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CN103561810A - 可植入医疗装置的固定 - Google Patents

可植入医疗装置的固定 Download PDF

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CN103561810A
CN103561810A CN201180068395.3A CN201180068395A CN103561810A CN 103561810 A CN103561810 A CN 103561810A CN 201180068395 A CN201180068395 A CN 201180068395A CN 103561810 A CN103561810 A CN 103561810A
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CN103561810B (zh
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T·A·安德森
D·D·尼波尔特
R·W·斯文森
V·格鲁巴克
M·D·邦纳
R·W·阿什
A·A·阿尔弗夸哈
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/37205Microstimulators, e.g. implantable through a cannula
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02Details
    • A61N1/04Electrodes
    • A61N1/05Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/056Transvascular endocardial electrode systems
    • A61N1/057Anchoring means; Means for fixing the head inside the heart
    • A61N1/0573Anchoring means; Means for fixing the head inside the heart chacterised by means penetrating the heart tissue, e.g. helix needle or hook
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/375Constructional arrangements, e.g. casings
    • A61N1/37518Anchoring of the implants, e.g. fixation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/375Constructional arrangements, e.g. casings
    • A61N1/3756Casings with electrodes thereon, e.g. leadless stimulators
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/3629Heart stimulators in combination with non-electric therapy

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  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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Abstract

一种组件包括可植入医疗装置(IMD)和附连至IMD的固定件组件,该可植入医疗装置包括导电外壳。固定件组件包括一组主动固定叉形件和将该组主动固定叉形件与可植入医疗装置的导电外壳电绝缘的绝缘体。该组中的主动固定叉形件可从其中主动固定叉形件的背离可植入医疗装置指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件朝向可植入医疗装置后弯的钩住位置。主动固定叉形件构造成当展开时,将可植入医疗装置固定至患者组织,同时主动固定叉形件的远端相邻于患者组织定位。

Description

可植入医疗装置的固定
技术领域
本发明涉及可植入医疗装置的固定技术。
背景技术
诸如电刺激器、引线和电极的医疗装置被植入,以便将治疗递送至患者体内的一个或多个目标位置。为确保电极与目标位置之间可靠的电接触,要求装置、引线或电极固定。
已临床使用或提出了临床用于患者的递送治疗和/或监控生理状况的各种医疗装置。示例包括将治疗递送至心脏、肌肉、神经、大脑、胃或其它器官或组织和/或监控与心脏、肌肉、神经、大脑、或其它器官或组织相关的状况的医疗装置。某些治疗包括电信号的递送,例如对这种器官或组织的刺激。某些医疗装置可采用一根或多根细长电引线,用于携带递送治疗电信号的电极、感测患者内部的本征电信号(其可由这种器官或组织产生)的电极,和/或感测患者的生理参数的其它传感器。
医疗引线可以构造成允许电极或其它传感器定位在治疗电信号或感测的递送所需的位置处。例如,电极或传感器可以被携带在引线的远端部分处。引线的近端部分可联接至医疗装置外壳,其可含有诸如信号发生的电路和/或感测电路。在某些情形中,医疗引线和医疗装置外壳可植入在患者体内。具有构造用于植入在患者内的外壳的医疗装置可称为可植入医疗装置(IMD)。
可植入心脏起搏器或心脏除颤器例如例如通过由一个或多个可植入医疗引线承载的电极对心脏提供治疗电信号。治疗电信号可能包括脉冲起搏,电击复律或除颤。在某些情形中,医疗装置可感测心脏的固有去极化,并基于所感测的去极化控制治疗信号递送至心脏。在检测到不正常节奏,诸如心动过缓、心跳过速或室颤,可递送适当的治疗电信号或多个信号以恢复或维持更正常的节奏。例如,在一些情形中,在检测到心跳过速或心动过缓时,IMD可将起搏刺激递送至患者的心脏,并在检测到室颤时,将复律或除颤冲击递送至心脏。
无引线IMD也可用于递送治疗至患者,和/或感测患者的生理参数。在某些示例中,无引线IMD可包括在其外壳上的一个或多个电极以将治疗电信号递送至患者,和/或感测患者固有的电信号。例如,无引线心脏装置,诸如无引线起搏器,也可用于感测患者的固有去极化和/或其它生理参数和/或将治疗电信号递送至心脏。无引线心脏装置可包括在其外壳上的一个或多个电极以递送治疗电信号和/或感测心脏的固有去极化。无引线心脏装置可定位在心脏的内部或外部,在某些示例中,可经由固定机构锚固至心脏壁。
发明内容
总体上,本发明描述了将IMD或其部件,诸如引线固定至患者组织的远程可展开主动固定叉形件。如本文所称号的,“IMD部件”可以是整个IMD或其各个部件。可通过本发明的远程可展开主动固定叉形件固定至患者组织的IMD示例包括无引线起搏器或无引线感测装置。
