CN101142276A - 可生物降解的脂族-芳族共聚聚酯 - Google Patents
可生物降解的脂族-芳族共聚聚酯 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101142276A CN101142276A CNA2006800088143A CN200680008814A CN101142276A CN 101142276 A CN101142276 A CN 101142276A CN A2006800088143 A CNA2006800088143 A CN A2006800088143A CN 200680008814 A CN200680008814 A CN 200680008814A CN 101142276 A CN101142276 A CN 101142276A
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Abstract
可生物降解的脂族/芳族共聚聚酯,包含:A)包含以下重复单元的酸组分:1)53-54mol%芳族羧酸;2)47-36mol%脂族酸,所述脂族酸的至少50%是壬二酸;B)选自C3、C4和C6二醇的二醇组分;所述AAPE根据标准ISO 20200在90天内分解。
Description
本发明涉及由脂族酸、至少一种多官能芳族酸和至少一种二醇获得的可生物降解的脂族-芳族聚酯(AAPE),所述脂族酸的至少50%是壬二酸,以及所述聚酯与其它天然来源或合成来源的可生物降解的聚合物的混合物。
由二羧酸和二醇获得的可生物降解的脂族-芳族聚酯在文献中是已知的并且可商购。聚酯链中芳族组分的存在对获得具有足够高的熔点和可接受的结晶速率的聚合物是重要的。
虽然这类聚酯目前是可商购的,但是链中芳族酸的量通常低于49%,原因在于在所述阙值之上该聚酯的生物降解百分率显著地减小。据文献报道(Muller等人,Angew.Chem.,Int.,Ed.(1999),38,pp.1438-1441)聚亚丁基己二酸酯-共-对苯二甲酸酯类型的对苯二甲酸酯的摩尔分数为42mol%的共聚物在十二个星期后完全地生物降解形成堆肥,而含对苯二甲酸酯的摩尔分数为51mol%的产品显示小于40%的生物降解百分率。这一不同的行为归因于形成了较高数目的长度大于或等于3的对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯序列,这些序列较不易生物降解。然而,如果有可能维持适合的生物降解性能,链中芳族酸的百分率增加是合乎需要的,因为这将引起聚酯熔点的增加,重要机械性能(如极限强度和弹性模量)的增加或至少维持,并且还将引起聚酯结晶速率的增加,从而改进其工业的可加工性。
目前可商购的可生物降解的脂族-芳族聚酯的另一个缺陷由以下事实表示:构成它们的单体来自不可再生的来源,从而保持了与此类聚酯的制备相关的显著环境影响,尽管它们可生物降解。它们比LDPE和HDPE具有多得多的能量含量,尤其是在己二酸存在时。另一方面,使用植物来源的单体将有助于减少CO2在大气中的排放,和减少使用衍生自不可再生资源的单体。
美国专利4,966,959公开了某些共聚聚酯,其包含60-75mol%对苯二甲酸、25-40mol%脂族或脂环族羧酸、和二醇组分。此类聚酯的特性粘度(inherent viscosity)为大约0.4-大约0.6,使得该聚酯可用作粘合剂但不适合用于许多其它应用。
美国专利4,398,022公开了包含对苯二甲酸和1,12-十二烷二酸和二醇组分的共聚聚酯,该二醇组分包括1,4-环己烷二甲醇。酸组分可以任选地包括通常用于制备聚酯的一种或多种酸,但是实施例表明为了让该聚酯具有所需的熔体强度1,12-十二烷二酸必须存在。
美国专利5,559,171公开了纤维素酯和脂族-芳族共聚聚酯的二元共混物。此类共混物的AAPE组分包含衍生自C2-C14脂族二酸的结构部分,和衍生自芳族酸的结构部分,前一结构部分在共聚物中可以占30-95mol%,后一结构部分在共聚物中可以占70-5mol%。这一文献中公开的某些AAPE不要求共混并且可用于薄膜应用。它们包含衍生自C2-C10脂族二酸的结构部分,和衍生自芳族酸的结构部分,前一结构部分在共聚物中可以占95-35mol%,后一结构部分在共聚物中可以占5-65mol%。
