CN103306784B - 用于排气后处理的排气后处理系统和方法 - Google Patents
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
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- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
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- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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Abstract
本发明公开一种用于具有涡轮增压的内燃发动机(2)的机动车辆的排气后处理系统(1)和用于涡轮增压的内燃发动机的排气后处理的方法。所述排气后处理系统(1)包括大体积的稀NOx捕集器(5),其通过短连接管(4)连接于涡轮增压器(3)的出口,其中该稀NOx捕集器(5)具有第一区(6)和下游的第二区(7),该第一区(6)用于储存和/或还原NOx和氧化NO以形成NO2和/或还原排气中的碳氢化合物和/或一氧化碳,该下游的第二区(7)用于储存和/或还原排气中的氮氧化物。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2012年3月9日提交的德国专利申请No.102012203769.1的优先权,为了所有的目的其整个内容通过引用结合于此。
技术领域
本申请涉及用于排气后处理的排气后处理系统和方法。本申请具体涉及用于具有稀NOx捕集器的涡轮增压发动机的排气后处理。
背景技术
由未来的条例规定的进一步的排放限制将要求更有效的排气后处理系统,尤其是对于还原来自稀燃的内燃发动机的氮氧化物(NOx)、碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO)排放物以及颗粒排放物。有一种用于NOx调节的基本原理,其中在稀燃烧运行期间储存NOx并且该储存的NOx通过周期性的富运行再生。
稀NOx捕集器或LTN可能具有成本劣势,因为为了同时控制CO、HC和NOx,它们必须装有大量铂族金属(PGM)。
在降低排气中的NOx浓度的要求增加的情况下,一种解决方案为增加LNT的体积以便在尾管中实现要求的NOx水平并且以便符合进一步的潜在的行驶循环或用户预置文件。
US2011/0061371A1公开了一种用于还原在冷起动期间产生的NOx排放物的碳氢化合物和NOx捕集器。该捕集器具有两个区域或层,其中一个区域是碳氢化合物捕集器而另一个区域是NOx捕集器。
US2009/0217652A1和US2011/0099975A1提供一种具有多个区域或层的氧化催化转化器,以便优化CO和HC的转化。这些区域装有不同量的铂族金属。
发明内容
在一些实施例中,本申请用以以廉价的方式改进NOx排放物的还原。
根据本申请的第一方面,一种用于具有涡轮增压的内燃发动机的机动车辆的排气后处理系统包括大体积稀NOx捕集器(LNT),其通过短的或非常短的连接管连接于涡轮增压器的出口,其中稀NOx捕集器具有第一区,其用于储存/还原NOx并氧化NO以形成NO2或者用于还原排气中的碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO),和下游的第二区,其用于储存和/或还原排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)。为此,第一区可以包括具有比较高的比例的PGM和较少的或没有NOx储存材料的涂料,而第二区可以包括较少的PGM和较大量的NOx储存材料。术语“大体积”是指LNT的体积(尤其是第二区)足够大,即便铂族金属(PGM)的浓度低于常规的LNT中的浓度,以实现储存/还原NOx浓度到低于希望的阈值。术语“短”指的是排气尽可能快地加热第一区,以便能够发生NOx的储存和NO的氧化以形成NO2,以及HC和/或CO的还原。所述温度通常是大约170到200°C。
LNT可以具有大体积,因为它也能够包括大量NOx储存材料,以便因而实现非常低的NOx排放。由于第一区具有用于CO/HC和/或NOx控制的高比例的PGM,因此具有低比例的PGM第二区可以没有成本缺点,尺寸做成足够大,用于储存和/或还原氮氧化物。
