CN101474999B - 确定混合制动期间混合动力系统中优选发动机操作的方法 - Google Patents
确定混合制动期间混合动力系统中优选发动机操作的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101474999B CN101474999B CN2008101877975A CN200810187797A CN101474999B CN 101474999 B CN101474999 B CN 101474999B CN 2008101877975 A CN2008101877975 A CN 2008101877975A CN 200810187797 A CN200810187797 A CN 200810187797A CN 101474999 B CN101474999 B CN 101474999B
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- B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
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- F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
- F16H37/10—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
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Abstract
公开了一种确定混合制动期间混合动力系统中优选发动机操作的方法。混合变速器用于在输入元件、转矩装置和输出元件之间传递功率。一种在制动事件期间控制动力系统的方法,包括评价待选输入转矩。相对于待选发动机输入转矩,确定通过变速器可作用于传动系统并且限制在允许的输出转矩范围内的输出转矩。确定优选输入转矩。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求申请日为2007年11月4日的美国临时申请No.60/985234的益处,其内容以引用的方式结合在此。
技术领域
本发明涉及对动力系统的控制。
背景技术
这一部分仅仅提供关于本发明的背景信息,不构成现有技术。
已知的混合动力系统机构包括多个转矩产生装置,包括内燃机和非燃烧转矩装置,例如电机,它们将转矩通过变速器传递到输出元件。一个示例性的混合动力系统包括双模式、复合-分离、机电式变速器和输出元件,该变速器利用输入元件从原动机动力源(优选为内燃机)接收牵引转矩。输出元件可操作地连接到机动车辆的传动系统以向其传递牵引转矩。可作为电动机或发电机操作的装置能独立于来自内燃机的输入转矩产生至变速器的转矩输入。所述装置可以将通过车辆传动系统传送的车辆动能转换为可储存在能量储存装置中的能量。控制系统监测来自车辆和操作者的各种输入,提供混合动力系统的操作控制,包括控制变速器操作状态和齿轮换档,控制转矩产生装置,并且调节能量储存装置和所述装置之间的功率交换以管理包括转矩和转速的变速器输出。
发明内容
对动力系统的现有控制不够高效,因此期望能够对动力系统更有效地进行控制。一种动力系统,其包括发动机、变速器和连接到能量存储装置的转矩装置。变速器用于在发动机和转矩装置之间传递功率。输出元件与传动系统连接,且该传动系统与包括可致动的摩擦制动器的车轮连接。转矩装置用于使通过所述传动系统从车轮传递的转矩作用于所述变速器的输出元件,发动机选择性地以全缸状态和停缸状态操作或选择性地以燃料供给状态和燃料断供状态操作。一种控制动力系统的方法,包括:监测操作者转矩要求;基于所述操作者转矩要求检测制动事件;基于操作者转矩要求确定可允许的输出转矩范围; 评价发动机在每个发动机状态下的待选输入转矩并确定相应的可通过变速器输出元件作用于传动系统的待选输出转矩,所述待选输出转矩限制在可允许的输出转矩范围内;相对于待选输入转矩确定用于操作混合变速器的的功率成本;以及识别优选的发动机状态和优选的输入转矩,包括在制动事件期间使得操作混合变速器的功率成本最小化的待选输入转矩和相应的发动机状态。
附图说明
下面将通过示例的形式,结合相关附图对一个或多个实施例进行描述,其中:
图1是根据本发明的示例性混合动力系统的示意图;
图2是根据本发明的用于控制系统和混合动力系统的示例性结构示意图;
图3、图4和图5是根据本发明的控制方案的示意流程图;和
图6是根据本发明的数据图。
具体实施方式
现在结合附图,其中图示仅仅用于描述本发明的示例性实施例,并不限制本发明的保护范围,图1和图2描述了示例性的混合动力系统。根据本发明的示例性混合动力系统在图1中示出,其包括可操作地连接到发动机14以及包括第一电机(‘MG-A’)56和第二电机(‘MG-B’)72的转矩装置的双模式、复合分离、机电式混合变速器10。发动机14、第一电机56和第二电机72均能够产生传递到变速器10的机械功率。由发动机14、第一电机56和第二电机72产生并传递到变速器10的功率被描述为输入转矩(在此处分别标记为TI、TA和TB)以及速度(在此处分别标记为NI、NA和NB)。
示例性的发动机14包括可在多种状态下选择操作以通过输入轴12将转矩传递到变速器10的多缸内燃机,并且可以是点燃式或压燃式发动机。发动机14包括可操作地连接到变速器10的输入轴12的曲轴(未示出)。转速传感器11监测输入轴12的转速。发动机14的包括转速和发动机转矩的功率输出可不同于变速器10的输入速度NI和输入转矩TI,这是由于在发动机14和变速器10之间的输入轴12上布置了转矩消耗构件,例如液压泵(未示出)和/或转矩管理装置(未示出)。
示例性的变速器10包括三个行星齿轮组24、26和28,和四个可选 择接合的转矩传递装置,即离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75。此处使用的离合器指任意类型的摩擦转矩传递装置,例如包括单盘或复合盘式离合器或组、带式离合器和制动器。优选由变速器控制模块(此后称为‘TCM’)17控制的液压控制回路(‘HYD’)42用于控制离合器状态。离合器C2 62和C4 75优选包括液压作用的旋转摩擦离合器。离合器C1 70和C3 73优选包括液压控制的固定装置,该装置能够被选择性地接地至变速器壳体68上。每个离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75优选为液压作用的,可选择地通过液压控制回路42接收加压液压流体。
第一电机56和第二电机72优选包括三相交流电机以及各自的解析器80和82,每个电机都包括定子(未示出)和转子(未示出)。各个电机的电动机定子接地至变速器壳体68的外部并且包括定子铁芯,定子铁芯具有从其处延伸的螺旋电绕组。第一电机56的转子支承在通过第二行星齿轮组26可操作地附接到轴60上的毂衬齿轮上。第二电机72的转子固定地附接到套轴毂66上。
每个解析器80和82优选包括可变磁阻装置,该装置包括解析器定子(未示出)和解析器转子(未示出)。解析器80和82被适当地定位并装配在第一电机56和第二电机72中相应的一个上。解析器80和82中相应一个的定子可操作地连接到用于第一电机56和第二电机72的其中一个定子上。解析器转子可操作地连接到用于相应的第一电机56和第二电机72的转子上。每个解析器80和82通过信号并可操作地连接到变速器功率转换器控制模块(此后为‘TPIM’)19,并且每个模块都感应和监测解析器转子相对于解析器定子的旋转位置,从而监测第一电机56和第二电机72中相应一个的旋转位置。此外,对从解析器80和82输出的信号进行解释,以分别提供用于第一电机56和第二电机72的转速,即NA和NB。
变速器10包括输出元件64,例如轴,其可操作地连接到车辆(未示出)的传动系统90,为传动系统90提供传递到车轮93的输出功率,在图1中示出了其中一个车轮。输出元件64处的输出功率的特征为输出转速NO和输出转矩TO。变速器输出速度传感器84监测输出元件64的转速和旋转方向。每个车轮93优选配备摩擦制动器94和监测车轮速度的传感器(未示出),其输出由参照图2所描述的分布式控制模块系统的控制模块监测,以确定用于制动控制、牵引控制和车轮加速度管理的车辆速度、绝对和相对的车轮速度。