DE-A-195 08 737公开了包含对苯二甲酸、脂族二酸和二醇组分的可生物降解的AAPE。此类AAPE的重均分子量Mw总是非常低(最大51000g/mol),以致它们的工业实用性受到限制。
因此,本发明的总体目的是公开改进的AAPE和包含它们的共混物。
事实上,本发明涉及可生物降解的脂族/芳族共聚聚酯(AAPE),其包含:
A)包含以下重复单元的酸组分:
1)53-64mol%,优选54-60mol%芳族羧酸;
2)47-36%,优选46-40%脂族酸,所述脂族酸的至少50%是壬二酸;
B)选自C3、C4和C6二醇的二醇组分;
所述AAPE根据标准ISO 20200在90天内分解,并具有:
-小于1.22g/cc的密度;
-40,000-140,000的数均分子量Mn;
-0.8-1.5的特性粘度;
-高于100MPa的弹性模量。
对于本发明目的的“多官能芳族酸”是指苯二甲酸型芳族二羧基化合物和它们的酯,优选对苯二甲酸。
相对于二羧酸的总摩尔含量,根据本发明权利要求的可生物降解的聚酯中芳族二羧酸的含量优选为54mol%-60mol%。
根据本发明的聚酯的数均分子量Mn为40,000-140,000。通过凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测定的多分散指数Mw/Mn为1.7-2.6,优选1.8-2.5。
根据本发明的聚酯可迅速地结晶,并且具有高于40℃的结晶温度Tc。根据本发明的二醇的实例是1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇。丁二醇是最优选的二醇。
根据本发明的聚酯具有0.8dl/g-1.5dl/g,优选0.83dl/g-1.3dl/g,甚至更优选0.85dl/g-1.2dl/g的特性粘度(在25℃下对于CHCl3中的浓度为0.2g/dl的溶液采用Ubbelhode粘度计测量)。
在用于塑性材料(例如,泡膜、注塑材料、泡沫材料等)的典型应用的情况下,根据本发明的聚酯的熔体流动速率(MFR)为0.5-100g/10分钟,优选1.5-70g/10分钟,更优选2.0-50g/10分钟(在190℃/2.16kg下根据ASTM D1238标准进行测量)。
该聚酯具有用Mohr-Westphal称重机测量的小于1.25g/cm3,优选小于1.22g/cm3,甚至更优选小于1.20g/cm3的密度。
令人惊奇地,根据本发明的聚酯显示出具有以下特征的埃尔曼多夫撕裂强度(根据标准ASTM D1922-89测定并对在2-3的吹胀比和7-14的垂伸比下制膜的吹塑薄膜测量):对于(横向+纵向)/2的值,高于70N/mm,优选高于80N/mm。在纵向值/横向值之间的比例(各向异性指数)也令人惊奇地好,为0.5-2.0。
可以不同于壬二酸的脂族酸A2可以包含或由至少一种羟基酸或至少一种不同于壬二酸的二羧酸组成,相对于壬二酸的总摩尔含量,其用量为至多50mol%,优选30mol%。适合的羟基酸的实例是乙醇酸、羟基丁酸、羟基己酸、羟基戊酸、7-羟基庚酸、8-羟基己酸、9-羟基壬酸、乳酸或丙交酯。羟基酸可以按原样插入链中,或也可以预先制备以与二酸或二醇反应。
在根据本发明的共聚聚酯的制备过程中,为了获得支化产物,可以有利地添加一种或多种多官能分子,相对于二羧酸(以及可能的羟基酸)的量,添加量为0.02-3.0mol%,优选0.1mol%-2.5mol%。这些分子的实例是甘油,季戊四醇,三羟甲基丙烷,柠檬酸,二季戊四醇,一脱水山梨糖醇,monohydro-mannitol,环氧化油如环氧化大豆油、环氧化亚麻籽油等,二羟基硬脂酸,衣康酸等。
虽然在不需要添加扩链剂如二和/或多异氰酸酯和异氰脲酸酯、二和/或多环氧化物,二噁唑啉、聚碳化二亚胺或二乙烯基醚的情况下根据本发明的聚合物可以达到高水平的性能,但是当情况需要时在任何情况下添加这些扩链剂可能改进其性能。
通常这些添加剂以0.05-2.5%,优选0.1-2.0%的百分率使用。为了改进这些添加剂的反应性,对于多环氧化物来说,可以使用特定的催化剂例如硬脂酸锌(脂肪酸的金属盐)。
