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CN101793408A - 燃烧器喷嘴 - Google Patents

燃烧器喷嘴 Download PDF

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CN101793408A
CN101793408A CN200910133946A CN200910133946A CN101793408A CN 101793408 A CN101793408 A CN 101793408A CN 200910133946 A CN200910133946 A CN 200910133946A CN 200910133946 A CN200910133946 A CN 200910133946A CN 101793408 A CN101793408 A CN 101793408A
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nozzle
flange
fuel
primary
secondary nozzle
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CN101793408B (zh
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罗伯特·布朗德
约翰·巴塔廖利
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Gas Turbine Efficiency Sweden AB
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/42Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the arrangement or form of the flame tubes or combustion chambers
    • F23R3/46Combustion chambers comprising an annular arrangement of several essentially tubular flame tubes within a common annular casing or within individual casings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/286Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply having fuel-air premixing devices
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D14/00Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/48Nozzles
    • F23D14/58Nozzles characterised by the shape or arrangement of the outlet or outlets from the nozzle, e.g. of annular configuration
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D14/00Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/62Mixing devices; Mixing tubes
    • F23D14/64Mixing devices; Mixing tubes with injectors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D14/00Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/72Safety devices, e.g. operative in case of failure of gas supply
    • F23D14/76Protecting flame and burner parts

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于燃气轮机的二次喷嘴。该二次喷嘴包括法兰和从该法兰延伸的长形喷嘴主体。至少一个预混燃料喷射器从喷嘴主体径向分隔开并大致平行于喷嘴主体从法兰轴向延伸。至少一个第二喷嘴管与燃料源流体连接并从第一喷嘴管向外径向分隔开,并且该第二喷嘴管的近端固定于法兰。该第二喷嘴管具有与所述近端分隔开的远端,该远端上具有至少一个孔。一个通道在第二喷嘴管的近端和远端之间延伸,并且该通道与燃料源和所述孔流体连接。