作为源自燃料或储存在电能储存装置(此后为‘ESD’)74中的电势的能量转化的结果,产生来自发动机14的输入转矩和来自第一电机56、第二电机72的电动机转矩(分别为TI、TA和TB)。ESD74通过直流传递线路27高压直流耦合到TPIM19。传递线路27包括接触器开关38。当接触器开关38闭合时,在正常操作下,电流能够在ESD74和TPIM19之间流动。当接触器开关38打开时,电流在ESD74和TPIM19之间的流动中断。TPIM19通过传递线路29往返于第一电机56传递电功率,相似地,TPIM19通过传递线路31往返于第二电机72传递电功率,以响应于电动机转矩指令TA和TB满足第一电机56和第二电机72的转矩指令。不论ESD74是充电或是放电,都往返于ESD74传递电流。
TPIM19包括一对功率转换器(未示出)和相应的电动机控制模块(未示出),该电动机控制模块被配置为接收转矩指令并由此控制变换器状态,以提供电动机驱动或再生功能,从而满足指令的电动机转矩TA和TB。功率转换器包括已知的互补型三相电力电子器件,每个三相电力电子器件都包括多个绝缘栅双级晶体管(未示出),用于通过高频转换将ESD74的直流电功率转换为交流电功率,从而为第一电机56和第二电机72中相应的一个供能。绝缘栅双级晶体管形成设置为接收控制指令的开关电源。为每个三相电机中的每个相位通常都设有一对绝缘栅双级晶体管。绝缘栅双级晶体管的状态被控制以提供电动机驱动的机械功率生成或电功率再生功能。三相转换器通过直流传递线路27接收或供应直流电功率,并将其转换为三相交流功率或从三相交流电功率转换为直流电功率,所述三相交流电功率分别通过传递线路29和31往返于第一电机56和第二电机72传递,以使第一电机56和第二电机作为电动机或发电机运行。
图2是分布式控制模块系统的示意方框图。在下文中描述的元件包括整个车辆控制机构的子集,并提供图1中描述的示例性混合动力系统的协调系统控制。分布式控制模块系统综合相关信息和输入,并执行算法以控制各个致动器完成控制目标,这些目标包括涉及燃料经济性、排放物、性能、驾驶性能和硬件保护的目标,所述硬件包括ESD74和第一电机56和第二电机72的电池。分布式控制模块系统包括发动机控制模块(此后称为‘ECM’)23、TCM17、电池组控制模块(此后称为‘BPCM’)21和TPIM19。混合控制模块(此后称 为‘HCP’)5对ECM23、TCM17、BPCM21和TPIM19提供监督控制和协调。用户接口(‘UI’)13可操作地连接到多个装置,车辆驾驶者由此控制或指引机电式混合动力系统的操作。这些装置包括加速踏板113(‘AP’)、操作者制动踏板112(‘BP’)、变速器档位选择器114(‘PRNDL’)和车速巡航控制(未示出)。变速器档位选择器114可以具有多个离散的操作者可选择位置,包括输出元件64的旋转方向以实现向前和倒退方向之一。
上述控制模块通过局域网(此后称为‘LAN’)总线6与其它控制模块、传感器和致动器之间进行通信。LAN总线6允许在各个控制模块之间进行操作参数状态和致动器指令信号的结构化通信。所采用的特定通信协议是专用的。LAN总线6和相应的协议用于加强上述控制模块和其它控制模块之间的信息传递和多控制模块接口,所述其他控制模块提供包括例如防抱死制动、牵引控制和车辆稳定性的功能。可采用多条通信总线来改善通信速度并提供一定程度的信号冗余度和完整性。各个控制模块之间的通信也能够使用直接链路来实现,例如串行外围接口(‘SPI’)总线(未示出)。
HCP5监督控制混合动力系统,以协调ECM23、TCM17、TPIM19和BPCM21的操作。基于来自用户接口13和包括ESD74的混合动力系统的各种输入信号,HCP5确定操作者的转矩要求、输出转矩指令、发动机输入转矩指令,变速器10的所应用的转矩传递离合器C170、C262、C373、C475的离合转矩,以及第一电机56和第二电机72的电动机转矩指令TA和TB
ECM23可操作地连接到发动机14,用于从传感器获取数据并通过多条离散线路来控制发动机14的致动器,这些离散线路被简单显示为集合的双向接口线缆35。ECM23从HCP5接收发动机输入转矩指令。ECM23基于监测到的发动机速度和载荷确定此时提供给变速器10的实际发动机输入转矩TI,该转矩被传送给HCP5。ECM23监测来自转速传感器11的输入以确定传递到输入轴12上的发动机输入速度,输入轴将发动机输入速度转换为变速器的输入速度NI。ECM23监测来自传感器(未示出)的输入,以确定其它发动机操作参数的状态,包括例如歧管压力、发动机冷却剂温度、环境温度和环境压力。发动机负载能够根据例如歧管压力或可选择地根据监测操作者对加速踏板113的输入来确定。ECM23产生并传输指令信号来控制发动机致动器,包括,例如燃料喷射器、点火模块和节气门控制模块,所有这些都未示出。
TCM17可操作地连接到变速器10并监测来自传感器(未示出)的输入,以确定变速器操作参数的状态。TCM17产生并传输指令信号以控制变速器10,包括控制液压控制回路42。从TCM17到HCP5的输入包括为每个离合器(即C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75)估算的离合转矩和输出元件64的输出转速NO。其它致动器和传感器可以用来从TCM17到HCP5提供附加信息,以实现控制目的。TCM17监测来自压力开关(未示出)的输入和并可选择地致动液压控制回路42的压力控制电磁线圈(未示出)和换档电磁线圈(未示出),从而选择地致动各个离合器C1 70、C26 2、C3 73和C4 75以实现各个变速器操作范围状态,如以下的描述。
BPCM21通过信号连接到传感器(未示出)以监测ESD74,包括电流和电压参数的状态,以向HCP5提供表示ESD74的电池参数状态的信息。电池参数状态优选包括电池荷电状态、电池电压、电池温度和被称为范围PBAT-MIN到PBAT-MAX的可用电池功率。
制动控制模块(此后称为‘BrCM’)22可操作地连接到每个车轮93上的摩擦制动器94。BrCM22监测操作者对制动踏板112的输入并产生控制信号以控制摩擦制动器94并且将控制信号传输到HCP5,以基于此操作第一电机56和第二电机72,从而使车辆制动经过被称为混合制动的过程。
每个控制模块ECM23、TCM17、TPIM19、BPCM21和BrCM22优选为通用数字计算机,其包括微处理器或中央处理单元、存储介质(包括只读存储器(‘ROM’),随机存取存储器(‘RAM’),电可编程只读存储器(‘EPROM’))、高速时钟、模数转换(‘A/D’)和数模转换(‘D/A’)电路、输入/输出电路和装置(‘I/O’)和适当的信号调节缓冲电路。每个控制模块都具有一组控制算法,包括储存在其中一个存储介质中并被执行以实现每个计算机的相应功能的驻留程序指令和标定值(calibration)。控制模块之间的信息传送优选使用LAN总线6和SPI总线实现。在预先设置的循环周期中执行控制算法,以使得每个算法在每个循环周期中至少执行一次。储存在非易失性存储装置中的算法由其中一个中央处理单元执行以监测来自传感装置的输入并使用预先设置的标定值执行控制和诊断程序,从而控制致动器的操作。在正在进行的混合动力系统操作期间,定期地执行循环周期,例如每3.125,6.25,12.5,25和100毫秒。可替换地,可以响应于事件的发生执行算法。
示例性的混合动力系统可选择在几个状态中的一个进行操作,所述状态可以描述为发动机状态和变速器操作范围状态,所述发动机状态包括发动机工作状态(‘ON’)和发动机停止状态(‘OFF’)之一,所述变速器操作范围状态包括多个固定档位和无级变速操作模式,在下面的表1中进行相关描述。 表1
