CN103288314B - 物质热处理分离及能源回收系统 - Google Patents
物质热处理分离及能源回收系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,包括热处理反应器、循环管路、热交换器、排出管路、潜热回收器、气化炉及燃烧炉。需热处理的物质被导入热处理反应器中,并对该物质进行热处理,产出气态物质,气态物质在热交换器与热处理反应器之间循环,在热交换器内,气态物质被加热后再次导入热处理反应器,循环过程由热处理反应器分离出的气态物质则被导至潜热回收器,形成液态冷凝物质与不冷凝物质。经热处理后的剩余物质可做为产品或作为燃料送至气化炉经气化后转换成可燃气。可燃气在燃烧炉内与空气混合后燃烧释出热能形成高温烟气,此高温烟气经热交换器可加热循环热媒提供热处理反应器所需的热能或经其他热回收装置回收热能。
Description
技术领域
本发明是关于一种物质经热处理分离及能源回收系统,尤其是关于一种用于处理低热值物质的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统。
背景技术
大部分高含水率低热值的物质在进行能源利用时因水分含量高,因此导致热值偏低,燃烧温度不易提高而导致燃烧不完全且衍生出燃烧污染物。
因此大部分高含水率的物质进行能源利用前多进行干燥前处理,利用其他能源以去除过多的水分(例如煤炭干燥或污泥干燥),使物质进行燃烧时可更为方便稳定。
最普遍的干燥是利用空气当作热媒,利用加热空气使其提高温度后再与物质接触加热,使物质所含的水分蒸发以达到干燥的目的。例如废弃物或污泥的干燥处理大多都是利用热空气进行干燥处理。
传统高含水率低热值的物质的能源利用存在着一些缺点如下:
首先,若不进行干燥而直接进行热利用时,除物质的燃理论燃烧温度较低易衍生污染物外,物质所含的水分在蒸发变成水蒸气过程,会吸收大量的蒸发热(潜热),此蒸发热不易回收(因与燃烧烟气夹杂),因此物质进行燃烧能源利用时,一般以低位发热量(Low Heating Value)作为物质的有效热值而非高位发热量(High Heating Value)。
另外一般利用热空气直接加热物质使水分蒸发而达到干燥的方式,干燥过程产出的高湿度气体,也因水蒸气与空气夹杂,气体中所含的水气冷凝温度随水分含量而改变,无法有效回收冷凝所释放的潜热。
而热空气干燥的另一缺点是含有氧气,会与被干燥物产生氧化作用,温度达到燃点时也会引发燃烧,因此必需牺牲热效率将温度控制在燃点以下并设置防火灾设备。
此外,以热空气当热媒干燥所产出的废气,不仅量大且夹杂干燥所产生的异味及戴奥辛等污染物质,必需进一步地净化处理才能排放,因此,使得处理过程更为繁复。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的是在提供一种物质热处理分离及能源回收系统。本发明的系统包括一热处理反应器、一循环管路、一热交换器、一排出管路、一潜热回收器、一气化炉及一燃烧炉。其中物质进行热处理反应是在一密闭系统下进行。
被热处理物质被导入热处理反应器,并导入高温气态热媒与其直接接触进行热交换。在热处理反应器中的物质因受热产出气态物质与剩余物质,气态物质当成热媒经一循环风机由循环管路导入热交换器进行加热后再次导入热处理反应器。
物质在热处理反应器中因受热形成气态物质与剩余物质,此气态物质与导入的高温热媒成分相同,因此循环管路间的气态物质因而增加。所增加的气态物质则通过排出管路排出(否则会导致压力持续上升),气态物质经排出管路被传送至潜热回收器,潜热回收器可为一间接热交换器。在潜热回收器中,气态物质进行冷凝释放出潜热并加热冷流体,气态物质经潜热回收器后形成一冷凝物质与一不冷凝物质。总而言之,物质经热处理分离形成剩余物质与气态物质,气态物质经潜热回收冷凝后形成一冷凝物质与一不冷凝物质,因而达到物质分离的目的。
剩余物质可为产品,若作为燃料使用可将其送至气化炉进行气化,以产生一可燃气。接着可燃气则被传送到一燃烧炉与空气混合燃烧,以产生一高温烟气,高温烟气则流经热交换器加热热处理反应器的循环气态热媒,经热交换器后的烟气若仍具回收价值则可再经其他热能回收装置,例如锅炉,回收热能。
