重量份,特别是1.5至5重量份并且非常特别优选2至5重量份的水b4)。
在一个实施方案中,水b4)的比例为2至5重量%。该实施方案可以与本发明方法的其它实施方案相结合。
组分b)还可任选地包含扩链剂和/或交联剂。作为扩链剂和/或交联剂,特别使用二官能或三官能的胺和醇,特别是二醇、三醇或两者均使用,在每种情况下所述胺和醇的分子量小于400,优选60至300。
c)作为本发明方法的起泡剂,可使用制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的常规起泡剂。
作为起泡剂c),可以使用水以及额外施用通常已知的化学作用剂和/或物理作用剂。为本发明的目的,化学起泡剂为与异氰酸酯反应以形成气体产物的化合物,例如水或甲酸。物理起泡剂为在用于制备聚氨酯的原料中溶解或乳化并且在聚氨酯形成条件下气化的化合物。这些化合物为例如烃、卤代烃和其它化合物,例如全氟烷烃如全氟己烷、氯氟烃,和醚、酯、酮、缩醛以及加热时释放氮的无机和有机化合物,或其混合物,例如具有4至8个碳原子的脂(环)族烃,或为氟化烃如1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC245fa)、三氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC365mfc)、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷、二氟乙烷和七氟丙烷。
低沸点脂族烃,优选正戊烷和/或异戊烷,特别是正戊烷有利地用作起泡剂。
正戊烷沸点为36℃,异戊烷沸点为28℃。因此其沸点在有利于起泡方法的范围内。
由于适于作为起泡剂的脂族烃是可燃性和爆炸性的,所以当正戊烷用作起泡剂时,起泡装置必须装有合适的安全装置。
有利的是脂族烃与水一起用作起泡剂。所使用的脂族烃的量为2至25重量%,优选5至15重量%,基于组分b)计。水的比例取决于刚性聚氨酯泡沫所需的密度并且通常为2至2.5%。
d)用于制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的催化剂(d)特别是强烈地加速组分(b)的含有活性氢原子,特别是羟基的化合物与有机、任选改性的多异氰酸酯(a)的反应的化合物。
合适的催化剂(d)为强碱性胺,例如脒如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、叔胺如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基环己胺、二甲基苄基胺、N-甲基吗啉、N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基丁二胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基-1,6-己二胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、四甲基二氨基(乙基醚)、双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、双(二甲基氨基丙基)脲、二甲基哌嗪、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷并且优选1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷,以及烷醇胺化合物如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺、N,N-二甲基氨基乙氧基乙醇、N,N,N’-三甲基氨基乙基乙醇胺和二甲基乙醇胺。
其它可用的催化剂为:三(二烷基氨基烷基)均六氢三嗪,特别是三(N,N-二甲基氨基丙基)均六氢三嗪、四烷基氢氧化铵如四甲基氢氧化铵、碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠和碱金属烷氧化物如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾以及具有10至20个碳原子和任选的侧OH基团的长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐。
如果异氰脲酸酯基团被引入至刚性泡沫,则需要特定的催化剂。作为异氰脲酸酯催化剂,通常使用金属羧酸盐,特别是乙酸钾及其溶液。根据需要,催化剂可以单独使用或以彼此的任何混合物使用。
优选使用0.001至7重量%,特别是0.05至5重量%的催化剂或催化剂组合,基于组分(b)的重量计。
e)助剂和/或添加剂可以任选地纳入至反应混合物以制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫。可以提及例如表面活性物质、泡沫稳定剂、泡孔调节剂、填料、染料、颜料、阻燃剂、水解抑制剂、抑制真菌物质和抑制细菌物质。
