CN101795703B - 肽酪氨酸酶抑制剂及其应用 - Google Patents
肽酪氨酸酶抑制剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101795703B CN101795703B CN200880105015.7A CN200880105015A CN101795703B CN 101795703 B CN101795703 B CN 101795703B CN 200880105015 A CN200880105015 A CN 200880105015A CN 101795703 B CN101795703 B CN 101795703B
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Abstract
本文公开了可抑制酪氨酸酶活性的肽,以及制剂和使用其减少皮肤色素沉着的方法,以及以局部制剂的形式施用所述抑制肽的方法。所述肽以序列RADRADC和PLG-OH为特征。还提供了皮肤处理方法,该方法进一步包括使用以氨基酸序列SFLLRN为特征的肽。
Description
发明人:Basil M.Hantash
相关申请援引
本申请主张2007年6月27日递交的美国临时专利申请No.60/937,331的优先权,且援引并入该申请的全部内容。
政府支持申明
无
序列表、计算机程序或光盘援引
申请人声明,序列表的纸质拷贝与伴随计算机磁盘上的计算机可读格式中的序列表相同。申请人援引并入序列表的全部内容。
发明背景
发明领域
本发明涉及酪氨酸酶抑制剂领域,并涉及与对该酶的抑制作用有关的处理方法和组合物。
相关技术
本发明涉及新型生物作用剂,具体地说是可降低酪氨酸酶的酶活性的寡肽。这些作用剂可用作基础科学研究和诊断应用中的研发工具,用作治疗以色素沉着过度(hyperpigmentation)为特征的皮肤病的药妆品(cosmeceuticals),和用作治疗依赖酪氨酸酶活性促进其致瘤性的病理状态的治疗剂。
黑色素对于保护人体免于紫外线的有害影响起重要作用。黑色素还是医学和美容学中的一种重要因子。已知黑色素在皮肤组织中形成或合成。黑色素过多导致皮肤变黑,黑色素分布不均匀导致黄褐斑和雀斑,它们都是皮肤疾病。黑色素的生物合成涉及酪氨酸催化羟基化为L-3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(L-DOPA)及L-DOPA转变成多巴色素(dopachrome)。抑制黑色素合成的一种有效方法是阻断酪氨酸的羟基化。
氢醌(HQ)从1950年代起即被用于可商购的非处方皮肤美白产品,从1960年代起即用作可商购的医药品。它还被用于化妆品,例如染发剂和美甲产品。从2001年开始,在欧盟国家HQ已不被许可用于化妆用皮肤美白制剂,尽管含有熊果苷(一种HQ类似物)的产品和植物性药材(botanicals),包括天然含有HQ和熊果苷的植物,仍然存在于欧洲国家的市场上。另见Matsubayashi等,“Pharmaceutical and clinical assessment of hydroquinoneointment prepared by extemporaneous nonsterile compounding,”Biol PharmBull.2002 Jan;25(1):92-6。如该文公开的,在日本已经模仿在美国和欧盟可商购的皮肤美白霜(skin lightening cream)利用即时无消毒的配合法(extemporaneous nonsterile compounding)制备皮肤脱色剂氢醌(HQ)的软膏。然而,已经发现了多种问题,包括HQ软膏的色差、相对较大的效力差异和不良的副作用,尽管它们较为温和。HQ的公开IC50大约为700μM。
含有氢醌的疗法在亚洲国家已经被法律禁止,使得许多受这种疾病困扰的人们无法接受常规HQ治疗。实际上,美国FDA已经发布一项声明表示其也可能禁止在国内使用氢醌。而且,氢醌与内脏恶性肿瘤有关,选择长期局部给药的治疗方式可能带来潜在的危害。在最佳条件下,氢醌仅能部分地减轻色素沉着过度。一些药妆品制剂包含其它活性成分,例如曲酸(kojic acid)、熊果苷和维生素C,但是由于化学品的不稳定性和不能将活性输送到合适的皮肤层等问题,迄今为止,效果仍然令人失望。尽管采用了更高的浓度,但是患者经常由于皮肤刺激而中断治疗。为此,人们添加局部类固醇来减轻活性成分例如视色素A和氢醌造成的刺激。因为黑斑病(melasma)和其它色素沉着过度(hyperpigmentary)疾病经常需要数月到数年的治疗,所以,以对抗活性成分刺激效果所需的强度对面部局部使用类固醇,不可能不会导致局部类固醇诱发的副作用。当对面部连续局部使用中等或更高的效力的类固醇超过数周时,通常会出现皮肤萎缩(skin atrophy)、变脆和毛细血管扩张(telengiectasia)。这种副作用是不可接受的,特别是在面部等区域。
红外激光器的使用已经获得了一些成功。它们一般对于将色素定位于较深层皮肤区域(例如真皮)的疾病效果较好。为了有效地处理表皮,通常采用切除治疗(ablative treatment)。该治疗伴随着患者长期停工(downtime),包括造成二度烧伤(second-degree bum)或者糜烂(erosion),使患者容易被感染。此外,激光治疗是一个昂贵的治疗选项,许多患者承担不起。在极端的情形,当漂白剂不成功时,有人采取皮肤脱色(depigmentation)的手段。很多病理状态会导致色素异常沉积在皮肤内。例如,众所周知,激素失调会导致面部和肢端色素沉着过度,这最常见于妇女怀孕期间或产后。这种色素沉着过度往往会影响到容貌,导致自尊心问题和社交尴尬。黑斑病经常影响Fitzpatrick型IV-VI皮肤的个体。这些人占世界人口的相当大一部分。
很多具有Fitzpatrick型IV-VI皮肤的个体是亚裔。
根据Fitzpatrick皮肤类型尺度(scale),基于对阳光照射的外观和皮肤反应测试,个体可大体上被如下分类:
I型:肤色很浅(Very fair skin tone),白肤金发碧眼(blond)或红发(redhead),
II型:肤色浅(Light skin tone),可晒成棕色(tan),但是经常晒黑(burns),
III型:肤色白到橄榄色,有时晒黑,
IV型:肤色中等棕色,很少晒黑,
V型:肤色暗棕,非常少晒黑,
VI型:肤色黑,眼睛很黑,不易晒黑(burn resistant)。
除了黑斑病之外,在粉刺和酒糟鼻等病症所导致的炎症等之后可能在容易影响外貌的区域(例如面部)发生高色素沉着。这些状况也会导致严重的心理不适。在美国,每年有130亿美元用于药妆品消费。由于美国市场上对氢醌禁用的预期,加上市场上现有的其它非药物制剂仍然存在稳定性(维生素C)或输送(熊果苷、曲酸等)方面的问题,寡肽抑制剂可能为这种亟待解决的巨大需求提供一条解决之道。
具体的专利和公开
Scot等,“Production of cyclic peptides and proteins in vivo,”Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.Vol.96,Issue 24,13638-13643,November 23,1999,公开了在细菌中产生环状八氨基酸酪氨酸酶抑制剂(cyclic,eight-amino acid tyrosinaseinhibitor)pseudostellarin F。
Verma等,“Modulation of agonist binding to human dopamine receptorsubtypes by L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide and a peptidomimetic analog,”JPharmacol Exp Ther.2005 Dec;315(3):1228-36.Epub 2005 Aug 26,公开了下丘脑三肽L-脯氨酰-L-亮氨酰-甘氨酰胺(PLG)及其构象约束模拟物(conformationally constrained analog)3(R)-[(2(S)-吡咯烷基羰基)氨基]-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺(PAOPA)在调节激动剂与人多巴胺(DA)受体亚型的结合中的作用。
于2000年12月26日授权公告的授予Yamada等的US 6,165,982,标题为“Use of sericin as antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors”的专利,公开了一种可用作抗氧化剂或酪氨酸酶活性抑制剂的组合物,其包含作为活性成分的、足够量的丝胶蛋白(sericin)以发挥抗氧化能力。丝胶蛋白是丝绸的一种高分子量、天然、可溶性糖蛋白组分。丝胶蛋白与皮肤和毛发的角蛋白结合,形成保护性膜。
于1992年6月30日授权公告的授予Takeuchi等的US 5,126,327,标题为“Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibitor and external preparationcontaining the same”的专利,公开了一种促黑激素抑制剂,其具有一定的氨基酸序列,一个具有1-12个碳原子的酰基,一个氨基酸残基,或其具有1-12个碳原子的酰基化衍生物,具有2-40个氨基酸残基的肽残基或其酰基化衍生物。
于2006年4月11日公告的授予Arquette的US 7,025,957,标题为“Composition and method to whiten skin”的专利,公开了一种可有效作为皮肤增白剂的组合物。该组合物包括Simmondsin,一种从加州希蒙得木粉(jojobameal)(Simmondsia chinensis)提取出的苷。在某些实施方案中,该组合物包括加州希蒙得木(Simmondsia chinensis)提取物。该组合物通过向个体局部涂施可有效美白皮肤的量的制剂,其中该组合物包括加州希蒙得木提取物。
于2006年8月1日公告的授予Fotinos等的US 7,083,781,标题为“Filmforming polymers,methods of use,and devices and applications thereof”的专利,公开了用于向受试者的皮肤输送活性剂的组合物和方法,包括聚合物、活性成分和溶剂,该组合物能够通过滚压(rolling)、涂布(spreading)、喷雾(aerosol)或以液滴形式进行输送,并且能够形成与皮肤接触的膜。该成膜组合物中可以掺入本领域已知的化妆活性剂,用于改善皮肤外观。用于制衡该症候的典型抗色素沉着过度剂包括酪氨酸酶抑制剂,例如肽混合物和植物提取物、发酵产物,和抗氧化剂,例如氢醌、曲酸、抗坏血酸衍生物、氢醌的合成或天然衍生物和氢醌的前体。在该发明的优选实施方案中,抗色素沉着过度剂是Pentharm公司(巴塞尔,瑞士)的Melawhite;Coletica(法国)的BiowhiteTM;Sederma(法国)的Etioline;Kelesima(意大利)的Arbossa;Gattefosse(法国)的Gatuline whitening;Exsymol(摩纳哥)的Ascorbocilan C和Alps Pharm(日本)的曲酸。