表中描述的每个变速器操作范围状态表示相对于每个操作范围状态应用了离合器C170、C262、C373和C475中的具体哪一个。通过仅应用离合器C170选择第一无级变速模式,即EVT模式1或M1,以使第三行星齿轮组28的外部齿轮元件“接地”。发动机状态可以为ON(‘M1-Eng-On’)或OFF(‘M1-Eng-Off’)中之一。通过仅应用离合器C2 62选择第二无级变速模式,即EVT模式2或M2,以将轴60连接到第三行星齿轮组28的行星架。发动机状态可以为ON(‘M2-Eng-On’)或OFF(‘M2-Eng-Off’)中之一。为了描述的目的,当发动机状态为OFF时,发动机输入速度等于零转速每分钟(‘RPM’),即发动机曲轴没有旋转。固定档位操作提供变速器10的输入-输出速度,即NI/NO,为固定比值的操作。第一固定档位操作(‘G1’)通过应用离合器C1 70和C4 75来选择。第二固定档位操作(‘G2’)通过应用离合器C1 70和C2 62来选择。第三固定档位操作(‘G3’)通过应用离合器C2 62和C4 75来选择。第四固定档位操作(‘G4’)通过应用离合器C2 62和C3 73来选择。输入-输出 速度为固定比值的操作随固定档位操作的增加而增加,该固定档位操作的增加是由于行星齿轮24、26和28中的传动比减小而导致的。第一电机56和第二电机72的转速分别为NA和NB,取决于通过离合作用所限定的机构的内部转动并与在输入轴12上测量得到的输入速度成比例。
响应于通过用户接口13所捕获的、经由加速踏板113和制动踏板112的操作者输入,HCP5和一个或多个其它控制模块确定转矩指令,以控制包括发动机14和第一电机56、第二电机72的转矩产生装置以满足在输出元件64处并传递到传动系统90的操作者转矩要求。基于来自用户接口13和包括ESD74的混合动力系统的输入信号,HCP5确定操作者转矩要求,指令的从变速器10到传动系统90的输出转矩,发动机14的输入转矩,变速器的转矩传递离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73、C4 75的离合器转矩,以及第一电机56和第二电机72各自的电动机转矩,将在下文描述。
车辆最终加速度受其它因素影响,例如道路载荷、道路坡度和车辆重量。基于混合动力系统的各个操作特征确定发动机状态和变速器操作范围状态。这包括如上所述的通过加速踏板113和制动踏板112传送至用户接口13的操作者转矩要求。变速器操作范围状态和发动机状态根据动力系统转矩要求可以被预测,该动力系统转矩要求由指示第一电机56和第二电机72以电能产生模式或转矩产生模式操作的指令而生成。变速器操作范围状态和发动机状态通过最优化算法或程序确定,该算法或程序基于操作者对功率、电池荷电状态以及发动机14和第一、第二电机56和72的能量效率的要求来确定最佳系统效率。控制系统基于执行最优化程序的结果来管理来自发动机14和第一电机56、第二电机72的转矩输入,并由此优化系统效率,从而管理燃料经济性和电池充电。此外,可以基于构件或系统内的错误来确定操作。HCP5监测转矩产生装置,并确定在输出元件64处来自变速器10的、满足操作者转矩要求所需的功率输出,同时满足其它动力系统操作要求,例如对ESD74充电。从上面的描述可以看到,ESD74和第一电机56、第二电机72电操作地连接,以允许在其间有功率流动。此外,发动机14,第一电机56和第二电机72,以及机电式变速器10机械操作地连接,以允许在其间传递功率,从而产生功率流至输出元件64。
图3示出了用于控制和管理具有多个转矩产生装置的混合动力系统中内的信号流的控制系统结构,下文将参照图1和图2的动力系统描述多个转 矩生成装置,所述控制系统结构以可执行的算法和标定值的形式存在于前述控制模块中。控制系统结构可应用于具有多个转矩产生装置的可选择的混合传动系统,包括,例如具有发动机和单个电机的混合动力系统、具有发动机和多个电机的混合动力系统。可替换地,混合动力系统可以使用非电的转矩产生装置和能量存储系统,例如,液压机械混合变速器(未示出)。
操作中,操作者对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入被监测以确定操作者转矩要求。操作者对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入包括:可单独确定的操作者转矩要求输入,其包括即时加速器输出转矩要求(‘Output TorqueRequest Accel Immed(即时加速器输出转矩要求)’);预测的加速器输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Accel Prdtd(预测的加速器输出转矩要求)’);即时制动输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Brake Immed(即时制动输出转矩要求)’);预测的制动输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Brake Prdtd(预测的制动输出转矩要求)’);和轴转矩响应类型(‘Axle Torque Response Type(轴转矩响应类型)’)。此处所用的术语‘加速器’是指当操作者选择的变速器档位选择器114的位置指令车辆向前运行时,操作者对优选导致车辆速度增加超过当前车辆速度的向前推进的要求。术语‘减速’和‘制动’是指操作者对优选导致车辆速度相对于当前车辆速度降低的要求。即时加速器输出转矩要求、预测加速器输出转矩要求、即时制动输出转矩要求、预测制动输出转矩要求和轴转矩响应类型是对控制系统的单独输入。另外,发动机14和变速器10的操作被监测以确定输入速度(‘Ni’)和输出速度(‘No’)。
即时加速器输出转矩要求包括基于操作者对加速踏板113的输入来确定的即时转矩要求。控制系统响应于即时加速器输出转矩要求控制混合动力系统的输出转矩,以使车辆正加速。即时制动输出转矩要求包括基于操作者对制动踏板112的输入来确定的即时制动要求。控制系统响应于即时制动输出转矩要求控制混合动力系统的输出转矩,以使车辆减速或负加速。由控制混合动力系统的输出转矩实现的车辆减速与由车辆制动系统(未示出)实现的车辆减速相结合以使车辆减速,从而实现即时制动要求。
即时加速器输出转矩要求是基于当前发生的操作者对加速踏板113的输入来确定的,且包括优选为使车辆加速在输出元件64处产生即时输出转矩的要求。即时加速器输出转矩要求是未成形的(unshaped),但是能够通过影响 超出动力系统控制的车辆操作的事件来使之成形。所述事件包括在动力系统对防抱死制动、牵引控制和车辆稳定性的控制中的车辆高度障碍(vehicle levelinterruption),这能用于使即时加速器输出转矩要求未成形或对其进行速率限制(rate-limit)。
预测加速器输出转矩要求是基于操作者对加速踏板113的输入来确定的,且包括在输出元件64处的最佳或优选输出转矩。预测加速器输出转矩要求优选地与正常操作状态期间的即时加速器输出转矩要求相等,所述正常操作状态为例如当防抱死制动、牵引控制、或车辆稳定性的其中任一个没有被指令时。当指令了防抱死制动、牵引控制、或车辆稳定性的其中任一个时,预测加速器输出转矩要求保持优选的输出转矩,且即时加速器输出转矩要求响应于与防抱死制动、牵引控制、或车辆稳定性控制相关的输出转矩指令而降低。
即时制动输出转矩要求是基于操作者对制动踏板112的输入和用于控制摩擦制动器94以产生摩擦制动转矩的控制信号所确定的。
预测制动输出转矩要求响应于操作者对制动踏板112的输入包括在输出元件64处的最佳或优选的制动输出转矩,在不考虑操作者对制动踏板112的输入的情况下,该制动踏板承受在输出元件64处容许产生的最大制动输出转矩。在一个实施例中,输出元件64处产生的最大制动输出转矩限制到-0.2g。当车速趋近于0时,预测制动输出转矩要求能够逐步降到0,而不考虑操作者对制动踏板112的输入。按照使用者的期望,可以存在预测制动输出转矩要求设为0的操作状态,例如,当操作者将变速器档位选择器114设为倒档时,和当分动箱(未示出)设为四轮驱动的低档位时。预测制动输出转矩要求设为0的操作状态为其中由于车辆操作因素使得混合制动不是优选的操作状态。
轴转矩响应类型包括输入状态,用于通过第一电机56和第二电机72使输出转矩成形或对其进行速率限制。轴转矩响应类型的输入状态可以是,不活动状态和优选包括满足能力受限状态(pleasability limited state)和最大档位状态中之一的活动状态。当指令的轴转矩响应类型是活动状态时,输出转矩指令是即时输出转矩。优选地,这个响应类型的转矩响应是尽可能快速的。
