CN101010047A - 人工心脏瓣膜传送系统和方法 - Google Patents
人工心脏瓣膜传送系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101010047A CN101010047A CNA2005800127355A CN200580012735A CN101010047A CN 101010047 A CN101010047 A CN 101010047A CN A2005800127355 A CNA2005800127355 A CN A2005800127355A CN 200580012735 A CN200580012735 A CN 200580012735A CN 101010047 A CN101010047 A CN 101010047A
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- support component
- cardiac valve
- valve prosthesis
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Abstract
本发明描述了人工瓣膜及其构成部件,以及人工瓣膜传送装置和其使用方法。这种人工瓣膜特别适合于在经皮主动脉瓣膜替换手术中使用。这种传送装置特别适合于在微创外科手术中使用。
Description
发明领域
本发明大致涉及医疗设备和方法。更具体地说,本发明涉及人工心脏瓣膜(prosthetic heart valve),用于提供身体腔管支架的结构,以及用于传送和展开这些瓣膜和结构的装置和方法。
发明背景
心脏瓣膜疾病以及其它异常会影响心脏的血液流动。两类心脏瓣膜疾病是狭窄和心脏瓣膜不全。狭窄指心脏瓣膜由于心脏瓣膜组织硬化而不能完全打开。心脏瓣膜不全指因允许血液回流到心脏中而造成低效率血液循环的心脏瓣膜。
药物可用于治疗某些心脏瓣膜异常,但是许多情况都需要利用人工心脏瓣膜来替换原生心脏瓣膜。人工心脏瓣膜可用于替换任何原生心脏瓣膜(主动脉的、二尖瓣膜的、三尖瓣膜的或肺部的瓣膜),但是主动脉瓣膜或二尖瓣膜的修复或替换是最常见的,因为其位于压力最大的心脏左侧。通常使用两种主要的人工心脏瓣膜,即机械心脏瓣膜和人工组织心脏瓣膜。
笼球设计是其中一种早前的机械心脏瓣膜。笼球设计使用小的球体,其通过焊接的金属笼而保持在合适位置。在二十世纪六十年代中期,设计了另一种人工心脏瓣膜,其使用倾斜蝶瓣膜,以便较好地模拟血流的原生模型。倾斜蝶瓣膜具有通过两个焊接的撑条而保持在合适位置的聚合物盘件。双叶瓣膜是在二十世纪七十年代后期引入的。其包括两个半圆形的绕铰链回转的小叶。小叶平行于血液流动的方向而完全地摆动打开。这些小叶没有完全关闭,这允许一些回流。
机械心脏瓣膜的主要优势是其较高的耐用性。机械心脏瓣膜放置在年轻的病人体内,因为其通常可持续到病人的寿命时间。所有机械心脏瓣膜的主要问题是增加了血液凝固的风险。
人工组织心脏瓣膜包括人体组织心脏瓣膜和动物组织心脏瓣膜。这两类心脏瓣膜通常称为生物修补瓣膜。生物修补瓣膜的设计接近原生心脏瓣膜的设计。生物修补瓣膜不需要长期的阻凝剂,具有较好的血液动力学性能,不会对血液细胞造成损伤,并且不会受到许多机械心脏瓣膜所经历的结构问题的困扰。
人体组织心脏瓣膜包括从另一人体移植过来的心脏瓣膜的同种移植,以及从同一人的一个位置移植到另一位置的心脏瓣膜的自体组织移植。
动物组织心脏瓣膜是最常用的从动物身上回收过来的心脏组织。回收的组织通常通过制革溶液进行硬化,制革溶液最常用的是戊二醛。最常使用的动物组织是猪、牛和马的心包组织。
动物组织心脏瓣膜通常是带支架的心脏瓣膜。通常通过从猪身上去除整个主动脉根部和相邻大动脉可制成无支架的心脏瓣膜。将冠状动脉末端扎紧,并将整个部分进行修整,之后植入到病人体中。
传统的心脏瓣膜替换外科手术包括通过纵向切开胸腔而接触到心脏胸腔。例如,正中胸骨切开术需要切过胸骨,并强制将胸廓的两半相对的肋骨分开,以便接触到胸腔和心脏内部。之后将病人心肺动脉分流,这包括使心脏停止跳动,以允许接触腔管。这种开心术是特别具侵害性的,并且涉及超长且困难的康复周期。
因此,需要一种较少侵害性的心脏瓣膜替换方法。人工心脏瓣膜的经皮植入是一种优选的手术,因为手术是在局部麻醉下进行的,不需要心肺动脉分流,并且较少创伤。目前意图提供的这种装置通常包括支架状的结构,除了主动脉组织所需要的更大直径、以及具有提供单向血液流动的小叶之外,它与那些用于血管内支架手术的结构非常相似。这些支架结构为了传送到想要的位置而径向收缩,之后扩展/展开而获得环形的管状结构。支架结构需要提供两个主要的功能。首先,该结构需要提供当处于扩展状态时的合适径向刚性。所述径向刚性用于保持结构的圆柱形形状,其保证了小叶正确地接合。正确的小叶接合保证了小叶边缘正确地匹配,这对于正确的密封而没有泄漏是必须的。这种径向刚性还保证了没有瓣膜周漏,这种瓣膜周漏是在心脏瓣膜和主动脉接口之间而非穿过小叶的漏泄。对径向刚性的额外需要是在心脏瓣膜和原生主动脉壁之间提供充分的相互作用,从而当心脏瓣膜关闭并保持身体血压时没有心脏瓣膜的移位。这是其它血管装置不会遇到的需求。支架结构的主要的第二功能是能够卷曲到减少的尺寸而便于植入。
早前的装置利用由管状结构或绕线结构生产出来的传统支架设计。虽然这类设计可以提供可卷曲的能力,但是其提供了很小的径向刚性。这些装置会遇到″径向重绕″,因为当装置展开时,通常引起球囊扩展,最后展开的直径小于球囊和支架结构扩展的直径。重绕部分地是由于在装置和所放置的组织环境之间的刚性不匹配所造成的。这些装置还通常造成瓣膜小叶在收缩和扩展过程期间被压碎、裂开或其它变形。其它支架设计包括缠绕成螺旋形的金属片。这类设计提供高的径向刚性,但卷曲仍会造成较大的材料应变,这可能造成在受约束状态下的应力破裂和极大量的存储能量。当植入时,希望替换心脏瓣膜能继续存在许多年。心脏瓣膜可在15年过程中经历大约500,000,000次循环。在卷曲期间的高应力状态可能会减少装置的疲劳寿命。还有一些其它装置包括管状的、绕线状的结构,或由镍钛诺或其它超弹性或形状记忆材料形成的缠绕成螺旋形的片材。这些装置具有上述其中一些相同缺点。本文所述的支架结构和人工心脏瓣膜致力于高的径向刚性、卷曲性以及使疲劳寿命最大化。
发明概要
本发明提供了用于将支撑结构在身体腔管中展开的装置和方法。该方法和装置特别适合于在经皮主动脉瓣膜替换中使用。该方法和装置还可用于周边血管、腹部血管和其它导管,例如胆管、输卵管以及病人身体中的类似腔管结构。虽然特别适合于在身体腔管中使用,但是本装置和方法叶可适用于动物治疗。
在本发明的一个方面,提供了一种人工心脏瓣膜。这种人工心脏瓣膜包括支撑部件和连接在支撑部件上的瓣膜主体。这种人工心脏瓣膜具有扩展状态和收缩状态,在扩展状态下,支撑部件具有大致圆柱形的或大致椭圆形的截面形状,并且具有第一截面尺寸(例如直径),而在收缩状态下,支撑部件具有小于第一直径的第二截面尺寸(例如直径)。在将人工心脏瓣膜传送到治疗位置的过程中,人工心脏瓣膜处于收缩状态,而在治疗位置处展开之后则处于扩展状态。处于其扩展状态下的支撑部件的截面尺寸优选足够大,并且支撑部件拥有足够的径向强度,使得支撑部件确定地在物理上与身体腔管的内面、例如主动脉瓣膜的环面或另一生物学上可接受的主动脉位置(例如升主动脉或降主动脉的位置)相接合,从而提供较强的摩擦配合。
具体地说,在几个优选的实施例中,支撑部件具有比治疗位置、例如身体腔管的尺寸略微更大的截面尺寸。例如,如果治疗位置是主动脉瓣膜的根部环面,那么支撑部件就可拥有比心脏瓣膜环面的截面尺寸大了大约0%至25%的截面尺寸。根据治疗位置的性质,还可使用比身体腔管甚至大25%的截面尺寸。如下面更详细所述,一旦展开,支撑部件就延伸到其全部截面尺寸,即,它不会由于腔管或其它组织施加的径向力而发生径向压缩。相反,支撑部件将使治疗位置的腔管或其它组织的截面尺寸膨胀。这样,支撑部件降低了在装置周围出现流体泄漏的可能性。另外,由于装置结构所造成的过盈配合的强度,支撑部件将具有与腔管或组织并列的正确位置,以便降低装置一旦展开后会发生移位的可能性。
在几个实施例中,支撑部件是具有至少两个周边部分的结构,所述周边部分的至少两个通过可折拢的接头而彼此连接在一起。此处所用的用语″部分″指支撑部件被可折拢的接头或其它接头所分成的组成部分,所述接头将相邻部分相连起来。在几个实施例中,各部分包括片件(panel),两个或多个相连的片件就组成了支撑部件。作为备选、并非试图限制所提供的本说明书的是,这些部分可包括杆、撑条、支柱或其它结构部件,其在设于支撑部件上的可折拢的接头之间延伸。任何这些(或任何其它)备选的结构或其任何组合可作为支撑部件的一个或多个部分来提供。
在支撑部件的上述实施例中,可折拢的接头可包括允许两个相邻部分局部地或完全地彼此折拢起来的任何结构部件。在几个优选的实施例中,可折拢的接头包括铰链。合适的铰链包括机械铰链、膜片铰链、活铰链或这些铰链的组合。
除了可折拢的接头之外,两个相邻片件还可通过选择性地锁定接头、例如成对的相对的凸台和凹槽而连接起来。在包括三个或更多部分的实施例中,可使用可折拢的接头和锁定接头的组合。
支撑结构可设有一个或多个锚固部件,其适合于与身体腔管的内壁相接合。各个锚固部件可包括倒钩、齿、钩或任何其它从支撑结构的外表面突出的部分,从而在物理上与身体腔管的内壁相接合。作为备选,锚固部件可包括形成于支撑结构中的孔,其允许组织内陷到该孔中,即,支撑部件作用在血管壁上的向外径向力造成支撑部件的框架部分略微嵌入血管壁中,从而导致某些组织穿过孔而进入支撑部件的内部。组织内陷用于将支撑结构锚固就位。锚固部件可通过例如促动器而选择性地接合,或者其可定向成永久地接合起来。作为备选,锚固部件可以是自促动的,或者它可在支撑部件展开期间自动地展开。
锚固部件可有利地执行除了身体腔管的内壁相接合之外的功能。例如,锚固部件可确保支撑结构在身体腔管中的正确定位。它还可防止支撑结构的移位或其它移动,并且它可通过例如产生较好的组织附着力而提供支撑结构对身体腔管的额外的或增强的密封作用。
支撑结构还可设有可选的密封部件,例如垫片。密封部件优选固定在支撑结构的外表面上,围绕支撑结构的全部或部分周边,并且用于降低或消除血液管壁和支撑部件之间的流体流动。密封部件可包括相对柔软的生物相容性材料,例如聚氨酯或其它聚合物。密封部件优选是多孔的,或者能够在暴露于流体中时进行扩展或膨胀,从而增强了密封部件的密封能力。密封部件可包括功能成分,例如粘合剂、固定剂或治疗剂如药物或其它物质。
作为额外的可选项,在支撑部件的任何表面上可施加或形成涂层。为了提供任何所需的功能,可施加或形成涂层。例如,涂层可用于携带粘合剂、固定剂或治疗剂如药物或其它材料。在支撑部件的外表面上可形成涂层,从而便于组织贯穿(例如向内生长)到支撑结构中。涂层还可用来促进在支撑部件和原生组织之间的密封,或减少支撑部件偏离其预期位置的可能性。本领域中的技术人员可以知道其它涂层的功能。