于2006年10月24日公告的授予Lee的US 7,125,572,标题为“Tyrosinase inhibitor extract”的专利,公开了来自柠檬皮的酪氨酸酶抑制剂提取物。该酪氨酸酶抑制剂提供了有利的皮肤美白效果。根据该发明,该发明的酪氨酸酶抑制剂提取物在280nm具有主吸收。这表明,该酪氨酸酶抑制剂提取物含有某种蛋白或肽。人们认为这种蛋白质或肽是抑制酪氨酸酶的主要活性成分。提取物的其它成分可能提供额外的效果,例如抗老化和抗氧化。酪氨酸酶抑制剂提取物可以被制备成多种形式,包括护肤液(lotions)、乳胶、乳霜(creams)、软膏、贴剂(sticks)、溶液、包剂(pack)和凝胶。酪氨酸酶抑制剂提取物可以和任何化妆品中通常使用的成分混合,例如油性物质、保湿剂、增稠剂、防腐剂、乳化剂、药物成分、香料、乳化稳定剂等。
各种其它的专利和出版物公开了无关的肽。见例如US 6,982,249,其公开了TRAP:凝血酶受体激活肽(与SEQ ID NO:1有关)。
发明简述
下面的简述不意图包括本发明的全部特征和方面,也不意味着本发明必须包含在本简述中讨论的全部特征和方面。
本发明涉及某些肽序列,例如:
>1 SEQ ID NO:1
SFLLRN(“SF肽”)
>2 SEQ ID NO:2
RADSRADC(“RA肽”)
>SEQ ID NO:3(比较例)(“VL肽”)
VLLK
此外,使用三肽PLG-OH(“PLG”),和对照聚L-乳酸。
此外,可以对RADSRADC序列进行改变,例如
>SEQ ID NO:4:
RGDSRGDC
本发明进一步涉及含有本发明肽的套盒和组合物,和治疗涉及酪氨酸表达的病症的方法,其中局部施用本发明肽以治疗涉及皮肤内黑素细胞活性的病症,也可以体内施用。需要注意,PLG肽含有天然氨基和羧基末端。它以PLG-OH表记,表示天然的羧基末端。这与已知的具有甘氨酰胺末端的肽PLG-NH2不同。
而且,本发明肽对人皮肤刺激小,并可以在局部应用中替代氢醌(HQ),产生基本上没有HQ的制剂。
本发明进一步涉及含有本发明肽的套盒和组合物,以及治疗涉及酪氨酸酶表达的病症的方法,其中局部施用本发明肽,用于治疗涉及皮肤中黑素细胞活性的疾病。其它制剂也可在身体的其它区域处理酪氨酸酶活性,并可以体内施用。
因此,在某些方面中,本发明涉及一种纯化的肽,与氨基酸序列RADSRADC具有至少63%同一性,并且对酪氨酸酶的IC 50小于大约10mM。所述肽实际上可以在最多达3个位置上发生替换,包括缺失。本文提供了产生这些改变以及测试其抑制效力的指导。在一些情况下,肽的IC50小于大约5mM,或者甚至更低。在一些情况下,用R或F替换某个残基落在本发明的范围之内,因为这些残基可提高肽与酪氨酸酶的结合。可以有1-3个氨基酸被V,A,L,M或I替换,因为这些残基可提高抑制功能。
此外,可以用L或R替换K;用W或Y替换F;用D替换E,因为已知这些残基是相似的。而且,在一些实施方案中,具有两个毗邻的带电氨基酸是有利的。在某些方面中,本发明包括对一些或全部氨基酸使用D氨基酸。肽可以和调节基团相连,如下文定义的,例如棕榈酸或酯。
在一个方面中,替换可以用图表形式提供:
列1-列举残基 | 列2-替换 |
R | K或L |
S | T,A,A,L,M,I |
D | N,V,A,L,M,I |
C | V,A,L,M,I |
A | G,V,A,L,M,I |
L | I,V,A,M,I |
N | D |
F | R,W,Y |
在某些方面中,本发明包括可用于皮肤美白的局部制剂。该制剂是用皮肤医学上可接受的成分制成的。该制剂可以包括通用载体材料,在某些情况下,还可以包括次级处理药剂和与选自PLG-OH、RA肽和YR肽的序列基本上相同的肽。这些肽可以如上文所述地进行改变。在某些实施方案中,可以对这些制剂进行适当调整以适应可能的非处方用途或处方用途。对于非处方用途,可以使用肽浓度小于大约IC50浓度两倍的制剂。对于处方用途,肽浓度可以为IC50浓度的2-100倍。
本发明肽在某些方面优于HQ,并可以配制成基本上没有HQ。在某些制剂中,可以组合具有不同的序列、不同的附接基团等等的不同的肽。载体可以包括选自下组的材料:保湿制剂(hydrating formulations)、抗氧化制剂和自由基清除剂。
在某些制剂中,可以通过将肽配制在脂质体中而而使其具有更高的皮肤利用度。
在某些方面中,本发明包括皮肤处理方法,包括皮肤美白(增白)。本方面包括用于处理皮肤的方法,包括向皮肤施用与如下之一基本上相同的肽:RADSRADC,SFLLRN或肽PLG-OH,其中所述肽的施用可充分地抑制酪氨酸酶而减轻皮肤色素沉着(lighten skin pigmentation)。该施用可以包括施用局部制备物,如上文所述,并可以进一步包括次级处理产品。
本发明的处理方法还包括在微晶皮肤磨削(microdermabrasion)过程的进一步帮助下进行皮肤美白。该施用可以和微晶皮肤磨削过程同时进行。该施用和辐射处理联合进行。这些过程可用于增加皮肤渗透性。而且,该施用可以和用磨削设备(abrading device)、微针、电穿孔设备或离子电渗设备实施的物理处理联合使用。
在某些方面中,本发明包括用于实施皮肤美白程序的套盒,其包括:对酪氨酸酶的IC50小于大约10mM的纯化肽,选自下组:具有RA肽或SF肽序列的肽,或者具有与RA肽或SF肽序列有至少63%同一性的序列的肽;皮肤医学上可接受的载体;次级处理产品;和使用说明。该套盒可以面向消费者或者医生;该套盒可以包括肽与载体的预组合,从而制剂可以直接施用;或者可能需要将肽与载体混合。
附图简述
图1显示了RA肽,SEQ ID NO:2,和PLG-OH对酪氨酸酶活性的体外效果。
图2显示了SF肽,SEQ ID NO:1,VL肽和聚L-乳酸对照对酪氨酸活性的体外效果。
图3的柱状图显示了媒介物与PLG-OH的面部色素沉着的百分比改善。
图4的柱状图显示了暴露于对照、酪氨酸酶抑制剂HQ和RA肽,图中指示为“P3”,的细胞的增殖速度。
图5的柱状图显示了用不同浓度抑制剂HQ和RA肽(“P3”)处理的细胞中黑色素产生的抑制。
图6的柱状图显示了不同浓度抑制剂HQ和RA肽(“P3”)下的酪氨酸酶活性。
优选实施方案详细说明
概述
本文公开了大约4-10个氨基酸的短肽,并显示了它们具有对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性。短序列肽是用天然存在的氨基酸合成设计的(syntheticallydesigned),因此是生物学安全的。可以通过多种容许到达合适的皮肤层的机制,包括但不限于脂质体,将它们输送到黑素细胞。这些肽不会像通常使用的成分维生素C那样受到氧化问题的困扰。这些肽不像氢醌那样会导致肝癌,而且因为它们来源于天然存在的氨基酸,所以在使酪氨酸酶失活后容易在细胞内降解。它们可以通过抑制黑色素合成而导致皮肤美白(lightening)或增白(whitening)。
定义
除非另外定义,否则本文所用的全部技术和科学术语的意思与本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员所通晓的意思相同。尽管在实践和测试本发明时,可以使用任何与本文所述相似或等同的方法和材料,但这里描述了优选的方法和材料。一般来说,与细胞和分子生物学和化学相关的术语和技术是本领域众所周知并且普遍使用的。某些实验技术没有具体定义,则一般根据本领域众所周知的常规方法,以及本专利说明书通篇中引用和讨论的各类一般性的及更专门的参考文献的内容来进行。为了清楚,下文对如下术语进行定义。
术语“酪氨酸酶”在本文用于表示单酚单加氧酶(EC 1.14.18.1;CAS编号:9002-10-2),一种催化酚类(例如酪氨酸)氧化的酶。它是存在于植物和动物组织中的一种含铜酶,催化通过氧化由酪氨酸产生黑色素和其它色素。所有酪氨酸酶均在活性位点内具有一个双核3型铜核心(binuclear type-3copper center)。这里,两个铜原子中的每一个与三个组氨酸残基配位。Matoba等,“Crystallographic evidence that the dinuclear copper center of tyrosinase isflexible during catalysis,”J Biol Chem.,2006 Mar 31;281(13):8981-90.Epub2006 Jan 25,公开了酪氨酸酶催化中心的三维模型。
术语“肽”在本文用其常规意思,即以氨基酸为单体并通过酰胺键连接起来的聚合物,又可称作多肽。当氨基酸是α-氨基酸时,可以使用L-光学异构体或D-光学异构体。此外,也包括非天然氨基酸,例如β-丙氨酸、苯基甘氨酸和高精氨酸。本发明的肽的长度是两个或多个氨基酸单体,并可以长达20个氨基酸单体。使用氨基酸的标准缩写(如下文所述)。
术语“载体”是指一般用于配制药用化合物,用于提高治疗用酪氨酸抑制剂的稳定性、无菌性和输送能力(deliverability)的化合物。当肽输送系统配制为溶液或混悬液时,输送系统是可接受的载体,优选地是含水载体。可以使用多种含水载体,例如水、缓冲水、0.8%盐水、0.3%甘氨酸、透明质酸等。这些组合物可以通过常规的、众所周知的灭菌技术灭菌,或者可以无菌过滤。所得的水溶液可以包装供直接使用,或者冻干,冻干的制备物在施用之前与灭菌溶液混合。组合物可以包含模拟合适的生理条件所需要的药物可接受的辅料,例如pH调节和缓冲剂、张力调节物(tonicityadjusting agent)、润湿剂等,例如醋酸钠、乳酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、三乙醇胺油酸等。
术语“局部的(topical)”或“局部地”(topically)在本文中使用其常规意思,是指这样的点,其可以在身体任何部分之中或之上,包括但不限于表皮、任何其它真皮或任何其它身体组织。局部施用或涂施意味着肽与含有产黑色素细胞的组织,例如皮肤或膜,直接接触。将本局部药剂施用于皮肤或粘膜的方法包括“非定形”(non-finite)或液体或半液体载体,例如凝胶(gel)、护肤液(lotions)、乳剂(emulsion)、乳霜(cream)、膏药(plaster)或软膏(ointment),或者“定形”(finite)载体,保持其形状的非扩散性物质,例如贴剂(patch)、敷料剂(dressings)和绷带(bandages)。用于定形和非定形活性肽的溶剂是无毒、药物可接受的物质,优选地是液体,其对系统的粘附性或溶解性没有显著的不利影响。溶剂优选地是某种多羟基醇或多种多羟基醇的组合。术语“多羟基醇”的意思是任何有机多元醇,包括一缩二丙二醇(dipropylene glycol)、丙二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油、丁二醇、己二醇、聚氧乙烯、聚丙二醇、山梨醇、乙二醇等。其它合适的溶剂包括脂肪酸,例如油酸、亚油酸、癸酸等,以及脂肪酯或醇。进一步合适的溶剂包括其它在皮肤或透皮组合物中普遍用于溶解肽基组合物的无毒、非挥发性溶剂。