例如,通过在挤出工艺过程中添加各种有机过氧化物,可以有利地实现聚酯分子量的增加。通过在用过氧化物处理聚酯后接着观察粘度值的增加可以容易地检测该可生物降解聚酯的分子量增加。
在使用根据本发明的聚酯制备薄膜的情况下,根据EP 1 497 370的教导添加上述扩链剂致使相对于该聚酯产生了小于4.5%(w/w)的凝胶级分。在这方面,必须将EP 1 497 370的内容在本说明书中引入供参考。通过适当地调节分子量,根据本发明的聚酯具有使得它们适合用于许多实际应用,如薄膜、注塑制品、挤出-贴面制品、纤维、泡沫材料、热成型制品、挤塑型材和片材、挤坯吹塑、注坯吹塑、滚塑、拉坯吹塑等的性能和粘度值。
在薄膜情况下,可以使用生产技术如簿膜吹塑、流延和共挤出。此外,可以在线或在薄膜制备之后对此类薄膜进行双轴取向。还可以在一个方向上通过拉伸使薄膜取向,其中垂伸比为1∶2直至1∶15,更优选1∶2.2直至1∶8。在含有无机填料的高度填充的材料的存在下进行拉伸也是可能的。在这种情况下,拉伸会产生微孔并且如此获得的薄膜可以尤其适合于卫生应用。
具体来说,根据本发明的聚酯适合于制备:
-单向或双向薄膜,和含有其它聚合物材料的多层薄膜;
-用于农业用途的薄膜,如地膜;
-用于食品、用于农业用途中的包裹和用于垃圾包装的clingfilm(可伸长薄膜);
-收缩薄膜例如用于货盘、矿泉水、六件包装提环等;
-用于收集有机物质,如收集食品垃圾、和收集切割草和庭院废品的袋子和衬里;
-用于食品的热成型的单层和多层包装,例如用于牛奶、酸奶、肉、饮料等的容器;
-采用挤出-贴面技术获得的涂层;
-含有纸、塑性材料、铝、金属化薄膜的层的多层层压材料;
-用于制备通过烧结形成的部件的发泡或可发泡珠粒;
-发泡和半发泡制品,包括由预发泡颗粒制成的发泡块;
-发泡片材、热成型发泡片材和由其获得的用于包装食品的容器;
-一般用于水果和蔬菜的容器;
-含有糊化、变性和/或复合型淀粉,天然淀粉,面粉,其它天然、植物或无机来源的填料的复合材料;
-用于清洁用途、卫生用途、农业用途、georemediation、环境美化和衣服用途的纤维、微纤维、具有由刚性聚合物(如PLA、PET、PTT等)构成的核和用根据本发明的材料制成的外壳的复合纤维、复合纤维、具有各种截面(圆形至多叶形)的纤维、薄片状纤维、织物和非织造织物或纺粘或热粘织物。
此外,根据本发明的聚酯可以采用与以下物质的共混物(也由反应性挤出获得)形式使用:相同类型的聚酯(如脂族/芳族共聚聚酯,如聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PBTA、聚琥珀酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PBTS和聚戊二酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PBTG),或其它可生物降解的聚酯(例如,聚乳酸,聚-ε-己内酯,聚羟基丁酸酯,如聚-3-羟基丁酸酯、聚-4-羟基丁酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯戊酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯丙酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯己酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯癸酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯十二烷酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯十六烷酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯十八烷酸酯、和聚亚烷基琥珀酸酯和它们与己二酸、乳酸或丙交酯和己内酯的共聚物和它们的结合物),或不同于聚酯的其它聚合物。
聚酯与聚乳酸的混合物是尤其优选的。