根据本申请,涡轮增压器和短连接管的应用,也就是说,空间地靠近涡轮增压器的LNT的设置确保排气以较高的温度流进LNT。在大约170至200°C的该区中的所述较高的温度允许在LNT的第一区中储存NOx并且还原HC和/或CO。具有较低临界温度(temperature-critical)的NOx的进一步的储存和/或转化发生在位于下游的第二区。当温度足够高时,储存的NOx可以在富运行模式中还原。所述LNT的,模块化结构能够减少成本,因为对于排气的构成物的相应的还原和/或转化,所要求的条件,例如铂族金属的量,不需要在整个LNT中提供,而仅仅是单个区中提供。
第一和第二区可以设置在一个壳体中,这允许紧凑的结构。
第一区可以比第二区具有较高比例的铂族金属。这允许进一步的成本减少,因为只有在真正需要它们的情况下才使用昂贵的铂族金属,具体说,用于氧化NO以形成NO2并且还原碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO)。NOx的储存和还原也需要PGM,但是第一区的存在使得在第二区中能够利用少的多的PGM。
第一区(6)和第二区(7)之间的比可以小于0.5。所述比使更有效的排气后处理和成本之间的关系最佳化,这种情况基本上由PGM的量引起。所述最佳关系对于每种应用可以不同。
连接管的长度可以大约是5至50cm。该长度非常短,并且因此该系统尽可能快地加热使得很快达到催化剂起燃。这允许碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO)很好地还原或转化,并且还实现NO的氧化以形成NO2。
柴油微粒滤清器可以设置在稀NOx捕集器的下游,其中该柴油微粒滤清器可以具有有柴油氧化催化转化器或放热催化转化器的第一区,和具有SCR催化剂涂层表面的下游的第二区。该第一区可以包括PGM或可以不具有这种金属。柴油微粒滤清器允许排气的进一步的后处理,例如,可以在稀NOx捕集器的第二区中产生的颗粒物和/或NH3能够被过滤和/或还原。
根据本申请的另一方面,用于涡轮增压的内燃发动机的排气后处理的方法包括如下步骤:
-从涡轮增压的内燃发动机引进热排气到稀NOx捕集器的第一区中;
-在第一区中氧化排气中的NO以形成NO2和/或储存和/或还原排气中的NOx和/或还原碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO);
-向前引导排气到稀NOx捕集器的第二区中;以及
-在第二区中储存和/或还原排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)。
与上面所述的相同的优点和修改同样适用。
术语“热排气”包括被称作起燃温度或点火温度的排气温度,也就是说,达到催化转化器被足够加热以良好的或最佳的效率减少污染排放物的温度。这可以是第一区中的CO和HC起燃温度。
从稀NOx捕集器引出的排气可以在柴油微粒滤清器中进行进一步的后处理。例如,在稀NOx捕集器的第二区中产生的微粒和/或NH3能够被过滤和/或还原。
在柴油微粒滤清器(DPF)的上游,用于帮助后处理的介质可以提供给排气。该介质,例如,用于DPF再生的喷射的或蒸发的HC,可以在稀NOx捕集器(LNT)和DPF之间,或者甚至在LNT的上游被引进,例如为了辅助LNT中的处理。
下面将根据附图更详细地描述本申请,其中:
附图说明
图1示出根据本申请的排气后处理系统。
图2a、2b和2c示出根据本申请的排气后处理系统或稀NOx捕集器的具体改进。
具体实施方式
附图仅仅用来说明本申请而不是限制本申请。附图和各个部件不需要按比例绘制。相同的附图标记用来表示相同的或相似的零部件。
图1示出用于例如机动车辆的内燃发动机2的排气后处理系统1,该内燃发动机具有涡轮增压器3。在这种情况下,除了纯粹用于排气后处理的经典部件之外,术语“排气后处理系统”也可以包括涡轮增压器3。发动机2可以是柴油发动机和/或稀燃发动机。
涡轮增压器3的出口由短连接管4邻接。连接管4的长度尺寸做成使得从涡轮增压器3引出的排气仅仅经受轻微的温度损失。“下游”是指沿着排气流过排气后处理系统1的方向。在图1中,这个方向是从左向右。
短连接管4由也叫做LNT的大体积稀NOx捕集器5连接。稀NOx捕集器5具有上游的第一区、带或区域6和邻接的下游第二区7。使短连接管4的直径变宽到LNT5的较大的直径的进口区或过渡区8可以认为是与第一区6分开的或看作属于第一区6。对应地,使LNT5的直径再变小的出口区或过渡区9可以认为与第二区7分开的或看作属于第二区7。在这种情况下,第一区6和第二区7被容纳在共同的壳体中。