混合制动包括响应于操作者对制动踏板112的输入,在车轮93处产生摩擦制动转矩和在输出元件64处产生输出转矩,以与传动系统90作用,从而使车辆减速。BrCM22响应于即时制动要求指令摩擦制动器94施加制动转矩, 并为变速器10生成指令以产生与传动系统90作用的负输出转矩。优选地,施加的制动转矩和负输出转矩一旦足以克服车辆在车轮93处的动能就能够使车辆减速并停止。负输出转矩与传动系统90作用,从而将转矩传递到机电式变速器10和发动机14。通过机电式变速器10作用的负输出转矩能够传递到第一电机56和第二电机72中的一个或两个,以产生电功率储存在ESD74中。
策略优化控制方案(‘Strategic Control(策略控制)’)310基于输出速度和操作者的转矩要求以及基于混合动力系统的其它操作参数确定优选的输入速度(‘Ni-Des’)和优选的发动机状态以及变速器操作范围状态(‘HybridRange State Des(混合范围状态DES)’),所述其他操作参数包括电池功率极限和发动机14、变速器10以及第一电机56和第二电机72的响应极限。预测加速器输出转矩要求和预测制动输出转矩要求被输入到策略优化控制方案310。策略优化控制方案310优选由HCP5在每100ms的循环周期和每25ms的循环周期期间执行。所希望的变速器10的操作范围状态和所希望的从发动机14到变速器10的输入速度都为换档执行和发动机起动/停止控制方案320的输入。
换档执行和发动机起动/停止控制方案320指令变速器操作改变(‘Transmission Commands(变速器指令)’),包括基于动力系统的输入和操作改变操作范围状态。这包括如果优选的操作范围状态不同于当前的操作范围状态,通过指令离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75中的一个或多个的应用情况发生变化和其它的变速器指令,来指令执行变速器操作范围状态的变化。能够确定当前的操作范围状态(‘Hybrid Range State Actual(实际的混合范围状态’)和输入速度廓线(‘Ni-Prof’)。输入速度廓线是对即将到来的输入速度的估算并优选包括标量参数值,所述标量参数值是用于即将到来的循环周期的目标输入速度。发动机操作指令和操作者转矩要求基于变速器操作范围状态发生转换期间的输入速度廓线。
战术控制方案(‘Tactical Control and Operation(战术控制和操作)’)330在其中一个控制循环周期中重复执行以确定用于操作发动机14的发动机指令(‘Engine Commands(发动机指令)’),包括基于输出速度、输入速度、操作者转矩要求、轴转矩响应类型和变速器的当前操作范围状态确定的从发动机14到变速器10的优选输入转矩,其中所述操作者转矩要求包括即时加速器输出转矩要求、预测加速器输出转矩要求、即时制动输出转矩要求、预测制动输出转 矩要求。发动机指令还包括这样的发动机状态,其包括全缸操作状态和其中发动机气缸的一部分去激活或未提供燃料的停缸操作状态之一,发动机指令还包括这样的发动机状态,其包括燃料供应状态和燃料断供状态之一。发动机指令包括发动机14的优选输入转矩和在发动机14和输入元件12之间作用的当前输入转矩(‘Ti’),它们优选在ECM23内确定。优选在TCM17中估算每个离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75的离合器转矩(‘Tcl’),包括当前应用的离合器和未应用的离合器。
执行输出和电动机转矩确定方案(‘Output and Motor TorqueDetermination(输出和电动机转矩确定)’)340,以确定来自动力系统的优选输出转矩(‘TO-CMD’)。在本实施例中,这包括通过控制第一电机56和第二电机72来确定电动机转矩指令(‘TA’,‘TB’)以向变速器10的输出元件64传递指令的输出转矩净值(net commanded output torque),从而满足操作者的转矩要求。即时加速器输出转矩要求、即时制动输出转矩要求、来自发动机14的当前输入转矩和估算已应用的离合转矩、变速器10的当前操作范围状态、输入速度、输入速度廓线,和轴转矩响应类型是输入。在其中一个循环周期的每个重复期间,执行输出和电动机转矩确定方案340以确定电动机转矩指令。输出和电动机转矩确定方案340包括为确定优选的电动机转矩指令而在6.25ms和12.5ms的循环周期期间规则地执行的算法代码。
当操作者选择的变速器档位选择器114位置指令车辆沿向前方向操作时,混合动力系统被控制响应于操作者对加速踏板113的输入将输出转矩传递至输出元件64,以使其作用于传动系统90,从而在车轮93处产生牵引转矩,向前推进车辆。相似地,当操作者选择的变速器档位选择器114位置指令车辆沿后退方向操作时,混合动力系统被控制响应于操作者对加速踏板113的输入将输出转矩传递至输出元件64,以使其作用于传动系统90,从而在车轮93处产生牵引转矩,沿后退方向推进车辆。优选地,只要输出转矩足够克服作用于车辆的外部载荷,例如道路坡度、空气动力载荷和其它载荷,推进车辆就导致车辆加速。
图4示出了用于控制发动机14操作的战术控制方案(‘Tactical Controland Operation(战术控制和操作’)330中的信号流,参考图1和图2的混合动力系统以及图3和图4的控制系统结构进行描述。战术控制方案330包括优选 同时执行的战术优化控制路径350和系统约束控制路径360。战术优化控制路径350的输出被输入到发动机状态控制方案370。发动机状态控制方案370和系统约束控制路径360的输出被输入到发动机响应类型确定方案(‘Engine ResponseType Determination发动机响应类型确定’)380,用于控制发动机状态、即时发动机转矩要求、预测发动机转矩要求和发动机响应类型。
来自发动机14的输入能够描述为发动机操作点,包括能够转化为与变速器10的输入元件作用的输入速度和输入转矩的发动机速度和发动机转矩。当发动机14包括火花点火式发动机时,通过使用电子节气门控制系统(未示出)来控制发动机节气门(未示出)的位置,包括打开发动机节气门以增大发动机转矩和关闭发动机节气门以减小发动机转矩,改变发动机14的空气进入量,从而能够实现发动机操作点的变化。发动机操作点的变化能够通过调节点火正时来实现,包括相对于平均最佳转矩(mean-best-torque)点火正时延迟点火正时,以降低发动机转矩。当发动机14包括压燃式发动机时,发动机操作点通过控制燃料注入量得以控制并通过相对于平均最佳转矩注入正时延迟注入正时以降低发动机转矩而得以调节。通过在全缸状态和停缸状态之间以及在发动机燃料供应状态和燃料断供状态之间控制发动机状态,也可以改变发动机操作点以实现输入转矩的变化,其中在所述燃料断供状态中,发动机旋转但未供应燃料。