附图说明
图1为本发明的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统示意图;
图2为本发明的另一较佳实施例的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统示意图。
附图标记说明:
热能源回收系统1、1’;
热处理反应器11;
热交换器12;
潜热回收器13;
气化炉14;
燃烧炉15;
循环风机21;
抽气器22;
第一集尘器16;
锅炉17;
第二集尘器18;
预热器131、132;
冷却器133;
烟囱19;
循环管路111;
排出管路112。
具体实施方式
为了更清楚地说明本发明的技术内容,特举具体实施例说明如下。
请参考图1,本发明的热能源回收系统1包括一热处理反应器11、一循环管路111、一热交换器12、一排出管路112、一潜热回收器13、一气化炉14及一燃烧炉15。
首先,低热值物质被导入热处理反应器11,低热值物质可以是譬如污泥,其湿度高达60-80%,较佳者为60%。利用热处理反应器11(例如旋转筒干燥器)对该低热值物质进行热处理,例如进行干燥、裂解或焙烧等热处理。在污泥的实施例中,所进行的热处理是干燥。以下将以污泥作为低热值物质的例子为说明。
高含水率的湿污泥由旋转干燥器(即为热处理反应器)入口导入,因筒身旋转与倾斜会逐步往旋转筒另一端移动,在旋转筒另一端则设置经干燥后的污泥出口;另外在旋转干燥器两端设有热媒的入/出口,以导入高温热媒(此例主要为过热蒸汽)与污泥直接接触进行热交换。高温热媒的流动方向可依需求与污泥同向(热媒入/出口与污泥入/出口位于相同位置)或逆向。
在旋转干燥器内,高含水率的污泥(例如60%)与高温(例如400℃)的热媒(此例中主要是过热蒸汽)接触后温度升至沸点(例如在一大气压时水的沸点约为100℃),污泥内部分物质因高温而形成气态物质(主要是水蒸气)而达到与剩余物质(含水率10~30%的干污泥,较佳者20%)分离的目的。
另一方面导入的高温热媒(例如400℃)则因提供蒸发所需的热能因而降低了温度(例如降低至150℃)。污泥在热处理反应器11产出的气态物质与降低温度后的热媒则经由一循环风机21经由循环管路111送至热交换器12再次加热(例如加热至400℃)。
在本实施例中,因污泥干燥在循环管路111中,水蒸气会不断的增加,导致循环管路111内压力不断提高。本例中所增加的水蒸气(过剩热媒)通过排出管路112流经潜热回收器13,排出管路112的末端则设置一真空抽气器22(负压操作,在正压操作时则设置一节流阀)以控制热处理反应器11的操作压力。
本例中潜热回收器13为一间接热交换器,利用冷流体(例如25℃的燃烧空气或锅炉给水)与150℃的低温过热蒸汽(气态物质)进行热交换并使过热蒸汽温度降低,当蒸汽温度降至露点温度(依操作压力而定,若为一大气压约为100℃)时,蒸汽会释放出潜热并冷凝成液态水(冷凝物质)。本例中因排出的气态物质成分几乎全为水蒸气,因此当水蒸气冷凝时其露点温度会维持不变,因此占蒸汽热焓绝大部分的潜热可在露点温度予以回收,冷流体可被加热至接近露点温度。蒸汽经冷凝成液态水后,其温度与露点温度相同,可进一步回收其显热或作为其他用途再利用(因其来源为蒸发冷凝水,污染物低)。因此污泥所含的水份最后以冷凝水的方式排出,故其有效热值可为高位发热量。
由排出管路112排出的气态物质经潜热回收器13后,在负压操作时其温度可降至接近潜热回收器13的冷流体入口温度(例如25℃),在此温度下的不冷凝气体主要成分为污泥进料所夹杂的少量空气及由外部泄入的空气,可由真空抽气器22导至气化炉14作为气化气体的一部分。在正压操作时,排出管路112末端的压力与热处理反应器11约略相同,此时端看潜热回收器13的回收比例,亦即热处理反应器11所蒸发的水蒸气部分由潜热回收器13冷凝成水,部分则由管路末端的节流阀释出至其他制程,故在正压操作时不冷凝气体仍以过热蒸汽为主。
