CN108739182B - Standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping - Google Patents
Standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping standardized planting method, which adopts a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping mode and comprises the following steps: a, selecting improved varieties; b, land selection and land preparation; c, transplanting and field planting; d, field management; and E, harvesting. The standardized planting method for intercropping with the blueberries is adopted, the mutual benefit relation between the bletilla striata and the blueberries is fully utilized, a reasonable composite colony structure is formed, the light energy and the land capability are fully utilized, and the stable yield and the income increase are ensured. Under the condition of normal years, the yield of the rhizoma bletillae in three years can reach 500 kg/mu (fresh) and 110 kg/mu (dry), so that the high yield of the rhizoma bletillae is realized; the fruit can be hung on the big planted blueberry seedlings in the same year, and the yield of the fresh blueberry fruits can reach 800 kg/mu. The method has the advantages of high resource utilization rate, capability of effectively solving the contradiction of farmland shortage, large planting scale, yield and income increase, high quality and high benefit, and can realize good economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a plant planting method, in particular to a standardized planting method for intercropping rhizoma bletillae and blueberries.
Background
The Bletilla striata is a dried tuber of a Bletilla striata (bletillata) perennial plant of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) Bletilla (bletillastria (Thunb.) Reichb.f.), belongs to rare or endangered medicinal materials, and is also called as follows: chilblain herbs, herba Glechomae, radix seu herba Gei Heteroclitae, corm Eleocharitis, and millennium palmatum. The book of Chinese pharmacopoeia is recorded in the book edition. The Chinese pharmacopoeia (2015 th edition) calls: bitter, sweet and astringent taste, slightly cold nature, entering lung, liver and stomach channels, has functions of astringing to stop bleeding, detumescence and promoting granulation, and can be used for hemoptysis, hematemesis, traumatic hemorrhage, pyocutaneous disease and toxic swelling, and chapped skin. Bletilla striata is also a drug for Guizhou aquarium, Gelao nationality and Dong nationality, and is a famous, precious and authentic characteristic medicinal material in Guizhou. The bletilla striata has great development and utilization potential. In recent years, studies on bletilla striata seedlings are being diversified. The application of the bletilla striata gum in the fields of biological medicine materials, health-care food, cosmetics, textile printing and dyeing, special coatings, daily chemical industry and the like is greatly developed, the national bletilla striata industry and the medicinal requirement are at least more than 3000 tons, and huge commercial values are brought.
The blueberry is blueberry (Vaccinium spp) belonging to Vaccinium of Ericaceae (Vacciniaceae). The blueberry called as the "small ginseng fruit" contains rich nutrient components, has the functions of preventing cranial nerve aging, protecting eyesight, strengthening heart, resisting cancer, softening blood vessels, expelling toxin, beautifying, enhancing human body immunity and the like, and is high in nutrient components, fresh, mellow, tasty, juicy and fragrant. According to research of scientists in the United states, Japan and Europe, the blueberry product can improve the eyesight and eliminate the eye fatigue by being eaten frequently; nourishing skin; delaying cranial nerve aging; enhancing memory; improving capillary vessel disease caused by diabetes; enhancing cardiac function; preventing senile dementia. Human health history has apparently gone from the antibiotic and vitamin age of the 20 th century to the anthocyanin age of the 21 st century. Blueberry cultivation began in the united states in the 20 th century, and fresh blueberries were expensive to sell in the international market, at a price of around $ 10 per 500 grams. At present, nearly 20 countries and regions around the world start the industrialized cultivation of blueberries, and the blueberries are large in market capacity and in the state of short supply and short demand. The blueberry cultivation history in China is short, the blueberry cultivation is in a rapid development period at present, the varieties of the blueberry cultivation mainly come from America and Japan, more than 100 varieties suitable for being planted in various places in the south and the north of China are introduced, and the blueberry cultivation is suitable for being cultivated in various climatic conditions in the whole country.
In order to meet the increasing requirements of rhizoma bletillae and blueberries, a manual large-scale and standardized planting method is generally adopted, but in the prior art, a single-crop mode is adopted, and under the condition of increasing shortage of cultivated land resources, crops are planted in a single mode, the group structure is single, the resource utilization rate is low, the planting investment is large, the benefit is low, and the rhizoma bletillae and blueberries are small in planting scale, unstable in quality and poor in quality. Therefore, the existing bletilla striata and blueberry planting method has the problems of low resource utilization rate, short cultivated land, small planting scale, low yield, poor quality and low benefit.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a standardized planting method for intercropping rhizoma bletillae and blueberries. The method has high resource utilization rate, effectively solves the problem of the tension of cultivated land, has the characteristics of large planting scale, increased yield and income, high quality and high benefit, and can realize good economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping adopts a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping mode and comprises the following steps:
a, selection of improved varieties:
(1) seed selection of rhizoma bletillae: selecting bletilla striata fine variety with the length of 15.0-35.0cm, the tuber diameter more than or equal to 9.00mm and the leaf number of 3-5;
(2) blueberry seed selection: selecting improved blueberry seeds with the branch number more than or equal to 3 and the seedling height more than or equal to 50 cm;
b, land selection and land preparation:
(1) selecting land: selecting shallow mountain area or leeward sunny slope with elevation of 900-2000m, average annual temperature of 10-18 ℃, frost-free period of more than 260 days, average annual sunshine of 1100-1500 hours, average annual precipitation of more than 900mm, sandy loam, soil pH value of 4.0-4.8 and soil organic matter of not less than 2%;
(2) land preparation: applying a biological organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer in the amount of 1000 plus 2000 kg/mu, wherein the deep ploughing depth is 40-50cm, and the raising is carried out at the height of 40-50cm and the width of 1.2-1.5 m;
c, transplanting and field planting: firstly, fixing blueberry plants, and fixing bletilla striata after the blueberry plants survive;