术语“序列同一性”在两条多肽序列的语境中,是指当两条多肽以最大相应度比对时,两条多肽中相同的残基。用于比较的最佳序列比对可以通过下述方法进行:例如Smith和Waterman,Adv.Appl.Math.2:482(1981)的局部同源性算法(local homology algorithm),Needleman和Wunsch,J.Mol.Biol.48:443(1970)的同源性比对算法(homology alignment algorithm),Pearson和Lipman,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.(U.S.A.)85:2444(1988)的搜索相似性方法(search for similarity method),这些算法的计算机实现方式(WisconsinGenetics Software Package,Genetics Computer Group,575 Science Dr.,Madison,Wis.中的GAP,BESTFIT,FASTA和TFASTA),或者通过检视(inspection)。序列同一性可以根据与参考序列相同的残基来计算。例如,对于具有8个残基的RADSRADC,可能具有5个相同的残基,并具有5/8或62.5(63%)的序列同一性。由于肽的长度有限,当根据本发明的教导进行改变时,至少63%的同一性视为“基本上相同”。也可以有6/8(75%)或7/8(88%)的序列同一性。另举一例,残基可以被消除,例如E(谷氨酸)可以变为V、L、M或I,并且可以具有7/8或88%的同一性。
术语“基本上相同”在本文用于表示多肽序列的这样的特征,其中多肽的序列与参考序列相比,在整个肽长度的比对窗口上具有至少60%的序列同一性,优选地至少85%的同一性,和经常90-95%的序列同一性,更通常地至少99%序列同一性。基本上的相同还包括氨基酸的保守替换。术语“基本上相同”,在本发明的6或8个残基的肽的语境中,是指根据本文的教导中特别提及的进行此类替换的指导,以及上文的定义,允许6个氨基酸中的2个被替换,或8个氨基酸中的3个被替换。
进一步说明如何进行氨基酸替换。替换可以通过将给定残基变为R或F以增加结合性,或者将其变成V、A、L、M或I以增加抑制性。可以让肽的一部分负责结合酪氨酸酶,让另一部分负责进行抑制。一般优选地不改变F或R,或者不改变K或E,以及Y或W。对于变成Y的改变,应当在整体序列的背景下进行考虑,因为该残基是酪氨酸酶的天然底物。应当注意的是,某些改变实际上会导致酪氨酸酶活性增加。进一步的指导可见Schurink等,“Novel peptides with tyrosinase inhibitory activity,”Peptides28:485:495(Jan.2007)。
保守的氨基酸替换,是在由具有相近侧链的氨基酸组成的家族中发生的替换。基因编码的氨基酸一般分成如下家族:(1)酸性=天冬氨酸、谷氨酸;(2)碱性=赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸;(3)非极性=丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、色氨酸;和(4)不带电极性=甘氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、半胱氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸。更优选的家族是:丝氨酸和苏氨酸为脂肪族-羟基家族;天冬酰胺和谷氨酰胺为含酰胺家族;丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸是脂肪族;苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸是芳香族;半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸是含硫侧链家族。例如,有理由预期,孤立地用异亮氨酸或缬氨酸替换亮氨酸,用谷氨酸替换天冬氨酸,用丝氨酸替换苏氨酸,或用类似地用结构相近的氨基酸替换某个氨基酸,不会对所得分子的结合性质产生较大影响,特别是当替换不涉及框架位点内的氨基酸时。优选的保守氨基酸替换家族是:缬氨酸-亮氨酸-异亮氨酸,苯丙氨酸-酪氨酸,赖氨酸-精氨酸,丙氨酸-缬氨酸,谷氨酸-天冬氨酸,半胱氨酸-甲硫氨酸,和天冬酰胺-谷氨酰胺。
术语“角质组织”在本文中用于表示担当哺乳动物(例如人、狗、猫等)最外部的保护性遮盖的含有角蛋白的层,包括但不限于,皮肤、粘膜、嘴唇(lips)、毛发、趾甲、指甲、角质层(cuticles)、蹄等。
术语“局部涂施”(topical application)在本文中的意思是在角质组织的表面上涂施(application)或涂布(spread)本发明的组合物。
术语“皮肤医学上可接受的”在本文中的意思是所述的组合物和成分适合用于接触哺乳动物角质组织使用,不会导致过度的毒性、不相容性、不稳定性、变应性应答等。
术语“可注射制剂”在本文中的意思是适合于注射进入人和/或动物体内的制剂,其中注射是皮内、皮下、肌肉内或静脉内。这些制剂是无菌、无致热源,并处于生理学可接受的pH。
术语“辐射过程”在本文中的意思是施加于对象皮肤或内部组织的处理过程,其用于化妆或治疗目的。该术语包括使用电磁辐射设备,例如激光器、LED、射频等。该术语还包括使用超声装置。这些设备均可用于可采用本发明药剂的皮肤美白处理。其中一些处理可改变角质层的渗透性,并可有利地用于施加本发明肽的处理。
术语“IC 50”在本文中意指实现酪氨酸酶活性的50%抑制(通过体外测定实施)所需的酪氨酸酶抑制剂肽的浓度;“小于”某个特定浓度的值包括更低浓度的IC 50值。术语“大约”可以包括加减10%的变化,以及由不同试剂、实验条件导致的变化等。用纯化的酪氨酸酶制备物(例如蘑菇酪氨酸酶)体外测定IC 50可用于确定临床剂量。
通用方法和材料
本发明的材料和方法在广义上是可抑制酪氨酸酶活性的肽,并可以配制成用于人体。因此,它们可用于治疗或减轻涉及黑色素过量产生的病症。
肽
本发明的肽包括保留抑制细胞内酪氨酸酶活性的能力的肽类似物或肽衍生物或肽模拟物(peptidomimetics)。例如,本发明的抑制性肽酪氨酸酶调节物可以被修饰,以增加其稳定性、生物利用度、可溶性等。术语“肽类似物”、“肽衍生物”和“肽模拟物”在本文中包括模拟肽的化学结构并保留肽的功能性质的分子。设计肽类似物的方法是本领域已知的。例如见Farmer,P.S.,于Drug Design(E.J.Ariens,ed.)Academic Press,New York,1980,vol.10,pp.119-143;Ball.J.B.and Alewood,P.F.(1990)J.Mol.Recognition 3:55;Morgan,B.A.and Gainor,J.A.(1989)Ann.Rep.Med.Chem.24:243;以及Freidinger,R.M.(1989)Trends Pharmacol.Sci.10:270。肽类似物、衍生物、和肽模拟物的实例包括用一种或多种苯并二氮卓(benzodiazepine)分子替换的肽(见James,G.L.等.(1993)Science260:1937-1942),具有甲基化酰胺连接的肽,和“逆反式”(retro-inverso)肽(见Sisto的美国专利4,522,752)。肽类似物、肽衍生物和肽模拟物在下文有进一步的描述。
本发明的肽可以包括来自任何天然氨基酸或者任何非天然氨基酸的残基。这些天然的和非天然的氨基酸可以是D或L构型。术语D和L在本文中使用其本领域已知的意思。本发明的肽包括单个氨基酸和小段(例如1-10个)的多个氨基酸。此外本发明的修饰肽还可以包括单体或二聚体。
本文使用氨基酸的通用单字母和三字母编码,如下所示:
A(Ala)丙氨酸 C(Cys)半胱氨酸 D(Asp)天冬氨酸
E(Glu)谷氨酸 F(Phe)苯丙氨酸 G(Gly)甘氨酸
H(His)组氨酸 I(Ile)异亮氨酸 K(Lys)赖氨酸
L(Leu)亮氨酸 M(Met)甲硫氨酸 N(Asn)天冬酰胺
P(Pro)脯氨酸 Q(Gln)谷氨酰胺 R(Arg)精氨酸
S(Ser)丝氨酸 T(Thr)苏氨酸 V(Val)缬氨酸
W(Trp)色氨酸 Y(Tyr)酪氨酸
如上所述,指定的残基可以是天然的L氨基酸,或者其修饰物,即化学修饰物、光学异构体、或者与修饰基团相连。我们意图在肽内可进行特定的修饰,但保留本发明肽特异性抑制酪氨酸酶的下述活性的能力:其中酪氨酸酶通过该活性催化色素合成途径的前两个步骤:氨基酸酪氨酸被羟化成二羟苯丙氨酸(DOPA)和/或随后氧化成多巴醌。
我们还意图可以在特定的序列中进行特异的修饰,以便向该肽提供某些额外的期望性质。蛋白结构中的某些氨基酸可以被其它氨基酸替换,而不会显著损失肽活性。由于限定某种肽的生物学功能活性的是该肽的相互作用能力(interactive capacity)和性质,所以即使在短肽序列中也能进行某些氨基酸序列替换,而仍然能够获得具有相似性质的肽。因此,本发明人预期,在本发明酪氨酸酶抑制剂的序列内可以进行各种改变,而不会损失生物利用度或活性,并且或许可以提高期望的活性。
例如,在设计具有酪氨酸酶抑制剂性质的肽构建体时,可以使用替换来调节该分子的一种或多种性质。这样的变异体通常在肽的一个或多个位点上有一个氨基酸被交换为另一个氨基酸。例如,肽结构内的某些氨基酸可以被其它的氨基酸替换,以提高结构的相互作用结合能力。还可以用D-氨基酸替换L-氨基酸,或者引入某些侧链共价修饰。
在制造这些改变时,可能要考虑氨基酸的亲水指数(hydropathic index)。
亲水氨基酸指数在为蛋白提供相互作用生物学功能中的重要性是本领域普遍理解的(Kyte and Doolittle,1982)。人们公认,氨基酸的相对亲水性质对最终蛋白的二级结构有贡献,而该二级结构进一步限定了蛋白与其它分子,例如酶、底物、受体、DNA、抗体、抗原等,的相互作用。