本文所公开的主动固定叉形件可以从位于IMD或其部件所要求的植入位置处的导管远端展开。如本文所进一步公开的,主动固定叉形件提供足以刺穿所要求的患者组织并将IMD或其部件固定至患者组织而不撕开患者组织的展开能量。本发明包括主动固定叉形件,该主动固定叉形件允许IMD在重新展开之后从患者组织移走以调节IMD相对于患者组织的位置。由于不同患者组织具有不同的物理和机械特性,主动固定叉形件的设计可以匹配于在患者内的选定固定位置处的患者组织的来构造。对于各种患者组织,可使用多种设计来优化固定。
在一个示例中,本发明涉及一种包括可植入医疗装置(IMD)和附连至IMD的固定件组件的组件,该可植入医疗装置包括导电外壳。固定件组件包括主动固定叉形件组和将该主动固定叉形件组与可植入医疗装置的导电外壳电绝缘的绝缘体。该组中的主动固定叉形件可从其中主动固定叉形件的背离可植入医疗装置指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件朝向可植入医疗装置后弯的钩住位置。主动固定叉形件构造成当展开时,将可植入医疗装置固定至患者组织,同时主动固定叉形件的远端相邻于患者组织定位。
在另一示例中,本发明涉及将可植入医疗装置植入在患者内的成套设备,该成套设备包括可植入医疗装置。可植入医疗包括导电外壳。该成套设备还包括附连至可植入医疗装置的固定件组件。固定件组件包括主动固定叉形件组和将该主动固定叉形件组与可植入医疗装置的导电外壳电绝缘的绝缘体。该组中的主动固定叉形件可从其中主动固定叉形件的背离可植入医疗装置指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件朝向可植入医疗装置后弯的钩住位置。主动固定叉形件构造成当展开时,将可植入医疗装置固定至患者组织,同时主动固定叉形件的远端相邻于患者组织定位。该成套设备还包括导管,该导管形成内腔,该内腔大小设置成接纳可植入医疗装置并将主动固定叉形件保持在弹簧加载位置,其中,内腔包括相邻于导管的远端的孔;以及展开元件,该展开元件构造成在可植入医疗装置定位在导管的内腔内的同时启动主动固定叉形件的展开。在可植入医疗装置定位在导管的内腔内的同时展开主动固定叉形件致使主动固定叉形件经由相邻于导管的远端的孔将可植入医疗装置拉出内腔。
另一示例中,本发明涉及一种组件,包括含有导电外壳的可植入医疗装置、主动固定叉形件组,以及将该主动固定叉形件组与可植入医疗装置的导电外壳电绝缘开的装置。该组中的主动固定叉形件可从其中主动固定叉形件的背离可植入医疗装置指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件朝向可植入医疗装置后弯的钩住位置。主动固定叉形件构造成当展开时,将可植入医疗装置固定至患者组织,同时主动固定叉形件的远端相邻于患者组织定位。
本发明的一个或多个方面的细节在以下的附图和描述中陈述。本发明的其它特征、目的和优点会从说明书和附图以及权利要求书中显现出来。
附图说明
图1是包括无引线IMD的示例性治疗系统的示意图,其可用于监控患者的一个或多个生理参数和/或为患者的心脏提供治疗。
图2是包括联接至多根引线的IMD的另一示例性治疗系统的示意图,其可用于监控患者的一个或多个生理参数和/或为患者的心脏提供治疗。
图3A-3B进一步详细地示出了图1所示无引线IMD。
图4A-4B示出了图1所示无引线IMD的固定件组件。
图5A-5B示出了包含图1所示无引线IMD和构造成将图1所示无引线IMD展开的导管的组件。
图6A-6H示出了使用图5A-5B所示导管将图1所示无引线IMD固定至患者组织的技术。
图7A-7B示出了主动固定叉形件,显示用于计算主动固定叉形件的性能特性的方法。
图8A-8D示出了实力性叉形件轮廓。
图9是示出了IMD的示例性构造的功能框图。
图10是便于用户与IMD通信的示例性外部编程器的框图。
图11是示出了将可植入医疗装置植入患者内的技术的流程图。
具体实施方式
在微创手术期间,本文所公开的主动固定叉形件可用来将可植入医疗装置(IMD)及其任何部件,诸如医疗引线固定至患者组织。微创手术,诸如经皮手术,允许比开放式手术更少的疼痛和恢复时间地植入IMD。但是,微创手术往往比开放式手术更为复杂。例如,成形装置的固定就要求外科医生远程操纵仪器,例如在血管内导管的范围内。通过IMD的远程展开和固定的技术,难以确保足够的固定同时最小化组织损伤。所公开的主动固定叉形件可适于将IMD固定至患者组织。此外,本文所公开的主动固定叉形件还允许从患者组织更简单移动而不随着展开而撕裂患者组织,例如在首先将IMD固定至患者组织之后调节IMD的位置。
在一个示例中,本文所公开的主动固定叉形件通过临床医生定位在所要求的IMD植入位置而可以从导管的远端展开。如本文所进一步公开的,主动固定叉形件提供足以刺穿所要求的患者组织并将IMD固定至患者组织而不撕开患者组织的展开能量。由于不同患者组织具有不同的物理和机械特性,主动固定叉形件的设计可以根据在患者内的选定固定位置处的患者组织的性能来构造。对各种患者组织和基于固定位置处的患者组织可提供的选择,可以制作多种设计。
虽然关于心脏引线和无引线IMD描述各示例,所公开的主动固定叉形件可用于各种可植入医疗装置在各个解剖学位置中的固定,且说明性目的地描述心脏引线和无引线IMD的固定。所描述的技术可容易地应用固定导管和其它医疗引线,例如神经刺激。作为示例,具有主动固定叉形件的医疗引线可用于心脏刺激、胃刺激、功能性电刺激、末梢神经电刺激、脊髓刺激、骨盆神经刺激、脑深部电刺激、或刺激皮下神经,以及其他形式的刺激。此外,所描述的技术可容易地应用与含传感器的IMD,包括无引线IMD和具有医疗引线的IMD。作为示例,包含传感器和主动固定叉形件的IMD可包括一个或多个下面传感器:压力传感器、心电图传感器、氧传感器(组织氧或血液中的氧传感)、加速度计、血糖传感器、钾传感器、温度计和/或其它传感器。
图1是示例性治疗系统10A的示意图,其可用于监控患者14的一个或多个生理参数和/或为患者14的心脏12提供治疗。治疗系统10A包括IMD16A,其联接至编程器24。IMD16A可以是可植入无引线起搏器,无引线起搏器经由在其外壳上的一个或多个电极(图1中未示出)对心脏12提供电信号。附加地或替代地,IMD16A可通过其外壳上的电极感测伴随于心脏12的去极化和复极的电信号。在某些示例中,IMD16A基于感测到的心脏12内的电信号为心脏12提供起搏脉冲。
IMD16A包括一组固定叉形件以将IMD16A固定至患者组织。在图1的示例中,IMD16A整个定位在心脏12内靠近右心室28的内壁以为右心室(RV)提供起搏。虽然在图1的示例中,IMD16A示出在心脏12内并靠近右心室28的内壁,IMD16A可定位在心脏12外部或内部任何其它位置处。例如,IMD16A可以定位在右心房26、左心房36,和/或左心室32外部或内部以例如分别提供右心房、左心房,和左心室起搏。
根据植入位置,IMD16A可包括其它刺激功能。例如,IMD16A可提供房室结刺激、脂肪垫刺激、迷走神经刺激,或其它类型的神经刺激。在其它示例中,IMD16A可以是感测心脏12的一个或多个参数的监视器且可能不提供任何刺激功能。在某些示例中,系统10A可包括多个无引线IMD16A以例如在多个位置处提供刺激和/或感测。
