CN104936603A - 利用前列环素处理的内皮祖细胞的肺动脉高血压的治疗 - Google Patents
利用前列环素处理的内皮祖细胞的肺动脉高血压的治疗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本申请针对一种用于治疗肺动脉高血压(PAH)的方法,该方法包括:提供分离的内皮祖细胞(EPC);用前列环素处理EPC,其中该处理后的EPC表现出具有增强血管生成能力的过度增生的表型;以及将包括该处理后的EPC的组合物给药至患有PAH的对象。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2012年8月1日递交的第61/678,208号的美国临时申请和2013年1月9日递交的第61/750,458号的美国临时申请的权益,其内容通过全文引用并入文中。
技术领域
本申请涉及内皮祖细胞在治疗肺动脉高血压(PAH)和其它类型的肺高血压的用途。
背景技术
肺动脉高血压是一种渐进性肺部疾病,其在被确诊后不进行治疗会导致平均在2.8年内死亡。肺循环增加的收缩导致对右侧心脏增加压力,这可发展成为右侧心脏衰竭。根据定义,对于慢性肺动脉高血压,平均肺动脉血压(mPAP)在静息状态时(at rest)>25mmHg(毫米汞柱),或在用力(exertion)期间>30mmHg(正常值<20mmHg)。肺动脉高血压的病理生理特征在于肺血管的血管收缩和重塑。在慢性PAH中,存在初始非肌化(unmuscularized)的肺血管的新肌化(neomuscularization),以及已经肌化血管的血管肌肉在周长上的增加。这种增加的肺循环闭塞导致对右侧心脏的渐增的压力,从而导致从右侧心脏的输出降低,最终右侧心脏衰竭(M.Humbert等,J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.2004,43,13S-24S)。PAH是一种极为罕见的疾病,具有百万分之一至二的患病率。这些患者的平均年龄估计为36岁,只有10%的患者超过60岁。明显地,比男性更多的女性受到影响(G.E.D'Alonzo等,Ann.Intern.Med.1991,115,343-349)。
在市场上有效的标准疗法(例如前列环素类似物、内皮素受体拮抗剂、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂)能提高生活质量、运动耐量和患者的预后。这些疗法的原理主要是影响血管张力的血液动力学,但其对致病的重塑过程没有直接的影响。此外,使用这些药物的可能性通过有时严重的副作用和/或复杂的给药类型被限制。在通过特定的单药治疗改善或稳定患者的临床表现的时期是有限的。最终疗法升级,从而必须同时给予多个药物的联合疗法被应用。尽管在肺动脉高血压的疗法中具有如此进步,然而治愈这样严重的疾病仍没有前景。
内皮祖细胞已经在成人骨髓以及外周血和人体脐带血中被识别,并且已经示出了维持它们的增殖和分化成成熟的内皮细胞的能力(Ashara等,Science275:964(1997);Murohara等,J.Clin.Invest.105(11):1527-36(2000))。在胚胎形成过程中血管生成、新血管的发展开始于包括内皮祖细胞(EPC)和造血干细胞的血岛的形成(Risau,Nature 386(6626):671-4(1997);Risau,FASEBJ.9(10):926-33(1995);Risau等,Development 102(3):471-8(1988);Flamme等,Development 116(2):435-9(1992);Hatzopoulos等,Development 125(8):1457-68(1998);Doyle等,Endothelium 13(6):403-10(2006);Ribatti,LeukRes.(4):439-44(2007))。
EPC已经示出了参与出生后的新血管形成(Takahashi等Nat Med.5(4):434-8(1999);Isner和Asahara,J Clin Invest.103(9):1231-6(1999))。此外,发现EPC参与血管生成、血管修复和血管保护(vasculoprotection)(Doyle等,Endothelium 13(6):403-10(2006))。
现在已经惊奇地发现,前列环素处理的EPC在治疗PAH中是有用的。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施方式是一种用于治疗肺动脉高血压(PAH)的方法,该方法包括:提供分离的内皮祖细胞(EPC);用前列环素处理EPC,其中处理后的EPC表现出具有增强血管生成能力的过度增生的表型,以及将包括处理后的EPC的组合物给药至患有PAH的对象。在另一个实施方式中,前列环素可以选自依前列醇钠、曲前列环素、伊洛前列素和PGI2受体激动剂。在另一个实施方式中,对象是人类。在另一个实施方式中,EPC是自体的,是从患有PAH的对象的血液中分离的,是内皮集落形成细胞,被遗传性地修饰,和至少一种生长因子联合给药,和间充质干细胞或已经与间充质干细胞接触且包含它的一种或多种组分的培养基联合给药,和/或与前列环素联合给药。在另一个实施方式中,将EPC与前列环素和间充质干细胞或已经与间充质干细胞接触且包含它的一种或多种成分的培养基两者联合给药。在另一个实施方式中,生长因子选自FGF、VEGF-A、VEGF-B、BMP-4和TGF-β。在另一个实施方式中,组合物为药物组合物,其还包括至少一种药学上可接受的载体或与EPC不同的至少一种治疗剂。在另一个实施方式中,组合物促进肺血管修复。在另一个实施方式中,在EPC的分离之前,用前列环素预处理所述对象。
本发明的另一个实施方式为一种用于促进EPC生长的方法,该方法包括:提供分离的EPC;用前列环素处理EPC,其中前列环素增强EPC的生长。EPC可以从人体或从组织或细胞培养中分离。此外,处理后的EPC表现出具有增强血管生成能力的过度增生的表型。在另一个实施方式中,前列环素为曲前列环素。