可用的表面活性物质为例如用于促进原料匀化并且适于调节塑料泡孔结构的化合物。可以提及例如乳化剂如蓖麻油硫酸钠盐或脂肪酸钠盐以及脂肪酸与胺的盐,例如二乙胺油酸盐、二乙醇胺硬脂酸盐、二乙醇胺蓖麻醇酸盐,磺酸盐,例如十二烷基苯磺酸、二萘基甲烷二磺酸和蓖麻油酸的碱金属盐或铵盐;泡沫稳定剂如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其它有机聚硅氧烷、乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂肪醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯和蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油和花生油,和泡孔调节剂如石蜡、脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。上述具有聚氧化烯基和氟代烷基作为侧基的低聚丙烯酸酯还适于改进乳化作用、泡孔结构和/或用于稳定泡沫。表面活性物质通常的用量为0.01至5重量份,基于100重量份的组分(b)计。
为本发明的目的,填料,特别是增强填料为本身已知的常规有机和无机填料、增强材料、增重剂,用于改进油漆、涂料组合物等的磨损性能的试剂。具体实例为:无机填料如硅酸矿物质,例如片状硅酸盐如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、温石棉、滑石;金属氧化物如高岭土、铝氧化物、钛氧化物和铁氧化物,金属盐如白垩、重晶石以及无机颜料如硫化镉、硫化锌以及玻璃。优选使用高岭土(陶土)、硅酸铝和硫酸钡与硅酸铝的共沉淀以及天然和合成的纤维状矿物质如钙硅石、金属纤维并且特别是可用胶料(size)涂覆的各种长度的玻璃纤维。可用的有机纤维为例如:碳纤维、三聚氰胺纤维、松香纤维、环戊二烯树脂纤维和接枝聚合物纤维以及纤维素纤维、聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯腈纤维、聚氨酯纤维、基于芳族和/或脂族二羧酸酯的聚酯纤维并且特别是碳纤维。
无机填料和有机填料可以单独使用或作为混合物使用并且有利地以0.5至50重量%,优选1至40重量%的用量纳入至反应混合物,基于组分(a)和(b)的重量计,但是垫、天然纤维和合成纤维的无纺布和纺织布可以最高达80重量%的值。
作为阻燃剂,可以使用有机磷酸酯和/或膦酸酯。优选使用对异氰酸酯基团不具有活性的化合物。含氯磷酸酯也属于优选的化合物。合适的阻燃剂为例如三(2-氯丙基)磷酸酯、三乙基磷酸酯、二苯基甲苯基磷酸酯、二乙基乙烷亚磷酸酯、三甲苯基磷酸酯、三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯、三(1,3-二氯丙基)磷酸酯、三(2,3-二溴丙基)磷酸酯、四(2-氯乙基)亚乙基二磷酸酯、二甲基甲烷膦酸酯、二乙基二乙醇氨基甲基膦酸酯以及市售的含卤素阻燃多元醇。
此外,还可以使用含溴阻燃剂。作为含溴阻燃剂,优选使用对异氰酸酯基团具有活性的化合物。所述化合物为例如四溴邻苯二甲酸与脂族二醇的酯和二溴丁二醇的烷氧化产物。还可以使用衍生自含有OH基团的溴化新戊基化合物的化合物。
除上述卤素取代的磷酸酯外,还可以使用无机阻燃剂或有机阻燃剂如红磷、氧化铝水合物、三氧化锑、氧化砷、聚磷酸铵和硫酸钙、可膨胀石墨或三聚氰酸衍生物如三聚氰胺,或至少两种阻燃剂如聚磷酸铵和三聚氰胺以及任选的玉米淀粉的混合物或聚磷酸铵、三聚氰胺和可膨胀石墨和/或芳族或非芳族聚酯以制备多异氰酸酯加聚产物阻燃剂。一般而言,已经发现有利的是每100重量份的组分(b)使用5至50重量份,优选5至25重量份的所述阻燃剂。
关于上述其它常规助剂和添加剂的进一步细节可见于专业文献,例如J.H.Saunders和K.C.FRISCH的专著“HighPolymer”,第XVI卷,Polyurethanes,第1部分和第2部分,IntersciencePublishers1962和1964,或Kunststoff-Handbuch,Polyurethane,第VII卷,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第3版,1993。
为制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫,多异氰酸酯a)和多元醇组分b)以如此用量反应以使异氰酸酯指数范围为100至150,优选105至140,并且特别优选110至130。异氰酸酯指数为异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯基团具有活性的基团的摩尔比乘以100。