战术优化控制路径350对基本处于稳定状态的输入起作用,以选择优选的发动机状态和确定从发动机14到变速器10的优选输入转矩。战术优化控制路径350包括优化方案(‘Tactical Optimization(战术优化)’)354以确定用于在全缸状态(‘Input Torque Full(全缸状态下的输入转矩)’)、停缸状态(‘InputTorque Deac(停缸状态下的输入转矩)’)、燃料断供的全缸状态(‘Input TorqueFull FCO(燃料断供的全缸状态下的输入转矩)’)和燃料断供的停缸状态(‘InputTorque Deac FCO(燃料断供的停缸状态下的输入转矩)’)下操作发动机14的优选输入转矩,和优选发动机状态(‘Preferred Engine State(优选的发动机状态)’)。优化方案354的输入包括变速器10的提前操作范围状态(‘Lead Hybrid RangeState(提前混合范围状态’)、预测的提前输入加速度廓线(‘Lead InputAcceleration Profile Predicted(预测的提前输入加速度廓线)’)和在提前操作范围状态下通过每一应用的离合器的预测的离合器反作用转矩范围(‘PredictedClutch Reactive Torque Min/Max(预测的最小/最大离合器反作用转矩)’),它们 优选在换档执行和发动机启动/停止控制方案320中产生。其他输入包括预测的电功率限制(‘Predicted Battery Power Limits(预测的电池功率限制)’)、预测的加速器输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Accel Prdtd(预测的加速器输出转矩要求)’)和预测的制动输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Brake Prdtd(预测的制动输出转矩要求)’)。加速度的预测输出转矩要求通过预测的输出转矩成形过滤器352且同时考虑轴转矩响应类型而被成形,以产生预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd(预测的加速器输出转矩)’)并且结合用于制动的预测输出转矩要求以确定预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd(预测的输出转矩净值)’),它们为优化方案354的输入。变速器10的提前操作范围状态包括变速器10的操作范围状态的时移提前,以调节在操作范围状态中的指令变化和实际操作范围状态之间的响应时间延迟。这样,变速器10的提前操作范围状态是指令的操作范围状态。预测的提前输入加速度廓线包括输入元件12的预测输入加速度廓线的时移提前,以调节在预测的输入加速度廓线中的指令变化和预测输入加速度廓线的测量变化之间的响应时间延迟。这样,预测的提前输入加速度廓线是发生在时移之后的输入元件12的预测输入加速度廓线。指定为‘提前’的参数用于调节利用具有不同响应时间的装置通过汇聚在公共输出元件64的动力系统的转矩的同时传递。特别是,发动机14可以具有300-600ms数量级的响应时间,各个转矩传递离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75可以具有150-300ms数量级的响应时间,第一电机56和第二电机72可以具有10ms数量级的响应时间。
优化方案354确定用于使发动机14以发动机状态操作的成本,包括使发动机以燃料供应的全缸状态操作的成本(‘PCOST FULL FUEL’)、使发动机以燃料停供的全缸状态操作的成本(‘PCOST FULL FCO’)、使发动机以燃料供应的停缸状态操作的成本(‘PCOST DEAC FUEL’)和使发动机以燃料停供的停缸状态操作的成本(‘PCOST DEAC FCO’)。前述操作发动机14的成本连同实际发动机状态(‘ActualEngine State(实际发动机状态)’)和允许或许可的发动机状态(‘Engine StateAllowed(允许的发动机状态)’)一起输入到稳定性分析方案(‘Stabilization andArbitration(稳定性和裁决)’)356,以选择其中一个发动机状态作为优选的发动机状态(‘Preferred Engine State(优选发动机状态)’)。
用于使发动机14在燃料断供和燃料供应的情况下以全缸状态和停缸 状态操作的优选输入转矩,输入到发动机转矩转换计算器355,并通过考虑发动机14和变速器10之间的转矩消耗元件(例如液压泵)而分别转换为全缸状态和停缸状态下的优选发动机转矩(‘Engine Torque Full(全缸状态下的发动机转矩)’和‘Engine Torque Deac(停缸状态下的发动机转矩)’),和在全缸状态和停缸状态下燃料断供的优选发动机转矩(‘Engine Torque Full FCO(燃料断供的全缸状态下的发动机转矩)’和‘Engine Torque Deac FCO(燃料断供的停缸状态下的发动机转矩)’)。优选的发动机转矩和优选的发动机状态包括发动机状态控制方案370的输入。
用于操作发动机14的成本包括基于下列因素确定的操作成本,这些因素包括车辆驾驶性能、燃料经济性、排放物和电池使用。成本被分配并且与燃料和电功率消耗相关以及与混合动力系统的具体操作状况相关。较低的操作成本与高转换效率下的低燃料消耗、较低的电池功率使用和较低排放相关,并考虑发动机14的当前操作状态。
全缸状态和停缸状态下的优选发动机状态和优选发动机转矩输入到发动机状态控制方案370,其包括发动机状态机(‘Engine State Machine(发动机状态机)’)372。发动机状态机372基于优选的发动机转矩和优选的发动机状态确定目标发动机转矩(‘Target Engine Torque(目标发动机转矩)’)和发动机状态(‘Target Engine State(目标发动机状态)’)。目标发动机转矩和发动机状态输入到转换过滤器374,其过滤目标发动机转矩以提供过滤后的目标发动机转矩(‘Filtered Target Engine Torque(过滤后的目标发动机转矩)’)并且其能够实现发动机状态之间的转换。发动机状态机372输出指令,该指令指示选择停缸状态和全缸状态(‘DEAC Selected(DEAC选择)’)之一和指示选择发动机燃料供应状态和减速燃料断供状态(‘FCO Selected(FCO选择)’)之一。
对停缸状态和全缸状态之一的选择和对发动机燃料供应状态和减速燃料断供状态之一的选择,过滤后的目标发动机转矩,以及最小和最大发动机转矩被输入到发动机响应类型确定方案380。
系统约束控制路径360确定对输入转矩的约束,包括通过变速器10作用的输入转矩的最小值和最大值(‘Input Torque Hybrid Minimum(混合的最小输入转矩)’和‘Input Torque Hybrid Maximum(混合的最大输入转矩)’)。输入转矩的最小值和最大值是基于对变速器10、第一电机56和第二电机72以及 ESD74的约束而确定的,影响变速器10和电机56和72的容量性能。
系统约束控制路径360的输入包括由加速踏板113结合转矩干预控制测量的即时输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Accel Immed(加速器的即时输出转矩要求)’)和由制动踏板112结合转矩干预控制测量的即时输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Brake Immed(制动的即时输出转矩要求)’)。即时输出转矩要求通过即时输出转矩成形过滤器362并同时考虑轴转矩响应类型被成形,以产生即时加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Immed(即时加速器输出转矩)’),并且结合用于制动的即时输出转矩要求以确定即时输出转矩净值(‘ToNet Immed(即时输出转矩净值)’)。即时输出转矩净值和即时加速器输出转矩是约束方案(‘Output and Input Torque Constraints(输出和输入转矩约束’)364的输入。约束方案364的其它输入包括变速器10的提前操作范围状态、即时提前输入加速度廓线(‘Lead Input Acceleration Profile Immed(即时提前输入加速度廓线)’)、每个应用的离合器在提前操作范围状态的提前即时离合器反作用转矩范围(‘Lead Immediate Clutch Reactive Torque Min/Max(最小/最大的提前即时离合器反作用转矩)’)、和战术控制电功率约束(‘Tactical Control Electric PowerConstraints(战术控制电功率约束)’),该战术控制电功率约束包括从最小的战术控制电功率约束PBAT-MIN-TC到最大战术控制电功率约束PBAT-MAX-TC的范围。战术控制电功率约束由电池功率函数(‘Battery Power Control’)366输出。目标提前输入加速度廓线包括输入元件12的即时输入加速度廓线的时移提前,以调节即时输入加速度廓线中指令的变化和即时输入加速度廓线中测量的变化之间的响应时间延迟。提前即时离合器反作用转矩范围包括离合器的即时离合器反作用转矩范围的时移提前,以调节即时离合器转矩范围中指令的变化和即时离合器反作用转矩范围中测量的变化之间的响应时间延迟。约束方案364确定变速器10的输出转矩范围,然后基于前述输入确定能通过变速器10作用的输入转矩的最小值和最大值。