本发明的另一个实施方式是一种用于治疗PAH的方法,该方法包括:提供分离的EPC;以及将前列环素和EPC联合给药至患有PAH的对象。
本发明的另一个实施方式是一种用于治疗PAH的方法,该方法包括:提供分离的EPC;将EPC给药至患有PAH的对象;以及将前列环素给药至该对象。
本发明的另一个实施方式是一种用于治疗PAH的方法,该方法包括:提供分离的EPC;将前列环素给药至患有PAH的对象;以及将EPC给药至该对象。
具体实施方式
除非另有指明,否则“一”或“一个”是指“一个或多个”。
除非特别限定,否则本文使用的所有技术术语和科学术语应被视为具有与本领域(例如在干细胞生物学、细胞培养、分子遗传学、免疫学、免疫组织化学、蛋白质化学和生物化学中)的普通技术人员理解的相同的含义。
除非另有说明,否则在本发明中使用的重组蛋白质、细胞培养和免疫学技术是本领域的技术人员所公知的标准方法。这种技术通过文献来源来描述和解释,例如J.Perbal,A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning,John Wiley和Sons(1984);J.Sambrook等,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,Cold SpringHarbour实验室出版社(1989);T.A.Brown(编辑),Essential Molecular Biology:A Practical Approach,第1卷和第2卷,IRL出版社(1991);D.M.Glover和B.D.Hames(编辑),DNA Cloning:A Practical Approach,第1-4卷,IRL出版社(1995年和1996年);以及F.M.Ausubel等(编辑),Current Protocols inMolecular Biology,Greene Pub.Associates和Wiley-Interscience(1988年,包括直到目前的所有更新);Ed Harlow和David Lane(编辑)Antibodies:A LaboratoryManual,Cold Spring Harbour实验室(1988);以及J.E.Coligan等(编辑)CurrentProtocols in Immunology,John Wiley&Sons(包括直到目前的所有更新),并且其通过引用并入本文。
如本文所用,术语“对象”(在本文也被称为“患者”)包括温血动物,优选哺乳动物,包括人。在优选的实施方式中,对象为灵长类动物。在一个甚至多个更优选的实施方式中,对象是人。
如本文所用的术语“治疗(treating)”、“治疗(treat)”或“治疗(treatment)”包括给药治疗有效量的足以减少或消除肺动脉高压的至少一种症状的如本文限定的细胞。
如本文所用的术语“预防(preventing)”、“预防(prevent)”或“预防(prevention)”包括给药治疗有效量的足以阻止或阻碍肺动脉高压的至少一种症状的发展的如本文限定的细胞。
如本文所用,术语“干细胞”是指自我更新的细胞,其能够产生表型和基因型完全相同的子代以及至少一种其它最终的细胞类型(例如,末端分化细胞)。术语“干细胞”包括全能性的(totipotential)、多能性的(pluripotential)和多潜能性的(multipotential)细胞、以及源自其分化的祖细胞和/或前体细胞。
如本文所用,术语“全能细胞”或“全能性的细胞”是指能够形成完整的胚胎(例如胚泡)的细胞。
如本文所用,术语“多能细胞”或“多能性的细胞”是指具有完全分化的多功能性(即成长为任何哺乳动物体的约260种细胞类型的能力)的细胞。多能细胞可以自我更新,并能在组织内保持休眠或静态。
所谓“多潜能性的细胞”或“多潜能细胞”是指能够产生任何几种成熟细胞类型的细胞。如本文所用,这个短语包含了成年的或胚胎的干细胞和祖细胞,以及这些细胞的多潜能性的后代。与多能细胞不同,多潜能细胞不具有形成所有细胞类型的能力。
如本文所用,术语“祖细胞”是指致力于分化成特定类型的细胞或形成特定类型的组织的细胞。
内皮祖细胞
本发明提供了EPC。EPC是一种可被诱导增殖的未分化细胞。EPC能够自我维持,使得随着每次细胞分裂,至少一个子细胞也将是EPC细胞。EPC能够被扩增100倍、250倍、500倍、1000倍、2000倍、3000倍、4000倍、5000或更多倍。
EPC的表型显示,这些细胞表达定向的造血标记CD45。此外,对VEGFR-2和/或Tie-2,EPC可以是免疫反应性的。可选地,对于CD14,EPC是免疫反应的。EPC是多潜能祖细胞。
血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)通过特定的酪氨酸激酶受体来作用,该酪氨酸激酶受体包括VEGFR-1(flt-1)和VEGFR-2(flk-1/KDR)和VEGFR-3/Flt-4,该酪氨酸激酶受体传递信号,该信号对于胚胎血管生成和造血作用是必不可少的。尽管VEGF结合所有三种受体,但是大多数生物学功能通过VEGFR-2介导,而VEGFR-1的作用目前还是未知的。已知VEGFR3/Flt4信号对淋巴管内皮细胞的形成是重要的,VEGFR3信号可以将淋巴管类内皮样表型给予内皮细胞。VEGFR传递(relay)信号用于在刺激血管生长、血管舒张、诱导血管渗透性、内皮细胞迁移、增殖和存活中必不可少的过程。内皮细胞表达所有不同的VEGF-R。在胚胎发育期间,已经报道单个祖细胞、造血细胞可以产生造血系统和血管系统两者。
Tie-2是内皮特有的受体酪氨酸激酶和用于血管生成素1的受体。它是I型膜蛋白质,其主要表达在活跃生长血管的内皮细胞中,并且可以代表最早的哺乳动物内皮细胞系标记。Tie-2很可能参与内皮细胞增殖和分化的调节,并且可以在血管形成期间引导内皮细胞的特定取向。