如关于图3A-6H更详细讨论的,IMD16A包括一组主动固定叉形件。该组中的主动固定叉形件可从其中主动固定叉形件的远离IMD指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件朝向IMD后弯的钩住位置。主动固定叉形件允许IMD16A在重新展开之后从患者组织移走以例如调节IMD16A相对于患者组织的位置。例如,如果IMD16A的测试显示差的电极-组织连接,在植入手术过程中,临床医生植入的IMD16A可重新定位IMD16A。
图1还示出了与IMD16A无线通信的编程器24。在某些示例中,编程器24包括手持计算装置、计算机工作站,或网络计算装置。关于图10示出和更详细描述的编程器24包括呈现信息和接收来自用户的输入的用户界面。应当注意到的是,用户也可经由网络计算装置与编程器24远程交互。
诸如医师、技师、外科医生、电生理学家、其它临床医生或患者的用户与编程器24交互以与IMD16A通信。例如,用户可与编程器24交互以取得来自IMD16A的生理或诊断信息。用户还可与编程器24交互以编程IMD16A,例如为IMD16A的工作参数选择值。例如,用户可使用编程器24来取得来自IMD16A的关于心脏12的韵律、其中随着时间的推移的趋势,或心律失常发作的信息。
作为示例,用户可使用编程器24来取得来自IMD16A的关于其它感测到的患者14的生理参数的信息或推导自所感测到的生理参数的信息,诸如心腔内或血管内压力、活动、姿势、组织含氧量、血液中的含氧量、呼吸、组织灌注、心音、心电图(EGM)、心内阻抗或胸阻抗。在某些示例中,用户可使用编程器24来取得来自IMD16A的关于系统10A的IMD16A或其它部件,或者IMD16A的电源的性能或完整性的信息。作为另一示例,用户可与编程器24交互以例如编程选定参数用于由IMD16A提供的治疗,诸如起搏和可选地神经刺激。
IMD16A和编程器24可使用任何本领域已知技术经由无线通信来通信。通信技术的示例可包括例如低频或射频(RF)遥测,但也可考虑其它技术。在某些示例中,编程器24可包括编程头,编程头可以邻居患者身体靠近IMD16A植入位置放置以提高IMD16A和编程器24之间的通信质量或安全性。
图2是另一示例性治疗系统10B的示意图,其可用于监控患者14的一个或多个生理参数和/或为患者14的心脏12提供治疗。治疗系统10B包括IMD16B,其联接至医疗引线18、20和22以及编程器24。如本文所提到的,IMD16B和医疗引线18、20和22每个可总体称为IMD。在一个示例中,IMD16B可以是可植入起搏器,该起搏器经由联接至引线18、20和22的一个或多个的电极对心脏12提供电信号。IMD16B是电刺激发生器的一个示例,并构造成附连至医疗引线18、20和22的近端。在其它示例中,附加于或替代于起搏治疗,IMD16B可递送神经刺激信号。在某些示例中,IMD16B也可包括复律或除颤功能。在其它示例中,IMD16B可以不提供任何刺激功能,相反,可以是专用的监控装置。患者14是普通的,而不需要是人类患者。
医疗引线18、20、22延伸入患者14的心脏12以感测心脏12的电活动和/或将电刺激递送至心脏12。图2所示的示例中,右心室(RV)引线18延伸穿过一个或多个静脉(未示出)、上腔静脉(未示出)26、右心房,并进入右心室28。RV引线18可以用于将RV起搏递送至心脏12。左心室(LV)引线20延伸穿过一个或多个静脉、腔静脉、右心房26,并进入冠状静脉窦30至相邻于心脏12的左心室32的自由壁的区域。LV引线20可以用于将LV起搏递送至心脏12。右心房(RA)引线延伸穿过一个或多个静脉和腔静脉,并进入心脏12的右心房26。RA引线22可以用于将RA起搏递送至心脏12。
在某些示例中,系统10B可附加地或替代地包括一个或多根引线或引线段(图2中未示出),其在腔静脉或其它静脉内,或大动脉内或附近展开一个或多个电极。此外,在另一示例中,系统10B可附加地或替代地包括一个或多个其它静脉或血管外引线或引线段,其在心外膜脂肪垫附近或接近迷走神经处心外膜地展开一个或多个电极。在其它示例中,系统10B不需要包括心室引线18和20中的一个。
医疗引线18、20、22中的一个或多个可包括一组主动固定叉形件以将医疗引线的远端固定至患者组织。每个医疗引线18、20、22的主动固定叉形件的内含物仅仅是示例性的。医疗引线18、20、22的一个或多个可通过替代技术来固定。例如,即使每个医疗引线18、20和22显示为具有一组主动固定叉形件以将医疗引线的远端固定,延伸穿过一个或多个静脉和腔静脉和进入心脏12的右心房26的RA引线相反地可使用被动固定来固定。
主动固定叉形件可从其中主动固定叉形件的远离IMD16A指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件朝向IMD后弯的钩住位置。在主动固定叉形件允许医疗引线的远端在重新展开之后从患者组织移走以例如调节医疗引线的远端相对于患者组织的位置。例如,如果IMD16A的测试显示差的电极-组织连接,在植入手术过程中,临床医生植入的IMD16B可重新定位医疗引线的远端。
IMD16B可经由联接至引线18、20、22中至少一个的电极(关于图5进一步详细描述的)感测伴随于心脏12的去极化和复极的电信号。在某些示例中,IMD16B基于感测到的心脏12内的电信号为心脏12提供起搏脉冲。由IMD16B使用的感测和起搏的电极的构造可以是单极或双极的。
IMD16B也可经由位于至少一根引线18、20、22上的电极提供神经刺激治疗、除颤治疗和/或复律治疗。例如,在检测到心室28和32的心颤时,IMD16B可将电脉冲形式的除颤治疗递送至心脏12。一些示例中,IMD16B可以被编程以递送治疗的级数,例如能量级别不断增加的脉冲,直到心脏12的颤动停止。作为另一示例,IMD16B可以响应于检测到心室的心动过速,诸如心室28和32的心动过速,递送复律或抗心动过速起搏(ATP)。
如上面关于图1的IMD16A所描述的,编程器24也可用于与IMD16B通信。除了关于图1的IMD16A描述的功能,用户可使用编程器24来取得来自IMD16B的关于引线18、20和22的性能和整体性的信息并可与编程器24交互以编程例如用于由IMD16B提供的诸如复律和/或除颤的任何其它治疗的选定参数。
引线18、20、22可经由连接器块34电联接至IMD16B的信号发生器和感测模块。在某些示例中,引线18、20、22的近端可包括电联接至IMD16B的连接器块34内的对应电接触的电接触。在某些示例中,单个连接器,例如IS-4或DF-4连接器,可将多个电接触连接至连接器块34。此外,在一些示例中,引线18、20、22可以在螺丝组、连接销、卡式连接器,或另一合适的机械联接机构的帮助下机械联接至连接器块34。
图2所示的系统10B的构造仅仅是一个示例。在其它示例中,替代或附加于图2所示静脉引线18、20、22,系统可包括心外膜引线和/或贴片电极。另外,IMD16B不需要植入在患者14内。其中IMD16B不植入患者14中示例中,IMD16B可经由经皮引线将除颤脉冲和其它治疗递送至心脏12,该经皮引线延伸穿过患者14的皮肤至心脏12内部或外部的各个位置处。根据本文描述的技术,对于这些示例中的每个,任何数量的医疗引线可包括在医疗引线的远端上的一组主动固定叉形件。