通过考虑发动机14和变速器10之间的转矩消耗组件,例如液压泵、附件(parasitic)和其它引入的负载,输入转矩的最小值和最大值输入到发动机转矩转换计算器355并且转化为发动机转矩的最小值和最大值(分别为‘EngineTorque Hybrid Minimum(混合的最小发动机转矩)’和‘Engine Torque HybridMaximum(混合的最大发动机转矩)’)。
过滤后的目标发动机转矩、发动机状态机372的输出和发动机转矩的最小值和最大值输入到发动机响应类型确定方案380。发动机响应类型确定方案380将过滤后的目标发动机转矩限制为混合动力系统发动机转矩的最小值和最大值,并对ECM23输出发动机指令以将发动机转矩控制为即时发动机转矩要求(‘Engine Torque Request Immed(即时发动机转矩要求)’)和预测发动机转矩要求(‘Engine Torque Request Prdtd(预测的发动机转矩要求)’)。其它指令将发动机状态控制为发动机燃料供应状态和燃料断供状态(‘FCO Request(FCO要求)’)之一以及控制为停缸状态和全缸状态(‘DEAC Request(DEAC要求)’)之一。另一个输出包括发动机响应类型(‘Engine Reasponse Type(发动机响应类型)’)。当过滤后的目标发动机转矩处于最小发动机转矩和最大发动机转矩之间时,发动机响应类型是不活动的。当过滤后的目标发动机转矩降到低于发动机转矩的最大约束(‘Engine Torque Hybrid Maximum(混合的最大发动机转矩)’),发动机响应类型是活动的,指示需要发动机转矩发生即时变化,例如通过发动机点火控制将发动机转矩改变为落在发动机转矩的最小值和最大值的约束之间。
图5详细示出了战术优化控制路径350的战术优化方案354。执行战术优化方案(‘Tactical Optimization(战术优化)’)354以确定在全缸状态(‘InputTorque Full(全缸状态下的输入转矩)’)、停缸状态(‘Input Torque Deac(停缸状态下的输入转矩)’)、燃料断供的全缸状态(‘Input Torque Full FCO(燃料断供的全缸状态下的输入转矩)’)和燃料断供的停缸状态(‘Input Torque Deac FCO(燃料断供的停缸状态下的输入转矩’)下操作发动机14的优选输入转矩和相关的功率成本。如图4所示,战术优化方案354的系统输入包括预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)和预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd’)。在操作中,监测预测的加速器输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request Accel Prdtd(预测的加速器输出转矩要求)’)和预测的制动输出转矩要求(‘Output Torque Request BrakePrdtd(预测的制动输出转矩要求)’)。用于加速和制动的预测输出转矩要求通过预测的输出转矩成形过滤器352与轴转矩响应类型相结合并成形。预测的输出转矩净值包括通过加速踏板113和制动踏板112传送的操作者转矩要求的总和。其它输入包括变速器10的提前操作范围状态(‘Lead Hybrid Range State提前的混合范围状态’)、预测的提前输入加速廓线(‘Lead Input Acceleration Rofile Predicted(预测的提前输入加速度廓线)’)、在提前操作范围状态中经过每一应用的离合器的离合器反作用转矩的预测范围(‘Predicted Clutch Reactive TorqueMin/Max预测的最小/最大离合器反作用转矩)’)和预测的电池功率限制(‘Predicted Battery Power Limites(预测的电池功率限制)’)。
变速器10的提前操作范围状态包括变速器10的操作范围状态的时移提前,以调节例如发动机转矩要求和实际发动机转矩响应之间的响应时间延迟。这样,变速器10的提前操作范围状态变为指令的操作范围状态。预测的提前输入加速度廓线包括输入元件12的所希望的预测输入加速度廓线的时移提前,以调节响应时间延迟。这样,预测的提前输入加速度廓线是发生在时移之后的输入元件12的预测输入加速度廓线。指定为‘提前’的参数用于调节利用具有不同响应时间的装置通过汇聚在公共输出元件64的动力系统的转矩的同时传递。特别是,发动机14可以具有300-600ms数量级的响应时间,各个转矩传递离合器C170、C262、C373和C475可以具有150-300ms数量级的响应时间,第一电机56和第二电机72可以具有10ms数量级的响应时间。
战术优化方案354包括优化管理器420,其管理和产生用于搜索方案402和406以及评估方案404和408的功率成本输入、亏损和优化输入。搜索方案402和406以及评估方案404和408确定以最小的功率成本在每个发动机状态操作动力系统的优选输入转矩和相应的输出转矩。
搜索方案402和406的优化函数440基于待选输入转矩Ti(j)计算待选输出转矩(‘To(j)’)。此外,待选输出转矩(‘To(j)’)限制在由预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd’)和预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)限定的范围内,从而限制待选输入转矩Ti(j)的范围。
搜索方案402执行输入转矩的一维搜索以确定使发动机在发动机燃料供应的全缸状态下操作的功率成本最小化的优选输入转矩。根据每个输入转矩,确定优选输出转矩。这包括确定输入转矩的范围,该范围包含发动机14在燃料供应状态和全缸状态下操作的输入转矩最小值和最大值(‘Input TorqueMinimum Full(全缸状态下的最小输入转矩)’,‘Input Torque Maximum Full(全缸状态下的最大输入转矩)’),所述最小值和最大值输入到一维搜索引擎430。搜索引擎430产生在输入转矩范围内的待选输入转矩(‘Ti(j)’),将其输入到优化函数440。优化函数440计算待选输出,包括限制在由预测的加速器输出转矩 (‘To Accel Prdtd’)和预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)限定的范围内的输出转矩(‘To(j)’)。其它转矩输出基于待选输入转矩、优化输入和系统输入包括第一电机56和第二电机72的电动机转矩(‘Ta(j)’,‘Tb(j)’),ESD74的输出功率(‘PBAT(j)’)、第一电机56和第二电机72的电功率(‘Pa(j)’,‘Pb(j)’)和变速器装置10应用的离合器的离合器转矩输出(‘Tc11(j)’,‘Tc12(j)’)。优化函数440的待选输出被输入到成本函数450,计算相对于待选输入转矩的功率成本(‘PCOST(j)’)。搜索引擎重复地产生待选输入转矩和在输入转矩的范围上执行,以确定当在燃料供应和全缸状态下操作发动机时实现最小功率成本(‘PCOST FULLFUEL’)的优选输入转矩和相应的输出转矩。