(1) blueberry planting: uniformly distributing blueberry pollinated trees in a garden, wherein the configuration ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated tree varieties is 5:1, planting holes are formed in a compartment surface, the length, width and depth of each planting hole are 40cm, the distance between every two adjacent planting holes is 1.2-1.8m, the planting density is 180 plus 220 plants/mu, soil is buried until rhizomes are flush with the ground surface after seedling lifting, then surface soil is compacted, and root fixing water is poured through within 4 hours;
(2) planting rhizoma bletilla, namely planting in 4-8 months, paving a reflective film on the compartment surface after the blueberries are planted and survived, then digging holes among the blueberry plants according to the plant-row spacing of 25 × 25cm, so that the planting density of the rhizoma bletilla is 6050-;
d, field management:
(1) and (3) seedling supplementing: 1 plant of rhizoma bletillae and blueberry is replanted in each hole; (2) irrigation: keeping the relative water holding capacity of the matrix to be 59-61%; (3) weeding; (4) fertilizing: the rhizoma bletillae is applied with 30 percent of compound bio-organic fertilizer for 3 times each year, and 20 kg/mu is applied each time; applying 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer for 2 times per year on blueberries, wherein 20 kg/mu and 100 g/plant are applied each time; (5) thinning flowers and fruits; (6) pruning branches; (7) pest control;
e, harvesting: rhizoma Bletillae is harvested when stem and leaf are yellow and withered in the third 9-10 months, and blueberry is harvested when it is mature in 5-6 months per year.
More specifically, the standardized planting method for the bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping comprises the following steps: adopting a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping mode, comprising the following steps:
selection of improved species A
(1) Seed selection of rhizoma bletillae: selecting fine bletilla striata seeds with the length of 15.0-35.0cm, the diameter of tubers more than or equal to 9.00mm, the number of leaves of 3-5, strong appearance, no scab and no damage wound, emerald green leaves, thick and solid leaves, luster and complete and developed root systems;
(2) blueberry seed selection: selecting improved blueberry seeds with the branch number more than or equal to 3, the seedling height more than or equal to 50cm, complete and developed root systems and no spots or broken wounds;
b selecting land and preparing land
(1) Selecting ① producing area ecological environment, selecting shallow mountain area or leeward sunny slope with elevation of 900-2000m and good irrigation and drainage condition, annual average temperature of 10-18 ℃, frost-free period of more than 260 days, annual average sunshine of 1100-1500 h, annual average precipitation of more than 900mm, sandy loam, optimal soil pH value of 4.0-4.8 and soil organic matter of not less than 2%, ② producing area quality environment, wherein the air quality meets the secondary standard of air quality GB3095-2012, the soil quality meets the secondary standard of soil quality GB15618-2008 (dry farming), and the irrigation water quality meets the secondary standard of farmland irrigation water quality GB5084-2005 (dry farming);
(2) preparing soil, ① applying base fertilizer when turning deeply, applying biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizer according to 2000 kg/mu of 1000-2000 kg/mu, the depth of turning deeply is 40-50cm, ② adjusting soil acid-base, adding sulfur powder to land with soil pH value more than 5.6 to adjust soil acidity, adding lime to land with soil pH value less than 4.5 to adjust soil acidity, ③ removing impurities after turning deeply, raking the land, and raising the land according to height of 40-50cm and width of 1.2-1.5 m;
c transplanting field planting
(1) Transplanting time: the blueberry field planting is divided into spring planting and autumn planting, wherein the spring planting is completed before the seedlings germinate, and the autumn planting is started after the seedlings are dormant; transplanting and planting blueberries, and transplanting and planting rhizoma bletillae after the blueberries are valued and survived; rhizoma bletillae planting time is 4-8 months;
(2) blueberry planting: uniformly distributing blueberry pollinated trees in a garden, wherein the configuration ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated tree varieties is 5:1, planting holes are formed in the surface of the garden, the length, width and depth of each planting hole are 40cm, the distance between every two adjacent planting holes is 1.5m, the planting density is 200 plants/mu, the root system is kept stretched during planting, soil is buried until the root and the stem are flush with the ground surface after seedling lifting, surface soil is compacted, and root fixing water is poured through within 4 hours;
(3) planting rhizoma Bletillae, namely, paving a reflective membrane on the compartment surface after the survival of the blueberry plants, then digging holes among the blueberry plants according to the plant-row spacing of 25 × 25cm to ensure that the planting density of the rhizoma Bletillae is 6000 plants/mu, the hole diameter is 8-12cm, the depth is 15-20cm, bottoming humus soil or turfy soil according to 50-100 g/hole, planting rhizoma Bletillae seedlings into the prepared holes, finally compacting the hole openings with soil, and watering root fixing water within 4 hours;
d field management
(1) And (3) seedling supplementing: if the plants are dead and deficient after the survival of the transplanted plants, the seedlings are supplemented, and 1 plant of rhizoma bletillae and blueberry is supplemented in each hole; (2) irrigation: after planting, keeping the relative water holding capacity of the matrix to be 60 percent; (3) weeding: when weeds on the hole and the operation way have common bletilla striata and are high, artificial weeding is adopted; (4) and (3) fertilizing by using rhizoma bletillae: the bletilla striata is applied with 30 percent of compound biological organic fertilizer for 3 times per year, 20 kg/mu is applied for each time, after the first time of field planting survival, the second time is in a rapid growth period, and the third time is before seedling inversion during overwintering; (5) fertilizing the blueberries: applying 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer for 2 times every year on blueberries, wherein 20 kg/mu and 100 g/plant are applied for each time, the first time is before and after flowering, and the second time is after fruit harvest is finished; (6) thinning the flowers and fruits: thinning flowers and fruits of blueberries, and removing excessive flowers, hardened fruits, small fruits and diseased fruits; (7) pruning branches: when the height of the new blueberry branches exceeds 80cm, picking the cores and inducing the growth of lateral branches; trimming once when the fruits are picked, trimming bald branches, diseased branches and luxuriant branches and aged branches which are crossed in the middle; (8) pest control;
e harvesting
(1) And (3) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging when the stem and leaf are yellow and withered in the third year for 9-10 months, removing residual and withered leaves on the ground, digging from the lower part of the tuber by using a hoe, digging up the tuber together with soil, shaking off soil, cutting off the stem and fibrous roots, and transferring and processing;
(2) harvesting blueberries: collected in 5-6 months of each year, and the blueberries with dark blue whole fruits and blue pedicles are selected for picking.