此外,在其它示例中,系统可包括联接至IMD16B的任何合适数量的引线,且每根引线可延伸至心脏12内或靠近心脏12的任何位置。例如,系统的其它示例可包括如图2所示的那样定位的三个静脉引线,以及位于左心房36内或靠近左心房36的另一引线。在其它示例中,系统可包括从IMD16B延伸入右心房26或右心室28的单根引线,或延伸入右心室28和右心房26中对应一个的两根引线。位于这些附加引线上的任何电极可用于感测和/或刺激构造中。根据本文描述的技术,对于这些示例中的每个,任何数量的医疗引线可包括在医疗引线的远端上的一组主动固定叉形件。
图3A-3B进一步详细地示出了图1所示无引线IMD16A。在图3A和3B所示的示例中,无引线IMD16A包括叉形件固定子组件100和电子子组件150。叉形件子组件100构造成将无引线IMD16A锚固至患者组织,诸如心脏12的壁。在其它示例中,叉形件子组件100可以附连至引线并构造成将引线,例如引线的远端或引线的另一部分,锚固至患者组织。
电子子组件150包括控制电子152以及电池,其控制IMD16A的感测和/或治疗功能,电池为控制电子152供电。作为示例,控制电子152可包括感测电路、刺激发生器和遥测模块。作为一个示例,电池160可包括2010年1月29日提交的题为“IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE BATTERY(可植入医疗装置电池)”的美国专利申请No.12/696,890所公开的电池的特征,其整体内容以引用的方式纳入本文。
控制电子152和电池160的外壳由生物兼容材料制成,诸如不锈钢或钛合金。在某些示例中,控制电子152和电池160的外壳可包括绝缘涂层。绝缘涂层的示例包括聚对二甲苯、尿烷、PEEK(聚醚醚酮),或聚酰亚胺等。电子子组件150还包括阳极162,其可以包括一个低偏振涂层、如氮化钛、氧化铱或氧化钌等等。控制电子152和电池160的外壳的整体彼此电连接,但仅阳极162不被绝缘。在其它示例中,电池160的外壳的整体或者电子子组件150的外壳的整体可用作阳极,而不是提供诸如阳极162的局部化阳极。替代地,阳极162可以与控制电子152和电池160的外壳的其它部分电绝缘开。
递送工具接口158位于电子子组件150的近端。递送工具接口158构造成连接至递送装置,诸如用于在植入手术过程中定位IMD16A的导管200(图6A)。叉形件固定子组件接口153和馈入销154位于电子子组件150的远端。叉形件子组件接口153包括与叉形件固定子组件100互锁的三个凸片155。
如图3B所最佳示出的,叉形件固定子组件100包括固定件组件118、锁定凸片120、电极122、整体式受控释放装置(MCRD)124和加注盖126。图4A-4B进一步示出了固定件组件118,其包括固定件102、头本体112和头帽114。具体地,图4A示出了固定件组件118的分解图,而图4B则示出了固定件组件118的立体图。
固定件102包括一组四个主动固定叉形件103,主动固定叉形件103可从其中主动固定叉形件103的远离IMD指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中主动固定叉形件103朝向电子子组件150后弯的钩住位置。例如,主动固定叉形件103在图3A中显示为钩住位置。如关于图6A-6H所进一步详细讨论的,当展开时,主动固定叉形件103构造成将IMD16A固定至患者组织,例如心脏内部或心脏外部的组织,而主动固定叉形件103的远端相邻于该患者组织定位。不同的示例中,主动固定叉形件103可以在展开之前相邻于患者组织定位从而远端109刺穿患者组织,在展开之前相邻于患者组织定位从而远端109接触但不刺穿患者组织,或者在展开之前相邻于患者组织定位从而远端109在患者组织附近但不接触或刺穿患者组织。
固定件102可以由形状记忆材料制成,其允许主动固定叉形件103从钩住位置弹性弯曲到弹簧加载位置。作为示例,形状记忆材料可以是诸如镍钛合金的形状记忆合金。在一个示例中,包含主动固定叉形件103和底座111的固定件102可以从中空镍钛合金管切固定件102作为整体部件,将切下来的管弯曲以形成主动固定叉形件103的钩住位置形状并在将主动固定叉形件103保持在钩住位置的同时热处理固定件102。固定件102的尖锐边缘可被倒圆角以改善疲劳负载并减少在主动固定叉形件103的展开和缩回过程中撕裂患者组织。
在某些示例中,固定件12的所有或一部分,诸如主动固定叉形件103,可以包括一个或多个涂层。例如,固定件102可包括不透辐射涂层以在透视过程中提供可视性。在一个此类示例中,固定件102可包括一个或多个不透辐射标记。作为另一个示例,固定件102可以涂覆有组织生长促进剂或组织生长抑制剂。组织生长促进剂可用于提高主动固定叉形件103的保持力,而组织生长抑制剂可用于有利于在外植手术过程中移走IMD16A,其可在IMD16A的植入很多年之后发生。
固定件102包括围绕底座111圆形布置的固定叉形件103,固定叉形件103的近端固定至底座11,在图4A的示例中,底座11是环状的。如图4A-4B所示,在IMD16A的组织过程中,在被安装至电子子组件150之前,固定件102可安装在包含头本体112和头帽114的头中以形成固定件组件118。头本体112包括缺口113以接纳固定件112的叉形件。例如,头本体112可以定位在固定件102上方,从而一个叉形件固定在头本体112中每个缺口113内。头帽114定位在固定件102的底座111上方并固定至头本体112。以此方式,在固定件组件118的组件过程中,固定件102的叉形件不需要实质变形。实质变形将包括不得不控制叉形件103以便于固定件组件118的组装。相反,头本体112和头帽114围绕固定件102组装,同时叉形件103保留在松弛位置。
另外,头帽114与头本体112组合以相对于头本体112和头帽114环绕底座111和固定固定件102以形成固定件组件118。如图4A所示,头帽114形成槽115,槽115构造成与固定件组件118中的环状底座111匹配。
作为示例,头本体112和头帽114可以由诸如聚醚醚酮(PEEK)的生物兼容聚合物制成。头本体112和头帽114可用作绝缘体以将固定件102与电子子组件150和馈入销154电绝缘开。在其它示例中,固定件102本身可以用作刺激和/或感测患者的生理状况的电极并可电连接至控制电子152。
再次参考图3B,在IMD16A的组装过程中,一旦固定件102组装有头本体112和头帽114以形成固定件组件118,固定件组件118通过将头本体112定位在固定子组件接口153的凸片上方并转动头本体112以将头本体112的凸片117(图4A)与叉形件固定子组件接口153互锁来安装至电子子组件150上叉形件固定子组件接口153的凸片。一旦头本体112固定至叉形件固定子组件接口153,馈入销154延伸穿过头本体12的中心。
在IMD16A的组装过程中,在头本体112固定至叉形件固定子组件接口153之后,锁定凸片120定位在馈入销154上方。在某些示例中,在将锁定凸片120定位在馈入销154上方之前,诸如硅粘合剂的医疗粘合剂可施加至固定件组件118的中心。作为示例,锁定凸片120可以由硅材料制成。锁定凸片120用于将馈入销154与控制电子152的外壳电绝缘开。接下来,电子122定位在锁定凸片120和馈入销154上方,并然后使用激光焊接机械和电连接至馈入销154。作为示例,电极122可包括生物兼容金属,诸如铱合金或铂合金。
医疗粘合剂,诸如硅粘合剂,可用于密封锁定凸片120与控制电子152的外壳之间的间隙。医疗粘合剂也可用于填充叉形件固定子组件100内的任何空间,包括例如缺口113(图4A)和叉形件102之间的间隙和锁定凸片120、头本体112以及头帽114之间的任何间隙。