本发明刚性泡沫优选在连续操作的双带装置上制备。其中,多元醇组分和异氰酸酯组分通过高压机器计量加入并且在混合头中混合。催化剂和/或起泡剂可以预先通过独立的泵加入至多元醇混合物。将反应混合物连续施加至下部覆盖层。具有反应混合物的下部覆盖层和上部覆盖层进入双带。在此,反应混合物发泡并固化。在离开双带后,将连续条剪为所需尺寸。以该方法可以制备具有金属覆盖层的夹层元件或具有柔性覆盖层的绝热元件。
起始组分在15至90℃,优选20至60℃,特别是20至45℃的温度下混合。反应混合物可以通过高压计量机器或低压计量机器而浇注至密闭的支撑工具中。通过该技术可制造例如非连续的夹层元件。
本发明还提供通过本发明方法制备的聚氨酯泡沫。
通过本发明方法制备的刚性聚氨酯泡沫密度为0.02至0.75g/cm3,优选0.025至0.24g/cm3,并且特别是0.03至0.1g/cm3。它们特别适于作为建筑和制冷领域的绝热材料,例如作为夹层元件的中间层或用于用泡沫填充冷藏箱和冷冻柜外壳。
通过本发明方法制备的刚性PUR泡沫具有良好的表面,其缺陷极少并且示出良好的粘合性和良好的固化性。同时,多元醇组分(b)在20℃或5℃下在几个月内具有良好的储存稳定性。
本发明通过以下实施例进行说明:
对比实施例1
多元醇组分通过混合以下物质而制备:
56.0重量份的羟值为490mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷以及作为引子的蔗糖和丙三醇混合物的聚醚醇,
8.0重量份的羟值为770mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷和作为引子的乙二胺的聚醚醇,
20重量份的蓖麻油,
12重量份的三-2-氯异丙基磷酸酯,
2重量份的购自Goldschmidt的B8462,
0.5重量份的50%强度的乙酸钾的乙二醇溶液,和2.1重量份的水。
该多元醇组分在20℃下以及5℃下不稳定并且在24小时后分离为两相。
对比实施例2
多元醇组分通过混合以下物质而制备:
75.4重量份的羟值为490mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷以及作为引子的蔗糖和丙三醇的混合物的聚醚醇,
8.0重量份的羟值为770mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷和作为引子的乙二胺的聚醚醇,
12重量份的三-2-氯异丙基磷酸酯
2重量份的购自Goldschmidt的B8462,
0.5重量份的50%强度的乙酸钾的乙二醇溶液,和2.1重量份的水。
多元醇组分在20℃和5℃下是稳定的。其与NCO含量为30.9重量%的聚合MDI(购自BASFSE的M50)在正戊烷(6重量份)、二甲基环己胺和水存在下在异氰酸酯指数为120下反应。选择二甲基环己胺和水的用量以使凝胶时间为45秒并且所得的泡沫密度为36g/l。
实施例1
多元醇组分通过混合以下组分而制备:
55.4重量份的羟值为490mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷以及作为引子的蔗糖和丙三醇的混合物的聚醚醇,
8.0重量份的羟值为770mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷和作为引子的乙二胺的聚醚醇,
20重量份的羟值为400mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷和作为引子的丙三醇的聚醚醇,
12重量份的三-2-氯异丙基磷酸酯
2重量份的购自Goldschmidt的B8462,
0.5重量份的50%强度的乙酸钾的乙二醇溶液,和2.1重量份的水。
该多元醇组分在20℃以及5℃下稳定数月。其与NCO含量为30.9重量%的聚合MDI(购自BASFSE的M50)在正戊烷(6重量份)、二甲基环己胺和水存在下在异氰酸酯指数为120下反应。选择二甲基环己胺和水的用量以使凝胶时间为45秒并且所得的泡沫密度为36g/l。
实施例2
多元醇组分通过混合以下组分而制备:
55.4重量份的羟值为490mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷以及作为引子的蔗糖和丙三醇的混合物的聚醚醇,
8.0重量份的羟值为770mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷和作为引子的乙二胺的聚醚醇,
10重量份的羟值为400mgKOH/g并且基于环氧丙烷和作为引子的丙三醇的聚醚醇,
10重量份的羟值为210mgKOH/g并且通过将邻苯二甲酸酐、油酸、二乙二醇和单乙二醇反应而制备的聚酯醇,
12重量份的三-2-氯异丙基磷酸酯
2重量份的购自Goldschmidt的B8462,
0.5重量份的50%强度的乙酸钾的乙二醇溶液,和2.1重量份的水。