CD14抗原是用于脂多糖(LPS)和LPS结合蛋白质(LBP)复合物的高亲和性受体。CD14抗原是包括CD14、TLR4和MD-2的功能性异源LPS受体复合物的一部分。CD14在外周血、其它体液和各种组织(如淋巴结和脾脏)中的大多数人体单核细胞和巨噬细胞上强烈表达。CD14在人体中性粒细胞和髓样树突状细胞的亚群上弱表达。
CD45抗原是酪氨酸磷酸酶,也被称为白细胞共同抗原(LCA)。CD45存在于造血来源的除了红细胞、血小板和它们的前体细胞之外的人体细胞。CD45分子对T细胞和B细胞的活化是必需的并且根据细胞的活化状态以至少5个亚型表达。
VEGFR-1+、VEGFR-2+和Tie-2+细胞分别构成血液中的单核细胞的总群的大约3.0.+-.0.2%、0.8.+-.0.5%、2.0.+-.0.3%。CD14+/VEGFR-2+细胞构成单核细胞的总群的约2.0.+-.0.5%和血液中单核细胞的总群的0.08.+-.0.04%。
EPC可以在体外保持长期培养。EPC能够被传代培养2次、3次、4次、5次、6次、7次、8次、9次、10次、11次、12次或更多次。
PC包括内皮集落形成细胞,通常在1-3周的细胞培养后形成。根据Smardja等,Angiogenesis 14(1):17-27(2011),内皮集落形成细胞具有定向内皮谱系的前体细胞的特性,并且能够合并成到新生血管中。
EPC的分离和培养
EPC的分离、纯化、离体培养和特征在Hill等,N.Engl.J.Med.:593-600(2003);Assmus等,Circulation 106:3009-16(2002);王等,J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.4949:1566-71(2007);和Kalka等,P.N.A.S.97:3422-7(2000)中被描述,其内容通过整体引用并入本文。此外,内皮集落形成细胞的分离、纯化、离体培养和特征在Yoder等,Blood 109:1801-1809(2007);Ingram等,Blood 104:2752-2760(2004)和Smardja等,Angiogenesis 14(1):17-27(2011)中被描述,其内容通过全文引用并入本文。
例如,细胞群通过阳性选择或通过阳性选择和阴性选择两者以任一次序的混合而分离。将祖细胞群纯化。纯化的EPC群比从该细胞中分离的粗细胞群含有显著更高比例的EPC。
例如,相对于总群,纯化过程应导致ECP至少5倍增加,优选至少10倍增加,更优选至少15倍增加,最优选至少20倍增加,最佳至少25倍增加。纯化的EPC群应该包括至少15%的EPC,优选至少20%的EPC,更优选至少25%的EPC,最优选至少35%的EPC,最佳至少50%的EPC。
本文描述的方法可以导致包括高达75%的干细胞、优选至多80%的干细胞、更优选高达85%的干细胞、最优选高达90%的干细胞、最佳高达95%的干细胞的混合物。这样的方法能够生产包括99%的EPC、99.90%的EPC、甚至100%的EPC的混合物。因此,如上所述,本发明的纯化群比那些天然存在的含有显著更高含量的EPC。
纯化的EPC群可以通过将含有表达EPC的抗原特性的干细胞群的细胞的粗混合物与特异性结合至抗原的细胞外部分的分子接触来分离。这样的技术被称为阳性选择。EPC结合至分子允许EPC充分地区别于不表达抗原的污染细胞,以允许从污染细胞中分离干细胞。抗原优选为VEGFR,更优选为VEGFR-2。
用于从污染细胞中分离祖细胞的分子可以是任何特异性结合至表现EPC的抗原的分子。该分子可以是,例如单克隆抗体、单克隆抗体的片段,或者,对于抗原是受体的情况,该分子可以是该受体的配体。例如,对于VEGF受体、如FLK-1而言,配体是VEGF。
本公开内容的独特分离的细胞可以凭借它们的CD45+状态和占有血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)(例如VEGFR-2)而与其它细胞分开。细胞可以通过常规分开细胞的技术来进行分离,该技术例如在Civin的美国专利第4714680号、第4965204号、第5035994号和第5130144号、Tsukamoto等的美国专利第5750397号和Loken等的美国专利第5137809号中描述的那些技术,其分别通过全文引用并入本文。因此,例如,CD45特异性单克隆抗体或VEGFR特异性抗体可以被固定在固体载体如硝酸纤维素、琼脂糖珠、聚苯乙烯珠、中空纤维膜、磁珠和塑料培养皿上。然后可以将整个细胞群通过固体载体被传代或添加到珠上。
被结合至结合分子的细胞可以通过从使固体载体与剩余的细胞悬浮液物理分离而从该细胞悬浮液中去除。例如,在允许足够的时间使固体载体结合至干细胞之后,可以将未结合的细胞用生理缓冲液洗脱或洗掉。
主要根据固相和结合分子的性质,通过任何适当的方法将结合的细胞与固相分开。例如,通过剧烈搅拌将结合的细胞从塑料培养皿中洗脱。可替选地,结合的细胞可通过酶“切割”或消化在固相和抗体之间的酶敏感的“间隔区”序列而被洗脱。与琼脂糖珠结合的合适的间隔区序列可从例如Pharmacia购买到。
然后将洗脱的富集的细胞部分用缓冲液通过离心分离洗涤,并且根据常规技术以活的状态在低温下保存供以后使用。也可以将细胞通过例如静脉输注到接受者而立即使用。
保持附接至固体载体的那些细胞是含有标记的细胞,该标记通过所用抗体来识别。因此,如果使用抗CD45抗体,然后所得的群将大大富集CD45+细胞。如果所用的抗体是VFGFR,然后所得的群将大大富集VEGFR+细胞。然后该群可以通过重复使用具有与之附接的抗体的固相而富集其它标记,该抗体用于所述其它标记。