MCRD124位于电极122的凹陷123内。在所示的示例中,MCRD124采用圆柱形插头形式。在其它示例中,MCRD带可以围绕电极的外部定位而不构造成圆柱形插头。MCRD124可以由硅基聚合物或其它聚合物制成。MCRD124可包括抗炎药,其可以是,例如,磷酸地塞米松钠。因为MCRD124保留在电极122的凹陷123内,含在MCRD124中的药品的迁移限于与电极122的远端接触的组织。在安装MCRD124之前,医疗粘合剂可施加于电极123的孔以将MCRD124固定在电极123的孔内;但是,医疗粘合剂通常不应施加至在电极123外侧上的接触区域。加注帽126定位在电极122上方。作为示例,加注帽126可以由硅材料制成并在组装IMD16A过程中定位在电极122和锁定凸片120上方。医疗粘合剂也可用于将加注帽126固定在电极122上方;但是,如前面所提到的,医疗粘合剂通常不应施加至电极123的外部上的接触区域。
由于不同的患者组装具有不同的物理和机械特性,主动固定叉形件103可以特别设计以执行具有不同特性的患者组织。例如,主动固定叉形件103可以设计成提供选定的固定力、设计成刺穿特定深度的患者组织、设计成刺穿特定层患者组织(由于不同组织层可具有不同机械特性)和/或设计成便于从患者组织移走和重新展开而不在重新展开或移走时撕裂患者组织。对于各种患者组织,可使用多种设计的主动固定叉形件103来优化固定。关于图7A-7B进一步详细讨论主动固定叉形件103的设计。此外,叉形件固定子组件100的具体设计不需要影响主动固定叉形件103的工作,且可使用各种技术来将一组主动固定叉形件附连至IMD。
图5A示出了组件180,其包括无引线IMD16A和导管200,其构造成远程展开IMD16A。导管200可以是可转向导管,或者可构造成穿过导线。在任意情形中,导管200可以在身体内腔,诸如血管结构内引导至目标位置以便于远程定位和展开IMD16A。具体地,导管200形成内腔201,其大小设计成在导管200的远端处接收IMD16A。例如,内腔201在导管200的远端处的内径可以约与IMD16A的外径大小相同。当IMD16A定位在内腔201内在导管200的远端处,内腔201将主动固定叉形件103保持在如图5A所示的弹簧加载位置。在弹簧加载位置中,主动固定叉形件103存储足够的势能以在展开时将IMD16A固定至患者组织。
内腔201包括孔221,其定位在导管200的远端处。孔221便于IMD16A的展开。展开元件210在内腔201中靠近IMD16A定位。展开元件210构造成启动主动固定叉形件103的展开。更具体地,临床医生可通过按压柱塞212来远程展开IMD16A,其位于导管200的近端处。柱塞212直接连接至展开元件210,例如通过延伸穿过导管200的丝线或其它刚性件,从而按压在柱塞212上在内腔201内向远端移动展开元件210。当展开元件210在内腔201内向远端移动时,展开元件210在内腔201内向远端并朝向孔221推IMD16A。一旦主动固定叉形件103的远端109到达孔221,当主动固定叉形件103从弹簧加载位置移动至钩住位置时,主动固定叉形件103经由孔221将IMD16A拖出内腔201,以展开IMD16A。由主动固定叉形件103释放的势能足以刺穿患者组织并将IMD16A固定至患者组织。
系绳220附连至递送IMD16A的工具接口158(图5A未示出)并延伸穿过导管200。随着IMD16A的展开,临床医生可以通过在导管200的近端在系绳220上拖拉而远程将IMD16A拖回进入内腔201。将IMD16A拖回入内腔201使主动固定叉形件103从钩住位置返回至弹簧加载位置。当主动固定叉形件103从弹簧加载位置移动至钩住位置时,主动固定叉形件103的近端保持固定至IMD16A的外壳,反之亦然。主动固定叉形件103构造成当IMD16A通过系绳220被拖回入内腔201时,便于将IMD16A从患者组织释放而不撕裂组织。临床医生可通过操纵柱塞212用展开元件210重新展开IMD16A。
图5B是组件180的远端的剖视图,其中,IMD16A定位在内腔201内。内腔201将主动固定叉形件103固定在弹簧加载位置中。图5B中示出主动固定叉形件103的远端109。如图5B所示,四个主动固定叉形件103以圆形布置基本上彼此等距离定位。如图3A可最佳看到的,主动固定叉形件103相对于圆形布置向外定向。
当主动固定叉形件103一致地展开时,将主动固定叉形件103以圆形布置基本上彼此等距离定位产生相对的径向力222。这允许作用在导管200的远端上的主动固定叉形件103的合力将IMD16A垂直拖出孔221。当主动固定叉形件展开而孔221和主动固定叉形件103的远端109相邻于患者组织定位时,作用在导管200的远端上的主动固定叉形件103的力组合将IMD16A从孔221并直接朝向患者组织直线拖出。虽然IMD16A包括一组四个主动固定叉形件,但可使用一组多于或少于四个主动固定叉形件。例如,少至两个主动固定叉形件可提供相对的径向力222;但是,在诸如IMD16A的IMD的展开中,一组至少三个主动固定叉形件可提供更好的方向稳定性。
主动固定叉形件103的远端109包括大致平坦外表面以将主动固定叉形件103对齐在内腔201的内表面上。主动固定叉形件103的平坦外表面有助于确保在IMD16A的展开过程中主动固定叉形件103和内腔201的内表面之间的相互作用提供相对径向力222。
图6A-6H示出了使用导管200将IMD16A固定至患者组织300的示例性技术。作为示例,患者组织300可以是心脏组织,诸如右心室的内壁。为简化,图6A-6H每个中示出一组仅两个主动固定叉形件103;但是,所描述的将IMD16A固定至患者组织300的技术可等同地应用于包含一组多于两个主动固定叉形件103的IMD。
图6A示出了导管200的内腔201内的IMD16A。内腔201将主动固定叉形件103保持在弹簧加载位置,其中,主动固定叉形件103的远端109远离IMD16A指向。孔221相邻于患者组织300定位。导管200的远端202可不被强迫压入患者组织300,因为按压患者组织300将改变患者组织300的机械特性。由于可根据患者组织300的机械特性设计主动固定叉形件103,在主动固定叉形件103的展开过程中,改变患者组织300的机械特性可能不必要地改变主动固定叉形件103和患者组织300之间的相互作用。在其它示例中,理想的是在展开过程中通过显著地按压患者组织300来改变患者组织300的机械特性或要不然通过改变患者组织300的机械特性来展开,以在主动固定叉形件103的展开过程中,实现患者组织300和主动固定叉形件103之间的所要求相互作用(例如,组织穿透、固定深度等)。
图6B示出了紧接着临床医生通过按压在柱塞212(图5A)使用展开元件210来远程致动主动固定叉形件103的IMD16A。当临床医生按压柱塞212时,展开元件210在内腔201内向远处推IMD16A。移动主动固定叉形件103的远端109到达孔221,主动固定叉形件103开始经由孔221将IMD16A拖出内腔201。主动固定叉形件103的远端109然后刺穿患者组织300。图6B示出了在主动固定叉形件103的远端109刺穿患者组织300之后且紧接着开始从弹簧加载位置转换到钩住位置之后的位置中的主动固定叉形件103。