Description

燃烧器喷嘴
技术领域
本发明涉及可用于燃气轮机的燃烧器。更具体地,本发明涉及将燃料喷射入燃烧器内的喷嘴系统。
背景技术
燃气轮机在许多应用场合起着至关重要的作用,如用于飞行器推进、船舶推进、发电以及诸如泵和压缩机的驱动处理中。一般地,燃气轮机包括压缩机、燃烧器和涡轮机。操作中,空气供给到系统中,在此它通过压缩机压缩,而且,空气的一部分进一步与燃料混合。接着,压缩空气和燃料混合物燃烧,从而引起膨胀以便驱动涡轮机。
为了降低排放,燃烧器设计成在点火前预先将燃料和空气混合。预混的燃料和空气在比化学计量燃烧低的温度下燃烧,化学计量燃烧发生在传统的扩散燃烧期间。结果,预混燃烧带来较低的NOX排放。
一般的燃烧器包括围绕一个中心二次喷嘴的多个一次燃料喷嘴。传统的二次喷嘴在同一个长管状结构内可同时包括用于扩散燃料和预混燃料的通道。这种喷嘴通常在单个管状壳内包含复杂结构的通道。用于产生扩散火焰的通道沿喷嘴的长度延伸。预混的燃料在扩散顶端上游分配,以便在到达火焰区域之前使燃料与流经燃烧器的压缩空气混合,火焰区域位于喷嘴下游。结果,预混的燃料的通道一般比扩散燃料的通道短。
另外,预混的燃料可与空气在扩散顶端的上游混合,更重要的是,从二次喷嘴结构径向向外混合。在这种二次喷嘴中,预混的燃料仅沿部分喷嘴长度运送,直到它从喷嘴主体径向向外送到预混喷射器顶端。在喷射器顶端,预混的燃料分配到空气流动路径内。当燃料和空气继续沿二次喷嘴长度的其余部分向下游移动时,它们在喷嘴顶端的下游混合,使得能够在火焰区内更有效地燃烧。
然而压缩空气是热的,而燃料通常较冷。流经该二次喷嘴内不同通道的流体的温差可导致构成喷嘴的材料进行不同程度的热膨胀。可以预期简化二次喷嘴的结构以降低由于内部复杂性、极端工况条件和热膨胀差别导致的喷嘴结构上的高应力将是有利的。
发明内容
本发明提供的是设置在燃气轮机用燃烧器内的二次喷嘴。该二次喷嘴包括法兰和从该法兰延伸的长形喷嘴主体。至少一个预混燃料喷射器从喷嘴主体径向分隔开,并大致平行于喷嘴主体从法兰轴向延伸。
该二次喷嘴包括燃料源、法兰和从该法兰轴向延伸的第一喷嘴管。至少一个第二喷嘴管从第一喷嘴管向外径向分隔开,并且该第二喷嘴管的近端固定于法兰。该第二喷嘴管与燃料源流体连接。该第二喷嘴管具有与其近端轴向分隔开的远端,并且该远端上具有至少一个孔。一个通道在第二喷嘴管的近端和远端之间延伸,并且所述通道与燃料源和所述至少一个孔流体连接。
附图说明
图1是具有多个一次喷嘴和一个二次喷嘴的用于燃气轮机的示例性燃烧器的截面视图。
图2是示例性的一次喷嘴和二次喷嘴的透视图。
图3是图1和2所示的多个一次喷嘴和一个二次喷嘴的前视图。
图4是图1-3所示的二次喷嘴的透视图。
图5是图1-4所示的二次喷嘴的局部透视图。
图6是图1-5所示的二次喷嘴的截面视图。
图7是图1-6所示的二次喷嘴的一部分的示意图。
图8是示例性的燃烧器的一次工况的示意图。
图9是示例性的燃烧器的稀-稀工况的示意图。
图10是示例性的燃烧器的第二阶段燃烧工况的示意图。
图11是示例性的燃烧器的预混工况的示意图。
具体实施方式
这里详细描述了用于燃气轮机的示例性燃烧器。所示类型的燃烧器是多个燃烧器中的一个,其在燃气轮机内一般定位于压缩机级之后。
现在参见附图,先看图1,燃烧器用标号10标示,其图示为双级、双模式燃烧器,该燃烧器具有燃烧器导流套筒12、后壁组件14和燃烧器壁13。从燃烧器壁13径向向内设有若干个一次燃料喷嘴16和一个二次燃料喷嘴18。喷嘴16、18用来将燃料喷射入燃烧器10。
用于燃烧(也用于冷却)的进气由涡轮压缩机(未图示)加压,然后经过燃烧器导流套筒12和转换管(未图示)导入燃烧器10内。流入燃烧器10的空气用于燃烧和使燃烧器10冷却。空气在燃烧器导流套筒12和燃烧器壁13之间沿方向“A”流动。通常,图示气流被称为逆流,因为方向“A”相对于经过涡轮机和燃烧室的普通空气流处于上游方向。
燃烧器10包括一次燃烧室42和位于一次燃烧室42下游的二次燃烧室44。文丘里喉管区46位于一次燃烧室42和二次燃烧室44之间。如图2和3所示,各一次喷嘴16环绕着二次喷嘴18布置。在图1中,中心体38在燃烧器10的中心由火焰筒40限定。
现在参见图1-3,每个一次喷嘴16安装在后壁组件14上。一次喷嘴16从后壁14突出,并向一次燃烧室42提供燃料。燃料经过一次燃料源20配送到一次喷嘴16。用于在一次燃烧室42内燃烧点火的火花或火焰一般由火花塞或交叉火焰管(未图示)提供。