每一种氨基酸均根据其疏水性和电荷特征被给予了一个亲水指数(hydropathic index)(Kyte and Doolittle,1982),它们是:异亮氨酸(+4.5);缬氨酸(+4.2);亮氨酸(+3.8);苯丙氨酸(+2.8);半胱氨酸/胱氨酸(+2.5);甲硫氨酸(+1.9);丙氨酸(+1.8);甘氨酸(-0.4);苏氨酸(-0.7);丝氨酸(-0.8);色氨酸(-0.9);酪氨酸(-1.3);脯氨酸(-1.6);组氨酸(-3.2);谷氨酸(-3.5);谷氨酰胺(-3.5);天冬氨酸(-3.5);天冬酰胺(-3.5);赖氨酸(-3.9);和精氨酸(-4.5)。
在修饰本文示例的序列时,可以将某些氨基酸替换为其它具有相似亲水指数或得分(hydropathic index or score)的氨基酸,仍然获得具有相似的生物学活性的蛋白,即仍可获得生物学上功能等价的蛋白质。在进行这类改变时,优选替换亲水指数(hydropathic index)在±2之内的氨基酸,特别优选替换亲水指数(hydropathic index)±1之内的氨基酸,更特别优选的是替换亲水指数(hydropathic index)在±0.5之内的氨基酸。
还可以根据亲水性(hydrophilicity)有效地进行相似氨基酸的替换。美国专利4,554,101(援引并入本文)指出,蛋白的最大局部平均亲水性(hydrophilicity)——其是由其相邻氨基酸的亲水性(hydrophilicity)决定的——与该蛋白的生物学性质关联。如美国专利4,554,101中详细描述的,给氨基酸残基指定了如下的亲水性(hydrophilicity)值:精氨酸(+3.0);赖氨酸(+3.0);天冬氨酸(+3.0±1);谷氨酸(+3.0±1);丝氨酸(+0.3);天冬酰胺(+0.2);谷氨酰胺(+0.2);甘氨酸(0);苏氨酸(-0.4);脯氨酸(-0.5±);丙氨酸(-0.5);组氨酸(-0.5);半胱氨酸(-1.0);甲硫氨酸(-1.3);缬氨酸(-1.5);亮氨酸(-1.8);异亮氨酸(-1.8);酪氨酸(-2.3);苯丙氨酸(-2.5);色氨酸(-3.4)。
在修饰示例序列时,氨基酸替换还可以一般地基于氨基酸侧链替换物的相对相似性,例如其疏水性、亲水性(hydrophilicity)、电荷、尺寸等,但也可以突出肽的某种特定性质。考虑到各种前述特征的替换实例是本领域技术人员已知的,并且包括:精氨酸和赖氨酸,它们与组氨酸都在生理pH下呈碱性;谷氨酸和天冬氨酸(酸性);丝氨酸和苏氨酸;谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺;以及缬氨酸,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸。
天然存在的氨基酸侧链如下所示,其中*代表与化合物骨架连接的点:
本发明肽的氨基酸还可以被修饰,从而使氨基酰化、烷基化或芳基化。苄基基团(benzyl groups)可以被卤化、亚硝基化、烷基化、磺化或酰化。
各种化学修饰的氨基酸均可以加入到本发明肽内。这些实例包括:
乙酰化的
N-乙酰-L-丙氨酸,N-乙酰-L-精氨酸;N-乙酰-L-天冬酰胺;N-乙酰-L-天冬氨酸;N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸;N-乙酰-L-谷氨酰胺;N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸;N-乙酰甘氨酸;N-乙酰-L-组氨酸;N-乙酰-L-异亮氨酸;N-乙酰-L-亮氨酸;N2-乙酰-L-赖氨酸;N6-乙酰-L-赖氨酸;N-乙酰-L-甲硫氨酸;N-乙酰-L-苯丙氨酸;N-乙酰-L-脯氨酸;N-乙酰-L-丝氨酸;
N-乙酰-L苏氨酸;N-乙酰-L-色氨酸;N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸;N-乙酰-L-缬氨酸。
酰胺化的
L-丙氨酸胺,L-精氨酸胺
甲酰化的
N-甲酸基-L-甲硫氨酸
羟基化的
4-羟基-L-脯氨酸
脂质改性的(LIPID MODIFIED)
S-法尼基-L-半胱氨酸,S-香叶酰香叶酰(geranylgeranyl)-L-半胱氨酸,N-棕榈酰-L-半胱氨酸,
S-棕榈酰-L-半胱氨酸,N-肉豆蔻酰-甘氨酸,N6-肉豆蔻酰-L-赖氨酸
甲基化的
N-甲基-L-丙氨酸,N,N,N-三甲基-L-丙氨酸,ω-N,ω-N-二甲基-L-精氨酸
L-β-甲基硫代天冬氨酸(methylthioaspartic acid),N5-甲基-L-谷氨酰胺,L-谷氨酸5-甲酯
3′-甲基-L-组氨酸,N6-甲基-L-赖氨酸,N6,N6-二甲基-L-赖氨酸,
N6,N6,N6-三甲基-L-赖氨酸,N-甲基-L-甲硫氨酸,N-甲基-L-苯丙氨酸
磷酸化的
ω-N-磷酰(phospho)-L-精氨酸,L-天冬氨酸4-磷酸酐,S-磷酰-L-半胱氨酸,
1′-磷酰-L-组氨酸,3′-磷酰-L-组氨酸,O-磷酰-L-丝氨酸,
O-磷酰L-苏氨酸,O4′-磷酰-L-酪氨酸
其它
L-硒代半胱氨酸,L-硒代甲硫氨酸,L-3-氧代丙氨酸,2-吡咯烷酮-5-羧酸,L-谷氨酰基5-甘油基磷酸乙醇胺,2′-[3-甲酰胺基-3-(三甲基铵)丙基]-L-组氨酸(即白喉酰胺(diphthamide)),N6-生物素-L-赖氨酸,N6-(4-氨基-2-羟丁基)-L-赖氨酸(即hypusine),N6-视黄醛-L-赖氨酸。
本发明肽中包含的其它氨基酸修饰是本领域已知的,在下列文献中有描述,例如Kuhner等.US 6,858,581描述了化学修饰的抗微生物肽。
调节基团(modulating groups)
在具有上式(formula)的本发明酪氨酸酶调节物中,可以将用于增加细胞吸收、提高效力或改善配制(formulation)的调节基团直接或间接附接在酪氨酸酶抑制剂肽上。例如,调节基团可以通过共价偶联于肽上而直接附接,或者调节基团可以通过稳定的非共价缔合而间接附接。在本发明的一个实施方案中,调节基团附接于调节物的肽的氨基端。或者,在本发明另一个实施方案中,调节基团附接于调节物的肽的羧基端。
在另外一个实施方案中,调节基团附接于化合物的肽的至少一个氨基酸残基的侧链上(例如通过赖氨酰残基的ξ-氨基,通过天冬氨酸残基或谷氨酸残基的羧基,通过酪氨酰残基、丝氨酸残基或苏氨酸残基的羟基,或者通过氨基酸侧链上的其它合适的活性基团)。关于制备此类调节基团的进一步指导可见美国专利5,854,204。
本发明肽还可以偶联于其它的酪氨酸酶抑制剂,例如曲酸(C6H6O4;5-羟基-2-(羟甲基)-4-吡喃酮)或gnetol(见Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.2003Mar;67(3):663-5)。
另一种用于提高细胞渗透性的调节基团是可以被黑色素细胞识别和摄取的氨基酸序列。D’Ursi等,“A Membrane-Permeable Peptide Containing theLast 21 Residues of the GS Carboxyl Terminus Inhibits GS-Coupled ReceptorSignaling in Intact Cells:Correlations between Peptide Structure and BiologicalActivity,”Mol Pharmacol 69:727-736,2006,公开了细胞渗透性肽,它们能够运送共价附接的货物(cargo)——如内源蛋白质的肽或多肽片段——通过细胞膜。作者们将他们的肽与16-残基片段penetratin偶联;这样的片段可以偶联于本文公开的肽。
因此,术语“调节基团”的意思是这样的有机小分子,它们与肽连接并影响其活性:或者通过提高肽的稳定吸收或其它性质,或者通过提供额外的酪氨酸酶抑制。
在一个优选实施方案中,调节基团包括环、杂环或多环基团。术语“环状基团(cyclic group)”在本文中意图包括具有大约3-10个,优选地大约4-8个,更优选地大约5-7个碳原子的饱和或不饱和(即芳香)环状基团。环基团的实例包括环丙基(cyclopropyl)、环丁基、环戊基、环己基和环辛基(cyclooctyl)。环基团可以是无取代的,或者在一个或多个环位置处有取代。因此,环基团可以例如被如下基团取代:卤素、烷基、环烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、杂环、羟基、氨基、硝基、硫醇、胺、亚胺、酰胺、膦酸盐或酯(phosphonates)、膦(phosphines)、羰基、羧基、甲硅烷基、醚、硫醚、磺酰、磺酸醚或酯(sulfonates)、硒醚(selenoethers)、酮、醛、酯、--CF3、--CN、等等。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,调节基团包括与肽结合的脂肪酸,以增加透皮摄取。合适的脂肪酸(意图包括相应的酯)包括选自下组的脂肪酸酯润滑剂:棕榈酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯、月桂酸异丙酯、肉豆蔻酰异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异辛酯、乳酸十二烷基酯和乳酸十六烷基酯。
术语“杂环基团”意图包括饱和或不饱和(即芳香)环状基团,具有大约3-10个,优选地大约4-8个,更优选地大约5-7个碳原子,其中环的结构包括大约1-4个杂原子(heteroatom)。杂环基团包括吡咯烷、四氢呋喃(oxolane)、四氢噻吩(thiolane)、咪唑、噁唑、哌啶、哌嗪、吗啉。杂环的一个或多个位置可以被如下的取代基取代,例如卤素、烷基、环烷基、烯基、炔基、芳香基、其它杂环、羟基、氨基、硝基、硫醇、胺、亚胺、酰胺、膦酸盐或酯、膦、羰基、羧基、甲硅烷基、醚、硫醚、磺酰、硒醚(selenoethers)、酮、醛、酯、--CF3、--CN、等等。杂环还可以和其它环状基团桥连或稠合。
制剂
本发明的肽优选地配制成局部组合物,其含有皮肤医学上可接受的载体。词组“皮肤医学上可接受的载体”在本文中的意思是,该载体适合于局部涂施到角质组织,具有良好的美学性质,与本发明的活性成分(actives)和任何其它成分相容,并且不会造成任何不良的安全性或毒性问题。载体的安全和有效量为组合物的大约50%-大约99.99%,优选地大约80%-大约99.9%,更优选地大约90%-大约98%,更加优选地大约90%-大约95%。
载体可以采取多种多样的形式。例如,乳剂载体,包括但不限于水包油、油包水、水包油包水(water-in-oil-in-water)和有机硅包水包油(oil-in-water-in-silicone)乳剂,可以用于本发明。
优选的载体含有乳剂,例如水包油乳剂、油包水乳剂和有机硅包水(water-in-silicone)乳剂。