图6B-6F示出了当主动固定叉形件103从其中主动固定叉形件103的远端109远离IMD16A指向的弹簧加载位置移动到其中主动固定叉形件103的远端109朝向IMD16A后弯的钩住位置时的主动固定叉形件103。图6D-6F示出处于钩住位置的主动固定叉形件103。图6D中,主动固定叉形件103的远端109保持嵌入患者组织300,而图6E-6F示出了主动固定叉形件103的远端109穿出患者组织300。
当主动固定叉形件103从弹簧加载位置移动至钩住位置时,存储在主动固定叉形件103内的势能随着IMD16A经由孔221从内腔201拖出时释放。此外,主动固定叉形件103刺穿患者组织300以将IMD16A固定至患者组织300,从而电极(图6E)接触在主动固定叉形件103的圆形布置的中心内的患者组织300。主动固定叉形件103将电极123的向前压力供应至组织300以确保良好的电极-组织接触。
当主动固定叉形件103从内腔201拖拉IMD16A时,附连至IMD16A的递送工具接口的系绳220露出,例如如图6E所示。随着IMD16A的展开,临床医生可以通过在导管200的近端在系绳220上拖拉而远程将IMD16A拖回进入内腔201。例如,在IMD16A固定至患者300时,如图6E所示,临床医生可以执行IMD16A测试以评估电极123的性能特性。如果IMD16A测试显示性能不足,则临床医生可决定重新展开IMD16A。将IMD16A拖回入内腔201将IMD16A从患者组织300释放并将IMD16A返回至图6A所示的位置。从该位置,临床医生可如所要求的重新定位IMD16A并重新展开IMD16A。
如图6F所示,一旦将IMD16A固定至组织300在所要求的位置中,临床医生可将IMD16A从系绳220释放。例如,临床医生可在导管200的近端分离系绳220并通过在系绳220的分离端之一上拖拉而从递送工具接口158移走系绳220。如图6G所示,一旦IMD16A从系绳220释放,临床医生可移走导管200,留下固定至患者组织300的IMD16A。如图6H所示,主动固定叉形件103可随时间连续移到更低势能钩住位置。但是,如图6D-6G所示,主动固定叉形件103的任何钩住位置都足以足够牢固地将IMD16A固定至患者组织300。
虽然图6A-6H的技术关于IMD16A示出,这些技术也可应用于不同的IMD,诸如含有类似IMD16B的医疗引线18、20、22(图2)的一组主动固定叉形件的医疗引线。例如,在植入手术过程中,这种医疗引线可延伸穿过导管。如此,展开医疗引线可能不要求在导管内分离展开元件。相反,仅仅在导管的近端处推医疗引线可通过将附连至医疗引线的远端的主动固定叉形件推出导管的远端而启动在医疗引线的远端处的一组主动固定叉形件的展开。类似地,缩回医疗引线以重新展开可能不需要系绳,但可相反地仅仅涉及在导管的近端处拖拉医疗引线。
图7A-7B示出了主动固定叉形件103并进一步示出用于计算主动固定叉形件103的性能特性的方法。具体地,图7A示出了主动固定叉形件103的横截面,具有宽度104和厚度(T)105。图7B示出主动固定叉形件103的侧视图,具有叉形件长度(L)106、叉形件半径(r)107和叉形件角度108。
主动固定叉形件103的涉及基于很多准则。作为一个示例,当在弹簧加载位置伸展时,主动固定叉形件必须刺穿患者组织。为了满足该准则,长度106必须足够大以克服患者组织的弹性,从而当主动固定叉形件103在展开时开始显著弯曲时,主动固定叉形件103的远端109刺穿患者组织。例如,一旦主动固定叉形件103的弯曲部分到达导管200的远端中的孔221(图5A),当展开时,主动固定叉形件103将显著弯曲。
如果主动固定叉形件103的远端109做成尖的,这将降低插入力;但是,对主动固定叉形件103增加尖锐点在主动固定叉形件103的展开和移走过程中将导致撕裂患者组织。为此,主动固定叉形件103的远端109可以倒圆角。作为一个示例,叉形件厚度105可以在约0.005英寸至约0.010英寸之间。另一示例中,叉形件厚度105可以在约0.006英寸至约0.009英寸之间。一些示例中,叉形件可以包括在其远端上的球以进一步阻挡撕裂患者组织。一个这样的示例在图8C中示出。
作为另一示例,主动固定叉形件103的设置长度106的直段必须提供足够大以在主动固定叉形件103的远端刺穿患者组织之前阻挡来自患者组织的力的弯曲的柱长度。柱强度取决于长度106、宽度104和厚度105,而刺穿患者组织所要求的力取决于组织的机械特性和主动固定叉形件103的远端109的横截面面积。此外,主动固定叉形件103可以设计成在刺穿比目标组织层更深的特定组织之前弯曲。例如,当附连至心内膜组织时,叉形件可以设计成在刺穿心脏的心内膜层之前弯曲以防止在展开过程中刺穿心脏组织的心内膜层。
作为另一示例,一组主动固定叉形件可设计成提供选定的保持力,该保持力也可称为从患者组织(或其它材料)移走一组展开的主动固定叉形件所需要的拉力。作为一个示例,1牛顿至5牛顿之间或2牛顿至3牛顿之间的保持力可适于将IMD16A固定在心脏12内(图1),同时便于将改组主动固定叉形件移出而不撕裂患者组织。
通过将可植入医疗装置从组织拉出而不撕裂该组织来从组织释放IMD包括:拖拉可植入医疗装置以伸展该组织直到该组织的刚度匹配叉形件矫直力为止;进一步拖拉该可植入医疗装置直到各叉形件变直而不撕裂组织为止;以及一旦叉形件已经足够直,继续拖拉该可植入医疗装置以从患者组织移走叉形件。因为组织的弹性,从组织释放叉形件所要求的拖拉距离比叉形件的长度长。例如,在其中叉形件7mm长的示例中,从组织移走叉形件可以要求从组织拉离IMD12-20mm。
叉形件保持力可以认为是叉形件变直力(以将主动固定叉形件从钩住位置移至弹簧加载位置)加上叉形件与患者组织之间的力,包括摩擦力和阻挡叉形件在患者组织中变直的力的和。使用有限元分析,通过实际测试验证,确定将心脏组织中展开的一组四个主动固定叉形件移走所要求的拉力的下面传递函数,其中,C1:C8每个代表大于零的常数:
拉力=-C1+C2*T–C3*L+C4*r-C5*T*L–C6*T*r-C7*L*r+C8*T*L*r
(方程1)
利用对方程1的不同因素的重要性影响的帕累托图的敏感性分析表明拉力对叉形件厚度是最敏感的(59%),其次是叉形件半径(38%)。所示的拉力对长度较不敏感(3%)。此外,厚度和半径之间的相互作用也是重要的,而其它相互作用是较不显著的。
一些示例中,大于0.009英寸或小于0.003英寸的厚度可能不能够形成适于在心脏12内固定IMD16A的拉力。当然,其它示例中,例如使用不同的选定保持力,或者采用不同的主动固定叉形件103的材料特性和/或患者组织,大于0.009英寸或小于0.003英寸的叉形件厚度可以是合适的。
一个其它设计因素是疲劳载荷,例如由于患者的移动而导致的疲劳载荷。例如,主动固定叉形件103可以设计成将IMD16A固定至患者心脏12八年或更多年。在这段时间中,主动固定叉形件103可经历来自心脏12的约600百万心脏跳动。此外,尖锐角部不利于承受疲劳载荷;为此,主动固定叉形件103的角部可以倒圆角,例如,如图7A所最佳示出的。
图8A-8D示出了不同的主动固定叉形件设计的远端的示例性轮廓。具体地,图8A示出矩形轮廓410,其提供穿过其远端412的恒定宽度。设置矩形轮廓410的叉形件也可提供大致恒定的厚度。作为示例,矩形轮廓410与主动固定叉形件103的轮廓相一致。