第一区6至少主要用于还原排气中的碳氢化合物HC和/或一氧化碳CO。除此之外,还发生氧化NO以形成NO2,以及NOx的储存和/或还原。为此,该第一区具有高比例的铂族金属(PGM)。所述高比例和空间上接近涡轮增压器3(确保在冷启动之后很快达到充分的排气温度)允许用于氧化NO以形成NO2和储存/还原NOx以及还原HC和CO的足够的点火温度。
第二区7用来还原和/或转化排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)和/或用于进一步还原和/或转化。为此,第二区7具有较低比例的伯族金属就足够了。但是所述区确实具有非常大的NOx储存容量。因此第一区6比第二区7具有较高比例的铂族金属。在较低比例的铂族金属的情况下,在第二区7中所谓的催化剂涂层材料或涂料和/或NOx储存材料是足够的,用于储存和还原NOx。在第一区6和第二区7中,NOx储存材料可以以相同的量,和/或以相同的结构提供。但是,优选的是,第一区6为了快速起燃而最优化,而第二区7为了储存大量NOx而最优化。
在短连接管4和LNT5的下述尺寸的情况下,确保排气后处理系统的有效运行。这意味着排气中的NOx、HC和/或CO的浓度或量低于希望的阈值。
短连接管4的长度1可以在从大约5到50cm的范围内。因此长度1可以根据应用变化,例如关于所用的发动机变化。连接管4优选尽可能短。该长度1可以具有与稀NOx捕集器5的直径相同的大小,但是优选更小。
第二区7具有比第一区大的体积。该第二区7至少是第一区6的两倍大。根据应用,也就是具体根据被还原的和/或被储存的NOx的量,第二区7也可以明显地更大,例如5到8倍大,或甚至更大。因此,第一区6和第二区7之间的体积比可选地小于0.5(第一区6的体积对第二区7的体积)
在LNT5的下游,作为排气后处理系统1的另一个可选的构成要素,设置有柴油微粒滤清器10(DPF)。柴油微粒滤清器10经由管子11连接于稀NOx捕集器5。由于柴油微粒滤清器10可以设置成空间上远离LNT5,所以管子11可以明显地比短连接管4长。但是不提供管子11,并且DPF设置在与LNT相同的壳体中也是可能的。
在柴油微粒滤清器10的下游设置有喷射器或蒸发器12,其将排气介质或排气后处理的添加剂引进柴油微粒滤清器10中。
DPF10在DPF基质上可以具有可选的SCR(选择性的催化还原剂)涂料和/或另外的催化剂/功能或LNT。如果LNT5设置成靠近涡轮增压器3并且产生NH3,那么DPF基质上的SCR的构思可以是有利的。于是,NH3在DPF10能够被捕获并且在DPF基质上用于NOx的附加的转化。LNT5的第二区7以低PGM浓度形成可以构造成产生NH3。以这种方式,通过DPF10,NOx的附加的转化可以进一步增加。
在DPF10的另一个实施例中,后者可以具有第一区13和下游的第二区14。该第一区13具有柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)涂料,而第二区14,例如,用SCR涂层涂料或材料,以DPF的方式形成。在这种情况下,喷射器12将HC引进到DPF10的上游的排气中,以便有助于DPF的再生。
下面将根据图2a、2b和2c详细描述排气后处理系统1,或LNT5的不同的改进。
图1所示的LNT5的结构在图2a中以简单的形式示出。第一区6具有的PGM水平1A高于第二区7的PGM水平2A。第一区6具有比第二区7小的体积。
图2b和2c示出排气后处理系统1,或LNT5,其构造成用于比图1低的排气温度。
在图2b中,第一区6具有的PGM水平1B高于第二区7的PGM水平2B,并且也高于图2a的第一区6的PGM水平1A。换句话说,对于较低的排气温度,LNT5的第一区6中的PGM的量可以增加。图2b的第二区7的PGM量2B可以适配于该需要,并且于是可以小于或大于或等于图2a的PGM量2A。
在图2c中,第一区6的PGM量2A对应于图2a的第一区6的PGM量1A。但是,图2c的第一区6的长度L2大于图2b的第一区的长度L1。换句话说,对于较低的排气温度,LNT5的第一区6的长度L可以增加。
