CN107873426B - Labor-saving elder shaping and trimming method - Google Patents
Labor-saving elder shaping and trimming method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107873426B CN107873426B CN201711422077.8A CN201711422077A CN107873426B CN 107873426 B CN107873426 B CN 107873426B CN 201711422077 A CN201711422077 A CN 201711422077A CN 107873426 B CN107873426 B CN 107873426B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
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Abstract
The invention provides a labor-saving elder shaping and trimming method, which comprises the following steps: in the first year, the elder seedlings are selected and planted in early spring, stumping is carried out from the base, and stumping is carried out again after leaves fall; in the second year, thinning branches after the branches sprout, reserving 6-8 long branches, and reserving 4-5 long branches during winter pruning; in the third year, thinning branches after the branches sprout, keeping 4-5 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year, keeping 8-10 branches growing in the current year when the branches are cut in winter, and thinning out branches growing in the last year, autumn tips and lateral branches; in the fourth year, thinning is carried out after the branches sprout, 8-10 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved, 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved when the branches are cut in winter, thinning the branches growing in the last year, autumn tips and lateral branches, and trimming according to the fourth year. The elderberry pruning method provided by the invention is simple and easy to operate, time-saving and labor-saving, is beneficial to popularization, can be put into a high-yield period in advance, and has high and stable yield of elderberry fruits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of economic forests, in particular to a method for reshaping and trimming elderberry.
Background
Elder genus (SambucusLinn.) is deciduous shrub or small tree of Caprifoliaceae (Caprifoliaceae), a thin herb. The plant is distributed in more than 20 kinds all over the world, is widely distributed in temperate zones and subtropical zones, and is 5-6 kinds in China. The elder plants have high edible value, medicinal value, ornamental value and beautifying value. The record of Sambucus williamsii Hance in Tang materia Medica is famous for its effect of setting bones, and has a very high position among people, and is called "medical kit".
Sambucus williamsii is a new woody oil plant, and researches prove that the oil content of fruits of Sambucus williamsii reaches 35 to 44 percent. The content of fatty acid necessary for human body in the elderberry oil is 87.17 percent, which is higher than that of soybean oil (62.8 percent), sunflower oil (73.03 percent) and peanut oil (23.75 percent), and the content of saturated fatty acid contained in the elderberry oil is low, which is only 2.22 percent, thus being very beneficial to the health of human body.
The elderberry has early seedling growth and high growth speed, the fruit is mature in summer and autumn, is similar to agate in shape, has dense fruit order, is black purple or crimson, and is a precious ornamental tree species in the urban and rural gardens and forests in the north of China. The economic value of elderberry has attracted the attention of scientists and medical community of various countries, the elderberry oil is the 'green' functional oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid, for example, flax oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid has been used as a medicine in Japan and Germany, elderberry wine and elderberry tea are widely popular in developed countries in the West, and elderberry flowers and fruits are used for treating viral influenza. China has various development advantages of elderberry: (1) sambucus williamsii is popular in mountain forest margins, roadside or barren mountains and wastelands, is widely distributed in China, develops Sambucus williamsii economic forests in mountainous areas and semi-mountainous areas, can make edible oil woody, improves the structure of the edible oil, and improves the health level of human beings. And develops the elderberry oil deep processing industry, such as elderberry oil emulsion beverage, emulsion oral liquid, electuary, buccal tablet and the like, which brings good economic benefit, provides backup resources for the industrial production of forest products, is forestry resources which are first developed by the ecological and economic industry, and meets the strategic requirements of sustainable development. (2) Provides wide prospect for vast forest areas and employment of residual labor force, and provides an optional channel for the production conversion of forestry enterprises. (3) The elderberry is excellent in landscaping tree species and ecological afforestation tree species, has strong pollution resistance and has wide popularization and application prospects
China still is in a primary stage for developing and utilizing elderberry. At present, resources are not fully utilized, only a lot of medicines are used, other comprehensive utilization is little, the common cultivation mode is that the trees are harvested by the day, the management is laggard, the elderberry trees are scattered, the big and small years are serious, and the yield is unstable. The prior art has the theory of the elderberry pruning method, and adopts a multi-dry bush-shaped or single-stem type plant mode to keep a main stem or a main branch; although the yield is improved a little, the shaping and trimming method is complicated, labor-consuming and time-consuming. Branches inside the multi-dry type brush-shaped brush are difficult to trim; the selection of the main branch and the lateral branch of the single-trunk type plant is difficult to grasp, particularly the main branch, and once the selection is wrong, the yield and the tree shape of the whole plant are influenced. It has also been found during the experiments of the present invention that the yield of elderberry trimmed by this trimming method is general.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for reshaping and trimming elderberry, which is simple and easy to operate and is beneficial to popularization, and the elderberry fruits are high in yield and stable in yield.