搜索方案406执行输入转矩的一维搜索,以确定当在燃料供应和停缸状态下操作发动机时使功率成本最小化的优选输入转矩。这包括确定输入转矩的范围,该范围包含发动机14在燃料供应状态和停缸状态下操作的输入转矩最小值和最大值(‘Input Torque Minimum Deac(停缸最小输入转矩)’,‘InputTorque Maximum Deac(停缸最大输入转矩)’),所述最小值和最大值输入到一维搜索引擎430。搜索引擎430产生在输入转矩范围内的待选输入转矩(‘Ti(j)’),其输入到优化函数440。优化函数440计算输出,包括限制在由预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd’)和预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)限定的范围内的输出转矩(‘To(j)’)。其它转矩输出基于待选输入转矩、优化输入和系统输入包括第一电机56和第二电机72的电动机转矩(‘Ta(j)’,‘Tb(j)’),ESD74的输出功率(‘PBAT(j)’),以及第一电机56和第二电机72的电功率(‘Pa(j)’,‘Pb(j)’)。优化函数440的输出被输入到成本函数450,计算待选输入转矩(‘Ti(j)’)的功率成本(‘PCOST(j)’)。搜索引擎重复地产生待选输入转矩并在输入转矩的范围上执行,以确定当在燃料供应状态和停缸状态下操作发动机时实现最小功率成本(‘PCOST DEAC LFUEL’)的优选输入转矩和相应的输出转矩。
评估方案404评估输入转矩以确定当在燃料断供状态和全缸状态下操作发动机时的优选输出转矩和功率成本。待选输入转矩(‘Input Torque FCOFull(燃料断供的全缸状态下的输入转矩)’)输入到优化函数440。优化函数440基于输入转矩、优化输入和系统输入计算输出,所述输出包括输出转矩(‘To’)和来自第一电机56和第二电机72的转矩输出(‘Ta’,‘Tb’),ESD74的输出功率(‘PBAT’)以及第一电机56和第二电机72的功率(‘Pa’,‘Pb’)。优化函数 440的输出被输入到成本函数450,计算当在燃料断供和全缸状态下操作发动机时的功率成本(‘PCOST FULL FCO’)。
评估方案408评估输入转矩以确定当在燃料断供状态和停缸状态下操作发动机时的优选输出转矩和功率成本。待选输入转矩(‘Input Torque FCODeac(燃料断供的停缸状态下的输入转矩)’)被输入到优化函数440。优化函数440基于输入转矩、优化输入和系统输入计算输出,所述输出包括输出转矩(‘To’)和来自第一电机56和第二电机72的转矩输出(‘Ta’,‘Tb’),ESD74的输出功率(‘PBAT’)以及第一电机56和第二电机72的功率(‘Pa’,‘Pb’)。优化函数440的输出输入到成本函数450,计算当在燃料断供和停缸状态下操作发动机时输入转矩的功率成本(‘PCOST DEAC FCO’)。
优化函数440具有包括单个输入转矩、优化输入和系统输入的输入。系统输入包括预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)和预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd’)。优化输入包括变速器10的提前操作范围状态(‘Lead HybridRange State(提前混合范围状态’)、预测的提前输入加速度廓线(‘Lead InputAcceleration Predicted(预测的提前输入加速度)’)、在提前操作范围状态中通过每个应用的离合器的预测离合器反作用转矩范围(‘Predicted Clutch ReactiveTorque Min/Max(预测的最小/最大离合器反作用转矩)’)、和预测电池功率限制(‘Predicted Battery Power Limits(预测电池功率限制)’)。其它限制包括第一电机56和第二电机72的电动机转矩输出的最大值和最小值、以及系统惯性、阻尼、离合器打滑和电/机械功率转换效率。相对于每个待选输入转矩,优化函数440计算动力系统输出,该动力系统输出响应于包括前述输出转矩指令的系统输入并且在第一电机56和第二电机72的电动机转矩输出的最大值和最小值之内、在可用电池功率之内、在变速器10的当前操作范围状态应用的离合器的离合器反作用转矩的范围之内,并且考虑系统惯性、阻尼、离合器打滑和电/机械功率转换效率。动力系统输出包括限制在由预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To AccelPrdtd’)和预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)限定的范围内的优选输出转矩(‘To’)以及从第一电机56和第二电机72输出的可实现电动机转矩(‘Ta’和‘Tb’)。
成本函数450确定响应于系统输入且在发动机14处于代选输入转矩时操作动力系统的功率成本,所述系统输入包括预测的输出转矩净值和预测的 加速器输出转矩。功率成本是基于以下因素确定的,包括形式为摩擦和旋转损耗的机械功率损耗、与产生热量、内部阻力和电流相关的电功率损耗以及附件损耗。在制动情况下,功率成本包括由于在摩擦制动器94中以产生热量的形式扩散的未回收动能引起的动能损耗,其能够通过再生制动而被回收为电功率。成本被分配并与燃料和电功率消耗以及混合动力系统的特定操作点相关。低功率成本与高转换效率下的低燃料消耗,低电池使用和每个发动机速度/负载操作点的低排放相关,并且考虑当前发动机14的操作状态。搜索方案402和406包括附加的功率成本,包括与使发动机14在全缸燃料供应状态(‘Full CylinderEngine Power Loss Input(全缸状态下的发动机输入功率损耗)’)和停缸燃料供应状态(‘Deac Cylinder Engine Power Loss Input(停缸状态下的发动机输入功率损耗)’)下操作相关的发动机功率成本。
现在参考上文为说明目的描述的动力系统和控制系统,详细描述使用控制系统操作混合动力系统的方法。该方法适用于使用多个转矩产生装置的各种动力系统,所述转矩产生装置包括内燃机和第二转矩装置,并不限于前面描述的系统。在正在进行的操作期间,当操作者对制动踏板112的输入指示具有负值的预测制动输出转矩要求时,控制系统检测到制动事件。战术控制方案330通过战术优化控制路径350和稳定性分析方案356执行以确定优选的发动机状态和优选的发动机输入转矩。这包括搜索发动机在发动机状态下操作的发动机输入转矩的范围,其中发动机状态包括全缸状态和停缸状态,且发动机状态包括发动机燃料供应状态和燃料断供状态。针对每个待选发动机输入转矩,确定通过变速器10的输出元件64与传动系统90作用的优选输出转矩,以及包括由摩擦制动引起的动能损耗的相应功率成本。可通过变速器10的输出元件64与传动系统90作用的输出转矩在提前操作范围状态下应用的每个离合器的离合器反作用转矩的最大值和最小值范围之内,并且在电池功率限制之内,并且相对于每个待选发动机输入转矩被确定。优选发动机状态和优选输入转矩值使得在制动事件中的功率成本最小。控制系统通过控制动力系统以使输出转矩通过输出元件64与传动系统90作用能够满足即时输出转矩要求净值,如通过输出和电动机转矩确定方案340所执行的一样。这包括即时地使发动机14操作在燃料断供状态,以使燃料和发动机输入功率最小化,从而使得通过变速器10传递的输出功率最大化,其可以通过电机作用并被捕获为能够通过再生制动转换为 可存储在ESD74中的电功率的动能。
图6示出了被绘制为输入转矩(‘Ti’)函数的输出转矩(‘To’),以说明所描述的原理。线条描述了包括在燃料断供状态下的输入转矩(‘InputTorque FCO’)的输入转矩,且示出了最小和最大的输入转矩(‘Input TorqueMinimum’,‘Input Torque Maximum’),以及示出了绘制为输入转矩Ti的函数的最大输出转矩(‘To Max(最大输出转矩)’)、优化或优选输出转矩(‘To Opt(优化输出转矩)’)和最小输出转矩(‘To Min(最小输出转矩)’)并且示出全缸状态和停缸状态之一。也绘制了示例性的输出转矩要求限制,其包括预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)和预测的加速器输出转矩(‘To Accel Prdtd’)。点A为发动机14操作在燃料断供状态下的输入转矩和相应的包括预测的输出转矩净值(‘To Net Prdtd’)的优选输出转矩。这表明了在该处能利用通过变速器10的反作用转矩实现所述预测的输出转矩要求净值的操作点。在优选输出转矩和预测的输出转矩净值之间的区域(示出为区域B)表示包括在车轮93处产生摩擦制动转矩以产生输出转矩要求净值的输出转矩,且因此表示形式为摩擦制动器94通过热量而引起的可用和未回收的制动转矩或功率损耗的动能功率损耗。战术控制方案330能够选择性地指令发动机操作在燃料断供状态,以允许当最小和优选的输出转矩大于预测的输出转矩净值时回收制动转矩。具体地说,在这个操作中,发动机14能够被指令为燃料断供模式以及第一电机56和第二电机72能够被控制以产生电动机转矩,该电动机转矩与传动系统90作用以实现预测的输出转矩净值。通过第一电机56和第二电机72作用的输出转矩能够以再生功率的形式存储在ESD74中。这样,在制动事件期间,基于限制在由预测加速器输出转矩和预测的输出转矩净值限定的范围内的输出转矩确定优选输入转矩,从而使总的功率成本最小化。通过所述动力系统可实现这样的动力系统,其以响应于操作者输入和包括预测的输出转矩净值的系统输入的输入转矩和输出转矩操作。