图8B示出轮廓420,其包括在其远端422处增加的宽度。设置轮廓420的叉形件也可提供大致恒定的厚度。轮廓420可提供相对于叉形件轮廓410的增加的插入力和降低的柱长度。此外,在相对于设置叉形件轮廓410的叉形件插入和移走的过程中,设置轮廓420的叉形件可降低患者组织的撕裂。
图8C示出了轮廓430,包括放大的远端末梢432。放大的远端末梢432比设置轮廓430的叉形件的其余部分更宽且更厚。在相对于设置叉形件轮廓410的叉形件插入和移走的过程中,包括放大的远端末梢432的叉形件可降低患者组织的撕裂。
图8D示出了轮廓440,其包括在其远端442的增加宽度。设置轮廓440的叉形件也可提供大致恒定的厚度。轮廓440也包括一系列孔444。在植入之后,由于患者组织围绕孔444生长,相对于设置轮廓410的叉形件,包括孔44的叉形件在保持力上可提供显著的增加。此外,叉形件轮廓440可提供相对于叉形件轮廓410的增加的插入力和降低的柱长度。
图9是示出了图1和3的IMD16A或者图2的IMD16B(总体称为IMD16)的一个示例性构造的功能框图。在图9所示的示例中,IMD16包括处理器、存储器82、信号发生器84、电传感模块86、遥测模块88,以及电源89。存储器82可包括计算机可读指令,当由处理器80执行使,致使IMD16和处理器80执行归因于本文的IMD16和处理器80的各种功能。存储器82可以是计算机可读存储介质,包括任何易失性、非易失性、磁性、光学、或电介质、诸如随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、非易失性RAM(NVRAM)、电可擦除可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存、或任何其他的数字或模拟介质。
处理器80可以包括微处理器、控制器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、专用集成电路(ASIC)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA),或等效离散或集成逻辑电路中的任何一个或多个。在一些示例中,处理器80可以包括多个部件,如一个或多个微处理器、一个或多个控制器、一个或多个DSP、一个或多个ASIC,或一个或多个FPGA,以及其他的分立或集成逻辑电路的任意组合。本发明中,归因于处理器80的功能可以实施为软件、固件、硬件或其任何组合。根据可存储在存储器82中的运行参数或程序,处理器80控制信号发生器84以将刺激治疗递送至心脏12。例如,处理器80可以控制信号发生器84递送具有由所选定的一个或多个治疗程序指定的幅值、脉冲宽度、频率或电极极性的电信号。
信号发生器84,以及电感应模块86,电联接至IMD16的电极和/或联接至IMD16的引线。在图9所示的示例中,信号发生器84构造成产生并递送电刺激治疗至心脏12。例如,信号发生器84可经由致使一子组可用电极递送起搏、复律、除颤,和/或神经刺激治疗。一些示例中,信号发生器84递送呈电脉冲形式的一个或多个这种类型刺激。其它示例中,信号发生器84可递送呈其它信号形式,诸如正弦波、方波、或其它基本上连续的时间信号形式的一个或多个这种类型刺激。
信号发生器84可包括开关模块,而处理器80可以使用开关模块来进行选择,例如,通过数据/地址总线,可用的电极用于递送刺激信号,例如,心脏起搏、复律、除颤,和/或神经刺激信号。开关模块可包括开关阵列、开关矩阵、多路转换器,或适用于选择性地将信号连接至选定电极的任何其他类型的开关设备。
电传感模块86监控来自至少一子组可用电极的信号,例如来监控心脏12的电活动。电传感模块86也可包括开关模块以选择哪个可用电极用于感测心脏活动。一些示例中,处理器80可经由电传感模块86内的开关模块,例如通过经由数据/地址总线提供信号,来选择用作感测电极的电极,即,选择感测构造。
一些示例中,电传感模块86包括多个检测通道,每个可包括放大器。每个传感通道可检测心脏12的对应室中的电活动,并可构造成检测R波或P波。一些示例中,电传感模块86或处理器80可包括模拟-数字转换器,用于将接收来自传感通道的信号,以通过处理器80处理心电图(EGM)信号。响应于来自处理器80的信号,电传感模块86内的开关模块可将来自选定电极的输出联接至检测通道或模拟-数字转换器中的一个。
在起搏过程中,在通过电传感模块86的对应检测通道感测到R波和P波时,由处理器80维持的避开间隔计算器可重新设定。信号发生器84可包括起搏器输出电路,起搏器输出电极例如选择性地通过开关模块联接至适于将双极或单极起搏脉冲递送至心脏12的一个或多个室的可用电极的任何组合。处理器80可控制信号发生器84在避开间隔届满时将起搏脉冲递送至腔室。在由信号发生器84产生起搏脉冲时,或者检测到腔室中的固有去极化时,处理器80可以重新设定避开间隔计数,并由此控制心脏起搏功能的基本计时。作为示例,避开间隔计数可包括P-P、V-V、RV-LV、A-V、A-RV或者A-LV间隔计数。当通过感测R波和P波重新设定时,避开间隔计数中存在的计数值可以由处理器80使用来测量R-R间隔、P-P间隔、P-R间隔和R-P间隔的持续。处理器80可以使用间隔计数中的计数来检测心率,诸如心房率或心室率。在某些示例中,具有一组主动固定叉形件的无引线IMD除了电传感模块86之外,可包括一个或多个传感器。例如,无引线IMD可包括压力传感器和/或氧传感器(组织氧或血液氧感测)。
遥测模块88包括任何合适的硬件、固件,软件或其任何组合,以与另一装置,诸如编程器24(图1和2)通信。在处理器80的控制下,遥测模块88可从上行遥测接收下行遥测并在天线的帮助下将上行遥测发送至编程器24,天线可以是内部和/或外部的。处理器80可经由地址/数据总线提供待要上行至编程器24的数据并接收来自编程器24的下行数据。一些示例中,遥测模块88可经由多路转换器将所接收的数据提供至处理器80。
在某些示例中,处理器80可以响应于检测到的故障的电传感通道,将机械传感通道已被激活来确定心脏的收缩的警报通过遥测模块88发送至编程器24或另一个计算装置。警报可包括失效类型的指示和/或机械传感通道检测心脏收缩的确认。警报可包括在编程器24的用户界面上的可视指示。附加地或替代地,警报可包括振动和/或声音通知。处理器80也可传递与电传感通道的检测到失效关联的数据,例如发生失效的时间、阻抗数据,和/或表示所检测到故障的不适当信号。
图10是示出了编程器24的示例性构造的功能框图。如图10所示,编程器24包括处理器90、存储器92、用户界面94、遥测模块96以及电源98。编程器24可以是具有IMD16编程专用的软件的专用硬件装置。或者,编程器24可以是现成计算装置,运行使得编程器24能够编程IMD16的应用。
用户可使用编程器24来为IMD16选择治疗程序(例如刺激参数组)、产生新治疗程序,或者治疗程序临床医生可经由用户界面94与编程器24相互作用,其可包括对用户呈现图形用户界面的显示器,以及接收来自用户的输入的键盘或另一机构。