空气旋流器可以设置成与一次喷嘴16连接以便于燃烧空气与燃料的混合,从而提供易着火的空燃混合物。如上所述,燃烧空气从压缩机导出,并在燃烧器导流套筒12和燃烧器壁13之间沿方向“A”流动。在到达后壁组件14时,压缩空气在燃烧器壁13和后壁14之间径向向内流入一次燃烧室42内。另外,为了冷却,燃烧器壁13在一次和二次燃烧室42、44内可设置槽或通气缝(未图示)。槽或通气缝还可向燃烧器10内提供稀释空气,以便调节一次或二次燃烧室42、44内的火焰温度。
现在参见图1-4,二次喷嘴18从法兰22经过后壁14延伸进入燃烧器10内。二次喷嘴18延伸到文丘里喉管区46上游的一点以将燃料引入二次燃烧室44内。法兰22可设置用于在燃烧器10的后壁14上安装二次喷嘴18的装置(未图示)。安装装置可以是机械联接,例如螺栓,用于将法兰22固定在后壁14上,并便于例如在维修或更换时拆除喷嘴18。也可以考虑采用其它附接装置。
一次喷嘴16的燃料由一次燃料源20提供,并经过后壁14引导。二次转换和预混燃料源24、25经过法兰22供给到二次喷嘴18。尽管这里未图示,二次喷嘴18还可以具有扩散回路或导向回路,以便将燃料喷射进入燃烧器10内。
二次喷嘴18包括喷嘴主体30和至少一个预混燃料喷射器32。如图1所示,二次喷嘴18位于中心体38内,并由火焰筒40围绕。如图3最佳地示出,各预混燃料喷射器32大致环绕着喷嘴主体30布置在法兰22上。每个预混燃料喷射器32具有从顶部看去大致为长椭圆形或细长形的横截面形状。如图3最佳地示出,喷射器32的第一侧或第一端34布置为靠近喷嘴主体30。喷射器32的第二侧或第二端36布置成从第一端34径向向外。
图中示出预混燃料喷射器32在一次喷嘴16和喷嘴主体30之间直接对齐,以便气流经过中心体38并围绕喷嘴主体30。在这种构造中,预混燃料喷射器32的第二端36布置为靠近一次喷嘴16。进入燃烧器10的气流“A”从燃烧器壁13外侧径向向内流动。一部分空气向下游流入并穿过一次燃烧室42。另一部分空气(例如流经燃烧器的总空气中的5-20%)在经过中心体向下游流动之前,径向向内经过一次喷嘴16和一次燃烧室42流入中心体38内。该第二部分气流沿法兰22和后壁14流动的方向在图3中用字母“B”表示。尽管可以采用其它构造,但是,当在一次喷嘴16和二次喷嘴18之间从一次喷嘴16径向向内对准预混燃料喷射器32时,能够使最大量的气流进入中心体38。类似地,尽管图示的预混燃料喷射器32具有细长横截面,还可以采用其它形状,例如圆形、矩形、三角形等。
现在参见图5-7并继续参见图1-4,图中示出二次喷嘴18包括喷嘴主体30和预混燃料喷射器32。如上所述,二次喷嘴18位于中心体38内,并由火焰筒40围绕(图1)。喷嘴主体30沿中心体38的纵向轴线延伸。喷嘴主体30具有大致长筒形外套管部分52,其中限定了空腔31。如图所示,各转换燃料通道64位于空腔31的靠外的部分。各转换燃料通道64从法兰22向远处延伸,并布置在环形上的相间隔的位置上。还可采用公知的不用转换的变化形式。
转换燃料通道64与由转换燃料源24供燃料的转换歧管51流体连接。转换燃料通道64包括长管66和至少一个径向通道68。该通道68从管66径向地朝向外,并与喷嘴主体30的壁内的孔71对准。通道68通过开口71将燃料喷射到套管52外侧,以便与沿壁52流动的空气混合。图中示出第二开口70位于开口71的上游,第二开口70提供空气进入空腔31部分的入口,该空腔31围绕定位在喷嘴主体30内的中心管。流经开口70的部分空气导入空腔31内,以便冷却喷嘴主体30。空腔31内的空气从喷嘴末端54上的开口58排放。中心管将燃料供给到喷嘴末端54,以便支持二次燃烧室44内的火焰(见图1和图9-11)。开口70与通道68提供的燃料和喷射器32提供的附加燃料分离。值得注意的是,可设置附加的开口以便混合喷嘴主体30外侧的燃料流,或将气流引入喷嘴的空腔31内。而且,如果需要,可不要燃料通道64。
喷嘴主体30的外套管部分52从法兰22延伸到远端54。喷嘴主体30的远端54具有至少一个孔58,以便让压缩空气从围绕中心管部分的通道31内流出。
如上所述,燃料经过转换燃料源24和预混燃料源25供给到二次喷嘴18。如图6最佳地示出,转换燃料源24延伸进入法兰22内,将燃料供给到转换歧管51,该转换歧管51与转换燃料通道64流体连接。预混燃料源25延伸进入法兰22内,并与预混歧管腔50流体连通,该预混歧管腔50与预混燃料喷射器32流体连接。
预混燃料喷射器32从法兰22向远处延伸,其长度小于喷嘴主体30的长度。预混燃料喷射器32的远端60包括预混孔62,以便将燃料配送到喷嘴主体30外侧的中心体38区域内。预混燃料与火焰筒40内的空气流混合。当混合物到达二次燃烧室44时,混合物被优化成在二次燃烧室44内有效燃烧(见图1)。
在一般的二次喷嘴中,扩散燃料和预混燃料经过从法兰延伸的单个结构排出,与其不同的是,这里使用直立的单独的预混燃料喷射器32能允许喷嘴主体30简化。图示喷射器32使喷嘴主体30内的内部通道数量比一般的喷嘴少。这种简化降低了二次喷嘴18上的应力,该应力可能由于燃料和压缩空气的温度变化带来的喷嘴结构18、32内的温差引起。另外,期望的设计容易维护并且允许一定程度的模块化,在传统的二次喷嘴中这是不可能的。
