CN104540677A - 聚合物片材 - Google Patents
聚合物片材 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104540677A CN104540677A CN201380038224.5A CN201380038224A CN104540677A CN 104540677 A CN104540677 A CN 104540677A CN 201380038224 A CN201380038224 A CN 201380038224A CN 104540677 A CN104540677 A CN 104540677A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- polymer
- radiation
- polymer sheet
- conversion luminescence
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 147
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 181
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 112
- 239000013047 polymeric layer Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 alkyl methacrylate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004715 ethylene vinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical group CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000800 acrylic rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001935 styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 claims 5
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 8
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 6
- PQMOXTJVIYEOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cumarin Natural products CC(C)=CCC1=C(O)C(C(=O)C(C)CC)=C(O)C2=C1OC(=O)C=C2CCC PQMOXTJVIYEOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920000219 Ethylene vinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 5
- FSOGIJPGPZWNGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Meomammein Natural products CCC(C)C(=O)C1=C(O)C(CC=C(C)C)=C(O)C2=C1OC(=O)C=C2CCC FSOGIJPGPZWNGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] Chemical compound [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HQMBLJOHUDYJLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[7-(dimethylamino)-2-oxochromen-4-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C21 HQMBLJOHUDYJLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FWEOQOXTVHGIFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C=12C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 FWEOQOXTVHGIFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- PGLTVOMIXTUURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoacetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CI PGLTVOMIXTUURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BSIHWSXXPBAGTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoviolanthrone Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=CC=C3C(C4=C56)=CC=C5C5=CC=CC=C5C(=O)C6=CC=C4C4=C3C2=C1C=C4 BSIHWSXXPBAGTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH](OCC)OCC QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940117958 vinyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- CNRNYORZJGVOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound C=1N=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)OC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 CNRNYORZJGVOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydromaleimide Natural products O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960001396 hymecromone Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YKSGNOMLAIJTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N violanthrone Chemical compound C12=C3C4=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=CC=C3C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=C4C1=C32 YKSGNOMLAIJTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- FYRCDEARNUVZRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,5-trimethyl-3,3-bis(2-methylpentan-2-ylperoxy)cyclohexane Chemical compound CCCC(C)(C)OOC1(OOC(C)(C)CCC)CC(C)CC(C)(C)C1 FYRCDEARNUVZRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ADEORFBTPGKHRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[7-(dimethylamino)-4-methyl-2-oxochromen-3-yl]pyrrole-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1OC2=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C2C(C)=C1N1C(=O)C=CC1=O ADEORFBTPGKHRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HXWQJYVUJPBQEW-VAWYXSNFSA-N 1-phenyl-4-[(e)-2-(4-phenylphenyl)ethenyl]benzene Chemical compound C=1C=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1/C=C/C(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 HXWQJYVUJPBQEW-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VUPXKQHLZATXTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound C=1OC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 VUPXKQHLZATXTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DMWVYCCGCQPJEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)CCC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C DMWVYCCGCQPJEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HSHNITRMYYLLCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylumbelliferone Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=CC2=C1OC(=O)C=C2C HSHNITRMYYLLCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBQLLPWCZWJNPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(sulfonylamino)pentan-1-amine Chemical compound NCCCCCN=S(=O)=O NBQLLPWCZWJNPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IXQPRUQVJIJUEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-(diethylamino)-n-[2-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-2-oxochromene-3-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C1OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=C1C(=O)NCCN1C(=O)C=CC1=O IXQPRUQVJIJUEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGQHCUYSWDOIMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-(diethylamino)-n-[2-[(2-iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-2-oxochromene-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=C(C(=O)NCCNC(=O)CI)C(=O)OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C21 OGQHCUYSWDOIMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WEJVZSAYICGDCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alexa Fluor 430 Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC.CC1(C)C=C(CS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=3C(C(F)(F)F)=CC(=O)OC=3C=C2N1CCCCCC(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O WEJVZSAYICGDCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N Quinine Chemical compound C([C@H]([C@H](C1)C=C)C2)C[N@@]1[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C21 LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108091005948 blue fluorescent proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYXSBFYARXAAKO-WTKGSRSZSA-N chembl402140 Chemical compound Cl.C1=2C=C(C)C(NCC)=CC=2OC2=C\C(=N/CC)C(C)=CC2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC VYXSBFYARXAAKO-WTKGSRSZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- YFHXZQPUBCBNIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fura-2 Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O)C(OCCOC=2C(=CC=3OC(=CC=3C=2)C=2OC(=CN=2)C(O)=O)N(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O)=C1 YFHXZQPUBCBNIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000710 homodimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- UWNADWZGEHDQAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N i-Pr2C2H4i-Pr2 Natural products CC(C)CCC(C)C UWNADWZGEHDQAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 2
- 229940127121 immunoconjugate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000990 laser dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960004194 lidocaine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- HRRDCWDFRIJIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 HRRDCWDFRIJIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- MYIOYATURDILJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine 110 Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(N)=CC2=[O+]C2=CC(N)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O MYIOYATURDILJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Substances CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000326 ultraviolet stabilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NALFRYPTRXKZPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CC(C)(C)CC(OOC(C)(C)C)(OOC(C)(C)C)C1 NALFRYPTRXKZPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSLFISVKRDQEBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC1(OOC(C)(C)C)CCCCC1 HSLFISVKRDQEBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1N GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLCUIOWQYBYEBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(N)C(C)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 ZLCUIOWQYBYEBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRDFBSVERLRRMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2'-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2,5'-bibenzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC(OCC)=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=C(C=3NC4=CC(=CC=C4N=3)N3CCN(C)CC3)C=C2N1 PRDFBSVERLRRMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQOVXPHOJANJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(CC)OOC(C)(C)C HQOVXPHOJANJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATDNFAYNAGRITK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2,6-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-6,7-dimethoxybenzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione Chemical compound O=C1C(C2=3)=CC=C(OC)C=3C(OC)=CC=C2C(=O)N1C1=C(C(C)C)C=CC=C1C(C)C ATDNFAYNAGRITK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FKMUJSDGDJFLLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen carbonate 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane Chemical compound C(OCC(CCCC)CC)(O)=O.C(C)(C)(C)OO FKMUJSDGDJFLLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIISIZOQPWZPPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylperoxypropan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 BIISIZOQPWZPPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMCMPZBLKLEWAF-BCTGSCMUSA-N 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound C([C@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 UMCMPZBLKLEWAF-BCTGSCMUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLAOXGYWRBSWOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloropropyl(methoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[SiH2]CCCCl ZLAOXGYWRBSWOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4',6-Diamino-2-phenylindol Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)N)=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C(N)=N)C=C2N1 FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNTVTBIKSZRANH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical class CC1=CC=CC(C=2C(=CC=C(N)C=2)C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 DNTVTBIKSZRANH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNPHDBAYIMIGIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6,7-dimethoxy-2-tridecan-7-ylbenzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=CC(C(N(C(CCCCCC)CCCCCC)C2=O)=O)=C3C2=CC=C(OC)C3=C1OC ZNPHDBAYIMIGIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012099 Alexa Fluor family Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMLMFBKTHATTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(=C)CCC[SiH](OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound C(=C)CCC[SiH](OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 AMLMFBKTHATTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AUAKDAFXGXGKAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O.C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3CC12 Chemical compound C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O.C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3CC12 AUAKDAFXGXGKAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000001258 Cinchona calisaya Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004609 Impact Modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MASVCBBIUQRUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N POPOP Chemical compound C=1N=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2OC(=CN=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)OC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 MASVCBBIUQRUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108010090804 Streptavidin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012963 UV stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CVYNBVMJLPTTFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].CCCCCCCCCCCC Chemical compound [O].CCCCCCCCCCCC CVYNBVMJLPTTFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- HACOCUMLBPNDIN-UHFFFAOYSA-M ac1l2skh Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.C1CCN2CCCC3=C2C1=C1OC2=C(CCC4)C5=[N+]4CCCC5=CC2=C(C#N)C1=C3 HACOCUMLBPNDIN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPKHZNPWBDQZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine orange free base Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=NC3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3C=C21 DPKHZNPWBDQZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KSCQDDRPFHTIRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N auramine O Chemical compound [H+].[Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(=N)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 KSCQDDRPFHTIRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJHABGPPCLHLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)NC2=O)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 XJHABGPPCLHLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoquinolinylidene Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002981 blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YWDYRRUFQXZJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;2-methylprop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O.CCCCOC(=O)C=C YWDYRRUFQXZJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Se-2].[Cd+2] UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZENVDAOWLCNJHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;naphthalene Chemical compound OC(O)=O.C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 ZENVDAOWLCNJHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEVRDFDBXJMZFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl dihydrazine Chemical compound NNC(=O)NN XEVRDFDBXJMZFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000224 chemical solution deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- LOUPRKONTZGTKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinchonine Natural products C1C(C(C2)C=C)CCN2C1C(O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C21 LOUPRKONTZGTKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- GLNDAGDHSLMOKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin 120 Chemical