另一种分选CD45+、VEGFR+细胞的方法是通过流式细胞仪,最优选地通过荧光激活细胞分选仪(FACS),例如由Becton-Dickinson以名称FACScan或FACSCalibur制造的那些。通过这种技术,在其上具有CD45标记的细胞通过抗-CD45抗体而标记特定的荧光染料,该抗体已经和这种染料共轭。同样地,细胞的VEGFR标记通过抗VEGFR抗体而标记不同的荧光染料,该抗体和其它染料共轭。当将染色的细胞放置在仪器上时,细胞流被引导通过激发荧光染料发光的氩激光束。这种发出的光通过一组光学滤波器由光电倍增管(PMT)进行检测,该光电倍增管专用于荧光染料的发射波长。通过PMT检测到的信号在其自己的信道中被放大,并通过计算机以多种不同的形式来显示--例如,直方图、点显示或者轮廓显示。因此,以一个波长发射的荧光细胞表达与特定荧光染料标记的试剂起反应的分子,而非荧光的细胞或在不同波长处发射的荧光细胞不表达该分子,但可表达与在其他波长下发荧光的荧光染料标记的试剂起反应的分子。流式细胞仪也是半定量的,因为它显示由细胞表达的荧光(荧光强度)的量。在相对意义上,这和由细胞表达的分子的数量相关。
流式细胞仪也可被装配来测量非荧光参数,例如细胞体积或当细胞穿过激光束时细胞散射的光。细胞体积通常是直接测定。光散射PMT以前向角(前向散射;FSC)或直角(侧向散射;SSC)来检测细胞散射的光。FSC通常是尺寸的指标,而SSC是细胞复杂度的指标,但是这两个参数都受到其它因素的影响。
优选地,流式细胞仪配备有多于一个的PMT发射检测器。附加的PMT可以检测其它的发射波长,允许同时检测多于一个的荧光染料,每个在各自独立的通道中。计算机进行分析每个通道,或每个参数与另一个参数的相关性。通常用于FACS仪器的荧光染料包括在525nm处具有发射峰(绿色)的异硫氰酸酯(FITC)、在575nm处具有发射峰(橙红色)的R-藻红蛋白(PE)、在620nm处具有发射峰(红色)的碘化丙啶(PI)、在660nm处具有发射峰(红色)的7-氨基放线菌素D(7-AAD)、在670nm处具有发射峰(红色)的R-藻红蛋白Cy5(RPE-Cy5)和在655-750nm处具有发射峰(深红色)的别藻蓝蛋白(APC)。
这些和其它类型的FACS仪器可具有通过使不同性质的细胞偏转进入不同的容器来物理分离各种成分的另外的能力。
根据本发明,也可使用任何其它方法用于分离如骨髓、外周血或脐带血的起始材料的CD45+VEGFR+群。本发明的多种亚群(例如,CD14+、Tie2+、CD144-)可以以类似的方式被分离。
在如上所述的粗细胞群被纯化之前或之后,祖细胞群可通过本领域中已知的方法被进一步浓缩。例如,祖细胞可以通过用于EPC的一种或多种抗原特征的阳性选择被富集。这种抗原包括例如CD14或Tie-2。
在一个实施方式中,血液直接从供体的循环外周血中提取。将血液通过含有固相连接的结合分子(例如抗体、VEGFR-2)的柱过滤以捕获EPC。将排除祖细胞的血液通过本领域已知的方法(例如血液成分单采技术)被立即返回到供体的循环系统。血液以这种方式被处理直到足够数量的祖细胞结合到柱上。然后将干细胞通过本领域中已知的方法从该柱上分离。该方法允许从非常大量的血液中采集稀有的外周血祖细胞,减少了供体的费用和采集骨髓的疼痛以及相关的麻醉、镇痛、输血和感染的风险。
使用本文描述的方法将内皮祖细胞进行培养并增殖。通过密度梯度离心分离法从外周血中分离外周血单核细胞(PBMC)来获得细胞。
将细胞悬浮液接种在任何能够维持细胞的容器中,特别是培养瓶、培养板或滚瓶,尤其在例如25cm2的培养瓶的小培养瓶中。在悬浮液中培养的细胞以约5×104个细胞/ml至2×105个细胞/ml(例如,1×105个细胞/ml)重新悬浮。将在固定基底上铺放的细胞以约2-3×103个细胞/cm2来放置。可选地,培养板涂覆有如胶原蛋白的基质蛋白。可以将细胞放入任何已知的能够支持细胞生长的培养基中,该培养基包括HEM、DMEM、RPMI、F-12等,包含细胞代谢所需的补充剂,例如谷氨酰胺和其它氨基酸、维生素、矿物质和例如转铁蛋白的蛋白质等。该培养基还可以含有抗生素以防止酵母菌、细菌和真菌的污染,该抗生素例如青霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素等。培养基可含有源自牛、马、鸡等的血清。
培养的条件应该接近生理条件。培养基的pH值应接近生理pH值(例如,pH值在6-8之间,在约pH值7至pH值7.8之间,或pH值7.4)。生理温度范围在约30℃至40℃之间。EPC在约32℃至约38℃之间的温度培养(例如,在约35℃至约37℃之间)。
可选地,培养基补充有至少一种增殖诱导(“有丝分裂”)的生长因子。“生长因子”为蛋白质、肽或对EPC具有生长、增殖诱导、分化诱导或营养作用的其它分子。“增殖诱导生长因子”是允许EPC增殖的营养因子,包括任何能结合细胞表面上的受体而对细胞发挥营养作用或生长诱导作用的分子。增殖诱导生长因子包括EGF、双调蛋白、酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(aFGF或FGF-1)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF或FGF-2)、转化生长因子α(TGFα)、VEGF以及它们的组合。通常将生长因子添加到培养基中,其浓度范围约在1fg/ml至1mg/ml之间。在约1ng/ml至100ng/ml之间的浓度通常是足够的。能够容易地进行简单滴定试验以确定特定的生长因子的最佳浓度。
生长因子和营养因子的生物学效应通常通过结合到细胞表面受体上来介导。对于这些因子中一些,受体已被确定,并且对于特定受体的抗体和分子探针可供使用。在分化的所有阶段中EPC可以用于分析生长因子受体的存在。在许多情况下,特定受体的识别对于添加外源生长因子或营养因子沿特定发育途径进一步分化细胞的使用策略提供了指导。
一般地,在体外约3-10天后,EPC的培养基通过吸出培养基并将新鲜培养基加入到培养瓶中来重新补充。可选地,将吸出的培养基收集、过滤,并用作用于随后传代EPC的条件培养基。例如使用10%、20%、30%、40%或更多的条件培养基。
EPC细胞培养可以很容易地传代,以重新开始扩增。例如,在体外3-7天后,将培养瓶充分摇匀,然后将EPC转移到50ml离心管中并且低速离心。将培养基吸出,将EPC再悬浮于少量的培养基中。然后将细胞计数并以所期望的密度重新铺板,以重新开始增殖。这个过程可以每周重复,导致每代活细胞的数目以对数增加。该过程继续进行直到获得期望数量的EPC。