In order to solve the technical problem, the elder shaping and trimming method provided by the invention is realized as follows:
a labor-saving elderberry shaping and trimming method comprises the following steps: in the first year, before sprouting in early spring, selecting elder seedlings for planting, leveling stubbles from the base parts, and leveling stubbles again after leaves fall;
in the second year, when the growing branches grow to 60-80 cm, thinning branches, reserving 6-8 long branches, thinning out sprout tillers, after leaf falling, performing winter shearing before soil is frozen, reserving 4-5 long branches, and thinning out autumn tips and lateral branches;
in the third year, thinning is carried out when the growing branches grow by 60-80 cm, 4-5 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved, thinning out the tillers, carrying out winter shearing before freezing the soil after leaf falling, reserving 8-10 branches growing in the current year, and thinning out the growing branches, the autumn tips and the side branches;
in the fourth year, thinning is carried out when the sprouting branches grow by 60-80 cm, 8-10 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved, sprouting is thinned, winter pruning is carried out before soil is frozen after leaf falling, 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved, the sprouting branches, autumn tips and side branches are thinned, and trimming is carried out according to the fourth year.
Optionally, the stumping is to cut off the branches from the root neck upwards.
The method for trimming elder in labor saving manner as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thinning of the old branches is cutting the old branches from the root and the heavy short section close to the ground.
Optionally, fertilizing the elderberry: applying base fertilizer before planting elderberry seedlings in the first year; topdressing in the second growing season, and applying base fertilizer in autumn; fertilizing in the third year and the second year later.
Optionally, the base fertilizer is a hole-application decomposed organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer; 5-30 kg of organic fertilizer per plant and 0.15-1 kg of compound fertilizer per plant.
Optionally, 5-10 kg of base fertilizer organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in the first year, and 0.15-0.2 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant; when fertilizing, the fertilizer and the surface soil are mixed and backfilled, the surface soil is backfilled at the lower part, and the bottom soil is backfilled at the upper part.
Optionally, applying 10-20 kg of base fertilizer organic fertilizer per plant and 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer per plant in the third year in the second year; when fertilizing, deep turning and hole expanding are carried out.
Optionally, 20-30 kg of base fertilizer organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in the fourth year and later, and 0.5-1 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant; when fertilizing, deep turning and hole expanding are carried out.
Optionally, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the second year of top dressing in the growing season, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is mainly applied in the third year and later; the fertilizing amount is 0.2-0.25 kg per plant, and the topdressing depth is 20-30 cm.
Optionally, the elder nursery stock is: 1-2 years old, the height is more than or equal to 50 cm, the ground diameter is more than or equal to 1.5 cm, and branches and root systems are robust and good cuttage seedlings or tissue culture seedlings.
The elderberry shaping and trimming method provided by the invention does not keep the trunk and the fixed main branches, and can enter a high yield period in advance; only simple heavy shearing and thinning treatment is needed, the shearing method is convenient to operate, the tree shape is simple and easy to manage, and time, labor and force are saved; the fruit branches are reasonably distributed, the ventilation and the light transmission are good, the fruit yield is high, and the quality is good; the quantity of bearing mother branches is fixed every year, the problem of big and small years caused by strong sprouting capability of the elderberry branches is effectively solved, and the stable yield in successive years is ensured.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the following embodiments further describe the present invention in detail. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The implementation time of the invention is as follows: 2013 to 2017
The implementation place is as follows: testing base of scientific research institute of forestry in Henan province of Xinzheng city in Henan province
Selecting hard branch cutting seedlings in 2012 spring for elder seedlings, respectively selecting 50 plants to be trimmed and not trimmed by using the method, and selecting 50 single-trunk plants to be trimmed; because the multi-dry bush-shaped pruning is complicated and the operation is difficult, no contrast test is carried out.