根据本发明的乳剂一般含有如上所述的溶液,以及脂或油。脂或油可以来源于动物、植物或石油,并且可以是天然的或合成的(即人造的)。优选的乳剂还含有保湿剂,例如甘油。乳剂优选地进一步含有以载体重量计大约0.01%-大约10%,更优选地大约0.1%-大约5%的乳化剂。乳化剂可以是非离子型、阴离子型或阳离子型。合适的乳化剂在下列文献中被公开,例如美国专利No.3,755,560,1973年8月28日授权公告;Dickert等;美国专利No.4,421,769,1983年12月20日授权公告;Dixon等;和McCutcheon′sDetergents and Emulsifiers,North American Edition,第317-324页(1986)。
乳剂还可以含有消泡剂,以便将涂施于角质组织时产生的泡沫最小化。消泡剂包括高分子量有机硅(silicones)和其它本领域众所周知的用于此用途的材料。
合适的乳剂的粘度范围可以很宽,这取决于期望的产品形式。低粘度乳剂——它们是优选的——的实例的粘度为大约50厘沱或者更低,更优选地大约10厘沱或者更低,再优选地大约5厘沱或者更低。
优选的硅胶包水和水包油乳剂在下列文献中有更详细的介绍:Bissett等US PGPUB 20060188462,2006年8月24日公开,标题为“Skin carecompositions containing a sugar amine”。
本发明的肽可以被配制在脂质体内。本发明的肽可以按照如下的方法包含在脂质体中,例如授予Uster等的US 4,944,948,标题为“EGF/Liposomegel composition and method”所述的方法,其中用抑制性肽替换该文中采用的EGF。如该文所述,可以用脂质体包裹的肽(liposome-entrapped peptide)制备带负电脂质体的高粘度水性分散体。肽/脂质体组合物是通过将脂质混合物混悬在低导电率含水介质中,形成凝胶样的组合物而形成的;其中所述脂质混合物典型地含有等摩尔量的中性和带负电荷的磷脂和胆固醇,所述低导电率含水介质含有肽和等电点为pH5.5-8.5的两性离子化合物。进一步的示例指导可见授予Mezei等的US 4,485,054,标题为“Method of encapsulatingbiologically active materials in multilamellar lipid vesicles(MLV)”。
本文的肽酪氨酸酶抑制剂还可以被制备成口服或可注射制剂。可注射制剂的pH是重要的,特别是在注射过程中的安全性和舒适度方面,而且特别是在制备物是作为液体制剂提供时。合适的制剂可以含有防腐剂,例如苯甲酸钠、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯等,并且在25℃的pH可为6.8-8.0。pH优选地通过缓冲液维持。合适的缓冲剂包括醋酸盐缓冲剂、2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇、甘氨酸缓冲剂、磷酸盐缓冲剂、(tris>羟甲基-氨基甲烷)(TRIS)缓冲剂、(2->N-吗啉代-乙磺酸)等。制剂通常还将包括如上文定义的载体。可注射的制剂适于治疗黑素瘤和其它由表达酪氨酸酶的细胞衍生的癌症,例如胶质母细胞瘤。进一步的细节可见授予Bouchard等的US5,773,291,于1998年6月30日授权公告,标题为“Non-melanotytic mammaliancell constitutively expressing biologically active human tyrosinase and usethereof”的专利。这些制剂可用于局部涂施无法达到的黑素细胞,例如非角质组织中的黑素细胞。黑素细胞可见于表皮基底层,以及毛囊、视网膜、色素层(uveal tract)和柔脑膜。这些细胞是黑素细胞的起源部位。关于口服制剂,示例制剂可见US 2007/0134279。
本发明的肽酪氨酸酶抑制剂可以单独使用或者互相组合使用。它们还可以和其它生物活性药物或药妆品组合使用。可以通过脂质体或其它经皮输送机制,例如破坏性装置(disruptive device)等,来输送它们。可以将肽的C端或N端与脂肪酸链偶联,以便促进非基于脂质体的、通过脂分配(partition)而进入角质层的输送。可以将其它致死剂或自杀剂和肽偶联,以便向高水平表达酪氨酸酶的细胞,例如黑素瘤细胞,输送致死剂或自杀剂。
本发明肽的脂质肽制剂在下列文献中有进一步的描述:授予Dasseux的US 6,287,590,于2001年9月11日授权公告,标题为“Peptide/lipid complexformation by co-lyophilization”;授予Yatvin等的US 5,543,389,于1996年8月6日授权公告,标题为“Covalent polar lipid-peptide conjugates for use insalves”,以及其它参考文献。
本文描述的寡肽的长度,即20个或优选地12个或更少的氨基酸,且具有酪氨酸酶生物抑制活性,先前没有被描述过。我们相信,迄今为止,所有用于体内抑制酪氨酸酶活性的制剂都不是基于肽的。
配制本发明肽的进一步的指导见授予Chaudhuri等的US 20040086560,其于2004年5月6日授权公告,标题为“Skin-lightening”。
本发明肽可以进一步与其它可以用于治疗或缓解皮肤症候的成分或与可降低该肽与磨皮处理(abrasive procedures)联合施用时的刺激作用的成分一起配制。这些附加成分的实例在本文中称作“第二处理剂”,包括1%维生素K和水性基质中的1%氢化可的松;痤疮处理制剂(例如水杨酸,金缕梅缓冲酒精基制剂(alcohol base buffered by witch haze));细纹/皱纹治疗制剂(fine lines/wrinkle treatment formulation)(例如水基透明质酸);保水制剂(hydrating formulation)(例如矿物油基的金盏花(calendula)、维生素A、D或E,或它们的任意组合);抗氧化制剂/自由基清除剂(例如矿物油基的维生素A、E和K)。可单独使用或者与其它化合物组合使用的产品类型的其它实例包括防腐剂、收敛剂、清洁剂、孔减充血剂(pore decongestant)、香膏(balms)、植物性药材(botanical)、胶原刺激物(collagen stimulator)、草药(herbs)、微乳化剂(microemulsifiers)、氧输送媒质(oxygen delivery vehicles)、蛋白质、血清、皮肤固化剂(skin firming agents)、爽肤水(toners)和局部麻醉剂。可用的具名产品有(括号里注明的是其有益效果):芦荟(舒肤(calming));α羟酸(蜕皮(peel));α硫辛酸(抗氧化剂);过氧化苯酰(benzoil)和其它过氧化物(痤疮);神经酰胺(保水剂(hydrator));铜(爽肤(toning));铜肽(爽肤(toning));CoQ-10(辅酶Q-10)和其它酶(爽肤(toning));可的松(舒肤(calming));乙醇酸(蜕皮(peel));透明质酸(胶原激活);亲水脂(hydrolipid)(保水剂(hydrator));乳酸(蜕皮(peel));抗坏血酸磷酸镁(自由基清除剂、胶原蛋白刺激物、漂白);烟酸(血管扩张);磷脂(润湿);钾(爽肤(toning)、牛皮癣)和水杨酸(痤疮)。上述成分被教导用于授予Karasiuk的US PGPUB 20070088371,后者于2007年4月19日授权公告,标题为“Microdermabrasion System and Method of Use”。
作为其它的第二处理剂,本发明的酪氨酸酶抑制剂肽和制剂还可以任选地互相混合以及与用于处理目的(即皮肤美白或增白)的其它皮肤增白剂混合。例如,可组合的皮肤美白产品包括,但不仅限于,半胱氨酸、4-硫代间苯二酚、3-氨基酪氨酸、5-羟基-2-羟甲基-γ-吡啶酮、fomes japonicus和灵芝提取物、曲酸、光甘草定(glabridin)、甘草(licorice)提取物、甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid)、长春花(catharanthus roseus)提取物、蛋白聚糖、蛋白酶抑制剂、寡肽、甜菜碱、和4-苄氧-2-羟基苯甲酸甲酯、4-苄氧-2-羟基苯甲酸等。本发明肽还可以组合或与其它酪氨酸酶抑制剂组合,所述其它酪氨酸酶抑制剂例如异甘草素查耳酮(isoliquiritigenin chalcone,ILC)或4,4′-二羟基联苯(44′-BP)(见Kim等,“4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl as a new potent tyrosinaseinhibitor,”Biol Pharm Bull.2005 Feb;28(2):323-7)。
剂量
术语“治疗有效量”意思是足以对黑色素细胞产生酪氨酸酶抑制剂效果,导致黑色素产生的减少或消失的药物量。这些量是本领域已知的,或可以通过本领域已知的方法确定,典型地范围是大约1-20,000mg/成人,优选地大约10-10,000mg,最优选的范围是大约20-5,000mg抑制剂/次涂施,取决于所选的制剂,以及组织(例如皮肤或黏膜)是否是作用部位。组合物中麻醉剂量的唯一上限是该制备物基本上没有抑制剂晶体,并且所用的溶剂量不足以对定型(finite)组合物的性质造成不良影响,使其得以贴附在期望的涂施部位。因此,单成分抑制剂肽含有治疗有效量的处于上述范围内的作用剂。在实验中已经发现,由IC50推算,肽的浓度是合适的。一般地,我们建议高于2倍IC50(above two times IC50)的浓度适合于处方应用;低于约2倍IC50的浓度适于非处方应用。然而,制剂可以含有高达大约100倍IC50,以备皮肤摄取不足或其它损失。在两倍IC50下,应当可以获得95%酪氨酸酶抑制。下表是示例性的:
肽 | 浓度mM | 克/1盎司乳霜 |
PLG-OH | 5.46 | 0.043 |
SF肽 | 16mM | 0.379 |
RA肽 | 246μM | 0.0062 |
上述的制剂基本上如下制备:
成分名 | 可接受范围 | 优选范围 |
1.水 | 1.00-90.00% | 30.00-70.00% |
2.芦荟(ALOE BARBADENSIS)叶汁 | 1.00-90.00% | 5.00-60.00% |
3.三辛酸/三癸酸甘油酯(caprilic/caprictriglyceride | 1.00-15.00% | 5.00-10.00% |
4.戊二醇 | 0.50-10.00% | 1.00-5.00% |
5.一缩二丙三醇(diglycerin) | 0.50-20.00% | 1.00-10.00% |
6.双-乙氧基二甘醇环己烷1,4-二羧酸 | 0.50-3.00% | 1.00-2.00% |