瓣膜主体可具有单片或多片的结构,并包括多个小叶。瓣膜主体可连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。在单片结构的情况下,瓣膜主体包括可连接到支撑结构上的基体部分,以及从基体部分延伸出来的多个(优选三个)小叶。在多片结构的情况下,瓣膜主体包括多个(优选三个)部件,各个部件包括可连接到支撑结构上的基体部分以及小叶部分。在任一情况下,瓣膜主体的基体部分连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面部分上,并且小叶从基体部分延伸出来,并通常向内彼此相向地延伸而形成心脏瓣膜。
无论是单片或多片结构的瓣膜主体,它们都可包括均质材料,例如聚合物,如聚氨酯或其它合适的弹性体材料。作为备选,瓣膜主体可包括带涂层的衬底,其中衬底包括聚合物(例如聚脂)或金属(例如不锈钢)网,并且涂层包括聚合物,例如聚氨酯或其它合适的弹性体材料。其它合适的结构也是可行的。
作为备选,瓣膜主体可包括人体(包括同种移植或自体组织移植)或动物(例如猪、牛、马或其它)组织。
瓣膜主体可通过任何合适的机构而连接在支撑结构上。例如,由聚合物、织品或其它柔性材料形成的连接唇边可模制在或粘附到支撑部件的表面上,并且将瓣膜主体缝合、粘附或模制在该连接唇边上。作为备选,瓣膜主体的边缘部分可夹在一对弹性带之间,弹性带连接在支撑部件的表面上。还可使用其它的和另外的一些连接机构。
如上所述,前面的人工心脏瓣膜的各个实施例优选具有用于在身体腔管中展开的完全扩展的状态,以及用于在微创干涉手术中经由病人血管而传送到腔管中的收缩状态。在完全扩展的状态下,支撑部件的各部分是沿周向地定向的,并彼此相邻,并通过可折拢的接头或锁定接头而连接在各个相邻部分上。在收缩状态下,这些部分在可折拢的接头处折拢在一起,然后优选形成较小的直径管状结构。根据这种人工心脏瓣膜的特殊结构,可以按照这些部分及接头不同的组合,以及这些部分及接头不同的折拢和旋转方式,来实现收缩状态。
例如,在一个实施例中,人工心脏瓣膜包括由三块片件组成的大致圆柱形的支撑部件,各片件通过铰链而连接在其相邻片件上。铰链可以是机械铰链、膜片铰链、活动铰链或这些铰链的组合。在其完全扩展的状态下,人工心脏瓣膜的各片件是弧形部件,其占据圆柱形支撑部件的圆形截面的大约120°,或者占其三分之一。作为备选,一个或多个片件可跨越圆柱形支撑部件的较小部分,而其它片件相对较大。例如,相对较短的片件可设于心脏瓣膜的对应于非冠状原生瓣膜小叶的一面上,非冠状原生瓣膜小叶通常小于其它原生瓣膜小叶。瓣膜主体连接在三个片件的各个内面上。通过首先使各片件在中心线处内翻(inverting),即通过使各片件的中心线引向经过大致圆柱形支撑部件中心的纵轴线而将各片件从凸起形状改变到凹入形状来获得收缩状态。这个动作导致可折拢的接头折拢,在各个可折拢的接头上形成顶点。对于前面三个片件的支撑部件,形成了三个顶点的星形结构。在四个片件的支撑部件的情况下,将形成四个顶点的星形结构。通常由柔性弹性材料形成的瓣膜主体,其通常顺应于支撑部件的操作,而没有任何较大的卷曲、开裂或永久变形。
片件的内翻导致了这样一种结构,其具有比完全扩展的结构相对较小的最大横向尺寸。为了进一步减少横向尺寸,各顶点朝中心轴线的方向向回卷曲,从而产生多个绕中心轴线等间隔设置的凸出部,即在三个片件结构中形成了三个凸出部。所形成的多凸出部结构具有甚至更小的最大横向尺寸,其代表人工心脏瓣膜的收缩状态的一个实施例。
在另一实施例中,人工心脏瓣膜包括大致圆柱形的支撑部件,其由限定了三个接头的三个片件组成,其中两个接头包括铰链,另一个接头包括一组锁定的凸台和凹槽。铰链可以是机械铰链、膜片铰链、活动铰链、其它铰链类型或这些铰链的组合。如同之前的实施例一样,在其完全扩展的状态下,人工心脏瓣膜的各片件是弧形部件,其占据圆柱形支撑部件的圆形截面的大约120°,或者占据其三分之一。瓣膜主体连接在三个片件的各个内面上,其中,瓣膜主体中的至少一个间隔与锁定接头在支撑部件上的位置相对应。在这个备选实施例中,通过首先在前两个片件之间的非铰链接头处分离锁定的凸台和凹槽,可获得收缩状态。作为备选,可简单地开启锁定的凸台和凹槽,从而允许相对运动,同时保持可滑动的接合。之后内翻与非铰链接头相对的第三片件,即通过使片件的中心线引向经过大致圆柱形支撑部件中心的纵轴线而从凸起状态改变到凹入状态。之后,通过使将各片件连接到第三片件上的铰链旋转,可将其它两个片件相互嵌套在第三片件的后面,各自保留其凹入形状。所形成的结构是弯曲的片状部件。通常由柔性的弹性体材料形成的瓣膜主体,其通常顺应于支撑部件的操作,而没有任何较大的卷曲、开裂或永久变形。之后将结构卷曲成管状结构,其具有相对于完全扩展的人工心脏瓣膜而相对较小的直径,并且其代表这种人工心脏瓣膜的收缩状态的一个备选实施例。
在另一实施例中,人工心脏瓣膜包括由两个片件组成的大致椭圆形支撑部件,在这两个片件之间,在两个连接边缘处设有铰链。铰链可以是机械铰链、膜片铰链、活动铰链或这些铰链的组合。瓣膜主体连接在两个片件的各个内面上。通过首先使两个片件中的其中一个片件在其中心线上内翻,从而获得收缩状态,即,通过使各片件的中心线引向穿过大致椭圆形的支撑部件中心的纵轴线而将各片件从凸起形状改变到凹入形状。这个动作造成可折拢的接头折拢,在各个可折拢的接头处形成顶点,并导致两个片件到达相互嵌套的位置。通常由柔性的弹性材料形成的瓣膜主体一般顺应于支撑部件的操作,而没有任何较大的卷曲、开裂或永久变形。之后将结构卷曲成管状结构,其具有相对于完全扩展的人工心脏瓣膜相对较小的直径,并且其代表这种人工心脏瓣膜的收缩状态的另一备选实施例。
本发明还提供了几种备选的支撑部件。在其中一个这种备选实施例中,支撑结构是大致管状的部件,其构造成能够从具有相对较小的直径和较大长度的收缩状态,变换到具有相对较大直径和较小长度的扩展状态。收缩状态变换到扩展状态需要使管状部件在径向扩展的同时缩短长度。可利用任何较宽范围的结构部件和/或方法,来实现缩短变换。在一种特别优选的形成中,支撑结构包括轴向激活的支撑部件。这种轴向激活的支撑部件包括由柔性支柱矩阵形成的大致管状体的部件。在一个实施例中,支柱设置成交叉成对而形成″X″图案,并且第一交叉成对的支柱的末端通过带式连接器而连接在第二交叉成对的支柱的末端,从而形成大致圆柱形的部件。通过将包含在另外的圆柱形部件中的支柱以及包含在第一圆柱形部件中的一个或多个支柱交织在一起,从而还可将另外的大致圆柱形的部件结合到该结构中。轴向部件连接在至少两个相对的带式连接器上,定位在该结构的两对端上。当轴向部件长度降低时,支撑部件扩展到较大的直径状态,同时支撑部件发生一定程度的缩短。当轴向部件长度增加时,支撑部件收缩到较小的直径状态,同时支撑部件发生一定程度的伸长。当支撑部件在身体腔管中展开时可使用扩展状态,而收缩状态可用于装置的传送。如上所述,瓣膜主体可连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。
在前述实施例中,轴向部件可被环形部件、绕成螺旋形的部件、或任何其它适合于导致管状部件缩短并从而变换到扩展状态的结构来替代。轴向部件或其它部件可连接在相对的连接器上、非相对的连接器上,或者根本不使用连接器。作为备选,支撑部件可由多条编织线或单条编织线形成,其通过缠绕在心轴上而形成管状形状。在任一情况下,通过引起缩短,而导致结构径向膨胀。
作为另一备选实施例,支撑结构(或其部分)通过例如由弹性材料或形状记忆材料形成而可以是自扩展的,其适合于从具有相对较小截面尺寸的相对较长的管状部件变换成具有相对较大截面尺寸的相对较短的管状部件。在又一备选方案中,支撑结构可通过缩短作用而部分地自扩展,之后可使用扩展装置导致进一步的径向膨胀和纵向的缩短。
在另一备选实施例中,支撑部件包括多个片件铰接环结构。多个片件铰接环结构包括通过一个或多个(优选三个)纵向柱销而互连的多个(优选三个)周向环。各环结构则由多个部分如弯曲片件构成,各弯曲片件通过接头部件例如聚合物膜片铰链而连接在其相邻片件上。铰链旋转而将该结构从用于展开的扩展状态变换到用于传送的收缩状态。如上所述,瓣膜主体可连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。
在另一备选实施例中,支撑部件包括伸缩式铰接的结构。该伸缩式铰接的结构包括多个(优选大约二十四个)周向地设置在大致管状结构周围的片件,各片件在其边缘具有凸台,其与相邻片件的相对的边缘上的相配凸台重叠并接合,从而与相邻片件互锁起来。弹性膜片连接在相邻片件的外表面上,并提供了将相邻片件偏压在一起的作用力,从而有助于凸台对各个相邻成对片件的互锁。弹性膜片优选连接在各片件的主体部分上,而不连接在相对的边缘上。因此,就可分离凸台,并使片件旋转而在各共享边缘上形成顶点,从而限定了与支撑部件的收缩状态相对应的多个顶点式″星形″形状。支撑部件通过施加向外的径向力而变换到其扩展状态,这种向外径向力使弹性膜片拉伸,并允许凸台重新接合。如上所述,瓣膜主体可连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。
如上所述,各个支撑部件可通过将瓣膜主体连接在支撑部件的外表面或内表面上而结合在人工心脏瓣膜中。在该备选实施例中,前面的任何支撑部件可在没有瓣膜主体的条件下使用,从而提供在身体腔管,例如血管或其它器官中的支撑或支架功能。例如,多个部分、多个铰接支撑部件可单独地或与另一支撑部件、移植片或其它治疗器具相结合,而用作治疗腹部主动脉动脉瘤的支架部件。如本领域中的技术人员所理解的那样,还可设想其它相似的用途。
如本文其它地方更全面地所述,前面的人工心脏瓣膜和支撑部件都适合于从其扩展状态变换到其收缩状态,从而通过传送导管经由微创干预手术而被载带至治疗位置。
在本发明的其它方面,提供了用于将人工心脏瓣膜传送到身体腔管中的治疗位置处的传送装置,以及其使用方法。该传送装置特别适合于在微创干预手术,例如经皮主动脉瓣膜替换中使用。这种传送装置包括具有近端和远端的细长传送导管。手柄设于传送导管的近端。手柄可装备有用于控制和操作导管的按钮、促动器、滑动片、其它控制部件或其组合,以执行人工心脏瓣膜的传送步骤。可伸缩的外护套可至少在导管的部分长度上延伸。导线腔管优选从导管近端延伸到远端。导线腔管可延伸过整个导管长度,以便于在导线上的应用,或者导线腔管可具有比导管近端更靠近远端的近端出口,以便用于快速更换的应用。
导管的远端部分包括适合于接受和保持人工心脏瓣膜的载带件,从而可将人工心脏瓣膜保持在收缩状态,并使这种人工心脏瓣膜在身体腔管的治疗位置处展开。在一个实施例中,导管的远端部分设有在其远端的具有多个纵向凹槽的传送管,具有纵向轴的夹具,以及多个从夹具远端纵向延伸出的指状部。优选的是,传送管具有与待传送的人工心脏瓣膜上所具有的部分相同数量的纵向凹槽,并且该夹具包括相同数量的指状部。传送管远端上的纵向凹槽是围绕管的周边等间隔地设置的。类以地,当从夹具远端观察时,指状部设置成大致圆形的图案。例如,在三个指状部的情况下,所有三个指状部在虚构圆上间隔开,并且彼此间隔开大约120°。在四个指状部的情况下,指状部彼此间隔开大约90°。纵向凹槽和指状部的间距和定向可不同于这些优选值,但仍然足以按本文所述的方式来执行传送功能。夹具可滑动地且可旋转地容纳在传送管中,并且传送管位于外护套的内部。外护套是可伸缩的,从而至少将该传送管远端部分上的纵向凹槽暴露出来。夹具至少能够前进到足够远的位置,从而足以使指状部远侧地延伸出传送管的远端之外。