该多元醇组分在20℃以及5℃下稳定数月。其与NCO含量为30.9重量%的聚合MDI(购自BASFSE的M50)在正戊烷(6重量份)、二甲基环己胺和水存在下在异氰酸酯指数为120下反应。选择二甲基环己胺和水的用量以使凝胶时间为45秒并且所得的泡沫密度为36g/l。
所制备的PU泡沫的固化通过压头测试而测定。为此,将具有半径为10mm的半球形端的钢压头在聚苯乙烯杯中在使组分混合后3分钟、4分钟、5分钟和6分钟通过拉伸/压缩测试机而压入所形成的泡沫中10mm的深度。以N表示的所需最大力是泡沫固化的量度。记录在3分钟、4分钟、5分钟和6分钟后固化度的总和。
就粘合试验而言,在实验室中在密闭的加热模具中发泡具有金属覆盖层的夹层元件(200×200×80mm)。模具的温度为40℃并且泡沫的总密度为36g/l。该体系固化后,锯下尺寸为100×100×80mm的试样并且根据DINENISO527-1/DIN53292测定泡沫对覆盖层的粘合性(表1中的拉伸强度)。
通过光学方法定量测定表面缺陷的频率。为此,将泡沫样品削减为距下部覆盖层1毫米的平面,即在双带加工中已将聚氨酯反应溶液施用至该覆盖层上。
在对表面的定量评估中,从右开始并且然后从左开始照亮泡沫表面并且在每种情况下拍照。通过图像分析软件将图像叠加并且分析。表面上的缺陷显示为黑色区域。黑色区域基于总表面区域的百分比是泡沫中表面缺陷频率的量度。
此外,对泡沫表面性质的另一种定性评估通过从1m×2m泡沫样品移除覆盖层并且视觉评估表面而进行。
结果示于表1。
表1
表1中的结果显示出多元醇组分在20℃和5℃下的稳定性良好并且通过本发明方法制备的泡沫的表面特性、固化度和粘合性非常良好。
本发明方法中使用的多元醇组分的储存稳定性非常良好;实施例1和实施例2相应的多元醇组分—其各自包括5重量份的水—甚至可在20℃以及5℃下稳定数月。
根据对比实施例2获得的PU泡沫具有明显更低的拉伸强度和更差的表面。
Claims (7)
1.一种制备刚性聚氨酯泡沫的方法,所述方法通过使:
a)有机多异氰酸酯,与
b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团具有活性的氢原子的化合物,在以下物质的存在下反应:
c)起泡剂,
d)催化剂和,如果合适,
e)助剂和添加剂,
其中将由以下物质组成的混合物用作组分b):
b1)20至60重量份的一种或多种具有3.5至5.5官能度和400至550mgKOH/g羟值的高官能度聚醚醇,其具有含羟基的高官能度化合物作为引子物质,
b2)5至15重量份的一种或多种基于脂族胺并且官能度为4和羟值为470至800mgKOH/g的聚醚醇,
b3)10至30重量份的一种或多种具有2至3官能度和220至430mgKOH/g羟值的聚醚醇,和
b4)任选的1至5重量份的水,
其中多元醇组分b)中b1)至b4)的重量份不超过100重量份。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中聚醚醇b2)官能度为4并且羟值为730至800mgKOH/g。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中聚醚醇b3)官能度为3并且羟值为380至420mgKOH/g。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中反应在异氰酸酯指数为100至150下进行。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中将正戊烷和/或异戊烷用作起泡剂。
6.通过权利要求1的方法制备的刚性聚氨酯泡沫。
7.一种多元醇组分b),由以下物质的混合物组成:
b1)20至60重量份的一种或多种具有3.5至5.5官能度和400至550mgKOH/g羟值的高官能度聚醚醇,其具有含羟基的高官能度化合物作为引子物质,
b2)1至20重量份的一种或多种基于脂族胺并且官能度为4和羟值为470至800mgKOH/g的聚醚醇,
b3)10至30重量份的一种或多种具有2至3官能度和220至430mgKOH/g羟值的聚醚醇,和
b4)任选的1至5重量份的水,
其中多元醇b)中b1)至b4)的重量份不超过100重量份。
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-
2012
- 2012-04-11 MA MA36327A patent/MA35040B1/fr unknown
- 2012-04-11 WO PCT/EP2012/056485 patent/WO2012140025A1/de active Application Filing
- 2012-04-11 ES ES12712682.9T patent/ES2626009T3/es active Active
- 2012-04-11 PL PL12712682T patent/PL2697296T3/pl unknown