7.二甲硅油 | 0.50-10.00% | 1.00-5.00% |
8.抗坏血酸乙酯 | 0.10-10.00% | 1.00-5.00% |
9.透明质酸纳 | 0.50-90.00% | 5.00-20.00% |
10.PCA钠 | 0.50-20.00% | 1.00-5.00% |
11.鲸蜡硬脂醇(cetearul alcohol) | 0.50-5.00% | 1.00-3.00% |
12.磷酸二鲸蜡脂 | 0.50-5.00% | 0.50-3.00% |
13.鲸蜡醇聚醚-10磷酸酯 | 0.50-5.00% | 0.50-3.00% |
14.甘草根提取物 | 0.01-5.00% | 0.10-2.00% |
15.角鲨烷 | 0.50-10.00% | 1.00-5.00% |
16.菌核胶(sclerotium gum) | 0.20-4.00% | 0.50-2.00% |
17.十肽-12 | ||
18.丁二醇 | 1.00-30.00% | 3.00-10.00% |
19.泛醇 | 0.10-5.00% | 0.50-2.00% |
20.尿囊素 | 0.01-1.00% | 0.10-0.50% |
21.EDTA四钠 | 0.05-2.00% | 0.10-0.50% |
22.氯苯甘油 | 0.10-1.00% | 0.10-0.50% |
23.辛乙二醇 | 0.10-2.00% | 0.50-1.00% |
24.苯氧基乙醇 | 0.30-2.00% | 0.50-1.00% |
每单位面积即每平方或立方厘米上抑制剂肽的浓度及量可以独立地加以变化,以便获得理想的效果。在较薄的剂型中包含高浓度的抑制剂肽基质可导致持续时间短的涂施。在较厚的剂型(更高mg数的抑制剂肽/平方或立方厘米)中包含高浓度抑制剂肽可导致强力的抑制,起效(onset)迅速且持续时间长。在较薄剂型中包含低浓度的抑制剂肽基质可导致温和的抑制,起效时间较长,且持续时间短。在较厚剂型中包含的低浓度抑制剂肽可导致温和的抑制,起效时间较长,且持续时间较长。如上面的解释所示,本发明的实施者既能够将抑制剂肽在总组合物中的浓度在极低浓度(大约1%)和高浓度(40%或者更高)之间加以改变,还能够进行薄(大约0.001英寸)或厚(大约0.500英寸或者更多)的包衣,从而使得本发明的实施者能够根据目标的特定解剖学位置的需要改变体系的剂量。
一个通用的规则是,就给定组织,例如上皮下层而言,所选择的肽药物、涂施的浓度和厚度以及持续时间取决于肽渗透该组织(例如表皮或黏膜的基底层),并且在约2-30分钟内到达效力峰值的能力。抑制剂肽对组织(例如表皮)的效果的持续时间在大约2-240分钟之间,这取决于所选的作用剂、抑制剂肽的浓度和涂施的厚度。也可以根据需要选择更长或更短的持续时间,这是本领域的技术人员容易想到的。
处理方法
经过如上所述方式配制和/或修饰的本发明的肽,可用于多种处理方式。例如,它们可以口服、注射或者与激光处理或皮肤磨削/微晶皮肤磨削(microdermabrasion)结合使用。皮肤磨削是一种美容医学程序,其中通过磨削(磨砂(sanding))除去皮肤表面。它被用于除去晒伤(sun-damaged)的皮肤,和除去或减少皮肤上的伤疤和暗斑。皮肤磨削器件典型地是有金刚石镶齿的(diamond tipped),尽管也可以使用铝晶体。一种方法称作“SilkPeel”,将金刚石镶齿微切皮机和溶液深层输送结合起来,所述溶液可以包含增白剂,用于改善皮肤状况或恢复皮肤活力。在一种优选方法中,肽作为在微晶皮肤磨削期间输送的溶液的一部分施用。如果进行皮肤磨削时有环绕接受微磨削的皮肤区域的液流,则用维生素、护肤液(lotion)等对皮肤进行预处理和后处理,在优选的方法中,预处理和后处理还使用本发明的酪氨酸酶抑制剂肽。预处理可以软化待微晶磨削的皮肤处理区域,借此使表皮剥脱更完全且更容易剥脱,并且使处理后的皮肤组织损伤减少,而后处理有助于减轻处理后皮肤组织的划痕(streaking)和发红。关于处理方法进一步的细节可以参看授予Karasiuk的US 6,695,853,其于2004年2月24日授权公告,标题为“Microdermabrasion system and method of use”。
本发明的肽可以和激光处理结合使用。激光处理(例如铒激光)可气化不同深度的受损伤皮肤组织。铒激光器在美国专利3,978,427中有进一步的描述。铒激光程序使用局部麻醉液,并且通常要2-5天愈合,取决于激光器能量穿透的深度。根据黑色素的吸收光谱,Q开关红宝石激光器(694nm)和Q开关Nd:Yag激光器(1064nm)是与本发明肽组合用于治疗过度色素沉着的损伤(例如痣和炎症后色素沉着过度)的首选激光器。
除了激光处理之外,本发明肽还可以和各种辐射处理组合使用,例如通过Rf设备、LED或超声来施用辐射能。本发明肽还可用于微针(microneedle)处理、电穿孔或离子电渗(iontophoresis)。合适地微针在授予Garstein等的US 6256533中有描述,其于2001年7月3日授权公告,标题为“Apparatus and method for using an intracutaneous microneedle array”。电穿孔涉及向皮肤施加高电压脉冲,有人提出这样可诱导形成瞬时的微孔。高电压和短的处理持续时间(毫秒)是最经常采用的。其它影响输送的电学参数包括脉冲性质,例如波形、速度和数目,这些在许多出版物中有进一步的描述。该技术已经被成功地用于提高皮肤对具有不同亲脂性和尺寸的分子(即小分子、蛋白质、肽和寡肽)的渗透性。离子电渗涉及施用低水平的电流,或者直接施用于皮肤或者经由剂型间接施用,以提高局部涂施的治疗剂的渗透。通过这种方法获得的药物渗透增高,可以归因于下列机制的一种或其组合:电排斥(对于带电溶液)、电渗(对于不带电溶液)和电扰动(electro-perturbation)(对于带电和不带电溶液)。目前有数种离子电渗系统正在商业开发中。
上文所述的可以使用本发明的病症包括(或者除这些病症之外还有),但不限于:雀斑减少、亚洲人皮肤上的黄色主色(yellow mass-tone)的减少,和与老化过程相关的皮肤色素异常(dischromia)的抑制,以及与静脉疾病相关的发红的减少,和UV诱发的色素沉着的减少。
如上所述,优选的处理方法涉及皮肤美白。本发明抑制剂还可用于其它的处理。酪氨酸酶是用于黑素瘤患者免疫治疗的一个引人注意的靶抗原,因为它的表达的均一性比数种其它的黑素细胞分化抗原例如MART-1,gp100或gp75更高。在两项不同的研究中,通过免疫组化或反转录聚合酶链式反应评估发现,酪氨酸酶在100%的新鲜黑素瘤样品中表达。这些数据表明,酪氨酸酶对于几乎所有的黑素瘤患者都是一个优良的靶点(Riley等,J.Immunother.,2001,24,212-220)。
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada(VKH)病也牵涉酪氨酸酶的参与。VKH是一种伴随有中枢神经系统、听觉和皮肤征候的双侧肉芽肿性全葡萄膜炎。它通常表现与无菌性脑膜炎相似的前驱症状(prodromal),随后发生具有渗出性视网膜脱落和间板充血(disk hyperemia)的后葡萄膜炎。从VKH病患者来源建立并经酪氨酸酶家族肽刺激的T细胞克隆表现出占主导地位的促炎性Th1-型T细胞响应。Read等证明,在大鼠中,VKH样综合征可以通过用来源于酪氨酸酶和其它酪氨酸酶家族蛋白的肽进行免疫而诱发(Read等,Curr.Opin.Ophthalmol.,2000,11,437-442)。
实施例
设计和体外试验
蘑菇酪氨酸酶、L-酪氨酸和其它用于酶反应的化学品从Sigma-Aldrich获得。短序列肽1-7根据与已知酪氨酸酶底物的潜在同源性设计。所有合成肽的长度均为3-10个氨基酸,用tBoc和/或Fmoc固相化学合成。所有情况下,肽均被确认为研究级(>80%纯度)。应当理解,使用研究级试剂是为了方便,优选地,肽可制备成药物级纯度,大于90%,优选地大于99%纯度。
通过比色检测底物L-酪氨酸的反应产物,即多巴色素(dopachrome),来测定实验肽对酪氨酸酶的抑制。将蘑菇酪氨酸酶、L-酪氨酸和磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 6.8)添加到含有溶解在5%DMSO中的短序列肽的96孔板中,在37℃下温育。反应开始30min后,用BIO-TEK平板阅读器测量475nm吸光度。每个实验一式三份分3次重复进行(performed in triplicate on 3 separateoccasions)。实验方案在下列文献中有更详细的描述:Piao等,“MushroomTyrosinase Inhibition Activity of Some Chromones,”Chem.Pharm.Bull.56(3):309-311(2002),和Pomerants,J.Biol.Chem 238:2351-2357(1963)。
观察伴随0.5、1、2、和4mM L-酪氨酸底物浓度的反应速度的变化,用Michaelis-Menton方程计算酶动力学。一旦获得初始反应速度,即作出Lineweaver-Burke点线图,从而计算Km,Vmax,确定酶抑制的模式。
IC50结果
下面提供了分子量为321-1,556的数种合成肽。在所筛选的7种肽中,发现有5种具有不同的抑制作用,而有2种对酪氨酸酶没有活性。这些肽的IC50值的范围是~40μM-8mM。结果在下表中给出:
分子量(道尔顿) | 试剂 | IC50 |
284.4 | PLG-OH | 2.73mM |
470.6 | VLLK | 无效果 |
838 | SFLLRN | 8mM |
1200-1400 | 聚L-乳酸 | 无效果 |
892.9 | RADSRADC | 123uM |
1200-2400 | 聚L-乳酸 | 无效果 |
综上所述,我们根据它们与酪氨酸酶底物观察性质的相似性设计了合成短序列肽。令人惊讶地,我们发现了对酪氨酸酶具有不同程度抑制的肽。
S | F | L | L | R | N | ||
R | A | D | S | R | A | D | C |
P | L | G |
本发现的一个方面涉及可能的肽修饰的知识,包括上文给出的指导。比较上面所示的三个肽可以看出,在每个实施方案中,序列内部存在至少一个带电残基。这显示了在上述基序中具有两个相邻带正电荷残基(如下划线表示的D和R残基所示)是理想的。可以根据已知的原理,根据电荷对序列进行改变,例如下表所示:
组 pKA
酸性
羧基端 3.1
天冬氨酸 4.4
谷氨酸 4.4
半胱氨酸 8.5
酪氨酸 10.0
碱性
氨基酸 8.0
赖氨酸 10.0
精氨酸 12.0
组氨酸 6.5
再一次,不希望受限于任何理论,我们相信,就修饰的目的而言,PLG似乎与L-多巴,而不是与L-酪氨酸竞争作用。SFLLRN需要苯丙氨酸(F)发挥L-酪氨酸模拟物的活性。RADSRADC似乎利用末端半胱氨酸来影响酪氨酸酶。