在上述传送装置的备选实施例中,夹具指状部可包括导线、纤维、钩、套管、其它远侧地从夹具远端延伸出来的结构部件或任何前述组合。如下所述,指状部的主要功能是将人工心脏瓣膜保持在夹具的远端上,并将心脏瓣膜的支撑部件的部分限制在内翻的状态。因此,任何能够执行上面功能的上述(或其它)结构部件可取代上述指状部。
可选的防损伤的顶尖部或凸头部可设于装置的远端。顶尖部优选由相对柔软的弹性体材料形成,并且具有圆形至圆锥形的形状。在顶尖部中设有中心腔管,以允许导线穿过。顶尖部的形状和物理性质增强了传送装置安全穿过病人血管的能力,同时不会对血管壁或其它组织部分造成损坏。另外,防损伤的顶尖部可增强在原生心脏瓣膜的小叶由于疾病或其它异常引起的钙化而完全或部分关闭时,该传送装置远端部分横过原生心脏瓣膜的性能。
这种传送装置特别适合于微创外科手术使用,以便将例如上述那些多部分的人工心脏瓣膜传送到身体腔管中。为此,首先将人工心脏瓣膜装载到传送装置中。在具有三个部分的支撑部件的人工心脏瓣膜中,传送管将具有在其远端的三个纵向凹槽,并且夹具将装备有三个指状部。通过首先内翻这三个部分而将人工心脏瓣膜装载到传送装置中,从而产生具有三个顶点的结构。人工心脏瓣膜部分的内翻可手动地或借助于工具来执行。之后将这种人工心脏瓣膜放置夹具的远端上,夹具的远端已经延伸到传送管的远端之外,其中三个指状部各自将其中一个内翻的部分保持在其内翻的位置。之后将上面安装有人工心脏瓣膜的夹具和指状部收缩而回到传送管。在收缩期间,夹具和指状部与传送管旋转地对准,使得人工心脏瓣膜的三个顶点与传送管远端上的三个纵向凹槽对准。当夹具和指状部完全收缩时,这种人工心脏瓣膜的三个顶点各自径向地穿过纵向凹槽而延伸到传送管的外部。之后,使夹具绕传送管旋转(或使传送管绕夹具旋转),该动作导致折拢起来的人工心脏瓣膜的部分各自与其相应的传送管凹槽的边缘相接合。夹具相对于传送管的进一步的回转导致这些折拢起来的部分朝着传送管中的人工心脏瓣膜的纵轴线方向而向回卷曲,从而产生完全定位在传送管中的三个凸出部。因此,就将人工心脏瓣膜装载到传送装置中。之后,可使外护套在包括传送管的导管的远端部分上前进,为使用传送装置作好准备。
这种人工心脏瓣膜通过首先将导线引入到血管系统,并通过任何常规方法,优选经由股动脉引入到病人的治疗位置而进行传送。可选地,可使合适的引导护套前进,从而便于引入传送装置。之后,使传送导管经导线前进到治疗位置。然后收缩外护套,从而使传送管暴露出来。之后,使夹具相对于传送管旋转(或使传送管相对于夹具旋转),从而导致折拢起来的人工心脏瓣膜部分地变直,并穿过传送管的纵向凹槽而径向向外延伸。之后收缩传送管(或使夹具前进),导致人工心脏瓣膜(受到指状部约束)远侧地前进而超出传送管之外。之后使夹具相对于人工心脏瓣膜收缩,并将这种人工心脏瓣膜释放到治疗位置。之后优选将内翻的部分回复到扩展状态,导致心脏瓣膜保持在身体腔管的内面上(例如主动脉瓣膜根部或另一生物学上可接受的主动脉位置)。如果需要,可通过载带在传送导管或其它载带件上的合适扩展部件,例如扩展球囊或扩展网状部件(本文其它地方所述),来提供心脏瓣膜附加的扩展。
在传送装置的另一实施例中,导管的远端部分包括约束护套、定向护套、多个夹具、扩展器和多个支柱。如上所述,可选的防损伤的顶尖部或凸头部还可固定在装置的远端。各个夹具包括跨在管中的导线,以及位于管远端的顶尖部。各夹具的导线适合于与具有多个部分的人工心脏瓣膜的支撑部件的顶点相接合,并且选择性地将人工心脏瓣膜限制在收缩状态。扩展器适于选择性地导致夹具在用户通过定位在手柄上的促动器来促动夹具时径向向外地扩展。
通过内翻各片件,之后将各顶点连接在相应的传送装置的夹具上而使人工心脏瓣膜收缩(手动地或利用工具),从而可将这种人工心脏瓣膜装载到传送装置中。夹具接受、保持并将人工心脏瓣膜限制在其收缩状态。安装有这种人工心脏瓣膜的夹具组件之后收缩到各定向护套和约束护套中,从而为插入到病人血管中准备好该装置。之后使该装置经导线前进至治疗位置,例如原生主动脉瓣膜的基体环面上或另一生物学上可接受的主动脉位置(例如上升主动脉或下降主动脉的位置)。之后收缩约束护套,以允许这种人工心脏瓣膜部分地扩展(例如扩展到其全部横向尺寸的大约85%),这时其受到定向护套的约束。之后通过操作夹具将这种人工心脏瓣膜进行最后的定位,之后,收缩定向护套并释放夹具。然后将人工心脏瓣膜固定地接合在治疗位置中。
在传送装置的另一实施例中,导管的远端部分包括一个或多个约束管,其具有至少一个(优选两个)可调的约束环。约束管远侧从导管轴延伸到传送装置的远端之外,并且各约束环是从约束管横向延伸出的导线或纤维环。各约束环是能够选择性地限制收缩的人工心脏瓣膜的柔性环。通过定位在装置手柄上的控制部件、例如按钮,或通过另一外部的促动部件,就可选择性地限制或释放约束环。可选的可伸缩的外护套可用于覆盖导管的远端部分。另外,如上所述的可选的防损伤的顶尖部或凸头部可设于该装置的远端。
通过例如内翻各片件并使各内翻的片件卷曲成为凸出部而使人工心脏瓣膜收缩(手动地或利用工具)到其收缩状态,从而可将人工心脏瓣膜装载到传送装置上。之后,将收缩的人工心脏瓣膜放置在约束管之上并穿过一个或多个约束环。该环被约束在收缩的人工心脏瓣膜周围,从而将人工心脏瓣膜限制在其收缩状态。之后,可使可选的外护套在这种人工心脏瓣膜和约束管上前进,从而为使用传送装置作好准备。之后,使装置经导线前进至治疗位置,例如原生主动脉瓣膜的基体环面上或另一生物学上可接受的主动脉位置(例如升主动脉或降主动脉的位置)。然后收缩约束护套,而使收缩的人工心脏瓣膜暴露出来。约束环通过例如旋转控制按钮来进行释放,从而释放人工心脏瓣膜,并允许其自扩展。从而将人工心脏瓣膜固定地接合在治疗位置中。扩展部件可前进到人工心脏瓣膜的内部(或从心脏瓣膜远侧收缩回来),并且,如果需要或有要求,可进行扩展以提供额外的扩展力。
在前面的各种装置传送方法中,用户能够以小心的,受控的和审慎的方式来展开该装置。这尤其允许用户中断传送过程,并且根据需要而使该装置重新定位,以优化传送位置。这种增加的控制程度是许多以前的经皮装置传送方法中所没有的特征。
在本发明的另一方面,提供了一种用于在微创外科手术中执行扩胀功能的扩展部件。例如,该扩展部件可用于例如血管成形术、瓣膜成形术、血管内支架或其它装置放置或扩展等手术,以及其它相似的手术。关于上述和本文其它地方所介绍的装置和方法,该扩展部件可用于为本文所述的人工心脏瓣膜上所使用的支撑部件提供额外的扩展力。
在一个实施例中,扩展部件包括多个绕纵轴线定向的充气球囊。各充气球囊在其近端通过进给腔管而连接在中央腔管上,中央腔管使得在充气球囊与导管的手柄部分相关联的充气介质源之间流体相通。中央腔管本身设有导线腔管,以允许导线穿过扩展部件。柔性部件连接在各充气球囊的远端,而且还包括导线腔管。在一个优选的实施例中,扩展部件包括三个充气球囊,但是,更少或更多的球囊也是可行的。各球囊可单独地,一起地或以任何组合方式来进行充气,以获得所需的作用力分布。多个充气球囊的结构提供了许多优势,包括提供了比单个球囊更大的径向力的能力,以及避免经受治疗的血管发生堵塞,以及允许血液或其它流体流经该装置的能力。
在一个备选实施例中,扩展部件包括柔性的、可膨胀的网状部件。这种可膨胀的网状部件包括轴,以及纵向地设置在该轴上的圆柱形编织网状部件。该圆柱形网状部件的远端连接在轴的远端上。该圆柱形网状部件的近端可滑动地通过靠近远端的轴环而接合在该轴上。当轴环远侧沿着该轴前进时,就导致圆柱形网状部件的主体部分径向地扩展,从而提供了径向扩展部件。作为备选,网状部件的近端可固定在该轴上,而远端可具有轴环接合,从而允许其近端地沿着轴前进而导致网状部件径向扩展。更进一步说,网状部件的各个近端和远端都可滑动地接合在该轴上,并且各自彼此相向地移动而造成径向扩展。
通过参考附图和以下阐述的对优选实施例的详细说明,可以清楚本文所述的本发明的其它方面、特征和功能。
附图简介
图1A是根据本发明的人工心脏瓣膜的透视图。
图1B是根据本发明的支撑结构的透视图。
图2A是显示了内翻的片件的支撑部件的透视图。
图2B是图2A的支撑部件的顶视图。
图2C是处于收缩状态的支撑部件的顶视图。
图3A是根据本发明的另一支撑结构的透视图。
图3B是图3A的支撑部件上的铰链的放大图。
图3B是图3A的支撑部件上的缩定凸台和凹槽的放大图。
图3D是图3A中所示的支撑部件的透视图,其显示了片件的内翻。
图3E是图3A中所示的支撑部件的透视图,其显示了三个片件的嵌套设置。
图3F是图3A中所示的支撑部件的透视图,其显示了支撑部件的收缩状态。
图3G是图3A中所示的支撑部件的端视图,其显示了支撑部件的收缩状态。
图3H是另一支撑部件的顶视图,其显示了三个片件的嵌套的设置。
图3I是图3H中所示的支撑部件的侧视图。
图4A是显示了将支撑部件的两个片件连接起来的铰链的透视图。
图4B是图4A中所示的铰链的透视图,其显示了铰链折拢起来的状态。
图4C是显示了连接支撑部件的两个片件的另一铰链的透视图。
图4D是显示了连接支撑部件的两个片件的另一铰链的透视图。
图5A是具有内翻片件的支撑部件的透视图,其显示了可移动的铰链销。
图5B是支撑部件在其三个片件分开之后的透视图。
图6是另一支撑部件的透视图。
图7是用于将瓣膜主体连接在支撑部件上的连接机构的放大图。
图8A是瓣膜主体的透视图。
图8B是显示了图8A的瓣膜主体的分开的小叶的透视图。
图9A是轴向激活的支撑部件在其收缩状态下的透视图。
图9B是图9A的轴向激活的支撑部件的透视图,图中显示它处于其扩展状态。
图10A是多个片件铰接的环状人工心脏瓣膜的透视图。
图10B是图10A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜的端视图。
图10C是多个片件铰接的环状支撑部件的透视图。
图10D是图10C中所示的支撑部件的端视图。
图10E是包含在图10C中所示的支撑部件上的片件的放大图。
图10F是包含在图10C中所示支撑部件上的片件环的一部分的透视图。
图10G是包含在支撑部件上的片件环的顶视图,图中显示其处于收缩状态。
图10H是图10C中所示的支撑部件的透视图,图中显示其处于收缩状态。
图10I是包含在另一支撑部件上的片件环的顶视图,图中显示其处于收缩状态。
图10J是图10I中所示的支撑部件的透视图,图中显示其处于收缩状态。
图11A是伸缩式铰接的支撑部件的透视图,图中显示了其扩展状态。
图11B是伸缩式铰接的支撑部件在其收缩状态下的透视图。
图11C是包含在图11A中所示的伸缩式铰接的支撑部件一部分的放大图。
图12A是保持在传送装置上的人工心脏瓣膜的透视图。
图12B是图12A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜和传送装置的顶视图。
图12C是图12A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜和传送装置的侧视图。
图12D是图12A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜和传送装置的另一顶视图。
图12E是图12A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜和传送装置的另一顶视图。
图12F是图12A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜和传送装置的另一顶视图。