EPC和EPC子代可以通过任何本领域已知的方法进行冷冻保存直至需要它们。(参见,例如,美国专利第5071741号,PCT国际专利申请WO93/14191、WO95/07611、WO96/27287、WO96/29862和WO98/14058,Karlsson等,65Biophysical J.2524-2536(1993))。可以将EPC悬浮在含有特定冷冻保存剂的等渗溶液中,优选细胞培养基。这种冷冻保存剂包括二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甘油等。这些冷冻保存剂以5-15%(例如,8-10%)的浓度被使用。细胞被逐渐冷冻到-10℃至-150℃的温度(例如,-20℃至-100℃、或-70℃至-80℃)。
用前列环素处理EPC
根据本发明的一个方面,前列环素被用于处理分离的EPC。本文所用的术语“前列环素”明确包括任何前列腺素I2(PGI2)、任何前列环素类似物、以及任何PGI2受体激动剂。例子包括依前列醇钠(例如)、曲前列环素(例如)、伊洛前列素(例如)和PGI2受体激动剂(例如Selexipag)。
相比于未处理的EPC,用前列环素处理的EPC表现出具有增强血管生成性质的过度增生的表型,这在治疗PAH中是有利的。
EPC可以用前列环素以各种方式来处理。例如,在EPC的扩增过程中可以使用前列环素处理离体的EPC;可以将前列环素和EPC联合给药至接受者;也可以在移植后用前列环素处理EPC。根据本发明的一个实施方式,EPC可以从接受者自己的血液或骨髓中来制备。在这种情况下,前列环素也可以在EPC从接受者中分离之前用于处理EPC。
EPC的给药
通过给药/移植EPC治疗PAH在Wang等,J.Am.Coll.Cardiol.49:1566-1571(2007),Zhao等,Circ.Res.96:442-450(2005),以及Nagaya等,Circulation108:889-895(2003)中被描述,其内容通过全文引用并入本文。
EPC进入受损血管的给药/移植具有修复受损血管组织(例如,静脉、动脉、毛细血管)的潜能,从而恢复血管功能。然而,为了移植目的,合适的细胞缺乏已阻止了这个过程的全部潜能被满足。“合适的”细胞是满足以下一个或多个条件的细胞:(1)可大量获得;(2)可以在体外增殖,如果需要的话,则允许遗传物质的插入;(3)能够无限期地生存,并促进对移植r的血管修复;和(4)无免疫原性,优选从患者自身的组织或从相容的供体中获得。合适的EPC可以是自体的、异体的或异种的。
可以将EPC给药于患有异常脉管系统或冠状动脉衰竭症状的对象。EPC可从接受者自己的血液或骨髓中来制备。在这种例子中,EPC可以从离解的组织中产生,并使用上述方法在体外增殖。当扩增合适的细胞数量时,可采集EPC,如果需要遗传修饰,则准备用于直接注射到接受者的脉管系统。
EPC可以从对于宿主异种的供体组织制备。为了使异种移植顺利,通常采用减少或消除对移植的组织的免疫反应的一些方法。因此,EPC接受者可通过使用免疫抑制药物(例如环孢菌素)或通过局部免疫抑制策略(采用局部应用的免疫抑制剂)进行免疫抑制。Gruber,54Transplantation 1-11(1992)公开局部免疫。美国专利第5026365号公开了适用于局部免疫抑制的封装方法。
作为使用免疫抑制技术的可替选方案,被Smithies等,317Nature 230-234(1985)教导的在胚胎干细胞中利用同源重组的基因置换或基因敲除的方法,并扩展到在细胞系中基因置换或基因敲除的方法(Zheng等,88Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.8067-8071(1991)),可以应用于EPC用于去除主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)基因。缺乏MHC表达的EPC允许富集的内皮细胞群穿过异体的甚至异种的组织相容性障碍移植而不需要免疫抑制接受者。使用降低供体细胞抗原性的重组方法的一般性综述和引文也由Gruber,54Transplantation 1-11(1992)公开。通过表面修饰降低移植体的免疫原性的示例性的方法被PCT国际专利申请WO 92/04033和PCT/US99/24630公开。可替选地,移植体的免疫原性可通过从具有改变或删除MHC抗原的转基因动物中制备EPC而降低。
根据已知的封装技术,EPC可以被封装并用于递送因子到宿主中,包括微型胶囊技术(参见,例如,美国专利第4352883号;第4353888号;和第5084350号,其通过引用并入本文)和巨型胶囊技术(参见,例如,美国专利第5284761号、第5158881号、第4976859号和第4968733号和PCT国际专利申请WO92/19195和WO 95/05452,其分别通过引用并入本文)。巨型胶囊技术在美国专利第5284761号;第5158881号;第4976859号;第4968733号;第5800828号和PCT国际专利申请WO 95/05452中被描述,其分别通过引用并入本文。多个巨型胶囊装置可以被植入到宿主中。
从对接受者为异体的组织中制备的EPC、可用于通过公知的组织分型的方法进行测试,以密切匹配接受者的组织相容性类型。
给药于脉管系统的EPC可以形成血管移植体,使细胞与邻近的血管细胞形成正常的连接,保持与移植的或现有的内皮细胞接触。因此,移植的EPC能够重新建立由于疾病和衰老已被破坏的血管组织。
移植体到宿主的血管组织的功能性整合可以通过检查移植体恢复各种功能的效力进行评估。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,可以将EPC与至少一种例如FGF、VEGF-A、VEGF-B、BMP-4、TGF-β等的生长因子联合给药至接受者。也可以将EPC和间充质干细胞或其培养基、和/或前列环素(例如曲前列环素)联合给药至接受者。
间充质干细胞(MSC)