此外,一个或多个Tyr或类似的残基(例如Phe或Trp)的存在是理想的。这些观察结果为设计与所举例的相似的序列提供了进一步的指导。此外,可以把肽设计成形成自我组装的二级结构,借此可以使多个酪氨酸酶分子被单一复合体结合。这有利于具有多个酪氨酸残基的序列。
测得的IC50值低达40μM,这个值与现有的某些产业用的高效酪氨酸酶抑制剂相仿。抑制模式在所有实例中均被确定是竞争性的。发现具有针对特定的酶的活性的短序列肽,是将来药物治疗发展的一个重要策略。短序列肽与常规的药物和生长因子相比具有多种优势,包括皮肤渗透增加,易于脂质体包裹或脂质缀合,和毒性降低。据我们所知,本文是第一个证明短序列肽对酪氨酸酶具有显著抑制作用的报道。
稳定性试验
肽:从供应商NeoMPS订购了5种肽,包括本发明的>1 SEQ ID NO:1SFLLRN,>2 SEQ ID NO:2RADSRADC和PLG-OH。使用第六种肽VLLK作为内标,用于定量评估其它肽的稳定性。
HPLC/MS:制备每种肽的1%溶液,并密封在试管中,保存于周围环境条件下。在将近30天的时程内周期性地测试高效液相色谱(HPLC)和质谱(MS)。在每次测试的同一天制备新鲜的1%VLLK溶液用作内标。每种肽的量通过其峰面积相对于VLLK的峰面积加以确定。
4种肽,包括SFLLRN,在4个月内无论是从HPLC还是从MS测试看均没有显示降解。然而,RADSRADC似乎在第一个月即开始降解,表现为MS中小片段的峰面积增加,而2个月后,HPLC即不能观察到RADSRADC的种类,表明它被完全降解。然而并不清楚RADSRADC如何被降解;最可能的原因可能与半胱氨酸相关。降解的机制需要进一步研究,尽管有人提出,用另一种氨基酸替换半胱氨酸可能有用。
细胞测定
色素细胞中的黑素生成抑制活性的测定根据Cancer Research,Vol.42第1994-2002页(1982)所述的方法,略有修改。将4x104个B-16细胞——一种小鼠黑素瘤细胞株,悬浮于含有10v/v%胎牛血清的10ml Eagle′s MEM中,转移到25cm2 Roux瓶内,并在5v/v%CO2气氛下于37℃温育。培养持续5天,其中在初始日和第三日用额外含有测试样品的新鲜培养基更换培养基。用含有0.8w/v%盐水的磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.2)清洗之后,用含有胰蛋白酶和EDTA的溶液将细胞解离,并通过过滤加以回收。然后将滤纸上的细胞干燥,用密度测定法确定500nm下的反射光强度。
可以使用其它的测定法测量本发明肽。可以使用用于测定酪氨酸酶活性的测定法进一步筛选黑素生成抑制剂,如授予Orlow等的US PGPUB2004/0175767所述,其于2004年9月9日公布,标题为“Methods andcompositions that affect melanogenesis”。如其所述,可以使酪氨酸酶分泌到细胞培养基中以便于测试。体外培养生长的野生型黑素生成细胞可以在黑素体内部合成黑色素,如同它们在体内一样。在这些培养细胞中,发现酪氨酸酶主要位于黑素体膜中,尽管也有一些酪氨酸酶被分泌。发现位于黑素体膜中的酪氨酸酶通过一个C端跨膜域被固定,其活性位点朝向黑素体内腔。相比之下,在通过P蛋白突变或者抑制P蛋白功能的化合物被抑制黑素生成的黑素原细胞中,酪氨酸酶将被错误定位。细胞的酪氨酸酶中从细胞分泌到生长或温育培养基中的比例显著增加。此外,分泌的酪氨酸酶多肽比野生型细胞中所见的更短,因为它缺少C端膜锚接。然而,被分泌出来的酪氨酸酶在生长或温育培养基中具有酶活性,能够在生长或温育培养基中从细胞外的酪氨酸合成黑色素。结果是,来自黑色素生成被抑制的黑素生成细胞的含有酪氨酸的生长或温育培养基将变黑(turn dark)。培养基中酪氨酸浓度越高,培养基越黑,并且培养基中酪氨酸酶浓度越高,培养基变黑得越快。因为没有被抑制黑素生成的黑素生成细胞分泌的酪氨酸酶少得多,所以培养这些细胞所得的含酪氨酸的生长或温育培养基不会变黑。
体内测定
对于在体外显示显著酪氨酸酶抑制的肽,进一步在体内测试其皮肤美白活性。
在本测定中,健康男性和女性志愿者(20-50岁)在手臂区的两个不同点接受大约0.6J紫外线照射,每个点2.25cm2,每天一次,3天,并在任一个照射点涂施抑制剂肽,每天3次,24天。之后,将使用皮肤美白剂的照射点与对照进行比较,以估计黑素生成抑制的程度,即皮肤美白效果。
用于该测试的皮肤美白剂可以如下制备:混合10重量份的乙醇和0.18重量份的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯加上0(对照)、4、10、16或40重量份的50w/w%活性肽或衍生物,用10w/w柠檬酸水溶液调节混合物至pH 5.5,向混合物中倒入精制水至总重为100份。
因此,皮肤美白剂中肽的浓度为w/w%(对照),2w/w%,5w/w%,8w/w%或20w/w%。
皮肤美白剂的涂施是通过首先将其浸泡于纱布中,然后按照封闭敷料技术(occlusive dressing technique)将纱布贴附在被照射点上。
皮肤美白效果的确定是通过比较处理点与对照,考察黑素生成抑制,即皮肤美白效果;将皮肤美白效果分级为“优等”、“无变化”或“次等”;并计数回答“优等”的志愿者数目(每组20位志愿者)。
临床研究
将患有顽固黑斑病的患者(使用非处方药物或HQ 4% 6个月或者使用乳霜6个月无效者)随机、盲目分成2个处理组(媒介组和肽组)。患者每天涂施每种产品两次,然后涂施含有30 Qam防晒因子(sun protectionfactor)的防晒霜。然后要求患者用0-100的名义尺度对面部色素沉着的改善百分比进行评级,0相应于没有变化,100相应于完全解决。结果如图3所示,其中PLG-OH肽显示等级为40-50%改善,而媒介则没有导致改善。将肽以1%配制在脂质体中,对照是仅脂质体。在4个月的暴露期间,患者没有报告有涂施媒介或肽制剂所致的副作用(例如红斑、剥落(scaling)、接触性皮炎反应、粉刺形成)。
肽作为黑色素合成抑制剂的评估
对肽SF、VL和PLG-OH,以及对照曲酸(一种已知的酪氨酸酶抑制剂),和甘草提取物(一种已知的酪氨酸酶抑制剂)(见J.Agric.Food Chem.,51(5),1201-1207,2003),进行测试。
酪氨酸酶抑制用蘑菇酪氨酸酶(Sigma Aldrich批号T3824)和L-酪氨酸(Sigma Aldrich批号T8566)在由磷酸缓冲液(1.0M,pH 6.8)和5%,及纯水组成的测定缓冲液中测量。测定缓冲液具有不同浓度的测试样品和酪氨酸酶,在室温下黑暗温育1小时,并读取吸光度。
B-16色素沉着测定使用B16-F10小鼠黑素瘤细胞(ATCC CRL-6475),其培养于DMEM,DMEM无酚红、FBS、抗生素、L-谷氨酰胺和其它常规成分。细胞在Packard Spectracount(微孔板分光光度计)中计数,在540nm和570nm滤光。细胞在生长培养基中培养,并在37℃和10%CO2下温育24小时。细胞用200μl含有测试活性成分的生长培养基处理,并在37℃和10% CO2下温育。7天后,用Packard微孔板阅读器在540nm下对细胞进行读数。细胞存活能力用MTT测定(Mosmann T.Rapid colorimetric assay forcellular growth and survival:application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.J Immunol Methods.1983 Dec 16;65(1-2):55-63)加以测量,该方法用于确定样品中活细胞的数目。
结果制表如下:
活性 | 测试浓度 | %酪氨酸酶抑制 | %脱色素(B-16测定) |
曲酸 | 0.25% | 94% | ND |
甘草提取物 | 0.01% | 97% | ND |
甘草提取物 | 0.001% | ND | 76% |
SF肽 | 8mM | ND(缓冲液中不溶) | 0% |
RA肽 | 150uM | 99% | 14% |
RA肽 | 300uM | ND | 19% |
RA肽 | 450uM | ND | 23% |
PLG肽 | 3mM | 6% | 细胞毒 |
如通过体外蘑菇酪氨酸酶活性评估的,这些数据提示,RA肽在150uM浓度下进行测试时是一种有效的蘑菇酪氨酸酶抑制剂。这个浓度不足以将B-16细胞培养物中的黑色素合成抑制到由先前观察到的酪氨酸酶活性抑制结果所预期的程度。然而,当以更高浓度施加RA肽时,脱色素增加,尽管程度较温和。在这些浓度下生存力未受到显著的影响。SF肽和PLG在这些测定中均被认为无效。然而,PLG的脱色素效果可能部分地来源于对黑素细胞的杀灭,这个机制与HQ的作用相同。100uM的HQ可导致100%细胞死亡,这个浓度为用于酪氨酸酶抑制的IC50的七分之一。
RA肽的详细研究
材料
蘑菇酪氨酸酶、L-酪氨酸、氢醌和L-DOPA从Sigma Aldrich购得。RA肽(氨基酸序列RADSRADC,纯度>82%)由NeoMPS公司(San Diego,California,USA)合成。黑素细胞(传代3次,原代(passage 3,primary))由斯坦福大学皮肤医学系的Todd Ridky博士惠赠。
蘑菇酪氨酸酶的酶测定
酪氨酸酶抑制活性在体外用L-酪氨酸为底物加以确定,采用经过修改的Piao等的方法(Piao LZ,Park HR,Park YK,Lee SK,Park JH,Park MK.2002.Mushroom Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity of Some Chromones.Chem PharmBull 50(3):309-311)。酶、底物和抑制剂的浓度分别用[E]、[S]和[I]表示。向96孔微孔板添加80微升0.067M磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 6.8)、40微升溶于0.067M磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 6.8)的L-酪氨酸、40微升溶于5%DMSO溶液中的抑制剂和40微升蘑菇酪氨酸酶溶液,使每种试剂的终浓度为:0.2mg/ml[S]和96单位/ml[E],和不同的[I]。向空白溶液添加5%DMSO而非抑制剂溶液,并调节至总体积200微升,作为对照。将测定混合物在37℃温育。在不同时间点用微板阅读器在475nm测量反应混合物中产生的多巴色素的量。酪氨酸酶活性的抑制百分比计算如下:
抑制(%)=[(A-B)-(C-D)]/(A-B)×100
A:温育后空白溶液的吸光度
B:温育前空白溶液的吸光度
C:温育后样品溶液的吸光度
D:温育前样品溶液的吸光度
黑素细胞培养和处理