干燥后的干污泥(剩余物质)已达到气化炉14的进料要求(在缺氧状态下可产出气态可燃气),本例中将作为气化炉14的进料。气化气体则为由外界导入经潜热回收器13预热的空气为主。排出管路112的不冷凝物质亦可导入作为气化气体的一部分,(负压操作时不冷凝物质以低沸点物质如空气,正压操作时不冷凝物质以水蒸气为主,二者皆可作为气化气体)。
干污泥在气化炉14中,在高温(500~1000℃)及缺氧状态(气化气体约为理论燃烧空气量的20%~50%)进行气化,干污泥中的可燃成分经气化后产出可燃气(例如CO与H2),不可燃的成分则由气化炉14底部排出(底灰)或夹杂于可燃气中(飞灰)导入至燃烧炉15。在燃烧炉15中可燃气与外界导入的燃烧空气充分混合后燃烧可产出高温烟气(800~1200℃),高温烟气的温度是通过控制导入燃烧空气的量来达成,本例中高温烟气的温度控制在950℃。燃烧炉15排出的高温烟气则可由热回收装置回收热能,例如作为热交换器12所需的热能,及利用其他如锅炉17等热回收装置回收高温烟气中的显热。
请参考图2,在较佳实施例中,热能回收系统1’还包含一第一集尘器16(旋风集尘器)、一锅炉17及一第二集尘器18(袋式集尘器)。高温烟气经第一集尘器16收集大部分的飞灰后导入热交换器12与热处理反应器11的热媒进行热交换,经热交换器12吸收部分热能后,高温烟气的温度会因而降低,本例中降低至约650℃。降低温度后的烟气仍具回收价值,可将其导入其他热回收装置如锅炉17回收剩余热能,本例中为一饱和压力7kg/cm2的饱和蒸汽锅炉,烟气经锅炉17进一步吸收热能后在锅炉17出口温度已降至约180℃,本例中不再进一步回收,而将低温烟气经第二集尘器18除尘后,最后再通过烟囱19排出。
该潜热回收器13包括至少一预热器131、132及一冷凝器133。其中预热器131、132可为串联或并联实施,本实施例中为串连;排出的蒸气(气态物质)先被传送至预热器131,本例中为气化炉14气化空气及燃烧炉15燃烧空气的预热器。然后再流经预热器132,本例中预热器132为锅炉给水预热器,最后多余的蒸汽潜热再经一冷凝器133冷凝后排出不冷凝气体至气化炉14。150℃的蒸气流经预热器131预热时,因热交换而逐步降低温度,同时被预热的空气温度则逐步升高,当蒸气温度降低至露点温度(约100℃)时,因蒸汽释放出潜热,此时蒸汽温度维持在露点温度不变,因此预热空气可被加热至100℃以上。接着饱和蒸汽流经预热器132时温度维持在露点温度,可加热锅炉给水至约90℃。最后剩余的饱和蒸汽,可加热其他预被加热的冷流体至约90℃(例如ORC发电的工作流体),或不利用而使用冷凝器133,利用冷却水(或冷却空气)将蒸气(气态物质)进一步冷却,使气态物质在冷凝器133所排出的不冷凝气体其温度仅略高于冷却水(或冷却空气)的温度,本实施案例中不冷凝气体的排出温度介于35~45℃,在此温度下不冷凝物质主要为少量在湿污泥导入热处理反应器时夹杂的空气。
简言之,在本实施案例中湿污泥经热处理后可分离成干污泥(剩余物质),与气态物质(150℃过热蒸汽),气态物质经潜热回收后形成液态水排出,因此本热处理系统不会像传统的热空气干燥那样产出大量废气,实为一密闭系统,且因水蒸气的潜热可有效回收,湿污泥的有效热值是高位发热量。产出的干污泥在本例中作为燃料,经气化燃烧产出高温烟气后再做为干燥的热源及其他能源。
虽然上述实施例是以干燥污泥作为例子,但其并非限制本发明,低热值物质上可以是废弃物,甚至蔬果谷物等干燥。除了干燥之外,还可以利用本发明进行物质的焙烧(torrefaction),包括像是食品类如咖啡豆,茶叶等的烘焙,燃料类如木材,废弃物等的焙烧(产品为热处理的剩余物质为主)。此外,亦可利用本发明进行物质的热裂解(pyrolysis),例如废弃物的热裂解产制燃油(气态物质经冷凝成冷凝物质)/燃气(气态物质经冷凝后剩余的不冷凝物质),大豆藻类等生质物的裂解产出生质燃油/生质燃气。
由于本发明的物质在进行热处理分离的流程实质为一密闭式系统,因此无传统空气干燥的气态物质排放(低污染)。而且,因热媒本身即为物质热处理过程所产出的气态物质,可实现与被热处理物质反向移动(countercurrent)的操作情况下,有效提高热传效率,且可使被热处理物质达到较高的的温度(裂解/焙烧)而不致形成火灾。