间充质干细胞(MSC)是在骨髓、血液、牙髓细胞、脂肪组织、皮肤、脾、胰、脑、肾、肝、心脏、视网膜、脑、毛囊、肠、肺、淋巴结、胸腺、骨、韧带、腱、骨骼肌、真皮和骨膜中发现的细胞;并且其能够分化成不同的生殖系,例如中胚层、内胚层和外胚层。因此,MPC能够分化成大量的细胞类型,包括但不限于脂肪组织、骨组织、软骨组织、弹性组织、肌肉组织和纤维结缔组织。这些细胞进入的特定谱系定型和分化途径取决于来自力学影响和/或内源的生物活性因子(例如生长因子、细胞因子)和/或由宿主组织建立的局部微环境条件的各种影响。因此MPC为非造血祖细胞,其分裂产生子细胞(干细胞或前体细胞),其将及时不可逆地分化产生表型细胞。MSC的例子包括间充质前体细胞(MPC)。
据发现,MSC在生长或分化过程中可以通过可被释放到细胞外环境中的化合物来实现活性。在一些方面,这种化合物包括被称为外来体的微泡,其直径在约30nm和约200nm之间。外来体在体内可以通过宿主细胞被内化。
外来体是源自多泡体分选途径的囊泡。最近的研究表明,外来体是用于细胞间的通信和便于免疫调节过程的生物活性的囊泡。MSC外来体含有20S蛋白酶体和多个RNA(信使RNA、非编码RNA、微小RNA)。
除了外来体,MSC还释放用于本发明的目的的其它生物活性的分子/囊泡。这种分子和囊泡包括但不限于线粒体和生长因子。制备含有从MSC释放的这种分子和囊泡的培养基的方法,以及进一步分离特定的分子和囊泡的方法是本领域已知的。参见,例如,Hu等,Frontiers in Genetics,2:56,1-9(2012)。
在一些实施方式中,在将MSC或MSC-条件培养基与EPC和/或前列环素联合给药至患者之前,可选地将MSC或MSC-条件培养基用前列环素预处理。因此,在一个实施方式中还提供了制备用于体内递送的间充质干细胞(MSC)或MSC-条件培养基的方法,包括将MSC或MSC-条件培养基与前列环素接触。还有另一实施方式提供了由这种方法获得的所处理的MSC或MSC-条件培养基。
用化学化合物预处理细胞或培养基包含已知的技术。在一个方面,可以将前列环素添加到含有MSC的培养基中并和该培养基联合培育。然而,可选地,这种联合培育还可以包括生长因子(例如,VEGF和血管生成素-1或血管生成素-2、源自血小板的生长因子)的添加和/或低氧。
MSC或MSC-条件培养基可以用前列环素以各种方式来处理。例如,在MSC的扩增过程中可以使用前列环素处理离体的MSC;也可以在给药后用前列环素处理MSC。根据本公开的实施方式,MSC可以从接受者自己的血液或骨髓中来制备。在这种情况下,前列环素也可以在MSC从接受者中分离之前用于处理MSC。
药物组合物
典型地,细胞以药物组合物的形式进行给药,该药物组合物包括至少一种药学上可接受的载体。短语“药学上可接受的”是指在合乎逻辑的医学判断范围内、与合理的利益/风险比相称的那些化合物、材料、组合物和/或剂型,其适合用于与人类和动物的组织接触而没有过度的毒性、刺激性、过敏性反应或其它问题或并发症。如本文所用的短语“药学上可接受的载体”是指药学上可接受的材料、组合物或媒介物,例如液体填充剂或固体填充剂、稀释剂、赋形剂或溶剂封装材料。
药学上可接受的载体包括盐水、含水缓冲溶液、溶剂和/或分散介质。这种载体的使用是本领域公知的。该溶液优选是无菌的并且易于注射程度存在的流体。优选地,该溶液在制造和储存的条件下是稳定的,并且通过例如对羟基苯甲酸酯类、氯丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸、硫柳汞等的使用,抵制细菌和真菌的微生物的污染作用而被保存。
可作为药学上可接受的载体的材料和溶液的一些例子包括:(1)糖类,例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;(2)淀粉,例如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;(3)纤维素及其衍生物,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素;(4)粉末状黄芪胶;(5)麦芽;(6)明胶;(7)滑石粉;(8)赋形剂,例如可可脂和栓剂蜡;(9)油类,例如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油;(10)二醇类,例如丙二醇;(11)多元醇,例如甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;(12)酯类,例如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;(13)琼脂;(14)缓冲剂,例如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;(15)海藻酸;(16)无热原的水;(17)等渗盐水;(18)林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution);(19)乙醇;(20)pH缓冲溶液;(21)聚酯、聚碳酸酯和/或聚酸酐;和(22)用在药物制剂中的其它非毒性相容物质。
用于本发明的方法的药物组合物可包括聚合物载体或细胞外基质。
各种生物的或合成的固体基质材料(即,固体支持基质、生物粘合剂或敷料、和生物/医疗支架)适用于本发明。基质材料优选为用于在体内给药时医学上可接受的。这种医学上可接受的和/或生物学上或生理学上可接受的或相容的材料的非限制性的例子包括但不限于,可吸收的和/或不可吸收的固体基质材料,例如小肠粘膜下层(SIS),例如源自猪的(和其它SIS源)SIS;交联的或非交联的藻酸盐、水解胶体、泡沫、胶原凝胶、胶原海绵、聚乙醇酸(PGA)网、聚乳糖(PGL)网、抓绒、泡沫敷料、生物粘合剂(例如,纤维蛋白胶和纤维蛋白凝胶)和一层或多层失活的去表皮的皮肤等同物。