原代人黑素细胞由斯坦福大学皮肤医学系的Todd Ridky博士惠赠。细胞在补充有人黑素细胞生长补充剂(HMGS,Cascade Biologics)的Medium254(Cascade Biologics)中培养。它们在37℃的5%CO2湿润气氛下生长。调整细胞平板接种密度使细胞在与测试样品温育期间处于对数生长期。将细胞传代培养物以4×104个细胞/cm2的密度铺板。大约24h后,添加新鲜的培养基和试样。试样添加7d后收集细胞,每2天用新鲜培养基和样品样品替换。
黑素细胞生存力测定
细胞生存力用WST-1细胞增殖套盒(Roche)确定。细胞以1×105/孔铺板(24孔板)。铺板24小时后,添加试样,并将培养物再温育7d。处理期结束时,向每孔添加50μl WST-1。平板置于黑暗下37℃ 4h,并用微孔板读取450nm吸光度。通常,每个测试组测量3个重复孔。用含有培养基但无细胞的孔作为对照。细胞生存力根据公式计算:
细胞生存力=吸光度(测试样品)/吸光度(仅培养基)×100%
细胞酪氨酸酶活性的测定
用L-DOPA为底物按照Cheng等的方法(Cheng KT,Hsu FL,Chen SH,Hsieh PK,Huang HS,Lee CK,Lee MH.2007.New Constituent fromPodocarpus macrophyllus var.macrophyllus Shows Anti-tyrosinase Effect andRegulates Tyrosinase-Related Proteins and mRNA in Human EpidermalMelanocytes.Chem Pharm Bull 55(5):757-761)测定细胞酪氨酸酶活性。在6孔板中培养人黑素细胞。用各个测试样品处理7d后,细胞用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)清洗并用含有1% Triton X-100的磷酸盐缓冲液,pH 6.8裂解。超声破碎之后,通过10000g离心10min澄清裂解物。在用Bio-Rad蛋白测定套盒确定蛋白浓度后,将裂解物添加到含有等量蛋白质(40μg)的培养板中,用裂解缓冲液调节至每孔150μl。向每孔添加75μl溶解于裂解缓冲液的10mML-DOPA。培养板在37℃温育30min,然后用分光光度计读取475nm读数。
酪氨酸酶抑制活性用如下公式计算:酪氨酸酶抑制(%)=[1-(样品O.D.475/对照O.D.475)]×100%
黑色素含量测量
将人黑素细胞培养在6孔平板中,并用各个测试样品处理7d。用PBS清洗后,通过在胰蛋白酶/EDTA(0.25%/0.1%PBS溶液)中短暂温育将细胞解离。用一份样品进行细胞计数。将其余细胞超声破碎,并在500μl 1MNaOH中在37℃下避光温育过夜。黑色素浓度通过比较未知样品在475nm的OD与通过合成黑色素获得的标准曲线加以计算。
RA肽对细胞生存能力的影响
在黑素细胞上测试的HQ的浓度为1、10、100和1000μM,而两种肽的浓度为1、10和100μM。在添加100或1000μM HQ 24小时后,发现黑素细胞死亡,确认了HQ的细胞毒性。用10μM和更低HQ处理的细胞则被发现存活。在处理7天后,用高达100μM浓度的RA肽处理没有观察到毒性。
为了排除RA肽对黑素生成的抑制效果可能系通过抑制细胞生长所致的可能性,我们比较了存在和不存在试样的条件下培育的细胞的数目。我们没有观察到RA肽对黑素细胞增殖速度的任何抑制作用。不同化合物处理后的增殖速度如图4所示。氢醌在高达10μM的浓度下也没有显示抑制作用,尽管对更高的浓度由于100%细胞毒性而无法加以检测。
RA肽对黑色素合成的影响
为了提供RA肽抑制黑素生成的更直接的证据,我们研究了它对黑素细胞中黑素色产生的影响。用分光光度计确定无添加、用RA肽或用HQ处理7天的黑素细胞中的黑色素含量,并与黑色素标准曲线比较。黑色素含量的下降如图5所示,该图显示了黑色素含量的曲线图。用10μM HQ(无毒性剂量)处理微弱降低了黑色素的含量。另一方面,相似浓度的肽则显著降低了黑色素的含量。
RA肽对细胞酪氨酸酶活性的影响
我们还用L-DOPA为底物考察了RA肽对黑素细胞的细胞酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用。在离心和计算蛋白之后,通过补偿每孔中一定的蛋白量,将一定体积的每种样品的上清转移到96孔培养板,并用0.067M磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8)调节每孔的体积为150μl。向每孔添加75μl溶解于磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8)的10mM L-DOPA。培养板在37℃温育30min,然后用分光光度计读取475nm读数。结果如图6所示。用10μM氢醌处理黑素细胞可降低细胞酪氨酸酶活性28.8%。用RA肽处理导致细胞酪氨酸酶活性剂量依赖性地降低。在1μM下,RA肽降低酶活性达1.2%;在10μM,RA肽降低15.6%。最后,在100μM,RA肽降低酶活性达21.1%。
总之,图4-6给出的结果显示,RA肽对细胞增殖没有不良影响;与HQ相比显著增加了黑色素含量的降低;并且抑制了酪氨酸酶活性。
结论
上述具体的说明意图在例示和图解本发明,不应当看作对本发明的范围构成限制。本专利说明书中提到的任何专利或出版物指示本专利或出版物相关领域的技术人员在当时的水平,意图表达本发明可能没有明文记载但本领域技术人员可以理解的细节。本文援引并入这些专利或出版物,如同具体单独地援引并入它们中每一个,以满足描述和实现述及的方法或材料的目的。
序列表
<110>里兰斯坦福初级大学董事会(THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR
UNIVERSITY)
Hantash,Basil
<120>肽酪氨酸酶抑制剂及其应用
<130>3815.41B-1
<140>尚未指配
<141>2008-06-25
<150>60/937331
<151>2007-06-27
<160>4
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Claims (23)
1.一种纯化的肽,其对酪氨酸酶的IC50小于10mM,并且由与序列RADSRADC相同的序列构成。
2.权利要求1的肽,其IC50小于5mM。
3.权利要求1的肽,其包含D-氨基酸。
4.权利要求1的肽,其与调节基团相连。
5.权利要求4的肽,其中调节基团是脂肪酸。
6.一种局部、口服、或可注射制剂,其包含有效量的酪氨酸酶抑制剂,所述酪氨酸酶抑制剂是RADSRADC肽,且所述肽对酪氨酸酶的IC50小于10mM。
7.权利要求6的制剂,其中肽的浓度小于IC50的2倍。
8.权利要求6的制剂,其中肽的浓度大于IC50的2倍。
9.权利要求6的制剂,其中没有氢醌。
10.权利要求6的制剂,进一步包括第二处理剂,所述第二处理剂是可以用于治疗或缓解皮肤症候的成分,或可降低该肽与磨皮处理联合施用时的刺激作用的成分。
11.权利要求6的制剂,其处于液体形式。
12.权利要求6的制剂,进一步包括选自下组的材料:保湿制剂、抗氧化制剂和自由基清除剂。
13.权利要求6的制剂,其中肽包含在脂质体中。
14.一种皮肤医学上可接受的局部制剂,其包含有效量的皮肤美白剂和由与RADSRADC序列相同的肽组成的酪氨酸酶抑制剂,所述抑制剂对酪氨酸酶的IC50小于10mM,且所述皮肤美白剂选自下组中的一种或多种:4-硫代间苯二酚、3-氨基酪氨酸、5-羟基-2-羟甲基-γ-吡啶酮、fomes japonicus提取物、光甘草定、甘草酸、4-苄氧-2-羟基苯甲酸甲酯、和4-苄氧-2-羟基苯甲酸。
15.与RADSRADC序列相同的肽在制备用于处理皮肤的药物中的用途,其中所述药物包含足以抑制酪氨酸酶从而减轻皮肤色素沉着的量的所述肽。
16.权利要求15的用途,其中所述药物是用于局部施用的。
17.权利要求15的用途,其中所述药物是用于与第二处理剂分别施用的,
所述第二处理剂是可以用于治疗或缓解皮肤症候的成分,或可降低该肽与磨皮处理联合施用时的刺激作用的成分。
18.权利要求15的用途,其中所述药物是用于与微晶皮肤磨削过程联合施用的。
19.权利要求15的用途,其中所述药物是用于与微晶皮肤磨削过程同时施用的。
20.权利要求15的用途,其中所述药物是用于与辐射过程联合施用的。
21.权利要求15的用途,其中所述药物是用于与通过磨削装置、微针、电穿孔装置或离子电渗装置实施的物理处理联合施用的。
22.一种用于实施皮肤美白程序的套盒,其包含纯化的肽、皮肤医学上可接受的载体、第二处理产品和使用说明,所述肽对酪氨酸酶的IC50小于10mM,并与RADSRADC肽的序列相同的序列构成,所述第二处理产品是可以用于治疗或缓解皮肤症候的成分,或可降低该肽与磨皮处理联合施用时的刺激作用的成分。
23.权利要求22的套盒,其中所述肽和所述载体是预先组合的。
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KR20100039861A (ko) | 2010-04-16 |
JP2010531892A (ja) | 2010-09-30 |
US20110293709A1 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
CA2728140A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
CA2728140C (en) | 2019-09-03 |
WO2009003037A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
KR101507188B1 (ko) | 2015-03-30 |
EP2180897A1 (en) | 2010-05-05 |
CN101795703A (zh) | 2010-08-04 |
CN103864892A (zh) | 2014-06-18 |
US8026208B2 (en) | 2011-09-27 |
US8338364B2 (en) | 2012-12-25 |
US20090099093A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
EP2180897A4 (en) | 2015-08-26 |
JP5568008B2 (ja) | 2014-08-06 |
JP2014193163A (ja) | 2014-10-09 |
EP2180897B1 (en) | 2019-05-08 |
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