在排气后处理系统1或LNT5的运行期间,来自涡轮增压的内燃发动机2的热排气,例如高于阈值预热温度的排气,被引导到LNT5的第一区6中,其中在这里,排气经受NO的氧化以形成NO2和/或储存/还原NOx和HC和/或还原CO,其例如是PGM为基的。排气向前流到或引导到第二区7中,在这里发生NOx的进一步的储存/还原。该排气随后在DPF10中进行进一步后处理。根据DPF10的结构,用于帮助DPF的处理或再生的一种或多种介质或添加剂可以通过喷射器12引进到排气中。
Claims (15)
1.一种用于具有涡轮增压的内燃发动机的机动车辆的排气后处理系统,包括:
稀NOx捕集器,其通过连接管连接于涡轮增压器的出口,所述连接管具有比所述稀NOx捕集器更小的体积,其中所述连接管的长度等于或小于所述稀NOx捕集器的直径,并且其中所述稀NOx捕集器具有第一区和下游的第二区,所述第一区用于储存NOx、还原NOx和氧化NO以形成NO2、还原排气中的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳中的一个或多个,所述下游的第二区具有比所述第一区更大的体积,用于储存和还原排气中的NOx中的一个或多个。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气后处理系统,其中所述第一区和所述第二区设置在一个壳体中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的排气后处理系统,其中所述第一区相对于所述第二区具有较高比例的铂族金属。
4.根据权利要求3所述的排气后处理系统,其中所述第一区和第二区之间的体积比小于或等于0.5。
5.根据权利要求4所述的排气后处理系统,其中所述连接管的长度(1)介于5至50cm之间。
6.根据权利要求5所述的排气后处理系统,其中柴油微粒滤清器设置在所述稀NOx捕集器的下游,其中所述柴油微粒滤清器具有有柴油氧化催化转化器或放热催化转化器的第一区和具有SCR涂层表面的下游的第二区。
7.一种用于涡轮增压的内燃发动机的排气后处理的方法,包括:
将所述涡轮增压的内燃发动机的热排气引进到稀NOx捕集器的第一区中,其中将所述稀NOx捕集器连接到所述涡轮增压的内燃发动机的连接管的长度等于或小于所述稀NOx捕集器的直径;
氧化NO以形成NO2;
在所述第一区中储存并还原所述排气中的NOx、碳氢化合物和一氧化碳;
向前引导排气到所述稀NOx捕集器的第二区中;以及
在所述第二区中储存并还原排气中的氮氧化物。
8.根据权利要求7的排气后处理的方法,其中从所述稀NOx捕集器出来的排气在柴油微粒滤清器中进行进一步的后处理。
9.根据权利要求8所述的排气后处理的方法,其中在所述柴油微粒滤清器的上游,用于辅助所述后处理的介质被提供给所述排气。
10.一种方法,包括:
从涡轮增压器出口直接将排气引导到稀NOx捕集器,其中将所述稀NOx捕集器连接到所述涡轮增压器出口的连接管的长度等于或小于所述稀NOx捕集器的直径,所述NOx捕集器具有在一个壳体中的上游区和下游区,所述上游区相对于所述下游区具有较高比例的铂族金属,上游区和下游区之间的体积比小于或等于0.5。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述上游区用于储存并还原NOx和氧化NO以形成NO2并且用于还原排气中的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳,并且所述下游区用于储存并还原氮氧化物。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述壳体进口和所述涡轮增压器出口之间的距离介于5至50cm之间。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,还包括使排气从所述壳体直接流导到柴油微粒滤清器,所述柴油微粒滤清器具有有柴油氧化催化转化器的第一区和具有SCR涂层表面的下游的第二区,所述微粒滤清器的区在共同的滤清器壳体中。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述氧化催化转化器和所述SCR涂层没有贵金属。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包含喷射还原剂,所述还原剂包括在所述稀NOx捕集器和微粒滤清器之间的尿素水,所述喷射发生在所述微粒滤清器的所述第一区的上游和所述稀NOx捕集器的所述下游区的下游。
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