图13A是以局部截面图显示的人工心脏瓣膜的传送装置的透视图。
图13B是图13A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜的传送装置的一部分的放大图。
图13C是图13A中所示的人工心脏瓣膜的传送装置的一部分的另一放大图。
图13D是以局部截面图显示的图13A中所示的人工瓣膜传送装置的另一透视图。
图13E是显示了图13A所示传送装置将人工心脏瓣膜传送到治疗位置的图示。
图14A是另一人工瓣膜传送装置的透视图。
图14B是图14A中所示的人工瓣膜传送装置的远端部分的放大图。
图14C是图14A中所示的人工瓣膜传送装置的远端部分的另一放大图。
图14D是显示了图14A的传送装置将人工心脏瓣膜传送到治疗位置的图示。
图14E是显示了图14A的传送装置将人工心脏瓣膜传送到治疗位置的另一图示。
图15A是另一人工瓣膜传送装置的透视图。
图15B是图15A中所示的人工瓣膜传送装置的远端部分的放大图。
图16A是另一人工瓣膜传送装置的透视图。
图16B是图16A中所示的人工瓣膜传送装置的另一透视图。
图17A是多球囊扩展装置的透视图。
图17B是图17A中所示的多球囊扩展装置的另一透视图。
图18A是可扩展的网状部件在其收缩状态下的透视图。
图18B是图18A所示可扩展的网状部件的另一透视图,图中显示处于其扩展状态。
图18C是显示了该可扩展的网状部件前进到人工心脏瓣膜内部空间的图示。
图18D是显示了该可扩展的网状部件前进到人工心脏瓣膜内部空间的另一图示。
优选实施例的详细描述
在描述本发明之前,应当理解,本发明并不限于所述的具体实施例,因而当然可以进行变化。还应当理解,这里使用的用语只是为了描述具体实施例的目的,而并不意味着有限制性意义,因为本发明的范围仅仅受到附所附权利要求的限制。
除非作了限定,否则这里所使用的所有技术和科学用语都具有与这些本发明所属领域中的普通技术人员所领悟的相同的涵义。虽然任何类似于或等同于本文所述的方法和材料还可用于实施或测试本发明,但是,现在所描述的是优选的方法和材料。所有在这里提到的出版物都通过引用而结合在本文中,以公开并描述与所列举的出版物相关的方法和/或材料。
必须注意这里和附属权利要求中所使用的单数形式″一个″和″这个″包括复数的引用,除非上下文中明确地规定了之外。
在这里所论述的出版物仅仅提供在本申请提交日之前公开的公开内容。在这里不能认为不允许本发明享有先于这些出版物的之前发明的优先权。另外,所提供的公布日可能不同于实际的公布日,这需要单独地进行证实。
如同本领域中的技术人员在阅读本说明书时所领悟的那样,本文所述和所示的单个的实施例各自具有分立的元件和特征,这些元件和特征在没有脱离本发明范围或精神的条件下,而易于与任何其它几个实施例的特征分开地或结合起来地使用。
A、人工瓣膜和相关的装置
首先来看图1A,其显示了人工瓣膜的一个实施例。人工瓣膜30特别适合于用作替换主动脉瓣膜,但也可用于其它适应症。如图所示,人工瓣膜30包括大致圆柱形的支撑部件32和连接在该支撑部件内面上的瓣膜主体34。虽然显示了大致圆柱形的支撑部件,但是,该支撑部件可具有不同于圆形的截面形状,例如卵形的、椭圆形的或不规则的形状,并且还可根据治疗位置的性质和将要使用的人工瓣膜或支撑结构所处的环境,来提供该支撑部件。
图1A所示实施例中的支撑部件由三个大致相同的弯曲片件36组成,各片件跨过支撑部件的圆形截面大约120°的范围。(如本文其它地方所示,片件在尺寸、材料、厚度或其它属性方面并不必是一般相同的)。各片件36包括框架38和半圆形孔40,该孔在片件的中心部分的大部分上延伸。该孔40包括许多互连的撑条42,其越过孔的宽度而延伸,从而在撑条之间限定了许多个子孔44。撑条限定了若干菱形的子孔46、部分菱形的子孔48,以及细长的子孔50。具有与图1A实施例中所示不同形状和尺寸的孔和子孔也是可行的。例如,在图1B所示的备选的支撑部件的实施例中,提供了单个半圆形孔40,而没有撑条和子孔。作为备选,片件可包括没有孔或子孔的实心部件。
支撑部件的片件通常是该结构中与治疗位置的腔管内面相接合的部分。在人工瓣膜的情况下,其中一种功能是,片件物理上相接合并代替原生心脏瓣膜的小叶。片件也是该结构中与身体腔管物理式地相接合并且将该结构保持就位并防止其移位的主要部分。因此,片件的材料和结构至少部分地适合于执行这些功能。在某些实施例中,较大的孔可能是优选的,而在其它情况下,特殊的撑条结构可能是优选的,而在另一些其它情况下,优选没有任何孔或撑条。这些特征可以根据解剖组织的环境而变化,以便提供所需的性能。
所示的各片件,以及本文其它地方所述的各片件,优选由弹性的生物相容性材料的片材形成,这类材料例如为不锈钢、其它的金属或金属合金、弹性聚合物如塑料,或其它常规用于可植入的医疗器材的合适材料。在一个优选的实施例中,片件由超弹性的形状记忆材料形成,例如镍钛诺或其它相似的金属合金。片件可由片材模制、挤压、腐蚀、切割、冲压或编织而成,或以本领域中的技术人员所知的其它方式制造而成。
虽然图1A中所示的支撑部件的实施例包括三个片件,但是本领域中的技术人员应该认识到,可在支撑部件中包含更少或更多的片件。例如,可采用两个片件的结构,或具有四个、五个、或许多个片件的结构。作为备选,还可提供非片件部分的结构,这些部分可包括杆、撑条、支柱或其它结构部件,其在设于支撑部件上的可折拢的接头之间延伸。假如该结构能够提供在其预期功能中支撑人工瓣膜所需的物理特性和结构特性,那么任何这些(或任何其它)备选的结构或其任何组合就可作为支撑部件的一个或多个部分来提供。
另外,虽然组成支撑部件的各部分与其它部分是相同的,但是,也可以提供具有不同物理性质的部分。例如,在多片件的支撑部件中,片件可由不同的材料组成,或者一个或多个片件可具有不同于其它片件的尺寸或厚度,或者可通过某些其它方法来改变不同的片件之间的物理性质。这可作为例如其中放置人工瓣膜的治疗位置来实现。例如,主动脉根部的壁厚可绕其周边而变化。因此,通过提供具有第一片件的支撑部件,就可获得所需的结果,第一片件提供了比其它片件更大的结构强度(或抗溃缩能力)。其它的变化也是可行的。
再次转到图1A,铰链52设于在每对相邻片件之间形成的接头上。在图1A所示的实施例中,铰链是膜片铰链,其包括连接在每对相邻片件36的外部边缘56上的弹性体材料薄片54。在支撑部件的扩展状态下,如图1A中所示,膜片铰链保持每对相邻片件的左右定向,以防止在片件之间出现任何较大的滑移或滑动。如以下更全面地所述,铰链52也是可折拢的,以便允许片件36内翻,使边缘56折拢在一起以形成顶点。允许相邻片件内翻并相互折拢在相邻边缘上的铰链(或其它可折拢的接头部件)的这种能力,是使支撑部件和人工瓣膜产生收缩状态的基本特征。另外,铰链52(或其它可折拢的接头)优选适合于可使支撑部件32在物理上顺应于治疗位置处的身体腔管的内面。
如以下和其它地方所述,在备选实施例中,可使用各类铰链以及其它可折拢的接头。例如,在没有试图限制这里所包含的说明书的条件下,可使用的其它类型的铰链包括标准琴铰链、活动铰链以及其它类型的机械铰链。例如,参见图1B中所示的支撑部件32,其中每对相邻片件36通过标准的琴铰链58、即长的窄铰链而连接在一起,销60在用于使网状成组关节62相互连接起来的接头的总长度上延伸,关节62形成于每对相邻片件36的边缘上。图4A-D显示了几个其它备选的铰链结构,其中图4A-B显示了另一膜片铰链,其中弹性带54连接在支撑部件32内面上的每对相邻片件36上。图4A显示了处于其扩展状态下的支撑结构32的一部分,图4B显示了该结构在成对相邻片件36彼此已经折拢在膜片铰链52处从而形成顶点64之后的一部分。图4C显示了与图1B所示相似的另一标准琴铰链58设计的放大图,其显示了销60和每对相邻片件36的边缘上形成的啮合关节62。图4D显示了活动铰链66,其包括连接在每对相邻片件36上、并沿着接头长度上在片件之间延伸的柔性(例如弹性)铰链部件68。另外,图5A显示了另一支撑部件(处于部分收缩状态),显示了可拆卸的铰链销。
还可使用若干个备选的可折拢的接头来代替铰链。例如,相对于相邻装置部分,可将片材部分进行腐蚀、刻划或削薄,以提供被削弱的部分,该部分允许相邻片材部分内翻并折拢起来,从而提供一种可折拢的接头。还可构思出本领域技术人员所能理解的其它备选的可折拢的接头,其适合于在本文所述的支撑部件中使用。
可选的是,可折拢的接头可装备有闭锁特征,即,如此处所述,允许可折拢的接头在允许相邻片件内翻的方向上折拢起来,但防止可折拢的接头在相反的方向上折拢。例如,标准琴铰链可按照只能以传统方式旋转大约180°的方式构造而成,并且连接在一对相邻片件上,从而允许向内的旋转,但防止向外的旋转。本领域技术人员知道的其它合适闭锁机构也是可行的。
另外,虽然铰链以及其它可折拢的接头优选一致地垂直(即平行于支撑部件的纵轴线)地定向在支撑部件的周边上,但是,其它的定向也是可行的。例如,铰链可相对于纵轴线定向在水平(即横向)方向,其可相对于纵轴线定向在成对角的方向,这些铰链可具有Z字形或螺旋形的定向,或者可采用任何几何的或不规则的图案。
再次转到图1A,图中所示的实施例的瓣膜主体34是柔性的人工组织多小叶结构。人工组织包括单一聚合物材料或覆盖在柔性衬底之上的聚合物复合材料,其可采用网状形式。所述聚合物材料是任何合适的柔性的、生物相容性的材料,例如那些常规用于植入医疗器材中的材料。聚合物材料优选是聚氨酯或另一种热塑性弹性体,但并不局限于这类材料。构成柔性网状物的材料优选是柔性的抗剪切的聚合物或金属材料,例如聚脂或非常精细的金属(例如不锈钢)网。以下将参看图8A-B更全面地描述瓣膜主体。
在其它实施例中,瓣膜主体可由人体组织如同种移植物或自体组织移植物,或动物组织例如猪、牛或马的组织(例如心包组织或其它合适的组织)形成。人工组织心脏瓣膜的结构和制备超出了本发明申请的范围,但对于本领域中的普通技术人员通常是已知的,并且易于从有关的枝术文献中获得。
这里所述的人工瓣膜具有在使用人工瓣膜时获得的扩展状态。图1A显示了人工瓣膜30处于其扩展状态。在人工瓣膜的扩展状态下,支撑部件32完全扩展到其圆柱形的(或备选的)形状,各铰链52(或其它可折拢的接头)处于其扩展或非折拢起来的状态。如之前所述,在扩展状态下,支撑部件32优选具有比身体腔管或其它治疗位置要大大约0到大约25%的截面尺寸(例如直径)。一旦展开,支撑部件延伸到其整个截面尺寸,即,它不会由于腔管或其它组织施加的径向力而发生径向压缩。相反,支撑部件将使治疗位置的腔管或其它组织的截面尺寸膨胀。这样,支撑部件降低了在该传送装置四周发生流体泄漏的可能性。另外,由于该装置结构所造成的过盈配合的强度,支撑部件将具有与腔管或组织并列的正确位置,从而减少该装置一旦展开后就会发生移位的可能性。这种人工瓣膜还具有收缩状态,其用于将人工瓣膜传送到病人身体中的治疗位置。该收缩状态通常包括具有相对于其扩展状态较小的横向尺寸(例如直径)的状态。以下将论述这里所述的几个人工瓣膜实施例的收缩状态。
转到图2A-C,其显示了一种用于将人工瓣膜从其扩展状态变换到其收缩状态的方法。这些图显示了没有连接瓣膜主体的三片件支撑部件。用于使包括相连瓣膜主体在内的全部人工瓣膜收缩的方法,与这里只结合支撑部件所述的方法是相似的。