处理器90可采取一个或多个微处理器、DSP、ASIC、FPGA、可编程逻辑电路等,且归因于本发明的处理器90的功能可以被实施为硬件、固件、软件或它们的任意组合。存储器92可以存储指令和信息,这些指令和信息致使处理器90提供归因于本发明的编程器24的功能。存储器92可以包括任何固定或可移除的磁、光、或电介质,诸如RAM、ROM、CD-ROM、硬盘或软盘磁盘、EEPROM等。存储器92也可包括可移除存储器的存储部分,其可用于提供内存容量的存储更新或增加。可移除存储器也可允许患者数据容易地传送至另一计算装置,或在编程器24用于编程另一患者治疗之前移除。存储器92也可存储控制由IMD16递送的治疗信息,诸如刺激参数值。
编程器24可与IMD16无线通信,诸如使用RF通信或近侧感应互动。通过使用可联接至内部天线或外部天线的遥测模块96,该无线通信是可能的。联接至编程器24的外部天线可相对应于编程头,该编程头可防止在心脏12上,如上面参考图1所描述的。遥测模块96可类似于IMD16的遥测模块(图9)。
遥测模块96也可构造成经由无线通信技术与另一计算装置通信,或者通过有线连接直接通信。可采用来便于编程器24与另一技术装置通信的局部无线通信技术的示例包括802.11RF通信或蓝牙
Figure BDA0000371089450000221
规范组、红外通信,例如,根据IrDA标准,或其它标准的或专有的遥测协议。以此方式,其它外部装置可以能够与编程器24通信而不需要建立固定的无线连接。与编程器24通信的另一计算装置可以是网络装置,诸如能够处理攫取自IMD16的处理信息的服务器。
在某些示例中,编程器24的处理器90和/或一个或多个网络计算机的一个或多个处理器可以执行本发明的关于处理器80和IMD16所描述的技术的全部或一部分。例如,处理器90或另一处理器可经由遥测模块96接收来自电传感模块86的一个或多个信号,或来自IMD16的关于感测到的参数的信息。在某些示例中,处理器90可以处理或分析所感测到的信号,如本发明中关于IMD16和处理器80所描述的。
图11是示出了将可植入医疗装置植入患者内的技术的流程图。图11所示的技术关于IMD16A描述,但也可应用于其它IMD,诸如与IMD16B关联的引线的展开。首先,包括无引线IMD16A和导管200的组件180定位成位于患者内,诸如患者的右心室28或脉管(502)。接下来,IMD16A从导管200展开至患者体内的位置,诸如患者的右心室28或脉管(504)。例如,临床医生可在柱塞212上推压以展开IMD16A。
临床医生评估IMD16A是否充分地固定并定位在患者内(506)。例如,临床医生可使用透视来评估IMD16A是否充分地固定并定位在患者内。如果临床医生确定IMD16A不充分定位在患者内,临床医生通过拉系绳220操纵导管200以重新捕获IMD16A(508)。然后,临床医生重新定位导管200的远端或用更好地适于植入位置的另一IMD16A更换IMD16A。然后重复步骤502(见上面)。
一旦临床医生确定IMD16A充分固定在患者内(506),临床医生操作导管200以例如通过切断系绳220将IMD16A完全释放在患者内(512)。然后,临床医生抽回导管200,留下IMD16A固定在患者内(514)。
已经描述了本发明的各示例。这些和其它示例在所附权利要求书的范围内。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于将可植入医疗装置植入患者内的成套设备,所述成套设备包括:
可植入医疗装置;
附连至所述可植入医疗装置的主动固定叉形件组,
其中,所述组中的主动固定叉形件可从其中所述主动固定叉形件的背离所述可植入医疗装置指向的远端的弹簧加载位置展开至其中所述主动固定叉形件朝向所述可植入医疗装置后弯的钩住位置,
其中,所述主动固定叉形件构造成当展开时,将所述可植入医疗装置固定至患者组织,同时所述主动固定叉形件的远端相邻于患者组织定位;
导管,所述导管形成内腔,所述内腔的大小设置成接纳所述可植入医疗装置并将所述主动固定叉形件保持在所述弹簧加载位置中,其中,所述内腔具有相邻于所述导管的远端的孔;以及
展开元件,所述展开元件构造成在所述可植入医疗装置定位在所述导管的内腔内的同时启动所述主动固定叉形件的展开,
其中,在所述可植入医疗装置定位在所述导管的内腔内的同时展开所述主动固定叉形件致使所述主动固定叉形件经由相邻于所述导管的远端的孔将所述可植入医疗装置拉出内腔。
2.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,还包括:附连至所述可植入医疗装置的系绳,所述系绳构造成便于在所述主动固定叉形件将所述可植入拉出所述内腔之后,将所述可植入医疗装置从所述导管的近端拉回到所述内腔中,其中,用所述系绳将所述可植入医疗装置拉回到所述内腔中使所述主动固定叉形件从所述钩住位置返回至所述弹簧加载位置,从而所述主动固定叉形件固定叉形件可用展开元件展开。
3.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,
其特征在于,在所述主动固定叉形件组展开以将所述可植入医疗装置固定至患者组织之后,所述主动固定叉形件构造成便于通过使用系绳将所述可植入医疗装置拖离所述组织并使其从所述组织释放,而不会撕裂所述组织。
4.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,所述展开元件构造成由临床医生从所述导管的近端远程致动。
5.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,用所述展开元件启动所述主动固定叉形件的展开包括朝向所述导管的远端推动所述可植入医疗装置直到所述主动固定叉形件的远端延伸出所述孔为止。
6.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,所述主动固定叉形件以圆形布置彼此大致等距离定位。
7.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,
其特征在于,所述主动固定叉形件呈圆形布置,
所述主动固定叉形件相对于所述圆形布置向外定向。
8.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,
其特征在于,所述组中的所述主动固定叉形件呈圆形布置,
所述可植入医疗装置包括电极,所述电极用于感测患者的生理状况和将治疗递送至患者中的至少一种。
所述电极位于所述圆形布置内,其中,所述可植入医疗装置构造成,当所述可植入医疗装置通过主动固定叉形件组固定至患者组织时,使所述电极接触患者组织。
9.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,所述可植入医疗装置是无引线起搏器。
10.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,所述可植入医疗装置是医疗引线,并且所述主动固定叉形件组附连至所述医疗引线的远端,所述成套设备还包括构造成附连至所述医疗引线的近端的电刺激发生器。
11.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,至少一个主动固定叉形件用作所述可植入医疗装置的电极,用于感测患者的生理状况和将治疗递送至患者中的至少一种。
12.如权利要求1所述的成套设备,其特征在于,所述主动固定叉形件组由形状记忆合金材料形成。
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