最后应说明的是:以上各实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述各实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,包括:
一热处理反应器,其接收一物质的导入,并对该物质进行热处理;
一循环管路;
一热交换器,经过热处理的物质产出一气态物质,该气态物质通过该循环管路被传送至该热交换器,使气态物质与一高温热源进行热交换以提升温度,经温度提升后的气态物质再导入热处理反应器,通过该循环管路使该气态物质在该热交换器与该热处理反应器之间循环,且经热处理后的物质还形成一剩余物质;
一排出管路,在其一末端设有一真空抽气器或一节流阀;
一潜热回收器,该热处理物质所产出的气态物质通过该排出管路被传送至该潜热回收器,该潜热回收器使该气态物质冷凝,并回收该气态物质的热能,其中经冷凝后的气态物质形成一冷凝物质与一不冷凝物质;
一气化炉,该剩余物质及该不冷凝物质被传送到该气化炉进行气化,以产生一可燃气;
一燃烧炉,该可燃气被传送到该燃烧炉与空气一起燃烧,以产生一高温烟气并藉此作为该热交换器所需的热能;
其中,通过该排出管路末端的该真空抽气器或该节流阀,以控制该循环管路的压力;经过热处理的物质在该循环管路中会增加该气态物质,使该循环管路内的压力提高,当该气态物质增加到一定程度则流经该排出管路导入该潜热回收器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,还包含一第一集尘器,该高温烟气先在该集尘器除尘后,再提供热交换器所需的热能。
3.根据权利要求1所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,还包含一锅炉,其中该高温烟气提供该热交换器所需的热能后,产生一低温烟气,且该低温烟气进一步提供该锅炉所需的热能。
4.根据权利要求3所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,还包含一第二集尘器,该低温烟气提供该锅炉所需的热能后,由该第二集尘器进行清除飞灰。
5.根据权利要求1所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,其中该潜热回收器包括至少一预热器,回收该气态物质的热能是作为对该至少一预热器进行加热。
6.根据权利要求5所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,该潜热回收器包括一冷凝器,该冷凝器使该气态物质冷凝,形成该冷凝物质与该不冷凝物质。
7.根据权利要求1所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,经热处理所产出的气态物质通过该循环管路在该热交换器与该热处理反应器之间循环,实质为一密闭式的循环。
8.根据权利要求1所述的物质热处理分离及能源回收系统,其特征在于,当该真空抽气器被设在该排出管路的末端,则是以负压操作;且当该节流阀被设在该排出管路则的末端,则是以正压操作。
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2012
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- 2012-11-13 CN CN201210453473.8A patent/CN103288314B/zh active Active
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TWI381143B (zh) | 2013-01-01 |
US9109837B2 (en) | 2015-08-18 |
CA2808057C (en) | 2015-03-31 |
US20130230815A1 (en) | 2013-09-05 |
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