In the standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping, in the link A- (2), 3-year-old large seedlings are selected as improved varieties of blueberries.
In the standardized planting method for interplanting bletilla striata and blueberries, the link B- (2) - ① is that base fertilizer is firstly uniformly scattered on the soil surface, then soil blocks are deeply ploughed to fully mix the base fertilizer with the soil, the base fertilizer is 5% of biological organic fertilizer, the base fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 1000 plus materials of 2000 kg/mu, and the deep ploughing depth is 40-50 cm.
In the standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping, in the step D- (2), in summer or at overhigh temperature, watering is carried out before 10 am and 4 pm.
In the standardized planting method for intercropping the bletilla striata and the blueberries, 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer is used as top dressing in links D- (4) and D- (5), the bletilla striata is subjected to hole top dressing, the blueberries are subjected to annular furrow application, the distance between the fertilization position and the stem base of the bletilla striata or the trunk of the blueberries is 8-10cm, the total nutrient of the top dressing is more than or equal to 30%, and the number of beneficial biological bacteria is more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand per gram.
In the link D- (8) of the standardized planting method for intercropping rhizoma bletillae and blueberries, a physical prevention method and a chemical prevention method are included, the physical prevention method is preferred, when the chemical prevention method is selected, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticide varieties are selected, the minimum effective dose is adopted for prevention, and different agents are alternately used for preventing and treating the same plant diseases and insect pests.
In the standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping, the link D- (8) comprises the following steps:
① prevention and control of blueberry leaf blight, wherein 37% difenoconazole water dispersible granule 3000-4000-fold liquid is used for spraying, or 45% amidine fresh amine water emulsion 1500-2000-fold liquid is used for spraying;
② the prevention and treatment of longicorn and grub, comprises physical or chemical prevention of artificially searching larva and killing, and chemical prevention of 0.5 head/m2In the above steps, the mixture is irrigated by 1000 times of 50% phoxim missible oil 700-; or 4.5 percent of high-efficiency cypermethrin aqueous emulsion 1500-2000 times of the liquid is sprayed.
In the standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping, the link D- (8) further comprises:
① preventing and treating rhizoma Bletillae root rot, draining waterlogging, digging deep drainage ditch, and irrigating root with 70% wettable powder of radix Funariae and 800 times of original powder of radix rooting powder, or 80% wettable powder of carbendazim and 500 times of water;
② the prevention and cure of cutworm and golden needle insect includes physical prevention and chemical prevention, wherein the physical prevention and cure includes artificial searching for larva and killing, and the chemical prevention and cure includes that when the number of insect population reaches 0.5 head/m2When the pesticide is used, the pesticide is irrigated by 700 times of liquid of 50 percent phoxim missible oil, or sprayed by 1500 times of 2000 times of liquid of 4.5 percent high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsion in water;
③ the method for preventing and killing prodenia litura comprises physical or chemical control, wherein the physical control comprises artificially searching for larva and killing, and the chemical control comprises that the number of insect population reaches 0.5 head/m2In the above, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin aqueous emulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1500 times, or 4.2% of perchloromethyl salt microemulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1000 times, or 10 hundred million PIB/ml prodenia litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus is sprayed with 800-fold liquid of 500 times.
The standardized planting method further comprises the bletilla striata and the blueberries obtained by the standardized planting method for intercropping the bletilla striata and the blueberries.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: in terms of plant types, the bletilla striata belongs to short-stalk crops, and the blueberries belong to high-stalk crops; in the aspect of adaptability, bletilla striata belongs to shade-resistant crops and is forbidden to be directly irradiated by strong light, blueberries belong to photophobic crops, and sufficient illumination is needed in the flowering and fruiting period. In the production operation, after the blueberries are planted and survived, the shading condition of the blueberries is ensured, and then the bletilla striata is transplanted and planted. Under the condition of normal years, the yield of the rhizoma bletillae in three years can reach 500 kg/mu (fresh) and 110 kg/mu (dry), so that the high yield of the rhizoma bletillae is realized, and the yield and income are increased; all indexes of the rhizoma bletillae medicinal materials obtained by planting meet the content requirements of traditional Chinese medicinal materials GAP. The planted big blueberry seedlings can bear fruits in the same year, and the yield of fresh blueberries can reach 800 kg/mu; according to the planting method, the bletilla striata and the blueberries can better adapt to poor environmental conditions, the space can be effectively utilized intensively, the land resources can be fully utilized, the contradiction of the shortage of cultivated land can be effectively solved, the resource utilization rate is high, the method has a good demonstration effect on development and optimization of three-dimensional planting, the product stability is good, the quality is high, the benefit is high, the planting scale can be enlarged, and good economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit are realized. Therefore, the method has high resource utilization rate, effectively solves the contradiction of the shortage of cultivated land, has the characteristics of large planting scale, increased yield and income, high quality and high benefit, and can realize good economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
Detailed Description
Example 1.
A standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping adopts a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping mode and comprises the following steps:
selection of improved species A
(1) Seed selection of rhizoma bletillae: selecting fine bletilla striata seeds with the length of 15.0-35.0cm, the diameter of tubers being more than or equal to 9.00mm, the number of leaves being 3-5, robust appearance, no scab and no damage wound, emerald green leaves, thick and solid leaves, luster and complete and developed root systems; the seedling length, the diameter of the tuber and the number of leaves all meet the standard requirements, namely qualified seedlings are obtained, the seedlings which cannot reach 1 item or more are unqualified seedlings, and the unqualified seedlings are forbidden to be used in production;
(2) blueberry seed selection: selecting improved blueberry seeds with the branch number of more than or equal to 3 branches, the seedling height of more than or equal to 50cm, complete and developed root systems, and no spots or broken wounds, wherein the blueberry seeds with the branch number and the seedling height meeting the standard requirements are qualified seedlings, the blueberry seeds with 1 item or more which do not reach the standard seedlings are unqualified seedlings, and the unqualified seedlings are forbidden to be used in production; meanwhile, according to the characteristics of early, middle and late maturity, a plurality of varieties can be selected, such as: brilliant, northland, ornier, daruo, beloxcress, melittin, leckesi, brigtar, charpy blue, blue No. 27, bardet, coast, blue au, etc.
B selecting land and preparing land
(1) Selecting land:
① producing area ecological environment, selecting shallow mountain area or leeward sunny slope with elevation of 900-2000m and good irrigation and drainage conditions, annual average temperature of 10-18 ℃, frost-free period of more than 260 days, annual average sunshine of 1100-1500 h, annual average precipitation of more than 900mm, sandy loam, optimal soil pH value of 4.0-4.8 and soil organic matter of not less than 2%, ② producing area quality environment, wherein the air quality meets the secondary standard of air quality GB3095-2012, the soil quality meets the secondary standard of soil quality GB15618-2008 (dry farming), and the irrigation water quality meets the secondary standard of farmland irrigation water quality GB5084-2005 (dry farming);
(2) land preparation:
① applying base fertilizer when turning deeply, spreading the base fertilizer on the soil surface uniformly, and turning deeply the soil blocks to mix the base fertilizer with the soil, wherein the base fertilizer is 5% of biological organic fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is applied at a rate of 2000 kg/mu according to soil barren condition and planting economic input capacity, and the depth of the deep turning is 40-50 cm;
② regulating soil acidity and alkalinity by land preparation, adding appropriate amount of sulfur powder to adjust soil acidity in plots with soil pH greater than 5.6, and adding appropriate amount of lime to adjust soil acidity in plots with soil pH less than 4.5;
③ removing impurities such as stone, grass root, and hardwood pieces after deep ploughing, raking the land, and getting up according to height of 40-50cm and width of 1.2-1.5 m.
C transplanting field planting
(1) Transplanting time: planting blueberries in spring before the seedlings sprout in the first year, and transplanting rhizoma bletillae in the current year in 4-8 months after the blueberries are planted and survive;
(2) blueberry planting: the blueberry pollinator selects a blueberry variety which has high yield and good taste and is close to or slightly earlier than the flowering phase of a main cultivated variety, the blueberry pollinator is uniformly distributed in a garden during planting, the configuration ratio of the main cultivated variety to the pollinator variety is 5:1, planting holes are formed in the compartment surface, the length, the width and the depth of each planting hole are 40cm, the distance between every two adjacent planting holes is 1.5m, the planting density is 200 plants/mu, the root system is required to be kept stretched during planting, soil is buried until the root and the stem are flush with the ground surface after seedling lifting, surface soil is compacted, and root fixing water is thoroughly poured within 4 hours;
(3) and (3) rhizoma bletillae field planting, namely paving a reflective membrane on the compartment surface in time after the blueberries are planted and survived, then digging holes among the blueberry plants according to the plant-row spacing of 25 × 25cm to ensure that the field planting density of the rhizoma bletillae is 6000 plants/mu, the hole diameter is 8-12cm, the hole depth is 15-20cm, bottoming humus soil or turfy soil according to 50-100 g/hole, planting rhizoma bletillae seedlings into the prepared holes, finally compacting the hole openings with soil, and watering root fixing water within 4 hours.