合适的聚合物载体包括合成聚合物或天然聚合物形成的多孔网或海绵,以及聚合物溶液。基质的一种形式是聚合物网或聚合物海绵;另一种形式是聚合的水凝胶。可使用的天然聚合物包括蛋白质例如胶原蛋白、白蛋白和纤维蛋白;和多糖,例如藻酸盐和透明质酸的聚合物。合成聚合物包括可生物降解的聚合物和不可生物降解的聚合物。可生物降解的聚合物的例子包括羟基酸的聚合物,例如聚乳酸(PLA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)和聚乳酸-乙醇酸(PLGA)、聚原酸酯、聚酸酐、聚磷腈、以及它们的组合。不可生物降解的聚合物包括聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯和聚乙烯醇。
可以形成离子交联的或共价交联的可延展的水凝胶的聚合物,用于封装细胞。水凝胶是当有机聚合物(天然的或合成的)通过共价键、离子键或氢键交联以形成三维开放的晶格结构时形成的物质,该晶格结构俘获水分子而形成凝胶。可用于形成水凝胶的材料的例子包括离子交联的例如藻酸盐的多糖、聚膦嗪和聚丙烯酸酯、或例如Pluronics.TM.或Tetronics.TM.、聚环氧乙烷-聚丙二醇嵌段共聚物的嵌段共聚物,其分别通过温度或pH交联。其它的材料包括例如纤维蛋白的蛋白质、例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的聚合物、透明质酸和胶原蛋白。
通常,这些聚合物在水溶液中至少部分可溶,水溶液例如水、缓冲盐溶液或醇的水溶液,这些聚合物具有带电的侧基,或其一价离子盐。具有可以与阳离子反应的酸性侧基的聚合物的例子为聚(磷腈)、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物、聚(乙酸乙烯酯)、以及例如磺化聚苯乙烯的磺化聚合物。也可以使用通过丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸与乙烯醚单体或聚合物的反应而形成的具有酸性侧基的共聚物。酸性基团的例子为羧酸基、磺酸基、卤代(优选氟代)醇基、酚OH基和酸性OH基。具有可以与阴离子反应的碱性侧基的聚合物的例子为聚(乙烯胺)、聚(乙烯基吡啶)、聚(乙烯基咪唑)和一些亚氨基取代的聚磷腈。聚合物的铵盐或季铵盐也可由主链氮或侧链亚氨基来形成。碱性侧基的例子为氨基和亚氨基。
此外,用于本发明的方法的组合物可以包括至少一种治疗剂。例如,该组合物可以含有助于治疗炎症或疼痛的镇痛剂、或防止该组合物治疗的部位感染的抗感染剂。更具体地,有用的治疗剂的非限制性例子包括以下治疗类别:镇痛剂,例如非类固醇抗炎药、阿片激动剂和水杨酸盐;抗感染剂,例如驱虫药、抗厌氧菌药、抗生素、氨基糖苷类抗生素、抗真菌抗生素、头孢菌素类抗生素、大环内酯类抗生素、杂β-内酰胺类抗生素、青霉素类抗生素、喹诺酮类抗生素、磺胺类抗生素、四环素类抗生素、抗分枝杆菌药、抗结核抗分支杆菌药、抗原虫药、抗疟抗原虫药、抗病毒剂、抗逆转录病毒剂、杀疥螨剂、抗炎剂、皮质类固醇抗炎剂、止痒剂/局部麻醉剂、局部抗感染药、抗真菌局部抗感染药、抗病毒局部抗感染药;电解剂和肾剂,例如酸化剂、碱化剂、利尿剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂利尿剂、髓袢利尿剂、渗透性利尿剂、保钾利尿剂、噻嗪类利尿剂、电解质替换剂和尿酸排泄促进剂;酶,例如胰腺酶和溶栓酶;胃肠剂,例如止泻药、胃肠抗炎剂、胃肠抗炎剂、抗酸抗溃疡剂、胃酸泵抑制剂抗溃疡剂、胃粘膜抗溃疡剂、H2-阻滞抗溃疡剂、胆石溶解剂、消化剂、催吐剂、泻药和大便软化剂和促动力剂;全身麻醉剂,例如吸入麻醉药、卤代吸入麻醉药、静脉麻醉药、巴比妥类静脉全麻药、苯二氮平类静脉麻醉药和阿片激动剂静脉麻醉药;激素和激素改进剂,例如堕胎药、肾上腺剂、皮质类固醇肾上腺剂、雄激素、抗雄激素、免疫生物剂例如免疫球蛋白、免疫抑制剂、类毒素和疫苗;局部麻醉剂,例如酰胺局部麻醉药和酯类局部麻醉药;肌肉骨骼剂,例如抗痛风抗炎剂、皮质类固醇抗炎剂、金化合物抗炎剂、免疫抑制抗炎剂、非类固醇消炎药(NSAIDs)、水杨酸抗炎剂、矿物质;和维生素,例如维生素A、维生素B、维生素C、维生素D、维生素E和维生素K。
用于本发明的方法的组合物可以包括细胞培养成分,例如包括氨基酸、金属、辅酶因子、以及小数量的其它细胞的培养基,例如一些其它细胞通过干细胞的后续分化而出现。
用于本发明的方法的组合物可以通过,例如从培养基中沉淀出对象的细胞并将它们再悬浮在期望的溶液或材料中来制备。可以通过例如离心、过滤、超滤等将细胞沉淀和/或从培养基中脱除。
本领域技术人员可以容易地确定组合物中且以本发明的方法进行给药的细胞和可选的载体的量。在实施方式中,任何添加剂(除活性细胞之外)在磷酸盐缓冲液中以0.001%至50%(重量)溶液的量存在,有效成分以大约微克到毫克存在,例如约0.0001wt%至约5wt%(重量%),优选约0.0001wt%至约1wt%,还更优选约0.0001wt%至约0.05wt%或约0.001wt%至约20wt%,优选约0.01wt%至约10wt%,还更优选约0.05wt%至约5wt%。当然,对于任何待被给药至动物或人的组合物,以及对于任何特定的给药方法,因此优先确定:毒性,例如通过确定在合适的动物模型(例如啮齿类动物如老鼠)中的致死剂量(LD)和LD50;和该组合物的剂量、该组合物中成分的浓度和给药组合物的时机,其引发适当的响应。这样的确定不需要根据本领域技术人员的知识、本公开和本文引用的文献进行过度的实验。并且,连续给药的时间可以无需过度的实验而确定。
用于本发明的方法组合物可通过尤其局部注射(包括导管给药)、全身注射、局部注射、静脉注射、子宫内注射或肠胃外给药来给药。当给药本文所述的治疗组合物(例如,药物组合物)时,通常将它配制成单位剂量的可注射形式(溶液、悬浮液、乳液)。
EPC的遗传修饰