The specific implementation method of the invention is as follows:
transplanting seedlings in No. 3 and 1 months in 2013 spring, applying a base fertilizer, and applying a hole-application decomposed organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, wherein each plant of the organic fertilizer is 5-10 kg, and each plant of the compound fertilizer is 0.15-0.2 kg; when fertilizing, the fertilizer is mixed with the surface soil, the surface soil and the fertilizer mixture are backfilled at the lower part, and the bottom soil is backfilled at the upper part. Stumping, i.e., cutting, the shoots from the base up from the root neck. 2-5 branches of the germinated branches are found by investigation in the first ten days of 6 months, a small amount of elderberry blooms, and the treatment is not carried out. And (4) cutting off leaves of elderberry in winter 12 months, and cutting off all stubbles, namely cutting off branches at cut-off positions from root necks to tops.
In 4 th ten days in 2014, elderberry sprouts branches, thinning branches when the length of the branches is 60-80 cm, uniformly reserving 6-8 long branches, and thinning the rest sprouts; the branches which are uniformly reserved are not overlapped and shielded, the directions are uniformly distributed, and the ventilation and the light transmission are good. And (3) applying additional fertilizer in holes in elderberry growing seasons in 5 months, mainly using nitrogen fertilizer as a main material, wherein each plant is 0.2-0.25 kg, and the additional fertilizer depth is 20-30 cm. After leaves of elderberry are fallen in last 12 months, the elderberry is cut in winter before the soil is frozen, the plant height, the crown breadth and the length and thickness of new branches are measured, at the moment, a large number of flower buds of the elderberry are arranged, 4-5 long branches which are uniformly distributed, grow vigorously and have more flower buds are reserved, and autumn tips and lateral branches are removed. Applying a base fertilizer in late 10 months in autumn, deeply turning over and expanding holes, and applying a decomposed organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, wherein each plant of the organic fertilizer is 10-20 kg, and each plant of the compound fertilizer is 0.25-0.5 kg.
In 2015, in 4 th ten months, elderberry sprouts branches, thinning branches when the length of the branches is 60-80 cm, uniformly keeping 8-10 long branches which sprout in the current year, keeping 4-5 branches which sprout in the last year, and thinning the rest sprouts; the branches which are uniformly reserved are not overlapped and shielded, the directions are uniformly distributed, and the ventilation and the light transmission are good. In 5 months, hole application of additional fertilizer is carried out in the growth period of elderberry, and the additional fertilizer mainly comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; the fertilizing amount is 0.2-0.25 kg per plant, and the topdressing depth is 20-30 cm. And (4) harvesting mature elderberry fruits in the middle of 6 months, and measuring the yield of each plant. Performing winter pruning after leaves of elderberry are fallen in the last 12 months before the soil is frozen; reserving 8-10 branches growing in the current year, and removing branches growing in the last year, autumn tips and lateral branches; applying a base fertilizer in late 10 months in autumn, deeply turning over and expanding holes, and applying a decomposed organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, wherein each plant of the organic fertilizer is 10-20 kg, and each plant of the compound fertilizer is 0.25-0.5 kg.
In 2016, in 4 th ten months, elderberry sprouts branches, when the length of each branch is 60-80 cm, thinning is carried out, 8-10 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved, and the rest sprouts are thinned; the branches which are uniformly reserved are not overlapped and shielded, the directions are uniformly distributed, and the ventilation and the light transmission are good. In 5 months, hole application of additional fertilizer is carried out in the growth period of elderberry, and the additional fertilizer mainly comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; the fertilizing amount is 0.2-0.25 kg per plant, and the topdressing depth is 20-30 cm. And (4) harvesting mature elderberry fruits in the middle of 6 months, and measuring the yield of each plant. Performing winter pruning after leaves of elderberry are fallen in the last 12 months before the soil is frozen; reserving 8-10 branches growing in the current year, and removing branches growing in the last year, autumn tips and lateral branches; applying a base fertilizer in late 10 months in autumn, deeply turning over and expanding holes, and applying a decomposed organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, wherein each plant of the organic fertilizer is 10-20 kg, and each plant of the compound fertilizer is 0.25-0.5 kg.
The specific measures in 2017 are the same as those in 2016.
Compared 50 elder trees are not trimmed, 50 elder trees are trimmed by single-stem open-heart-shaped plants, and weeding, watering, fertilizing, data determination and the like are the same except that trimming methods are different.
The results of the control tests are shown in table one:
the plant height, crown breadth, new shoot length thickness, individual ear weight and individual plant yield shown in table one are the measured average values of 50 elderberries.