D field management
(1) And (3) seedling supplementing: if the plants are dead and deficient after the survival of the transplanted plants, timely filling the seedlings, wherein 1 plant of rhizoma bletillae and blueberry is filled in each hole;
(2) irrigation: after planting, determining watering times according to the moisture content of the surface soil, and keeping the relative water holding capacity of the matrix to be 60%; watering before 10 am and 4 pm in summer or at over-high temperature;
(3) weeding: when weeds on the hole and the operation way have common bletilla striata and are high, artificial weeding is adopted;
(4) and (3) fertilizing by using rhizoma bletillae: the bletilla striata is applied with 30 percent of compound biological organic fertilizer for 3 times per year, 20 kg/mu is applied for each time, after the first time of field planting survival, the second time is in a rapid growth period, and the third time is before seedling inversion during overwintering;
(5) fertilizing the blueberries: applying 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer for 2 times every year on blueberries, wherein 20 kg/mu and 100 g/plant are applied for each time, the first time is before and after flowering, and the second time is after fruit harvest is finished;
the method comprises the following steps of applying fertilizer to bletilla striata and blueberry, wherein 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer is used as top dressing, the bletilla striata is applied in a hole mode, the blueberry is applied in an annular ditch, the distance between the fertilizer application position and the stem base of the bletilla striata or the trunk of the blueberry is 8-10cm, the total nutrient (N-P-K) of the top dressing is more than or equal to 30%, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (namely urea 12-phosphoric acid-ammonia 8-potassium sulfate 10); the beneficial biological bacteria are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand per gram, the beneficial microbial bacteria comprise bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus megaterium and brevibacillus laterosporus, and the beneficial microbial bacteria are extracted by an advanced fermentation process and have good prevention and control effects on various soil-borne diseases;
(6) thinning the flowers and fruits: thinning flowers and fruits of the blueberries, and removing excessive flowers, hardened fruits, small fruits and diseased fruits;
(7) pruning branches: when the height of the new blueberry branches exceeds 80cm, picking the cores in time and inducing the growth of lateral branches; when the fruits are picked, pruning once to prune bald branches, diseased branches and luxuriant branches crossed in the middle and aged branches;
(8) the method for controlling the blueberry diseases mainly comprises the steps of controlling blueberry diseases mainly by leaf blight, controlling insect pests mainly by trunk-boring longicorn and white grub, controlling common bletilla pseudobulb diseases and root rot diseases mainly by ground beetle, wireworm and prodenia litura, strictly controlling the plant diseases and insect pests according to relevant regulations of GB/T8321 'pesticide reasonable use rule 1-9', NY/T393 'pesticide use rule for producing green food', Chinese people's republic of China's republic of agricultural chemical regulations and the like, controlling ① blueberry leaf blight by spraying 37% difenoconazole water dispersible granules 3000-2In the above steps, the mixture is irrigated by 1000 times of 50% phoxim missible oil 700-; or 4.5% beta-cypermethrinThe water emulsion 1500-fold liquid 2000-fold spray, the ③ rhizoma bletillae root rot disease control method comprises paying attention to drainage and water prevention, digging a drainage ditch deeply, irrigating roots with 70% wettable powder of Gentianfuling and 800-fold liquid of original powder of root-growing powder, or irrigating roots with 500-fold liquid of 80% wettable powder of carbendazim, and the ④ cutworm and golden needle pest control method comprises the steps of synchronously managing blueberries and adopting physical control or chemical control, wherein the physical control comprises the steps of manually searching for and killing larvae, and the chemical control comprises the step of controlling the number of the larvae to be 0.5/m2When the above steps are carried out, the mixture is watered with 700 times of liquid of 50% phoxim missible oil or sprayed with 1500 times of 2000 times of liquid of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin emulsion in water, ⑤ the method for preventing and controlling prodenia litura comprises physical prevention and chemical prevention, wherein the physical prevention comprises artificial larva searching and killing, and the chemical prevention comprises that the number of insect population reaches 0.5 head/m2In the above, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin aqueous emulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1500 times, or 4.2% of perchloromethyl salt microemulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1000 times, or 10 hundred million PIB/ml prodenia litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus is sprayed with 800-fold liquid of 500 times. The physical prevention and control method is preferred, when the pesticide is applied, the chemical prevention and control method is optimized, the pesticide variety with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue is selected, the minimum effective dose is adopted for prevention and control, and different medicaments are alternately used for preventing and controlling the same pest and disease damage.
E harvesting
(1) And (3) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging when the stem and leaf are yellow and withered in the third year for 9-10 months, firstly removing residual stems and withered leaves on the ground, digging from the lower part of the tuber by using a hoe, digging the tuber together with soil, shaking off soil, cutting off stems and fibrous roots, and timely transferring and processing;
(2) harvesting blueberries: the blueberries which are dark blue in whole fruit and have the basically blue base parts can be picked when the blueberries are ripe in 5-6 months from the first year, the fruits are not touched repeatedly during picking, the completeness of fruit powder is guaranteed to the greatest extent, and the picked fresh blueberries are placed in a shade.
Example 2
A standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping adopts a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping mode and comprises the following steps:
selection of improved species A
(1) Seed selection of rhizoma bletillae: selecting fine bletilla striata seeds with the length of 15.0-35.0cm, the diameter of tubers being more than or equal to 9.00mm, the number of leaves being 3-5, robust appearance, no scab and no damage wound, emerald green leaves, thick and solid leaves, luster and complete and developed root systems; the seedling length, the diameter of the tuber and the number of leaves all meet the standard requirements, namely qualified seedlings are obtained, the seedlings which cannot reach 1 item or more are unqualified seedlings, and the unqualified seedlings are forbidden to be used in production;
(2) blueberry seed selection: selecting improved blueberry seeds with the branch number of more than or equal to 3 branches, the seedling height of more than or equal to 50cm, complete and developed root systems, and no spots or broken wounds, wherein the blueberry seeds with the branch number and the seedling height meeting the standard requirements are qualified seedlings, the blueberry seeds with 1 item or more which do not reach the standard seedlings are unqualified seedlings, and the unqualified seedlings are forbidden to be used in production; meanwhile, according to the characteristics of early, middle and late maturity, a plurality of varieties can be selected, such as: brilliant, northland, ornier, daruo, beloxcress, melittin, leckesi, brigtar, charpy blue, blue No. 27, bardet, coast, blue au, etc.