根据本发明的聚酯也可以采用与天然来源的聚合物,例如淀粉、纤维素、聚氨基葡糖、藻酸盐、天然橡胶或天然纤维(例如黄麻、洋麻、大麻)的共混物形式使用。淀粉和纤维素可以是改性的,在这些之中,可以例如提及取代度为0.2-2.5的淀粉或纤维素酯,羟丙基化淀粉,和含有脂肪链的改性淀粉。优选的酯是乙酸酯、丙酸酯、丁酸酯和它们的结合物。此外,淀粉可以采用其变性形式其糊化形式使用或作为填料使用。
根据本发明的AAPE与淀粉的混合物是尤其优选的。
根据本发明的AAPE与淀粉的混合物可以形成具有良好耐老化和耐湿性的可生物降解的聚合物组合物。在这些包含热塑性淀粉和不与淀粉相容的热塑性聚合物的组合物中,淀粉构成分散相,AAPE热塑性聚合物构成连续相。在这方面,必须将EP 947 559的内容在本说明书中引入供参考。
该聚合物组合物甚至在低湿度的条件下仍可以维持高的撕裂强度。当淀粉以平均尺寸小于1μm的分散相形式存在时,获得此种特性。淀粉颗粒的优选的数均尺寸为0.1-0.5微米,并且多于80%的颗粒具有小于1微米的尺寸。
当在组分的混合期间该组合物的水含量优选保持为1-15%时,可以获得这些特性。然而,也可以在小于1wt%的含量下操作,在这种情况下,采用预干燥和预增塑的淀粉开始。
为了使最终材料或成品中具有1-0.2dl/g,优选0.6-0.25dl/g,更优选0.55-0.3dl/g的淀粉特性粘度,在与本发明的聚酯配混之前或配混期间将淀粉降解到低分子量也是有用的。
变性淀粉可以在与本发明的AAPE混合之前或混合期间在增塑剂如水,甘油,二和聚甘油,乙二醇或丙二醇,亚乙基和亚丙基二甘醇,聚乙二醇,聚丙二醇,1,2-丙二醇,三羟甲基乙烷,三羟甲基丙烷,季戊四醇,二季戊四醇,山梨糖醇,erytritol,木糖醇,甘露糖醇,蔗糖,1,3-丙二醇,1,2-、1,3-、1,4-丁二醇,1,5-戊二醇,1,6-、1,5-己二醇,1,2,6-、1,3,5-己三醇,新戊二醇,和聚乙烯醇预聚物和聚合物,多元醇乙酸酯,乙氧基化物和丙氧基化物,尤其是山梨糖醇乙氧基化物,山梨糖醇乙酸酯,和季戊四醇乙酸酯的存在下获得。相对于淀粉,所使用的高沸点增塑剂(不同于水的增塑剂)的量为0-50wt%、优选10-30wt%。
水可以在该组合物的混合之前或混合期间在淀粉的增塑阶段与高沸点增塑剂结合或单独地用作增塑剂,并且可以将其在挤出过程中以一个或多个步骤通过脱气以需要的水平除去。在增塑和组分的混合完成后,通过脱气将水除去以获得大约0.2-3wt%的最终含量。
水,以及高沸点增塑剂,改变了淀粉相的粘度并影响了淀粉/聚合物体系的流变性,从而有助于确定分散颗粒的尺寸。还可以将增容剂添加到混合物中。它们可以属于以下类别:
-亲水性/亲油性平衡指数值(HLB)大于8并且由多元醇和离解常数pK小于4.5(在多元羧酸的情况下,该值是指第一个羧基的pK)的一或多元羧酸获得的添加剂如酯。
-HLB值为5.5-8,由多元醇和小于12个碳原子且pK值大于4.5(在多元羧酸的情况下,该值是指第一个羧基的pK)的一或多元羧酸获得的酯。
-HLB值小于5.5,由多元醇和含12-22个碳原子的脂肪酸获得的酯。
相对于淀粉,这些增容剂可以按0.2-40wt%,优选1-20wt%的量使用。该淀粉共混物也可以包含具有两种组分的聚合物增容剂:一种与淀粉相容或可溶的组分,第二种与聚酯可溶或相容的组分。
实例是通过酯交换催化剂获得的淀粉/聚酯共聚物。此类聚合物可以通过在配混期间的反应性共混产生或可以用单独的工艺制备并然后在挤出期间添加。一般,亲水性和疏水性单元的嵌段共聚物是尤其适合的。还可以添加添加剂如二和多环氧化物、二和多异氰酸酯、异氰脲酸酯、聚碳化二亚胺和过氧化物。它们可以用作稳定剂以及扩链剂。
上面所有产物可以帮助产生所需要的微结构。还可能促进就地反应以产生淀粉和聚合物基体之间的键。此外,用脂族或芳族二异氰酸酯或二和多环氧化物或异氰脲酸酯或噁唑啉扩链的特性粘度(intrinsic viscosity)高于1dl/g的脂族-芳族聚合物或在任情况下Mn和MFI(190℃,2.16kg)之间的比例高于10,000,优选高于12,500,更优选高于15,000的脂族-芳族聚酯也可以用来获得所需要的微结构。
改进微结构的另一种方法是在淀粉-聚酯混合物中获得淀粉络合(complexation)。