如图2A-B所示,首先内翻各片件36,这意味着各片件的纵向中心线80被迫径向向内地被引导朝向支撑部件的中心纵轴线82。通过使片件由通常具弹性的薄弹性片材形成,并通过使铰链58定位在每对相邻片件36之间的接头处,就可以促进这种作用。在内翻步骤期间,每对相邻片件的边缘56在铰链58处彼此折拢。所形成的结构是三个顶点64的星形结构,如图2A-B中所示。本领域中的技术人员应该认识到,相似的步骤可用于使四个(或更多)片件的支撑部件内翻,在这种情况下,所形成的结构将是四个(或更多)顶点的星形结构。
如图2C中所示,可通过使星形结构的各顶点64卷曲而进一步收缩人工瓣膜30,以形成多片件的结构。如该图所示,三个顶点64各自朝装置的中心纵轴线方向旋转,导致相邻一对片件的三个折拢起来的边缘各自卷曲成凸出部84。如图2C所示,所形成的结构是代表人工瓣膜的完全收缩状态的三凸出部结构。以下将更完整地描述完全收缩的装置的操作和使用。本领域中的技术人员应该认识到,相似的步骤可用于使四个(或更多)片件支撑部件完全收缩,在这种情况下,所形成的结构将是四个(或更多)顶点的凸出部结构。
在两片件的支撑部件的情况下,通过首先使两个片件的其中一个片件内翻,导致其相对于另一片件形成关闭关系,从而可使支撑部件收缩而形成嵌套的片件结构。之后将这对嵌套的片件滚压成较小直径的管状部件,其构成了两片件支撑部件的收缩状态。
转到图3A-I,其显示了适合于在人工瓣膜中使用的支撑部件的另一实施例。这个实施例在结构上与前面的实施例是相似的,但能够以与上述方法不同的方式而转换到收缩状态。该实施例包括三个各自具有半圆形孔40的片件36。标准琴铰链58设于相邻成对片件之间的两个接头处。(参见图3B)。第三接头不具有铰链,但具有锁定部件90。在所示的实施例中,锁定部件包括连接在成对相邻片件中第一片件36a的边缘的顶部和底部部分上的凸台92,以及沿着成对相邻片件中第二片件36b的顶部边缘和底部边缘而设置的凹槽94(参见图3C)。第一片件36a上的凸台92能够延伸穿过并跨在第二片件36b上的凹槽94中,从而允许第一片件36a相对于第二片件36b滑动,同时保持与片件物理地相接合,之后滑回到原始位置。锁定凸台96可设于第二片件36b上,从而选择性地将第一片件的凸台92锁定就位在凹槽94中。
图3D-G显示了将前面的支撑部件变换到其收缩状态的方法。如图3D中所示,与锁定接头90相对的片件36c发生内翻,同时保留其它两个片件36a-b处于其非内翻状态。之后使第一片件36a上的凸台92沿着第二片件36b中的凹槽94滑动,导致第一及第二片件36a-b在内翻的片件36c后方形成嵌套的设置,使得第一片件36a嵌套在内翻的片件36c和第二片件36b之间。(参见图3E)。因此,就能够将嵌套的片件卷曲成相对较小直径的管状部件98,如图3F和3G所示,其构成了支撑部件的收缩状态。
图3H-I显示了处于其部分收缩状态下的相似的支撑部件,其中,三个片件36a-c处于嵌套的设置。图3H-I显示的支撑部件还包括穿过孔40的多个撑条部件42,其形成了菱形的子孔46、部分菱形的子孔48,以及细长的子孔50。在各片件36a-c的表面上设有多个抬起的表面100或隆起处,从而在人工瓣膜30处于收缩状态时提供了用于瓣膜主体34的正间距。由抬起的表面100所提供的正间距用于当人工瓣膜收缩时,降低瓣膜主体34或其组成部分受到挤压、卷曲、折叠或损坏的可能性。该支撑部件的抬起的表面100(或其它间隔部件)可用于本文所述的人工瓣膜的任何实施例。
转到图5A-B,如上所述,图5A显示了支撑部件32,其具有三个片件36a-c和位于这三个片件之间的接头处的三个标准琴铰链58。图中显示了支撑部件其三个片件36a-c各自处于内翻位置。各琴铰链58具有活动的铰链销60。当拆除铰链销60时,片件36a-c可彼此分开,如图5B中所示。使片件分开的能力可用于促进用外科手术(或其它方式)来取出支撑部件或人工瓣膜,或者根据另一目的而需要分开片件。虽然图5A-B中显示了琴铰链和活动的铰链销,但是,也可使用备选的活动铰链结构。例如,具有可撕下膜片条的膜片铰链将有助于拆除支撑部件。其它备选方案可包括熔融或拉开铰链。还可构思出其它的活动铰链结构。在这些情形的每一种情形下,提供因某些机构而易于失效的铰链的方案就可为用户提供出于任何预期目的而更易取出或操纵人工瓣膜或支撑部件的能力。
图6显示了适合于在人工瓣膜30中使用的支撑部件32的另一实施例。支撑部件32包括三个片件36a-c,各片件具有伸长的孔50和半圆形孔40。支撑部件包括弹性带54,其位于每对相邻片件之间的可折拢的接头处,各弹性带形成了膜片铰链。瓣膜主体的连接唇边104连接在各片件36a-c的内表面上,以便于将瓣膜主体34连接到支撑部件32上。连接唇边104可包括适合于缝合、粘附、或以其它连接在瓣膜主体上的聚合物材料。连接唇边104优选模制或粘附在支撑部件各片件的内表面上。虽然连接唇边104有助于将瓣膜主体连接到支撑部件上的方法,但是这不是完成这种目的的唯一方法,并且使用连接唇边104是选择性的。
图7显示了用于将瓣膜主体连接在支撑部件片件上的另一结构和方法。聚合物材料的第一带状件110粘附在各片件边缘56的内表面上。聚合物材料的第一带状件110不需要沿着整个边缘而延伸,但通常延伸大约一半长度。第一带状件110可利用任何合适的粘合剂材料来粘附,或者它可直接模制在片件36上。之后,将形成于瓣膜主体基体部分上的连接唇边120连接在各个聚合物材料的第一带状件110上。在以下所述的任何实施例、包括那些具有单一结构或那些具有复合结构的实施例中,连接唇边120可形成于瓣膜主体34的基体部分上。(复合结构如图7中所示)。利用任何合适的粘合剂或任何其它合适的方法,可将连接唇边110连接在带状聚合物材料上。接下来,可选的是,可将聚合物材料的第二带状件112连接在瓣膜主体连接唇边120上的外露表面上,从而将连接唇边120夹在第一带状件110和第二带状件112材料之间。
图8A-B显示了适合于在本文所述人工瓣膜中使用的瓣膜主体的透视图。图8A中所示的瓣膜主体34是单一结构,而图8B中所示的是复合结构,包括三个分开的小叶35a-c。首先转到图8A中所示的单一结构的实施例中,瓣膜主体34包括大致圆柱形的基体部分122,其可向下收缩到大致凹入的部分124中(当从瓣膜主体内部看去)。瓣膜主体34具有形成于凹入部分124的底壁上的三条接合部126。缝128可切入或模制到各行接合部126中,以产生三个瓣膜小叶130,其在瓣膜植入病人体中时执行腔管流体调节功能。可选的连接唇边120可形成于面向外部的接合部126上,以便于按照上面结合图7所述的方式将瓣膜主体34连接到支撑部件上。
转到图8B中所示的复合结构的实施例中,各个分开的小叶35a-c包括基体部分132以及从该基体部分延伸出的大致凹入部分134。各小叶35a-c还包括一对顶边136和一对侧边138。当将复合结构的实施例连接在合适的支撑部件上时,各小叶35a-c的顶边和侧边定位成靠在各相邻小叶的顶边和侧边上。
如上所述,在单一或复合结构的实施例中,瓣膜主体可以只由单一聚合物材料或共混聚合物组成,或者可由具有聚合物涂层的衬底形成。该材料适合于用作上述聚合物、衬底或涂层。作为备选,瓣膜主体可包括人体组织或动物组织。
瓣膜主体可通过任何合适的方法而连接在支撑部件上。例如,如上面结合图6所述,通过将瓣膜主体缝合、粘附或模制在连接唇边上,从而可将瓣膜主体连接在支撑部件上。或者,利用上面结合图7所述的连接带,也可将瓣膜主体连接在支撑部件上。作为备选,可利用粘合剂或相似的材料直接将瓣膜主体粘附在支撑部件上,或者瓣膜主体可与支撑部件整体地形成。本领域中的技术人员应当理解其它的和另一些合适的连接方法。
上述多部分的支撑部件的实施例适合于本文所述的人工瓣膜中使用。其它的结构也是可行的,以下将描述几种结构。例如,参照图9A-B,其显示了备选的支撑部件。备选的支撑部件是能够由于缩短而造成径向膨胀的管状部件。如本文之前所述,几种结构和/或方法可用于实现这种形式的变换,图9A-B显示了其中一种。轴向激活的支撑部件150包括由柔性支柱154矩阵形成的大致管状体的部件152。在图中所示的实施例中,支柱154设置成交叉成对而形成″X″图案,并且第一交叉成对的支柱的末端通过带式连接器156而连接在第二交叉成对的支柱的末端,从而形成大致圆柱形的部件。通过将包含在其它圆柱形部件中的支柱以及包含在第一圆柱形部件中的支柱交织在一起,从而还可将其它大致圆柱形的部件接合到结构中。轴向部件158连接在两个相对的带式连接器156上,定位在该结构的两对端上。当轴向部件长度减小时,如图9B中所示,支撑部件150扩展到较大直径的状态,同时支撑部件发生一定程度的缩短。当轴向部件长度增加时,如图9A中所示,支撑部件150收缩到较小直径的状态,同时支撑部件发生一定程度的伸长。当支撑部件在身体腔管中展开时可使用扩展状态,而收缩状态可用于传送装置。如上所述,瓣膜主体可连接在该支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。
图10A-J中显示了另一支撑部件。在这个备选实施例中,支撑部件包括多片件铰接环结构170。这种多片件铰接环结构包括由三个纵向支柱174互连的三个圆周环172。也可使用更多或更少的环和/或支柱。各环结构则由多个弯曲的片件组成,各片件通过接头部件178例如聚合膜片铰链而连接在其相邻片件上。单个片件176具有围绕该装置轴线的弯曲180以及在横向方向上的弯曲182。(参见图10E)。涂层材料184使片件彼此保持相互关系,并提供可折拢的接头186。带有涂层184的片件的这种弯曲就将环结构保持在扩展状态,如图10A、10C和10D所示。可折拢的接头186旋转,而将该结构从用于展开的扩展状态188变换到用于传送的收缩状态190。(参见图10F-J)。如本文其它地方所述,瓣膜主体可连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。
在另一备选实施例中,如图11A-C所示,支撑部件包括伸缩式铰接结构200。图中所示的伸缩式铰接结构包括二十四个周向地设置在大致管状结构周围的片件202,各片件在其边缘具有凸台204,其与相邻片件的相对的边缘上的相配凸台206重叠并接合,从而与相邻片件互锁起来。更多或更少的片件也是可行的。弹性膜片208连接在相邻片件的外表面上,并提供了将相邻片件偏压在一起的作用力,从而有助于凸台对各相邻成对片件的互锁。弹性膜片208优选连接在各片件202的主体部分上,而非连接在相对的边缘上。因此,就可分离凸台204,206,并使片件202旋转而在各共享边缘上形成顶点210,从而限定了与支撑部件的收缩状态相对应的多个顶点的″星形″形状。支撑部件200通过施加向外的径向力而变换到其扩展状态,这种向外径向力使弹性膜片208拉伸,并允许凸台204,206重新接合。如上所述,瓣膜主体可连接在支撑部件的内表面或外表面上。
如上所述,所有前述支撑部件可通过将瓣膜主体连接在支撑部件外表面或内表面上而接合在人工瓣膜中。在备选实施例中,所有前述支撑部件可在没有瓣膜主体的条件下使用,从而提供在身体腔管、例如血管或其它器官中的支撑或支架功能。例如,多个部分、多处铰接的支撑部件可单独地或结合另一支撑部件、移植片或其它治疗器具而一起,而用作治疗腹主动脉动脉瘤的支架部件。如本领域中的技术人员所理解的那样,还可构思出其它类似的用途。