B selecting land and preparing land
(1) Selecting land:
① producing area ecological environment, selecting shallow mountain area or leeward sunny slope with elevation of 900-2000m and good irrigation and drainage conditions, annual average temperature of 10-18 ℃, frost-free period of more than 260 days, annual average sunshine of 1100-1500 h, annual average precipitation of more than 900mm, sandy loam, optimal soil pH value of 4.0-4.8 and soil organic matter of not less than 2%, ② producing area quality environment, wherein the air quality meets the secondary standard of air quality GB3095-2012, the soil quality meets the secondary standard of soil quality GB15618-2008 (dry farming), and the irrigation water quality meets the secondary standard of farmland irrigation water quality GB5084-2005 (dry farming);
(2) land preparation:
① applying base fertilizer when turning deeply, spreading the base fertilizer on the soil surface uniformly, and turning deeply the soil blocks to mix the base fertilizer with the soil, wherein the base fertilizer is 5% of biological organic fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is applied at a rate of 2000 kg/mu according to soil barren condition and planting economic input capacity, and the depth of the deep turning is 40-50 cm;
② regulating soil acidity and alkalinity by land preparation, adding appropriate amount of sulfur powder to adjust soil acidity in plots with soil pH greater than 5.6, and adding appropriate amount of lime to adjust soil acidity in plots with soil pH less than 4.5;
③ removing impurities such as stone, grass root, and hardwood pieces after deep ploughing, raking the land, and getting up according to height of 40-50cm and width of 1.2-1.5 m.
C transplanting field planting
(1) Transplanting time: planting blueberries in autumn after the seedlings are dormant in the first year, and transplanting rhizoma bletillae in the second year in months 4-8 after the blueberries are planted and survive;
(2) blueberry planting: the blueberry pollinator selects a blueberry variety which has high yield and good taste and is close to or slightly earlier than the flowering phase of a main cultivated variety, the blueberry pollinator is uniformly distributed in a garden during planting, the configuration ratio of the main cultivated variety to the pollinator variety is 5:1, planting holes are formed in the compartment surface, the length, the width and the depth of each planting hole are 40cm, the distance between every two adjacent planting holes is 1.5m, the planting density is 200 plants/mu, the root system is required to be kept stretched during planting, soil is buried until the root and the stem are flush with the ground surface after seedling lifting, surface soil is compacted, and root fixing water is thoroughly poured within 4 hours;
(3) planting rhizoma Bletillae, namely, timely paving a reflective membrane on a compartment surface after the survival of the blueberry plants, then digging holes among the blueberry plants according to the plant-row spacing of 25 × 25cm to ensure that the planting density of the rhizoma Bletillae is 6000 plants/mu, the hole diameter is 8-12cm, the depth is 15-20cm, bottoming humus soil or turfy soil according to 50-100 g/hole, planting rhizoma Bletillae seedlings into the prepared holes, finally compacting the hole openings with soil, and watering root fixing water within 4 hours;
d field management
(1) And (3) seedling supplementing: if the plants are dead and deficient after the survival of the transplanted plants, timely filling the seedlings, wherein 1 plant of rhizoma bletillae and blueberry is filled in each hole;
(2) irrigation: after planting, determining watering times according to the moisture content of the surface soil, and keeping the relative water holding capacity of the matrix to be 60%; watering before 10 am and 4 pm in summer or at over-high temperature;
(3) weeding: when weeds on the hole and the operation way have common bletilla striata and are high, artificial weeding is adopted;
(4) and (3) fertilizing by using rhizoma bletillae: the bletilla striata is applied with 30 percent of compound biological organic fertilizer for 3 times per year, 20 kg/mu is applied for each time, after the first time of field planting survival, the second time is in a rapid growth period, and the third time is before seedling inversion during overwintering;
(5) fertilizing the blueberries: applying 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer for 2 times every year on blueberries, wherein 20 kg/mu and 100 g/plant are applied for each time, the first time is before and after flowering, and the second time is after fruit harvest is finished;
the method comprises the following steps of applying fertilizer to bletilla striata and blueberry, wherein 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer is used as top dressing, the bletilla striata is applied in a hole mode, the blueberry is applied in an annular ditch, the distance between the fertilizer application position and the stem base of the bletilla striata or the trunk of the blueberry is 8-10cm, the total nutrient (N-P-K) of the top dressing is more than or equal to 30%, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (namely urea 12-phosphoric acid-ammonia 8-potassium sulfate 10); the beneficial biological bacteria are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand per gram, the beneficial microbial bacteria comprise bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus megaterium and brevibacillus laterosporus, and the beneficial microbial bacteria are extracted by an advanced fermentation process and have good prevention and control effects on various soil-borne diseases;
(6) thinning the flowers and fruits: thinning flowers and fruits of the blueberries, and removing excessive flowers, hardened fruits, small fruits and diseased fruits;
(7) pruning branches: when the height of the new blueberry branches exceeds 80cm, picking the cores in time and inducing the growth of lateral branches; when the fruits are picked, pruning once to prune bald branches, diseased branches and luxuriant branches crossed in the middle and aged branches;
(8) the method for controlling the blueberry diseases mainly comprises the steps of controlling blueberry diseases mainly by leaf blight, controlling insect pests mainly by trunk-boring longicorn and white grub, controlling common bletilla pseudobulb diseases and root rot diseases mainly by ground beetle, wireworm and prodenia litura, strictly controlling the plant diseases and insect pests according to relevant regulations of GB/T8321 'pesticide reasonable use rule 1-9', NY/T393 'pesticide use rule for producing green food', Chinese people's republic of China's republic of agricultural chemical regulations and the like, controlling ① blueberry leaf blight by spraying 37% difenoconazole water dispersible granules 3000-2When the water is irrigated by 1000-time liquid of 700-The method for preventing and treating the cutworm and the golden needle worm by using the 70 percent wettable powder of the root rot and the 800 times of original powder of the root growing powder for root irrigation or the 80 percent wettable powder of the carbendazim for root irrigation and the ④ method for preventing and treating the cutworm and the golden needle worm by using physical prevention and treatment synchronously with the blueberry management, wherein the physical prevention and treatment comprises the steps of manually searching for the larva and killing the larva, and the chemical prevention and treatment comprises the step of when the number of the larva reaches 0.5 head/m2When the above steps are carried out, the mixture is watered with 700 times of liquid of 50% phoxim missible oil or sprayed with 1500 times of 2000 times of liquid of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin emulsion in water, ⑤ the method for preventing and controlling prodenia litura comprises physical prevention and chemical prevention, wherein the physical prevention comprises artificial larva searching and killing, and the chemical prevention comprises that the number of insect population reaches 0.5 head/m2In the above, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin aqueous emulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1500 times, or 4.2% of perchloromethyl salt microemulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1000 times, or 10 hundred million PIB/ml prodenia litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus is sprayed with 800-fold liquid of 500 times. The method is characterized in that a physical prevention and control method is preferred, when the pesticide is applied, a chemical prevention and control method is optimized, a high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticide variety is selected, the minimum effective dose is adopted for prevention and control, and different medicaments are alternately used for preventing and controlling the same pest and disease damage.