在这方面,必须将EP 965 615的内容在本说明书中引入供参考。在这种情况下,在含根据本发明的聚酯的组合物的X射线谱图中,该络合物的在13-14°范围内的峰高度(Hc)和该无定形淀粉的在大约20.5°处(无定形相中的峰的分布已经被重构)出现的峰高度(Ha)之间的Hc/Ha比例小于2且大于0.02。
淀粉/聚酯比例为5/95wt%-60/40wt%,更优选10/90wt%-45/55wt%。
在这些与本发明的聚酯结合的淀粉基共混物中,添加以下物质是可以的:聚烯烃,高和低水解度的聚乙烯醇,乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和它们的结合物,以及脂族聚酯如聚琥珀酸丁二醇酯、聚己二酸琥珀酸丁二醇酯、聚己二酸琥珀酸丁二醇酯caprolactate、聚乳酸琥珀酸丁二醇酯、聚己内酯聚合物和共聚物,PBT,PET,PTT,聚酰胺,聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(其含40-70%对苯二甲酸、有和没有磺化基团、有或者没有支化、和可能用二异氰酸酯或异氰脲酸酯扩链),聚氨酯,聚酰胺-氨基甲酸酯,纤维素和淀粉酯如取代度为1-3,优选1.5-2.5的乙酸酯、丙酸酯和丁酸酯,聚羟基链烷酸酯,聚L-乳酸,聚D-乳酸和丙交酯,它们的混合物和共聚物。
本发明聚酯的淀粉共混物与可堆肥的淀粉共混物(其中共聚聚酯是对苯二甲酸含量为45-49%(具有工业性能的产品范围)的聚对苯二甲酸己二酸丁二醇酯)相比包持更好的结晶能力,并且其可以在簿膜吹塑中甚至在7g/10分钟的MFI(170℃,5kg)下容易地加工,这归因于基体的高的结晶速率。此外,它们具有高于20kj/m2,优选高于30kj/m2,最优选高于45kj/m2的冲击强度(在10℃和小于5%的相对湿度下对30μm厚的吹塑薄膜测量的)。
具有特别的耐性和可容易加工的复合物包含与本发明聚酯结合的变性淀粉和聚乳酸聚合物与共聚物,其中有和没有添加剂如多环氧化物、碳化二亚胺和/或过氧化物。
在尺寸小于500μm,优选小于300μm的淀粉纳米颗粒的情况下,该淀粉基薄膜甚至可以是透明的。
还可以从小液滴形式的淀粉的分散开始到其中两个共连续相共存的分散体,并且该共混物的特征在于允许在加工过程中具有较高的水含量。
一般而言,为了获得共连续结构,选择具有高支链淀粉含量的淀粉和/或向淀粉-聚酯组合物中添加具有疏水性和亲水性单元的嵌段共聚物是可以的。可能的实例是聚乙酸乙烯酯/聚乙烯醇和聚酯/聚醚共聚物,其中所使用的嵌段长度、嵌段的亲水性和疏水性之间的平衡和增容剂的质量可以适当地改变以对淀粉-聚酯组合物的微结构进行微调。
根据本发明的聚酯也可以采用与上述合成来源的聚合物和天然来源的聚合物的共混物形式使用。聚酯与淀粉和聚乳酸的混合物是尤其优选的。
根据本发明的AAPE与PLA的共混物具有特别的益处,因为本发明的脂族-芳族聚酯的高结晶速率和它们与PLA聚合物和共聚物的高相容性使得涵盖了具有宽范围的刚性和高结晶速率的材料,这使得这些共混物尤其适合于注塑和挤出。
此外,由于高的结晶速率和高的耐热性,此类聚酯与聚L-乳酸和聚D-乳酸或聚L-丙交酯和聚D-丙交酯的共混物具有特别的益处,其中聚L-乳酸或丙交酯和聚D-乳酸或丙交酯之间的比例为10/90-90/10,优选20/80-80/20,脂族-芳族聚酯和聚乳酸或PLA共混物之间的比例为5/95-95/5,优选10/90-90/10。聚乳酸或丙交酯聚合物或共聚物通常具有30,000-300,000,更优选50,000-250,000的分子量Mn。
为了改进此类共混物的透明性和韧性并降低或避免聚丙交酯聚合物的片状结构,可以引入作为增容剂或增韧剂的其它聚合物:聚琥珀酸丁二醇酯和其与己二酸和/或乳酸和/或羟基己酸的共聚物,聚己内酯,C2-C13二醇和C4-C13二酸的脂族聚合物,聚羟基链烷酸酯,水解度为75-99%的聚乙烯醇和其共聚物,水解度为0-70%、优选0-60%的聚乙酸乙烯酯。作为二醇,尤其优选的是乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇,作为酸,尤其优选的是壬二酸、癸二酸、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸、巴西基酸和它们的结合物。