此外,还可将几个补充的特征和功能结合到人工瓣膜或其部件中,包括支撑部件和瓣膜主体。例如,在上述支撑部件实施例上可形成或连接有一个或多个锚固部件。各个锚固部件可包括倒钩、齿、钩或任何其它从支撑结构的外表面突出来的部件,从而在物理上与身体腔管的内壁相接合。锚固部件可通过例如促动器而选择性地接合,或者其可定向成永久地处于其接合状态。作为备选,锚固部件可包括形成于支撑结构上的孔,这种孔允许组织通过孔而内陷入其中。图13B和13C显示了锚固部件的一个示例,其中显示了倒钩358从收缩的人工瓣膜30的表面延伸出来。当人工瓣膜保持在传送装置中时,倒钩358可向内发生偏转。参见图13C。之后,在展开时,释放倒钩358,并使其径向向外延伸而与身体腔管或其它组织的表面相接合。如上所述,还可设想出其它便于本文所述的装置所使用的锚固部件和机构。
本文所述的人工瓣膜和支撑部件提供了许多超过本领域现有技术装置的优势。例如,人工瓣膜能够在不引起瓣膜小叶折叠、撕裂、蠕变或变形的条件下变换到收缩状态并返回到扩展状态。另外,不同于现有技术的装置的是,该当前装置的扩展状态具有固定的截面尺寸(例如直径),其在扩展之后不会出现重绕。这就允许该结构较好地装配在其治疗位置,并且较好地防止移位。这还允许瓣膜主体执行最佳的功能,因为瓣膜小叶的尺寸、形状和定向可设计成已知的展开尺寸,而非一个范围。另外,因为支撑结构的扩展状态具有已知的形状(这也不同于现有技术的装置),所以瓣膜小叶可设计成能提供最佳性能。
B、传送装置及使用方法
以下将描述用于将人工瓣膜传送到身体腔管中的治疗位置的装置及其使用方法。传送装置特别适合于在微创干预手术中使用,例如经皮主动脉瓣膜替换手术。图14A和15A显示了这种装置的两个实施例。传送装置300包括延长的传送导管302,其具有近端304和远端306。手柄308设于传送导管的近端。手柄308可设有用于控制和操作导管的按钮310、促动器、滑动片、其它控制部件或其组合,以执行人工瓣膜的传送步骤。可伸缩的外护套312可至少在该导管的部分长度上延伸。优选的是,导线腔管从导管近端延伸到远端。对于在导线上的应用而言,导线腔管可延伸通过导管的总长度,或者对于快速更换的应用而言,该导线腔管可具有比导管近端更靠近远端的近端出口。导管的远端部分306包括载带件,其适合于接受人工瓣膜并将其保持在收缩状态的,并且适合于将这种人工瓣膜在身体腔管的治疗位置展开。
首先转到图12A-F,其显示了人工瓣膜传送装置的远端部分306的第一实施例。该装置300包括在其远端具有三个纵向凹槽322的传送管320,具有纵向轴326的夹具324,以及从该夹具远端纵向地延伸出的三个指状部328。在传送管上可包括更多或更少的纵向凹槽,并且在夹具上可提供更多或更少的指状部。传送管320优选具有与待传送的人工瓣膜上所具有的部分相同数量的纵向凹槽,并且夹具324包括相同数量的指状部。传送管远端上的纵向凹槽322是绕管的周边等间隔地设置的。类似地,当从夹具324的远端观察时,指状部328设置成等间隔的大致圆形图案。例如,在三个指状部的情况下,所有三个指状部在虚构圆上等间距地间隔开,并且彼此间隔开120°。在四个指状部的情况下,指状部彼此间隔开90°,等等。
夹具324可滑动地且可旋转地容纳在传送管320中,并且传送管位于外护套(图12A-F中没有显示)的内部。外护套是可伸缩的,从而至少将传送管远端部分上的纵向凹槽322暴露出来。夹具324至少能够前进到足够远的位置,从而足以使指状部328远侧延伸出传送管的远端之外。
在上述传送装置的备选实施例中,夹具指状部328可包括导线、纤维、钩、套管、或其它从夹具远端远侧地延伸出的结构件。如下所述,指状部的主要功能是将人工瓣膜保持在夹具的远端上,并将心脏瓣膜的支撑部件的部分保持在内翻的状态。因此,任何能够执行以上功能的上述(或其它)结构部件可取代上述指状部。
传送装置300特别适合于微创外科手术使用,以便将例如上述的多部分式人工瓣膜30传送到身体腔管中。为此,首先将人工瓣膜30装载到传送装置300中。图12A-F显示了具有三个部分式支撑部件的人工瓣膜的情况。通过首先内翻这三个片件36而将人工瓣膜30装载到传送装置300中,从而形成三个顶点的结构。人工瓣膜片件的内翻可手动地或利用内翻工具来执行。之后将这种人工瓣膜30放置在夹具324的远端上,该夹具的远端已经延伸到传送管320的远端之外,使三个指状部328各自将其中一个内翻的片件36保持在其内翻的位置。(参见图12A)。之后将上面安装有人工瓣膜30的夹具324和指状部328收缩回到传送管320中。在收缩期间,夹具324和指状部328与传送管320旋转地对准,使得人工瓣膜的三个顶点与传送管远端上三个纵向凹槽对准。(参见图12B)。当夹具324和指状部328完全收缩时,这种人工瓣膜的三个顶点各自径向穿过纵向凹槽322而延伸到传送管的外部(参见图12C)。之后,使夹具324围绕传送管320旋转,该动作造成人工瓣膜30的各个折拢起来的部分与相应传送管凹槽的边缘相接合。(参见图12D)。夹具324相对于传送管320的进一步回转导致折拢起来的部分朝着传送管中的人工瓣膜的纵轴线方向向回卷曲,从而产生完全定位在传送管320中的三个凸出部。(参见图12E)。从而将人工瓣膜30装载到传送装置300中。之后,可使外护套在包括传送管的导管远端部分上前进,以便为使用传送装置作好准备。
这种人工瓣膜30通过首先将导线引入到血管系统中,并通过任何常规方法、优选经由股动脉引入到病人的治疗位置来进行传送。可选地,可使合适的引导护套前进,从而便于引入传送装置。之后使传送导管302经导线前进到治疗位置。然后收缩外护套312,从而使传送管320暴露出来。之后,使夹具324相对于传送管320旋转(或使传送管相对于夹具旋转),从而导致人工瓣膜30的折拢起来的片件舒展,并穿过传送管320的纵向凹槽322而径向向外地延伸。之后收缩传送管320(或使夹具前进),导致人工瓣膜30(受到指状部328的约束)远侧地前进至超出传送管之外。之后使夹具324相对于人工瓣膜30收缩,并将这种人工瓣膜30释放到治疗位置中。(参见图12F)。之后,优选将内翻的片件36回复到扩展状态,导致心脏瓣膜保持在身体腔管的内面上(例如主动脉瓣膜根部或另一生物学上可接受的主动脉位置)。如果需要,通过载带在传送导管302或其它载带件上的合适扩展部件,例如扩展球囊或扩展网状部件(本文其它地方所述),可提供人工瓣膜的附加扩展。
转到图13A-E,其显示了人工瓣膜传送装置的远端部分306的另一实施例。导管302的远端部分包括约束护套340,定向护套342,多个夹具344,扩展器346,以及多个支柱348。各个夹具344包括跨置在管352中的导线350a,以及位于该管远端的顶尖部354。各夹具344的导线350具有末端部分356,其适合于与具有多个部分的人工瓣膜支撑部件32的顶点相接合,并且选择性地将人工瓣膜30限制在收缩状态。(参见图13B)。扩展器346适合于选择性地造成夹具344在使用者通过定位在手柄308上的促动器310促动夹具时而径向向外地扩展。
通过内翻各片件36,之后将各顶点连接在相应传送装置的夹具344上所含导线的末端部分356上而使人工瓣膜30收缩(手动地或利用工具),从而可将这种人工瓣膜30装载到传送装置300中。夹具导线350接受人工瓣膜30,并将其保持和限制在其收缩状态。安装有这种人工瓣膜30的夹具344组件之后收缩到各个定向护套342和约束护套340中,从而为该装置插入到病人脉管系统中做好准备。之后使装置沿导线前进到治疗位置,例如原生主动脉瓣膜的基体环面上。(参见图13E)。之后收缩约束护套340,以允许这种人工瓣膜30部分地扩展(例如扩展到其整个横向尺寸的大约85%),这时它受到定向护套342的约束。之后,通过操作夹具344将这种人工瓣膜30进行最后定位,之后使定向护套342收缩,并释放夹具344。然后使人工瓣膜30自接合在治疗位置上。
图14A-E和15a-B中显示了传送装置的其它实施例。如图所示,导管的远端部分306包括一个或多个约束管370,其具有至少一个(优选两个)可调的约束环372。在图14A-E所示的实施例中,该装置装备有一个约束管370和两个约束环372。在图15A-B所示的实施例中,装置装备了三个约束管370和两个约束环372。约束管370从导管轴374远侧地延伸到传送装置的远端之外,并且各约束环372是从约束管370横向延伸出的丝线或纤维环。各约束环372是能够选择性地限制收缩的人工瓣膜的柔性环。通过控制部件、例如定位在装置手柄308上的按钮310,可选择性地限制或释放约束环372。可伸缩的外护套376覆盖了导管的远端部分。
通过例如内翻各片件36并使各内翻的片件卷曲成凸出部,而使人工瓣膜(手动地或利用工具)收缩到其收缩状态,从而可将人工瓣膜30装载到传送装置上。之后将收缩的人工瓣膜放置在约束管370之上并穿过一个或多个约束环372。(参见例如图14B)。该环372被约束在收缩的人工瓣膜30的周围,从而将人工瓣膜限制在其收缩状态。之后可使外护套376在这种人工瓣膜和约束管上前进,以便为使用传送装置作好准备。(参见图14C)。之后使该装置沿导线前进到治疗位置,例如原生主动脉瓣膜的基体环面上。(参见图14D)。然后使约束护套376收缩而使收缩的人工瓣膜30暴露出来。通过例如旋转控制按钮310,可释放约束环372,从而释放人工瓣膜30,并允许其自扩展。(参见图14E)。然后使人工瓣膜30自接合在治疗位置上。扩展部件可前进到人工瓣膜的内部,并且在如果需要或有要求时可进行扩展,以提供额外的扩展力。
图16A-B中显示了传送装置的另一实施例。如图所示,导管的远端部分包括夹具400,其包括具有三个约束部件404的基体部分402,约束部件404从夹具的基体部分远侧地延伸出来。在所示的实施例中,各约束部件404包括穿过套管408的导线环406,其中该套管和导线环从夹具基体402中远侧地延伸出来。导线环406还延伸到夹具基体部分402的近端,其设有与各导线环406相对应的腔管410,从而允许夹具基体部分402和套管404相对于导线环406进行滑动。还可提供传送管412。如图所示,夹具400可滑动地容纳在传送管412中,并且传送管412具有与该夹具组件上的三个约束部件404相对应的三个纵向凹槽414。防损伤的顶端416或凸头部连接在中心轴线418上,中心轴线418延伸穿过位于夹具400和传送管412的内部的导管302的中心。中心轴线418包括可容纳导线的导线腔管,其有助于传送装置的展开。
虽然图中所示的装置包括三个约束部件404,但是,也可使用更少或更多的约束部件。约束部件的一个功能是将人工瓣膜保持在传送装置的远端,并且选择性地将心脏瓣膜保持在收缩状态。在该优选的实施例中,约束部件的数量将与人工瓣膜上所包括的部分(例如片件)的数量相符。
转到图16A,其显示了传送装置300,传送管412和夹具400相对于导线环406处于收缩状态,从而允许导线环的远端420远离中心轴线418而自由地延伸。传送装置在这种情况下适合于使人工瓣膜安装在该装置之上。为此,首先将这种人工瓣膜30放置在该装置的远端,并使心脏瓣膜的片件36内翻。作为备选,在将心脏瓣膜放置在传送装置的远端之前或同时可使心脏瓣膜36内翻。之后,导线环406放置在内翻的片件36上,并使夹具400前进而造成套管408与内翻的片件36物理上相接合。参见图16B。套管408具有足以将人工瓣膜保持在其内翻状态下的强度。之后,可使传送管412在该装置的远端前进,使心脏瓣膜顶点延伸到形成于传送管412上的纵向凹槽414之外。之后,可使夹具400相对于传送管旋转(或者反之亦然),从而使片件顶点收缩到该传送管的内部,从而为该装置传送人工瓣膜作好准备。心脏瓣膜按照与以上结合图12A-E所示装置所述相同的方式进行传送。