E harvesting
(1) And (3) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging when the stem and leaf are yellow and withered in the fourth year of 9-10 months, firstly removing residual and withered leaves on the ground, digging from the lower part of the tuber by using a hoe, digging up the tuber together with soil, shaking off the soil, cutting off the stem and fibrous roots, and timely transferring and processing;
(2) harvesting blueberries: the blueberries which are dark blue in whole fruit and have the basically blue base parts can be picked when the blueberries are ripe in 5-6 months from the first year, the fruits are not touched repeatedly during picking, the completeness of fruit powder is guaranteed to the greatest extent, and the picked fresh blueberries are placed in a shade.
In example 1-2, the fine bletilla striata and the fine blueberry seeds were purchased fine seedlings. Besides the parameters and quality indexes of the seedlings, comprehensive factors such as no poor growth, no pest and disease infection, no mechanical damage and the like of the seedlings are considered, and meanwhile, 3-year-old seedlings are selected as improved varieties of blueberries.
In examples 1-2, the bio-organic fertilizer and the compound bio-fertilizer are commercially available products, and are products of biotech fertilizer industry ltd, a bailing enterprise group, Guizhou.
In the embodiment 1-2, the bletilla striata and blueberry are obtained according to the standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping.
Claims (9)
1. A standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping is characterized by comprising the following steps: adopting a bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping mode, comprising the following steps:
selection of improved species A
(1) Seed selection of rhizoma bletillae: selecting fine bletilla striata seeds with the length of 15.0-35.0cm, the diameter of tubers more than or equal to 9.00mm, the number of leaves of 3-5, strong appearance, no scab and no damage wound, emerald green leaves, thick and solid leaves, luster and complete and developed root systems;
(2) blueberry seed selection: selecting improved blueberry seeds with the branch number more than or equal to 3, the seedling height more than or equal to 50cm, complete and developed root systems and no spots or broken wounds;
b selecting land and preparing land
(1) Selecting ① producing area ecological environment, selecting shallow mountain area or leeward sunny slope with elevation of 900-2000m and good irrigation and drainage condition, annual average temperature of 10-18 ℃, frost-free period of more than 260 days, annual average sunshine of 1100-1500 h, annual average precipitation of more than 900mm, sandy loam, optimal soil pH value of 4.0-4.8 and soil organic matter of not less than 2%, ② producing area quality environment, wherein the air quality meets the secondary standard of air quality GB3095-2012, the soil quality meets the secondary standard of dry farming in soil quality GB15618-2008, and the irrigation water quality meets the secondary standard of dry farming in farmland irrigation water quality GB 5084-2005;
(2) preparing soil, ① applying base fertilizer when turning deeply, applying biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizer according to 2000 kg/mu of 1000-2000 kg/mu, the depth of turning deeply is 40-50cm, ② adjusting soil acid-base, adding sulfur powder to land with soil pH value more than 5.6 to adjust soil acidity, adding lime to land with soil pH value less than 4.5 to adjust soil acidity, ③ removing impurities after turning deeply, raking the land, and raising the land according to height of 40-50cm and width of 1.2-1.5 m;
c transplanting field planting
(1) Transplanting time: the blueberry field planting is divided into spring planting and autumn planting, wherein the spring planting is completed before the seedlings germinate, and the autumn planting is started after the seedlings are dormant; transplanting and planting blueberries, and transplanting and planting rhizoma bletillae after the blueberries are planted and survived; rhizoma bletillae planting time is 4-8 months;
(2) blueberry planting: uniformly distributing blueberry pollinated trees in a garden, wherein the configuration ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated tree varieties is 5:1, planting holes are formed in the surface of the garden, the length, width and depth of each planting hole are 40cm, the distance between every two adjacent planting holes is 1.5m, the planting density is 200 plants/mu, the root system is kept stretched during planting, soil is buried until the root and the stem are flush with the ground surface after seedling lifting, surface soil is compacted, and root fixing water is poured through within 4 hours;
(3) laying a reflective membrane on a compartment surface after the survival of the blueberries, then digging holes among the blueberries according to the row spacing of 25 × 25cm to ensure that the planting density of the bletilla striata is 6000 plants/mu, the hole diameter is 8-12cm, the depth is 15-20cm, bottoming humus soil or turfy soil according to 50-100 g/hole, planting bletilla striata seedlings into the prepared holes, finally compacting the hole openings with soil, and watering root fixing water within 4 hours;
d field management
(1) And (3) seedling supplementing: if the plants are dead and deficient after the survival of the transplanted plants, the seedlings are supplemented, and 1 plant of rhizoma bletillae and blueberry is supplemented in each hole; (2) irrigation: after planting, keeping the relative water holding capacity of the matrix to be 60 percent; (3) weeding: when weeds on the hole and the operation way have common bletilla striata and are high, artificial weeding is adopted; (4) and (3) fertilizing by using rhizoma bletillae: the bletilla striata is applied with 30 percent of compound biological organic fertilizer for 3 times per year, 20 kg/mu is applied for each time, after the first time of field planting survival, the second time is in a rapid growth period, and the third time is before seedling inversion during overwintering; (5) fertilizing the blueberries: applying 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer for 2 times every year on blueberries, wherein 20 kg/mu and 100 g/plant are applied for each time, the first time is before and after flowering, and the second time is after fruit harvest is finished; (6) thinning the flowers and fruits: thinning flowers and fruits of blueberries, and removing excessive flowers, hardened fruits, small fruits and diseased fruits; (7) pruning branches: when the height of the new blueberry branches exceeds 80cm, picking the cores and inducing the growth of lateral branches; trimming once when the fruits are picked, trimming bald branches, diseased branches and luxuriant branches and aged branches which are crossed in the middle; (8) pest control;