- 2012-04-11 BR BR112013026495-0A patent/BR112013026495B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2012-04-11 KR KR1020137030145A patent/KR20140026488A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-04-11 RU RU2013150677/05A patent/RU2601755C2/ru active
- 2012-04-11 JP JP2014504284A patent/JP2014510821A/ja active Pending
- 2012-04-11 CA CA2833066A patent/CA2833066A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-04-11 HU HUE12712682A patent/HUE032607T2/en unknown
- 2012-04-11 EP EP12712682.9A patent/EP2697296B1/de active Active
- 2012-04-11 LT LTEP12712682.9T patent/LT2697296T/lt unknown
- 2012-04-11 MX MX2013011974A patent/MX337069B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2012-04-11 CN CN201280029631.5A patent/CN103619928B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-04-11 AU AU2012241986A patent/AU2012241986B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-04-11 PT PT127126829T patent/PT2697296T/pt unknown
- 2012-11-04 UA UAA201313238A patent/UA110132C2/ru unknown
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2013
- 2013-10-14 TN TNP2013000424A patent/TN2013000424A1/fr unknown
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HUE032607T2 (en) | 2017-10-30 |
LT2697296T (lt) | 2017-05-10 |
EP2697296A1 (de) | 2014-02-19 |
CA2833066A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
RU2013150677A (ru) | 2015-05-20 |
ES2626009T3 (es) | 2017-07-21 |
CN103619928A (zh) | 2014-03-05 |
KR20140026488A (ko) | 2014-03-05 |
PL2697296T3 (pl) | 2017-08-31 |
MA35040B1 (fr) | 2014-04-03 |
WO2012140025A1 (de) | 2012-10-18 |
TN2013000424A1 (en) | 2015-03-30 |
BR112013026495B1 (pt) | 2021-01-12 |
ZA201308560B (en) | 2015-12-23 |
MX337069B (es) | 2016-02-11 |
RU2601755C2 (ru) | 2016-11-10 |
JP2014510821A (ja) | 2014-05-01 |
AU2012241986B2 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
BR112013026495A2 (pt) | 2016-12-27 |
EP2697296B1 (de) | 2017-02-22 |
PT2697296T (pt) | 2017-05-30 |
MX2013011974A (es) | 2013-11-04 |
AU2012241986A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
UA110132C2 (uk) | 2015-11-25 |
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