应该理解在本发明公开的范围内可以进行各种变形。公开的内容通过优选实施例和其变形进行了描述。通过阅读和理解说明书,本领域技术人员可作出其他的变形和改变。所述这种变形和改变都将落入本发明的保护范围。
Claims (15)
1.一种控制动力系统的方法,该动力系统包括发动机、变速器和连接到能量存储装置的转矩装置,所述变速器用于在所述发动机、所述转矩装置和输出元件之间传递功率,该输出元件与连接到包括可致动的摩擦制动器的车轮的传动系统连接,所述转矩装置可以操作,以对从车轮通过所述传动系统传递到所述变速器的输出元件的转矩起作用,所述发动机选择性地以全缸状态和停缸状态操作且选择性地以燃料供应状态和燃料断供状态操作,该方法包括:
监测操作者转矩要求;
基于所述操作者转矩要求检测制动事件;
基于所述操作者转矩要求确定允许的输出转矩的范围;
评价发动机在每个发动机状态下的待选输入转矩,并确定可通过所述变速器的输出元件作用于所述传动系统的相应的待选输出转矩,该待选输出转矩限制在所述允许的输出转矩范围内;
相对于所述待选输入转矩确定操作所述混合变速器的的功率成本;以及
识别优选发动机状态和优选输入转矩,包括在制动事件期间使得操作所述混合变速器的功率成本最小的待选输入转矩和相应的发动机状态。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:
监测所述操作者转矩要求,包括操作者对制动踏板和加速踏板的输入;
基于操作者对所述制动踏板和加速踏板的输入确定输出转矩要求净值和加速器输出转矩要求;以及
基于所述输出转矩要求净值和加速器输出转矩要求确定所述可允许的输出转矩范围。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,包括
确定对应于所述优选发动机状态和优选输入转矩的优选输出转矩;以及
基于所述优选发动机状态和优选输入转矩控制所述发动机并基于所述优选输出转矩控制所述转矩装置的电动机转矩。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,还包括基于所述优选输出转矩和操作者转矩要求控制所述摩擦制动器的致动。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括基于在制动事件期间未回收的动能功率损耗确定在该制动事件期间相对于所述待选输入转矩操作所述混合变速器的功率成本。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括相对于处于燃料供应状态且在全缸状态和停缸状态之一下操作的发动机,在一定范围的待选输入转矩上执行搜索,确定相对于所述待选输入转矩可通过所述变速器的输出元件作用于所述传动系统的优选输出转矩,和确定基于所述优选输出转矩操作所述混合变速器的相应的功率成本。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,还包括相对于处于燃料断供状态且在全缸状态和停缸状态之一下操作的发动机确定待选输入转矩,确定相对于所述待选输入转矩可通过所述变速器输出元件作用于所述传动系统的优选输出转矩,和确定基于所述优选输出转矩操作所述混合变速器的相应的功率成本。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括在允许的输入转矩范围内重复地选择待选输入转矩,基于所述待选输入转矩确定可通过所述输出元件作用于所述传动系统的相应的待选输出转矩,基于所述操作者转矩要求和所述待选输出转矩确定摩擦制动转矩,确定与所述操作者转矩要求相关的用于操作所述动力系统的功率成本,以及选择优选输入转矩,该优选输入转矩包括使操作所述动力系统的功率成本最小化的待选输入转矩。
9.一种控制动力系统的方法,该动力系统包括发动机、变速器和连接到能量存储装置的转矩装置,所述变速器可用于在所述发动机、转矩装置和输出元件之间传递功率,所述输出元件与连接到包括可致动的摩擦制动器的车轮的传动系统连接,所述转矩装置可操作,以对从所述车轮通过所述传动系统传递到所述变速器的输出元件的转矩起作用,该方法包括:
基于操作者转矩要求检测制动事件;
基于所述操作者转矩要求确定允许的输出转矩的范围;
评价所述发动机的待选输入转矩,并确定由所述允许的输出转矩范围限制并通过所述变速器的输出元件可作用于所述传动系统的相应的待选输出转矩;
确定用于操作所述动力系统从而以所述待选输入转矩实现所述待选输出转矩的相应功率成本;以及
识别优选输入转矩,该优选输入转矩包括使所述功率成本最小化的待选输入转矩。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括识别用于使在制动事件期间用于操作所述混合变速器的功率成本最小化的优选发动机状态。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,包括基于在制动事件期间未回收的动能功率损耗,确定在制动事件期间用于操作所述动力系统从而以所述待选输入转矩实现待选输出转矩的相应的功率损耗。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括相对于处于燃料供应状态且在全缸状态和停缸状态之一下操作的发动机,在一定范围的待选输入转矩上执行搜索,确定相对于所述待选输入转矩值可通过所述变速器的输出元件作用于所述传动系统的优选输出转矩,和确定基于所述优选输出转矩操作所述混合变速器的相应的功率成本。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,还包括相对于在燃料断供状态且在全缸状态和停缸状态之一下操作的发动机确定待选输入转矩值,相对于所述待选输入转矩确定可通过所述变速器输出元件作用于所述传动系统的优选输出转矩,和确定基于所述优选输出转矩操作所述混合变速器的相应的功率成本。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括在允许的输入转矩范围内重复地选择待选输入转矩,基于所述待选输入转矩确定可通过所述输出元件作用于所述传动系统的相应的待选输出转矩,基于所述操作者转矩要求和所述待选输出转矩确定摩擦制动转矩,确定与所述操作者转矩要求相关的用于操作所述动力系统的功率成本,以及选择优选输入转矩,该优选输入转矩包括使操作所述动力系统的功率成本最小化的待选输入转矩。
15.一种控制混合变速器的方法,所述变速器用于在输入元件、转矩装置和输出元件之间传递功率,该方法包括:
监测与制动和加速相关的操作者转矩要求;
基于所述操作者转矩要求检测制动事件;
基于所述操作者转矩要求确定允许的输出转矩的范围;
评价到所述输入元件的待选输入转矩,并确定可通过所述变速器的输出元件作用的相应的待选输出转矩,该待选输出转矩限制在所述允许的输出转矩的范围内;
确定以每个所述待选输入转矩操作所述混合变速器的功率成本;以及
识别优选输入转矩,所述优选输入转矩包括为实现所述操作者转矩要求在制动事件期间具有操作所述混合变速器的最小功率成本的待选输入转矩。
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