为了使本发明的聚酯和聚乳酸之间的相容性最大化,引入以下共聚物是非常有用的,该共聚物具有对本发明的脂族-芳族共聚聚酯具有高亲合性的嵌段和对乳酸聚合物或共聚物具有亲合性的嵌段。尤其优选的实例是本发明的脂族芳族共聚物与聚乳酸的嵌段共聚物。可以如下获得此类嵌段共聚物:用羟基将两种起始聚合物封端,然后使这些聚合物与能够和羟基反应的扩链剂如二异氰酸酯反应。实例是1,6-esamethylene二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯、甲苯二异氰酸酯等。如果共混物的聚合物被酸基封端,则还可以使用能够与酸基反应的扩链剂如二和多环氧化物(例如,双酚二缩水甘油醚、甘油二缩水甘油醚)二乙烯基衍生物。还可以使用碳化二亚胺、二噁唑啉、异氰脲酸酯等作为扩链剂。
此类嵌段共聚物的特性粘度可以为0.3-1.5dl/g,更优选0.45-1.2dl/g。脂族-芳族共聚聚酯和聚乳酸共混物中的增容剂的量可以为0.5-50wt%,更优选1-30wt%,更优选2-20wt%。
根据本发明的AAPE还可以有利地与有机和无机性质的填料共混。填料的优选用量为0.5-70wt%,优选5-50wt%。
至于有机填料,可以提及有和没有增塑剂如多元醇的木材粉末、蛋白质、纤维素粉末、葡萄残渣、糠、玉米皮、堆肥、其它天然纤维、谷物屑。
至于无机填料,可以提及能够被分散和/或减小到具有亚微米尺寸,优选小于500nm,更优选小于300nm,甚至更优选小于50nm的薄片的物质。尤其优选的是还被能够与淀粉和/或所述特定聚酯相互作用的分子官能化的各种沸石和硅酸盐如硅灰石、蒙脱土、水滑石。使用这些填料可以改进劲度、透水和透气性、尺寸稳定性并维持透明性。
根据本发明的聚酯的制备方法可以根据现有技术已知的任何方法进行。特别地,所述聚酯可以有利地采用缩聚反应获得。有利地,所述共聚聚酯的聚合工艺可以在适合的催化剂存在下进行。作为适合的催化剂,举例来说,可以提及锡的金属有机化合物,例如锡酸的衍生物;钛化合物,例如orthobutyl titanate;和铝化合物,例如三异丙基铝;锑化合物和锌化合物。
实施例
在以下提供的实施例中,采用以下试验方法:
-在150℃和5kg下或190℃和2.16kg下根据ASTM D 1238-89标准规定的条件测量MFR;
-采用差示扫描量热计Perkin Elmer DSC7,在以下加热方式下测量熔融和结晶温度以及焓:
第一次扫描,以20℃/分钟,从-30℃至200℃
第二次扫描,以10℃/分钟,从200℃至-30℃
第三次扫描,以20℃/分钟,从-30℃至200℃
-Tm1测量为第一次扫描的吸热峰值,Tm2测量为第三次扫描的吸热峰值;Tc测量为第二次扫描的放热峰值。
-密度
采用装备有Sartorius Kit YDK 01的分析天平Sartorius AC 120S进行根据Mohr Westphal方法的密度测定。该Kit装备有两个小篮子。一旦已将Kit安装,就将乙醇引入结晶器中。将该天平维持在室温下。每个试验在大约2g聚合物(一种或多种粒料)下进行。
根据以下公式测定密度d:
D=(Wa/G)df1
其中
Wa:在空气中样品的重量
Wf1:在醇中样品的重量
G=Wa-Wf1
df1=在室温下的乙醇密度(由采用Kit的Sartorius公司提供的表上读取的值)
密度值的实验误差在±2.5×10-3范围之内。
-ηin已经根据ASTM 2857-87方法测定
-Mn已经在Agilent 1100系列GPC系统上测定,其中氯仿作为洗脱液和聚苯乙烯标准样品用于校准曲线。
实施例1
向配备有机械搅拌器、氮气流进口、冷凝器和与真空泵的接头的25-1钢制反应器中加入:
3187.4g对苯二甲酸二甲酯(16.43mol),
3559.1g丁二醇(39.55mol),
2630.1g壬二酸(14.00mol),
7.0g单丁基锡酸。
相对于酸的总和的芳族化合物含量的摩尔百分率是54mol%。
然后将反应器的温度提高至200℃。在已经蒸馏出理论水量和甲醇量的大约90%之后,将压力逐渐降低到小于3mmHg的值,并将温度提高到240℃。