e harvesting
(1) And (3) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging when the stem and leaf are yellow and withered in the third year for 9-10 months, removing residual and withered leaves on the ground, digging from the lower part of the tuber by using a hoe, digging up the tuber together with soil, shaking off soil, cutting off the stem and fibrous roots, and transferring and processing;
(2) harvesting blueberries: collected in 5-6 months of each year, and the blueberries with dark blue whole fruits and blue pedicles are selected for picking.
2. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the link A- (2), the improved blueberry seeds are 3-year-old seedlings.
3. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the link B- (2) - ① is that base fertilizer is firstly uniformly scattered on the soil surface, then the soil block is deeply ploughed to fully mix the base fertilizer with the soil, the base fertilizer is 5% of biological organic fertilizer, the base fertilizer is applied according to 1000-2000 kg/mu, and the deep ploughing depth is 40-50 cm.
4. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step D- (2), in summer or at over-high temperature, watering is carried out before 10 am and 4 pm.
5. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the links D- (4) and D- (5), 30% of compound bio-organic fertilizer is used as top dressing, bletilla striata is subjected to hole top dressing, blueberries are subjected to annular furrow application, the distance between the fertilization position and the stem base of the bletilla striata or the trunk of the blueberries is 8-10cm, the total nutrient of the top dressing is more than or equal to 30%, and beneficial biological bacteria are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand per gram.
6. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step D- (8), a physical prevention method and a chemical prevention method are included, the physical prevention method is preferred, when the chemical prevention method is selected, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticide varieties are selected, the minimum effective dose is adopted for prevention, and different medicaments are alternately used for preventing and treating the same pest and disease damage.
7. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the link D- (8) comprises:
① prevention and control of blueberry leaf blight, wherein 37% difenoconazole water dispersible granule 3000-4000-fold liquid is used for spraying, or 45% amidine fresh amine water emulsion 1500-2000-fold liquid is used for spraying;
② the prevention and treatment of longicorn and grub, comprises physical or chemical prevention of artificially searching larva and killing, and chemical prevention of 0.5 head/m2In the above steps, the mixture is irrigated by 1000 times of 50% phoxim missible oil 700-; or 4.5 percent of high-efficiency cypermethrin aqueous emulsion 1500-2000 times of the liquid is sprayed.
8. The standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the link D- (8) further comprises:
① preventing and treating rhizoma Bletillae root rot, draining waterlogging, digging deep drainage ditch, and irrigating root with 70% wettable powder of radix Funariae and 800 times of original powder of radix rooting powder, or 80% wettable powder of carbendazim and 500 times of water;
② the prevention and cure of cutworm and golden needle insect includes physical prevention and chemical prevention, wherein the physical prevention and cure includes artificial searching for larva and killing, and the chemical prevention and cure includes that when the number of insect population reaches 0.5 head/m2When the pesticide is used, the pesticide is irrigated by 700 times of liquid of 50 percent phoxim missible oil, or sprayed by 1500 times of 2000 times of liquid of 4.5 percent high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsion in water;
③ the method for preventing and killing prodenia litura comprises physical or chemical control, wherein the physical control comprises artificially searching for larva and killing, and the chemical control comprises that the number of insect population reaches 0.5 head/m2In the above, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin aqueous emulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1500 times, or 4.2% of perchloromethyl salt microemulsion is sprayed with 1500-fold liquid of 1000 times, or 10 hundred million PIB/ml prodenia litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus is sprayed with 800-fold liquid of 500 times.
9. Bletilla striata and blueberry obtained through the standardized planting method for bletilla striata and blueberry intercropping according to any one of claims 1-8.
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| CN109717039B (en) * | 2019-03-19 | 2021-07-20 | 贵州百灵企业集团制药股份有限公司 | Domestication method of bletilla striata seedlings |
| CN110741865B (en) * | 2019-11-05 | 2022-02-22 | 仲恺农业工程学院 | Planting method for intercropping stylosanthes guianensis |
| CN111602554A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-09-01 | 四川省农业科学院经济作物育种栽培研究所 | Three-dimensional interplanting method for fingered citron, bletilla striata and polygonatum |
| CN112400531B (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2022-06-17 | 含山县有水珍禽养殖有限公司 | Device and method suitable for blueberry planting |
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