如所述,前面的各种传送装置适合于在传送诸如本文所述的人工瓣膜或支撑部件时使用。在人工瓣膜的情况下,传送方法可和其它治疗装置、方法和手术步骤相组合,尤其是那些用于切开或治疗狭窄心脏瓣膜的手术步骤。例如,在展开人工瓣膜之前,可执行瓣膜成形术步骤。瓣膜成形术步骤可利用传统的球囊或适合于切开带疤痕的小叶的切割球囊来执行,从而使其更容易打开。还可执行其它治疗,例如软化钙化病或其它症状的化学治疗。
前面所述的各种传送装置可设有用于将传送装置连接在人工瓣膜或支撑部件上的系绳。所述系绳优选由这样的材料形成,这种材料具有足以控制人工瓣膜或支撑部件的尺寸,以便在展开期间或之后取出该传送装置。在展开该传送装置之后,用户优选可选择地使系绳分离。
转到图17A-B和18A-D,提供了两类用于在微创外科手术中执行扩胀功能的扩展部件。例如,该扩展部件可用于例如血管成形术、瓣膜成形术、血管内支架或其它装置的放置或扩展等手术,以及其它相似的手术。关于上述和本文其它地方所介绍的装置和方法,该扩展部件可用于为本文所述人工瓣膜上所使用的支撑部件提供额外的扩展力。
在一个实施例中,如图17A-B中所示,扩展部件430包括三个围绕纵轴线434定向的伸长的充气球囊432a-c。各充气球囊432在其近端通过进给腔管436而连接在中央腔管438上,中央腔管使得在充气球囊432a-c与同导管的手柄部分308相关联的充气介质源之间形成流体相通。中央腔管其本身设有导线腔管440,以允许导线穿过扩展部件430。柔性部件442连接在各充气球囊432a-c的远端,而且还包括导线腔管。虽然图中显示了扩展部件包括三个充气球囊,但是,更多或更少的球囊也是可行的。此外,各个单个的球囊可分开地进行充气,或全部在一起进行充气,或以其任意的组合进行充气,以获得所需的作用力分布。多个充气球囊结构提供了许多优势,包括提供比单个球囊更大的径向力的能力,以及避免经受治疗的血管发生堵塞,以及允许血液或其它流体流经该装置的能力。
在图18A-D所示的一个备选实施例中,扩展部件450包括柔性的可膨胀的网状部件。可膨胀的网状部件452包括轴454,以及纵向地设置在该轴上的圆柱形的编织的网状部件452。该圆柱形网状部件的远端456连接在该轴的远端458上。该圆柱形网状部件的近端460可滑动地通过靠近远端456的轴环462而接合在该轴上。当轴环462沿着轴454远侧地前进时,就导致圆柱形网状部件452的主体部分径向扩展,从而提供了径向扩展的部件。
上面为了全面地阐述本说明书和清晰说明的目的,而已经详细地介绍了属于本专利申请主体的本发明的优选实施例。本领域中的技术人员可以构思出在本公开的精神和范围内的其它修改。在没有脱离所附权利要求所限定的本发明范围的条件下,可以实现这些备选、增加、修改和改进。
Claims (85)
1.一种人工心脏瓣膜,包括:
支撑部件,其具有多个部分以及将两个相邻部分连接起来的至少一个可折拢的接头部件,所述支撑部件具有扩展状态和收缩状态,和
瓣膜主体,其具有连接在所述支撑部件上的多个小叶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述支撑部件包括至少三个部分。
3.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述各个部分包括片件。
4.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述支撑部件在扩展状态时是大致管状的。
5.根据权利要求4所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述支撑部件在扩展状态时是大致圆柱形的。
6.根据权利要求4所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于所述扩展状态时,所述支撑部件具有大致椭圆形的截面形状。
7.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述可折拢的接头部件包括铰链。
8.根据权利要求7所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述铰链包括以下中的一种:机械铰链、膜片铰链或活动铰链。
9.根据权利要求8所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述铰链包括具有可拆销的机械铰链。
10.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述支撑部件还包括锚固部件。
11.根据权利要求10所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述锚固部件具有传送位置和展开位置,并且还包括促动器,所述促动器适于使所述锚固部件从其传送位置移动到其展开位置。
12.根据权利要求10所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述锚固部件具有传送位置和展开位置,并且所述锚固部件可以自促动地从其传送位置移动到其展开位置。
13.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,所述多个部分中的至少一个是内翻的。
14.根据权利要求13所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,所有的所述多个部分形成大致管状的形状。
15.根据权利要求13所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,各个所述多个部分都是内翻的,因而各个可折拢的接头部件形成了伸长的顶点。
16.根据权利要求15所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,每对相邻部分形成了凸出部。
17.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣膜主体的所述多个小叶是分开的。
18.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣膜主体包括动物组织。
19.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣膜主体包括人体组织。
20.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣膜主体的所述多个小叶包括被涂覆的衬底。
21.根据权利要求20所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述衬底包括网状材料。
22.根据权利要求20所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣膜主体包括被涂覆上聚合物材料的衬底。
23.根据权利要求22所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述聚合物材料包括聚氨酯。
24.根据权利要求1所述的人工心脏瓣膜,其特征在于,所述瓣膜主体连接在所述支撑部件的内部。
25.一种适合于为身体腔管内部提供支承的支撑部件,包括:
多个周边部分,以及至少一个将两个相邻周边部分连接起来的可折拢的接头部件,所述支撑部件包括具有第一最大截面尺寸的扩展状态和具有第二最大截面尺寸的收缩状态,并且所述第一最大截面尺寸大于所述第二最大截面尺寸。
26.根据权利要求25所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述支撑部件包括至少三个周边部分。
27.根据权利要求25所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述各周边部分包括片件。
28.根据权利要求25所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述支撑部件在扩展状态时是大致管状的。
29.根据权利要求28所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述支撑部件在扩展状态时是大致圆柱形的。
30.根据权利要求28所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于扩展状态时,所述支撑部件具有大致椭圆形的截面形状。
31.根据权利要求25所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述可折拢的接头部件包括铰链。
32.根据权利要求31所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述铰链包括以下中的一种:机械铰链、膜片铰链或活动铰链。
33.根据权利要求32所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述铰链包括具有可拆销的机械铰链。
34.根据权利要求25所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,还包括锚固部件。
35.根据权利要求34所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述锚固部件具有传送位置和展开位置,并且还包括促动器,其适于使所述锚固部件从其传送位置移动到其展开位置。
36.根据权利要求34所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,所述锚固部件具有传送位置和展开位置,并且所述锚固部件可以自促动地从其传送位置移动到其展开位置。
37.根据权利要求25所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,所述多个周边部分中的至少一个是内翻的。
38.根据权利要求37所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,所有的所述多个周边部分形成大致管状的形状。
39.根据权利要求37所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,各个所述多个周边部分都是内翻的,由此各个可折拢的接头部件形成了伸长的顶点。
40.根据权利要求39所述的支撑部件,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,每对相邻周边部分形成了凸出部。
41.一种用于人工心脏瓣膜的传送装置,包括:
具有多个指状部的夹具,和
在其远端具有多个纵向凹槽的管状部件,