在大约4小时之后,获得了特性粘度(在25℃下在氯仿中测量,c=0.2g/dl)ηin=1.04(dl/g),密度1.20g/cc,Mn=52890和MFR(190℃;2.16kg)=7.1g/10分钟的产物。
实施例2
重复实施例1的方法,采用以下物质:
3561.8g对苯二甲酸二甲酯(18.36mol),
3580.2g丁二醇(39.78mol),
2301.1g壬二酸(12.24mol)
7.0g单丁基锡酸。
相对于酸的总和的芳族化合物含量的摩尔百分率是60mol%。
在大约4小时之后,获得了特性粘度(在25℃下在氯仿中测量,c=0.2g/dl)ηin=0.95(dl/g),密度=1.21g/cc,Mn=50300和MFR(190℃;2.16kg)=8.0g/10分钟的产物。
实施例3(对比)
重复实施例1的方法,采用以下物质:
2939g对苯二甲酸二甲酯(15.15mol),
3545.1g丁二醇(39.39mol),
2848.2g壬二酸(15.15mol)
7.0g单丁基锡酸。
相对于酸的总和的芳族化合物含量的摩尔百分率是50mol%。
在大约4小时之后,获得了特性粘度(在25℃下在氯仿中测量,c=0.2g/dl)ηin=1.0(dl/g),密度1.18g/cc和MFR(190℃;2.16kg)=7.9g/10分钟的产物。
实施例4
3177.3g对苯二甲酸二甲酯(16.38mol),
3547.4g丁二醇(39.41mol),
2359.9g壬二酸(12.55mol)
281.6g癸二酸(1.39mol)
7.0g单丁基锡酸。
相对于酸的总和的芳族化合物含量的摩尔百分率是54mol%。
在大约4小时之后,获得了特性粘度(在25℃下在氯仿中测量,c=0.2g/dl)ηin=1.0(dl/g),密度1.19g/cc和MFR(190℃;2.16kg)=5.5g/10分钟的产物。
然后在装备有计量型螺杆20C13(L/D=25,RC=1.3;气隙1mm;30-50RPM;T=140-180℃)的Formac Polyfilm 20设备上采用吹膜技术将上述实施例的试样制膜。
吹胀比为2.5而垂伸比为10。所获得的薄膜具有大约30μm的厚度。在制膜之后,并在25℃、55%的相对湿度下调理之后一周,根据ASTM D882-88标准测量拉伸性能。
表1列出了实施例的材料的热性能,同时表2列出了薄膜的机械性能。
表1热性能
实施例 | 芳族含量 | Tm1(℃) | ΔHm1(J/g) | Tc(℃) | ΔHc(J/g) | Tm2(℃) |
1 | 54% | - | - | 42 | 24 | 130 |
2 | 60% | - | - | 101 | 21 | 149 |
3(对比) | 50% | - | - | 38 | 20 | 121 |
4 | 54% | - | - | 53 | 25 | 132 |
表2 机械性能
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3(对比) | 4 |
拉伸性能-纵向 | ||||
屈服点(MPa) | 9 | 11.5 | 8 | 11.5 |
极限强度(MPa) | 33.5 | 39.5 | 26 | 47 |
弹性模量(MPa) | 120 | 170 | 90 | 170 |
断裂能(MJ/m3) | 169 | 144 | 143 | 158 |
埃尔曼多夫撕裂强度(N/mm) | ||||
(A)纵向 | 78 | 114 | 42 | 78 |
(B)横向 | 100 | 109 | 110 | 146 |
(A+B)/2 | 89 | 111.5 | 76 | 114 |
各向异性指数A/B | 0.78 | 1.05 | 0.38 | 0.53 |
分解试验
对于实施例1-4的材料,在模拟的堆肥化处理条件下按实验室规模试验根据标准ISO 20200进行分解试验。
对在液氮中碾磨直到它们碎裂为小于2mm的尺寸的<150-200微米压塑薄膜进行该试验。在90天之后,根据所述标准材料样品完全地分解。
表3分解
实施例 | 芳族含量 | 二酸/二醇 | 90天后分解 |