As can be seen from the table I, the shaping and trimming method can enter a high-yield period in advance, can obviously increase the yield of the elderberry, has stable yield every year, does not have the condition of big and small years, and has the advantages of simple mode, time saving and labor saving. The single-stem open-heart-shaped plant pruning method is adopted, and although the yield is improved compared with the mode without pruning, the yield of the method is still higher than that of the single-stem open-heart-shaped plant pruning method. In the test process of the invention, the inventor finds that the pruning mode of the single-stem open-heart-shaped plant is difficult to control, especially for novice workers, once the selected main branches grow wrongly, the side branches are also affected, the result distribution is uneven, the yield of the whole plant is reduced, the tree form pruning and shaping period is long, and the high yield period is late.
The selection of time in the process of the embodiment of the invention is as follows: in months 3 and 5 and 4 months 2014 in 2013, the growth conditions of elderberries in the same month may be different in different regions, and therefore the time of the process in the embodiment of the invention is not taken as a limiting condition.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A labor-saving elderberry shaping and trimming method is characterized by comprising the following steps: in the first year, before sprouting in early spring, selecting and planting the elder seedlings and leveling the stubble from the base parts; leveling again after leaves fall; the stumping is to cut and remove branches from the root neck upwards, and the stumping is carried out again after stumping from the base and the fallen leaves, so that the elderberry has no trunk;
in the second year, when the newly-germinated branches grow to 60-80 cm, thinning branches, reserving 6-8 long branches, thinning the rest sprouts, and after leaf falling, performing winter shearing before soil freezing, and reserving 4-5 long branches; removing autumn tips and side branches to enable the 4-5 long branches to have no primary branch, secondary branch and tertiary branch;
in the third year, when newly-germinated branches grow for 60-80 cm, thinning branches, keeping 4-5 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year, thinning out the rest sprouts, and performing winter shearing after leaf falling before soil is frozen, and keeping 8-10 branches growing in the current year; thinning out the old branches to ensure that the elderberry has no fixed main branch; removing autumn tips and lateral branches, so that 8-10 long branches grow in the same year without primary, secondary and tertiary branches, and the elderberry without a fixed main branch has no lateral branches; the step of removing the old branches is to cut the old branches and the heavy short sections close to the ground from the roots, so that the elderberry has no fixed main branches;
in the fourth year, thinning is carried out when newly-germinated branches grow for 60-80 cm, 8-10 branches growing in the last year and 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved, other sprouts are thinned, winter shearing is carried out after leaves fall and before soil is frozen, and 8-10 branches growing in the current year are reserved; thinning out the old branches to ensure that the elderberry has no fixed main branch; removing autumn tips and lateral branches, so that 8-10 long branches grow in the same year without primary, secondary and tertiary branches, and the elderberry without a fixed main branch has no lateral branches; trimming according to the fourth year; the step of removing the old branches is to cut the old branches and the heavy short sections close to the ground from the roots, so that the elderberry has no fixed main branches.
2. The labor-saving elder shaping and trimming method according to claim 1, wherein the elder is fertilized with: applying base fertilizer before planting elderberry seedlings in the first year; topdressing in the second growing season, and applying base fertilizer in autumn; fertilizing in the third year and the second year later.
3. The labor-saving elderberry pruning method according to claim 2, wherein the base fertilizer is hole-applied decomposed organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer; 5-30 kg of organic fertilizer per plant and 0.15-1 kg of compound fertilizer per plant.
4. The labor-saving elderberry pruning method according to claim 3, wherein 5-10 kg of base fertilizer organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in the first year, and 0.15-0.2 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant; when fertilizing, the fertilizer and the surface soil are mixed and backfilled, the surface soil is backfilled at the lower part, and the bottom soil is backfilled at the upper part.
5. The labor-saving elderberry pruning method according to claim 3, wherein in the third year of the second year, 10-20 kg of base fertilizer organic fertilizer is applied per plant, and 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per plant; when fertilizing, deep turning and hole expanding are carried out.
6. The labor-saving elderberry pruning method according to claim 3, wherein 20-30 kg of base fertilizer organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in the fourth year and later, and 0.5-1 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant; when fertilizing, deep turning and hole expanding are carried out.
7. The labor-saving elderberry pruning method according to claim 2, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the second year of the growth season, and the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is mainly applied in the third year and later; the fertilizing amount is 0.2-0.25 kg per plant, and the topdressing depth is 20-30 cm.
8. The labor-saving elder pruning method according to claim 1, wherein the elder nursery stock is: 1-2 years old, the height is more than or equal to 50 cm, the ground diameter is more than or equal to 1.5 cm, and branches and root systems are robust and good cuttage seedlings or tissue culture seedlings.
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