在一个实施方式中,在本发明的方法中使用的细胞被遗传性地修饰。优选地,细胞被遗传修饰以产生异源蛋白质。通常,细胞将被遗传修饰,使得从细胞中分泌异源蛋白质。然而,在实施方式中,细胞可被修饰以表达功能性的不编码蛋白质的多核苷酸(non-protein encoding polynucleotide),例如双链RNA(通常用于RNA沉默)、反义寡核苷酸或催化核酸(例如核糖酶或脱氧核酶)。在一个实施方式中,EPC被遗传性地修饰以表达或过度表达选自内皮型一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)、血红素氧化酶(HMOX1)和前列环素合成酶(PTGIS)的蛋白质。
在以足够支持所修饰的细胞的生长的量的至少一种细胞因子的存在下,遗传修饰的细胞可以被培养。由此获得的遗传修饰的细胞可以被立即使用(例如,移植)、培养和体外扩增、或储存供以后用。所修饰的细胞可以通过本领域中公知的方法进行储存,例如在液氮中冷冻。
如本文所用的遗传修饰包括任何遗传修饰的方法,其涉及将外源的或外来的多核苷酸引入至本文所述的细胞内、或修饰细胞内的内源基因。遗传修饰包括但不限于转导(在体外或体内,宿主DNA从宿主或供体到受体的病毒介导的转移)、转染(利用分离的病毒DNA基因组的细胞的转化)、脂质体介导的转移、电穿孔、磷酸钙转染、或共沉淀等。转导的方法包括细胞和生产者细胞的直接共培养、或在具有或不具有合适的生长因子和聚阳离子的情况下,单独以病毒上清液培养培养。
尽管前述内容指具体优选的实施方式,但是将理解本发明不限于此。本领域的普通技术人员将想到对所公开的实施方式进行各种修改,且这样的修改意欲落在本发明的范围之内。
在本说明书中引用的所有的出版物、专利申请和专利通过全文引用并入本文。
Claims (25)
1.一种用于治疗肺动脉高血压(PAH)的方法,所述方法包括:
提供分离的内皮祖细胞(EPC);
用前列环素处理所述EPC,其中所述处理后的EPC表现出具有增强血管生成能力的过度增生的表型;以及
将包括所述处理后的EPC的组合物给药至患有PAH的对象。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述前列环素选自依前列醇钠、曲前列环素、伊洛前列素和PGI2受体激动剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述对象为人。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述EPC是自体的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述EPC是从患有PAH的对象的血液中分离的。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述EPC是内皮集落形成细胞。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述EPC被遗传性地修饰。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述组合物为还包括至少一种药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述组合物还包括与EPC不同的至少一种治疗剂。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述组合物促进肺血管修复。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,将所述EPC和至少一种生长因子联合给药。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述生长因子选自FGF、VEGF-A、VEGF-B、BMP-4和TGF-β。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,将所述EPC和间充质干细胞或已经与间充质干细胞接触且包含它的一种或多种成分的培养基联合给药。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,将所述EPC和前列环素联合给药。
15.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,在所述EPC的分离之前,用前列环素预处理所述对象。
16.一种用于促进EPC生长的方法,所述方法包括:
提供分离的EPC;
用前列环素处理所述EPC;以及
其中,所述前列环素增强所述EPC的生长。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述EPC从人分离。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述EPC从组织或细胞培养物中分离。
19.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述前列环素为曲前列环素。
20.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述处理后的EPC表现出具有增强血管生成能力的过度增生的表型。
21.一种用于治疗PAH的方法,所述方法包括:
提供分离的EPC;以及
将前列环素和所述EPC联合给药至患有PAH的对象。
22.一种用于治疗PAH的方法,所述方法包括:
提供分离的EPC;
将所述EPC给药至患有PAH的对象;以及
将前列环素给药至所述对象。
23.一种用于治疗PAH的方法,所述方法包括:
提供分离的EPC;
将前列环素给药至患有PAH的对象;以及
将所述EPC给药至所述对象。
24.根据权利要求21-23中任一项所述的方法,其中,将所述EPC和间充质干细胞或已经与间充质干细胞接触且包含它的一种或多种成分的培养基联合给药。
25.根据权利要求21-23中任一项所述的方法,其中,将所述前列环素和间充质干细胞或已经与间充质干细胞接触且包含它的一种或多种成分的培养基联合给药。
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