1 | 54% | 壬二酸丁二醇 | 完全 |
2 | 60% | 壬二酸丁二醇 | 完全 |
3 | 50% | 壬二酸丁二醇 | 完全 |
4 | 54% | 壬二酸癸二酸丁二醇 | 完全 |
表4密度
实施例 | 芳族含量 | 二酸/二醇 | 密度 |
1 | 54% | 壬二酸丁二醇 | 1.20 |
2 | 60% | 壬二酸丁二醇 | 1.21 |
3 | 50% | 壬二酸丁二醇 | 1.18 |
4 | 54% | 壬二酸癸二酸丁二醇 | 1.19 |
Claims (11)
1.可生物降解的脂族/芳族共聚聚酯(AAPE),包含:
A)包含以下重复单元的酸组分:
1)53-64mol%,优选54-60mol%芳族羧酸;
2)47-36%,优选46-40%脂族酸,所述脂族酸的至少50%是壬二酸;
B)选自C3、C4和C6二醇的二醇组分;
所述AAPE根据标准ISO 20200在90天内分解,并具有:
-小于1.22g/cc的密度,
-40,000-140,000的数均分子量Mn;
-0.8-1.5的特性粘度。
-高于100MPa的弹性模量。
2.根据权利要求1的可生物降解的聚酯,其特征在于所述芳族二羧酸是苯二甲酸型化合物,优选对苯二甲酸。
3.根据权利要求1的聚酯,其特征在于具有高于40℃的结晶温度Tc。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项的可生物降解的聚酯,其特征在于所述二醇是1,4-丁二醇。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项的聚酯,其以共混物形式使用,也由反应性挤出获得,既含有相同类型的聚酯又含有其它天然来源或合成来源的可生物降解的聚合物。
6.根据权利要求5的可生物降解的聚酯的共混物,其特征在于所述合成来源的聚合物选自聚乳酸,聚-ε-己内酯,聚羟基丁酸酯,如聚羟基丁酸酯戊酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯丙酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯己酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯癸酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯十二烷酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯十六烷酸酯、聚羟基丁酸酯十八烷酸酯,和聚亚烷基琥珀酸酯。
7.根据权利要求5的可生物降解的聚酯的共混物,其特征在于所述天然来源的聚合物是淀粉、纤维素、聚氨基葡糖、藻酸盐或天然橡胶。
8.根据权利要求7的可生物降解的聚酯的共混物,其特征在于所述淀粉和纤维素是改性的,例如,取代度为0.2-2.5的淀粉或纤维素酯、羟丙基化淀粉、和含有脂肪链的改性淀粉。
9.根据权利要求7的可生物降解的聚酯的共混物,其特征在于所述淀粉以变性或糊化形式或以填料形式存在。
10.根据权利要求5的可生物降解的聚酯的共混物,其中所述合成来源的聚合物是聚乳酸,所述天然来源的聚合物是淀粉。
11.根据上述权利要求中任一项的聚酯用于生产以下制品的用途:
-单向或双向薄膜,和含有其它聚合物材料的多层薄膜;
-用于农业用途的薄膜,如地膜;
-用于收集有机物质的袋子和罩;
-用于食品的单层和多层的包装,例如用于牛奶、酸奶、肉、饮料的容器;
-采用挤出-贴面技术获得的涂层;
-含有纸、塑性材料、铝、金属化薄膜的层的多层层压材料;
-用于制备通过烧结形成的部件的发泡或可发泡珠粒;
-发泡和半发泡制品,包括由预发泡颗粒制成的发泡块;
-发泡片材、热成型片材和由其获得的用于包装食品的容器;
-一般用于水果和蔬菜的容器;
-含有糊化、变性和/或复合型淀粉,天然淀粉,面粉,其它天然、植物或无机来源的填料的复合材料;
-用于健康、清洁制品和卫生领域的纤维、织物和非织造织物。
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