其中,所述夹具可滑动地设置在所述管状部件中,并且所述多个指状部具有位于所述管状部件的远端内部的第一位置以及从所述管状部件远端向外延伸出的第二位置。
42.根据权利要求41所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述夹具是限定了纵轴线的细长部件,并且所述多个指状部中的每一个从所述夹具的第一端大致平行于所述纵轴线而延伸出来。
43.根据权利要求41所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述夹具包括三个或更多个指状部。
44.根据权利要求41所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述多个指状部中的每一个都包括从所述夹具的第一端延伸出的大致圆柱形部件。
45.根据权利要求41所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述管状部件包括刚性材料。
46.根据权利要求41所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述管状部件包括柔性材料。
47.根据权利要求41所述的传送装置,其特征在于,还包括由所述夹具的指状部所保持的人工心脏瓣膜。
48.根据权利要求47所述的传送装置,其特征在于,当所述夹具的指状部处于所述第一位置时,所述人工心脏瓣膜定位在所述管状部件的内部。
49.根据权利要求47所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣膜的至少一部分延伸穿过位于所述管状部件上的其中至少一个纵向凹槽。
50.一种用于人工心脏瓣膜的传送装置,包括:
具有近端和远端、并且限定了纵轴线的导管体,所述导管体的远端包括夹具,其具有靠近其远端的多个伸长的约束部件,
其中,各个所述约束部件大致平行于所述导管的纵轴线而延伸,并具有连接在所述夹具上的近端部分和未连接在所述夹具上的远端部分,从而限定了定位在所述多个约束部件内部的中心区域以及定位在每对相邻约束部件之间的纵向凹槽。
51.根据权利要求50所述的传送装置,其特征在于,还包括在其远端具有多个纵向凹槽的外部件,其中,所述夹具可滑动地设置在所述管状部件中。
52.根据权利要求51所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述多个约束部件具有位于所述外部件的远端内部的第一位置以及从所述外部件的远端向外延伸出的第二位置。
53.根据权利要求50所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述夹具包括三个或更多个约束部件。
54.根据权利要求50所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述多个约束部件各自包括从所述夹具的第一端延伸出的导线环。
55.根据权利要求51所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述外部件包括刚性管。
56.根据权利要求51所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述外部件包括柔性管。
57.根据权利要求50所述的传送装置,其特征在于,还包括由所述夹具的约束部件所保持的人工心脏瓣膜。
58.根据权利要求52所述的传送装置,其特征在于,还包括由所述夹具的约束部件所保持的人工心脏瓣膜。
59.根据权利要求58所述的传送装置,其特征在于,当所述夹具的约束部件处于所述第一位置时,所述人工心脏瓣膜定位在所述外部件的内部。
60.根据权利要求59所述的传送装置,其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣膜的至少一部分延伸穿过位于所述外部件上的其中至少一个纵向凹槽。
61.一种用于植入人工心脏瓣膜的方法,包括:
提供处于收缩状态下的人工心脏瓣膜,所述人工心脏瓣膜具有多个部分,并且所述收缩状态包括,所述人工心脏瓣膜的至少其中一个所述部分是内翻的,
将所述人工心脏瓣膜引导至治疗位置,以及
使所述人工心脏瓣膜的截面轮廓扩展。
62.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,当所述人工心脏瓣膜处于其收缩状态时,所有的所述多个部分形成大致管状的形状。
63.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣膜还包括将两个相邻部分连接起来的至少一个可折拢的接头部件,并且当所述人工心脏瓣膜处于其收缩状态时,所述多个部分的至少其中一个是内翻的,由此至少一个可折拢的接头部件形成了伸长的顶点。
64.根据权利要求63所述的方法,其特征在于,当所述人工心脏瓣膜处于其收缩状态时,每对相邻部分形成了凸出部。
65.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括将所述人工心脏瓣膜安装在具有瓣膜约束部件的传送装置中的步骤。
66.根据权利要求65所述的方法,其特征在于,所述安装步骤包括,促成所述瓣膜约束部件和所述人工心脏瓣膜之间的相对旋转,从而导致所述人工心脏瓣膜呈现所述收缩状态。
67.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,所述扩展步骤包括,将所述人工心脏瓣膜从传送装置中释放出来。
68.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,所述扩展步骤包括,使定位在所述人工心脏瓣膜的至少一部分中的可扩展部件扩展。
69.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
对所述人工心脏瓣膜进行重定位。
70.根据权利要求69所述的方法,其特征在于,所述重定位步骤包括:
使所述人工心脏瓣膜至少部分地收缩,
使所述收缩的人工心脏瓣膜移动到另一位置,以及
使所述人工心脏瓣膜扩展。
71.根据权利要求61所述的方法,其特征在于,所述治疗位置是在病人的心脏内或周围。
72.根据权利要求71所述的方法,其特征在于,所述治疗位置是在病人主动脉瓣膜根部或周围。
73.根据权利要求71所述的方法,其特征在于,所述治疗位置是在病人的升主动脉内或周围。
74.根据权利要求71所述的方法,其特征在于,所述治疗位置是在病人的降主动脉内或周围。
75.一种将适于提供支承力的支撑部件植入身体腔管内的方法,包括:
提供处于收缩状态下的支撑部件,所述支撑部件具有多个部分,并且所述收缩状态包括,所述支撑部件的至少其中一个所述部分是内翻的,
将所述支撑部件引导至治疗位置,以及
使所述支撑部件的截面轮廓扩展。
76.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,所有的所述多个部分形成大致管状的形状。
77.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,所述支撑部件还包括将两个相邻部分连接起来的至少一个可折拢的接头部件,并且当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,所述多个部分的至少其中一个是内翻的,由此所述至少一个可折拢的接头部件形成了伸长的顶点。
78.根据权利要求77所述的方法,其特征在于,当所述支撑部件处于其收缩状态时,每对相邻部分形成了凸出部。
79.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括将所述支撑部件安装在具有约束部件的传送装置中的步骤。
80.根据权利要求79所述的方法,其特征在于,所述安装步骤包括,促成所述约束部件和所述支撑部件之间的相对旋转,从而造成所述支撑部件呈现所述收缩状态。
81.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,所述扩展的步骤包括将所述支撑部件从传送装置中释放出来。
82.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,所述扩展步骤包括,使定位在所述支撑部件的至少一部分中的可扩展部件扩展。
83.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
使所述支撑部件重定位。
84.根据权利要求83所述的方法,其特征在于,所述重定位步骤包括:
使所述支撑部件至少部分地收缩,
使所述收缩的支撑部件移动到另一位置,以及
使所述支撑部件扩展。
85.根据权利要求75所述的方法,其特征在于,所述治疗位置是在病人的腹主动脉内或周围。
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CA2557657A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
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CN102488572A (zh) | 2012-06-13 |
CA2557657C (en) | 2013-06-18 |
US20140222135A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
CA2813136A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
CN101010047B (zh) | 2010-12-15 |
US20110082540A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
JP2007525291A (ja) | 2007-09-06 |
US8608770B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 |
US20100256724A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 |
WO2005084595A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
US9168134B2 (en) | 2015-10-27 |
CN101683291A (zh) | 2010-03-31 |
US20050203617A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
US20050203614A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
US8430925B2 (en) | 2013-04-30 |
JP4975609B2 (ja) | 2012-07-11 |
US8128692B2 (en) | 2012-03-06 |
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