除了图示结构,预混燃料喷射器32可具有与一组或多组预混孔62流体连接的分配环。其它配送终端结构也可以与所示特定类型的预混燃料喷射器32结合使用。
参见图8,在一般的“一次”工况中,火焰72在二次燃烧室44上游的一次燃烧室42内首先形成。这种初始火焰的燃料仅通过一次喷嘴16提供。在图9中,火焰72在二次燃烧室44内形成,而一次燃烧室42内的火焰72还在继续。为了在二次燃烧室44内形成火焰72,部分燃料经过二次喷嘴18喷射,而大部分燃料经过一次喷嘴16供送。举例来说,总排放燃料的30%经过二次喷嘴喷射,而70%的燃料经过一次喷嘴16供送。该火焰结构被称为“稀-稀”型工况。
在图10中,整个燃料流经过二次喷嘴18的喷嘴主体30引入,在二次燃烧室44内形成稳定的火焰。通过切断向一次喷嘴16的燃料流,熄灭一次燃烧室42内的火焰。在该“第二级”燃烧工况期间,之前经过一次喷嘴16喷射的燃料经过转换燃料通道64转移到二次喷嘴18。转换和预混燃料在火焰72上游喷射。流经二次喷嘴18的燃料和空气在此阶段被认为相对“浓”,因为100%的燃料流经二次喷嘴18而伴随的只是要用于燃烧的空气的一部分。
现在参见图11,一旦稳定的火焰在二次燃烧室44内形成且一次燃烧室42内的火焰熄灭,可重新向一次喷嘴16供燃料流,并且减少供向二次喷嘴18的燃料流。因为一次燃烧室42内的火焰已经熄灭,一次喷嘴16用作预混和器。在该“预混”工况模式下,由于文丘里喉管区46,火焰在二次燃烧室44内保持。举例来说,总排放燃料的83%可经过一次喷嘴16供送,而其余的17%的燃料经过二次喷嘴18喷射。其它比例关系也是可能的。
对于本领域的普通技术人员来说显而易见的是,根据这里公开的内容所述实施例可以有各种变化。这样,本发明可实现为其它特定形式,而不会脱离本发明的精神或实质,因此,应该参照所附的权利要求书而不是前述说明书来确定本发明的范围。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于燃气轮机的二次喷嘴,包括:
法兰;
从所述法兰延伸的长形喷嘴主体;以及
至少一个从所述喷嘴主体径向分隔开的预混燃料喷射器,所述预混燃料喷射器大致平行于所述喷嘴主体从所述法兰轴向延伸达到所述喷嘴主体的一部分长度。
2.如权利要求1所述的二次喷嘴,其中,所述喷嘴主体具有第一长度,所述预混燃料喷射器具有小于所述第一长度的第二长度。
3.如权利要求1所述的二次喷嘴,其中,所述至少一个预混燃料喷射器包括围绕所述喷嘴主体呈环形排列布置的多个预混燃料喷射器。
4.如权利要求3所述的二次喷嘴,其中,所述二次喷嘴布置在燃烧器内,所述燃烧器具有围绕所述二次喷嘴呈环形排列布置的一次喷嘴,所述预混燃料喷射器布置在所述二次喷嘴的所述喷嘴主体和所述一次喷嘴之间。
5.如权利要求4所述的二次喷嘴,其中,所述预混燃料喷射器和所述一次喷嘴的数量相同。
6.如权利要求5所述的二次喷嘴,其中,每个所述预混燃料喷射器布置在所述二次喷嘴的所述喷嘴主体和相邻的一个所述一次喷嘴之间。
7.一种轮机燃烧器,包括:
二次喷嘴,所述二次喷嘴具有:
法兰;
与所述法兰流体连通的燃料源;
从所述法兰延伸并通过所述法兰与所述燃料源流体连通的第一喷嘴管;以及
至少一个喷射器管,其具有固定于所述法兰上的近端和与所述近端分隔开的远端,所述喷射器管沿所述第一喷嘴管的部分长度轴向延伸,所述喷射器管通过所述法兰与所述燃料源流体连接且所述连接与所述燃料源和所述第一喷嘴管之间的连接分开。
8.如权利要求7所述的轮机燃烧器,其中,所述二次喷嘴还包括至少一个第三管,所述第三管从所述法兰延伸并位于所述第一喷嘴管内,所述至少一个第三管与燃料源流体连接,以便有选择地向所述轮机燃烧器提供燃料。
9.如权利要求7所述的轮机燃烧器,其中,所述二次喷嘴被环状排列的一次喷嘴围绕。
10.如权利要求9所述的轮机燃烧器,其中,所述一次喷嘴与多个所述喷射器管径向对准,使得每个所述喷射器管定位在一个所述一次喷嘴和位于中心的所述第一喷嘴管之间。
11.如权利要求10所述的轮机燃烧器,其中,每个所述喷射器管具有大致长形的横截面。
12.如权利要求11所述的轮机燃烧器,其中,所述喷射器管的长形横截面的第一端定位成靠近所述第一喷嘴管,所述长形横截面的第二端定位成靠近一个所述一次喷嘴。
13.如权利要求7所述的轮机燃烧器,其中,所述至少一个喷射器管包括围绕所述第一喷嘴管环状排列布置的多个喷射器管。
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CN108826289A (zh) * 2018-08-29 2018-11-16 上海诺特飞博燃烧设备有限公司 燃气气枪装置及其燃烧器和锅炉
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