compound C1=C(N)C=CC2=C1OC(=O)C=C2C GLNDAGDHSLMOKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011243 crosslinked material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- MYLMURYPGCSIQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dapoxyl (2-aminoethyl)sulfonamide Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C1=CN=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)S(=O)(=O)NCCN)O1 MYLMURYPGCSIQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- SBOSGIJGEHWBKV-UHFFFAOYSA-L dioctyltin(2+);dichloride Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Sn](Cl)(Cl)CCCCCCCC SBOSGIJGEHWBKV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WJJMNDUMQPNECX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipicolinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=N1 WJJMNDUMQPNECX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- IBKNSIPMTGYUNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(methoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[SiH2]C=C IBKNSIPMTGYUNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMMJGEGLRURXTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethidium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C12=CC(N)=CC=C2C2=CC=C(N)C=C2[N+](CC)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZMMJGEGLRURXTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005542 ethidium bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SBRXLTRZCJVAPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CC[Si](OC)(OC)OC SBRXLTRZCJVAPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012013 faujasite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001657 ferrierite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005329 float glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000154 gallium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LWFNJDOYCSNXDO-UHFFFAOYSA-K gallium;phosphate Chemical compound [Ga+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWFNJDOYCSNXDO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- MRNHPUHPBOKKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;tin;hydrate Chemical compound O.[In].[Sn] MRNHPUHPBOKKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005340 laminated glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lichenxanthone Natural products COC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C3=C(C)C=C(OC)C=C3OC2=C1 QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLBFLQKQABVKGT-UHFFFAOYSA-L lucifer yellow dye Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC(C(N(C(=O)NN)C2=O)=O)=C3C2=CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC3=C1N DLBFLQKQABVKGT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001179 medium density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004701 medium-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH3] ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000005209 naphthoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VOFUROIFQGPCGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N nile red Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=NC4=CC=C(N(CC)CC)C=C4OC3=CC(=O)C2=C1 VOFUROIFQGPCGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003540 oxyquinoline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pibenzimol Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=CC=C(N=C(N2)C=3C=C4NC(=NC4=CC=3)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C2=C1 INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005606 polypropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005629 polypropylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002742 polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene/propylene) -block-polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XJMOSONTPMZWPB-UHFFFAOYSA-M propidium iodide Chemical compound [I-].[I-].C12=CC(N)=CC=C2C2=CC=C(N)C=C2[N+](CCC[N+](C)(CC)CC)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 XJMOSONTPMZWPB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000948 quinine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010979 ruby Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001750 ruby Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007811 spectroscopic assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940071182 stannate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GQIUQDDJKHLHTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(ethenyl)silane Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)C=C GQIUQDDJKHLHTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005050 vinyl trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsilane Chemical class [SiH3]C=C UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10018—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising only one glass sheet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10651—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments
- B32B17/10669—Luminescent agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10697—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer being cross-linked
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/0296—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping material or other impurities, only AIIBVI compounds, e.g. CdS, ZnS, HgCdTe
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0488—Double glass encapsulation, e.g. photovoltaic cells arranged between front and rear glass sheets
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/049—Protective back sheets
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/073—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising only AIIBVI compound semiconductors, e.g. CdS/CdTe solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1828—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof the active layers comprising only AIIBVI compounds, e.g. CdS, ZnS, CdTe
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
- B32B2457/12—Photovoltaic modules
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及聚合物片材及其作为太阳能电池板和玻璃元件的部件的用途。所述片材包含多个共挤出聚合物层,其中,所述聚合物片材的至少两个或更多个层包含下转换发光化合物,下转换发光化合物用于至少部分地吸收特定波长的辐射和重新发射比吸收的波长更长的辐射,并且其中,第一聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物比存在于下一层中的下转换发光化合物能吸收更多的更低波长的辐射。
Description
本发明涉及包含下转换发光化合物的聚合物片材。此类化合物的特性为至少部分吸收具有一定波长的辐射和重新发射比所吸收辐射的波长更长波长的辐射。本发明进一步涉及所述共挤出聚合物片材用于玻璃元件以及用于光伏电池和太阳电池板的各种用途。
从WO-A-2008/110567已知此类聚合物片材。该公开文本描述了聚合物封装片材,其用于保护光伏电池,并且其中,所述聚合物封装片材包含下转换发光化合物。该公开文本并未公开任何工作示例。说明书公开了可能的下转换发光化合物的大量列举,它们中的很多是有机化合物。
许多有机化合物具有如下关于有效特性:吸收特定波长的辐射和重新发出更高波长的辐射。应用此类化合物的问题在于其稳定性。当包含此类有机化合物的片材与光伏电池结合使用在太阳能电池中时,优选在太阳能电池的寿命期间,它们保持稳定。
本发明的目的是提供包含下转换发光化合物的聚合物片材,其中,所述下转换发光化合物在较长时间期间保持其转换能力。
通过如下聚合物片材实现这一目的。聚合物片材包含多个共挤出聚合物层,其中,这些层中至少一个包含下转换发光化合物,所述下转换发光化合物用于至少部分吸收具有一定波长的辐射和重新发射比所吸收辐射的波长更长波长的辐射。
申请人发现,通过采用分开的聚合物层,存在于至少一层中的下转换发光化合物的稳定性能够提高。
该聚合物片材可以具有包含UV稳定剂添加剂的第一聚合物层和包含下转换发光化合物的另一聚合物层。以此方式,下转换发光化合物可被保护免于UV辐射和UV诱导的降解,所述UV辐射和UV诱导的降解通常影响所述下转换化合物和聚合物层中存在的聚合物的稳定性。这样可以导致减少紫外线稳定剂,进而可以不仅增加所使用的下转换化合物的稳定性,也可降低成本以及整体上增加所捕获的白热太阳光的产量。此外,不同层中的使用不同转换化合物允许很好地调节转换化合物的环境,所述转换化合物可以与其它转换化合物起反应(特别是在激发状态时),而且也可与层中存在的化学物质(例如过氧化物)反应。此外,使用共挤出聚合物层允许很好地调节各层(例如共聚物)的性质,同时为它们提供通过附加聚合物层的高粘合以及抗湿性。优选地,所述聚合物片材中的两个或更多个层包含下转换发光化合物。这允许包含在暴露于特定的辐射时较不稳定的一种或多种下转换发光化合物可以与以下层结合使用:所述层包含下转换发光化合物,所述下转换发光化合物可以通过斯托克(Stoke)位移将有害辐射转变为危害更小的辐射。以上设置产生更稳定的聚合物片材。
本发明进一步提供了UV敏感的聚合物(例如像乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA))可以不与或与相当少UV稳定剂结合使用。现有技术中,需要UV稳定剂来保护包含EVA的聚合物封装片材。使用这些稳定剂降低了太阳电池板的效率因为通过这些UV稳定剂,UV辐射被转换为热。通过使用能吸收UV波长的辐射并且发出更高波长范围的辐射的下转换发光化合物,紫外线被转换为辐射,该辐射对聚合物危害较小并且能够通过光伏效应被有效地用于发电。
除非另有说明,所有百分比、份数、比率等等均按重量计。当数量、浓度或其它值或参数以范围、优选范围或上优选值和下限优选值的列举给出,这可以理解为具体公开了由任意一组任意范围上限或优选值和任意一组任意范围下限或优选值形成的所有范围,无论是否单独公开了范围。在本文中记载了数值的范围的情况下,除非另有说明,该范围旨在包括其端点,以及在该范围内的所有整数和分数。在限定范围时,不意味着本发明的范围限于所限定的范围。
在本发明中,当术语"大约"用于描述值或范围内的终点时,所述公开应当理解为包括所提有的具体值或端点。
在本文中使用时,术语"包含(comprises)"、"包含(comprising)"、"包括(includes)"、包括(including)"、"含有(containing)"、"其特征在于(characterized by)"、"具有(has)"、"具有(having)"或任何其它变形,旨在涵盖非排他性的包含物。例如,包含要素列举的工艺、方法、物品或装置,不必限于仅那些要素,而是可以包括未明确列出的或这些工艺、方法、物品或装置中固有的其他要素。进一步地,除非有明确的相反说明,"或"是指包含性的或,而不是排他性的或。连接短语"基本上由...组成"限定了权利要求的范围为所指出的材料或步骤,以及不会实质性地影响所要求保护的发明的基本和新颖性特征的那些材料或步骤。
在申请人用开放式术语如"包含"定义了发明或其部分的情况下,其应当容易理解为,除非另有说明,说明书应被理解为还描述了使用术语"基本上由...组成"的那种发明。
采用"一(a)"或"一(an)"来描述本发明的要素和组分。这仅仅是为了方便并给出本发明的一般含义。这种描述应被理解为包括一个或至少一个,并且单数也包括复数,除非很明显地另指他意。
在描述某些聚合物时,应当理解,有时申请人通过用于制备聚合物的单体或用于制备聚合物的单体的量来指所述聚合物。在这样的描述可能不包括用于描述最终聚合物的具体命名或者可能不含有方法限定产品的术语时,任何此类提及单体和量应该被理解为是指该聚合物包括那些单体(即那些单体共聚单元),或单体的量,以及对应的聚合物及其组合物。
在描述和/或要求保护本发明中,术语"共聚物"用于指通过两个或更多个单体共聚而成的聚合物。此类共聚物包括二元共聚物、三元共聚物或更高阶的共聚物。
“熔体流动指数”,在本文中还称为MFI,是热塑性聚合物的熔体容易流动的度量。熔体流动指数被定义为针对可选的规定温度,通过经由规定的可选重量施加的压力,在10分钟内流动通过特定直径和长度的毛细管的聚合物以克计的质量,并根据ASTM D1238测定。
应当指出的是,在聚合物利用在高于一定温度引发的交联机理制造的情况下,例如,EVA共聚物和过氧化物,本文所采用的流变值指的是没有交联或仅部分交联的材料。一旦交联已经完成,例如,在光伏模块层压工艺中,已交联的聚合物不再被视为热塑性材料。因此,在本说明书指称层压后的光伏模块的范围内,所描述的性能是指在层压工艺之前的聚合物,还包括交联的聚合物。
本文所提及的术语熔点是指从结晶相或半结晶相转变为固体非晶相,也被称为结晶熔融温度。聚合物的熔点可以有利地通过DSC测定。在嵌段共聚物的情况下,本文的术语熔点指的是在较高的熔融嵌段组分将通过其玻璃化转变温度从而使聚合物熔融和流动的温度。“挤出温度”是指聚合物材料通过加热的挤出机和/或加热的模头在挤出期间被加热到的温度。
在提及某层的熔融温度的情形下,由于所述层基本上仅由聚合物材料和添加剂或任选的其他聚合物组成的事实,该温度主要由存在于所述层中的聚合物材料的熔融温度确定。因此,熔融温度应该被认为是存在于所述层中的聚合物材料的温度。基于在层中的主要聚合物的总重量,所述添加剂和/或任选的聚合物可以以最高25wt%的量存在,只要包含这些添加剂和/或任选的聚合物不会不利地影响熔体流动指数。
术语“第一聚合物层”指的是存在于白炽灯光方向的任何聚合物片材的层。所述层可以指与玻璃或前板直接接触的层,或可以是中间层。在此方面,所述下一层指的是白炽灯光方向再向下的层。所述层可以彼此直接相邻,或可以通过进一步的中间层分离。
优选地,下转换发光化合物存在于第一聚合物层并且与下一层存在的下转换发光化合物相比,能够吸收更多较低波长的辐射。因此,该层将包含比其余聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物吸收更低波长的下转换发光化合物。由于许多有机化合物是对尤其是较短波长的辐射敏感,因此这是有利的。通过过滤所述较短波长的辐射并重新发射更长波长的辐射,获得了更稳定的聚合物片材。更为优选的是,第一聚合物层,即阻挡层,具有以下特性:其能够吸收至少部分的UV辐射(适当地在10-400纳米之间),并在下重新发射更长波长的辐射。吸收这种UV波长的下转换发光化合物可以与传统的UV稳定剂结合使用。优选的是限制使用这种传统的稳定剂,因为它们将所吸收的紫外线辐射转换成热能,而不是重新发射更长波长的辐射。因此,当这种UV稳定剂被省略或者其在低浓度使用时,获得了更有效的聚合物片材。所述下转换发光化合物将接替了紫外线稳定剂的保护功能。
下转换发光化合物可以是有机或无机发光化合物,其能够部分地吸收具有一定波长的辐射,并重新发射比所吸收辐射的波长更长波长的辐射。这样的化合物是已知的,例如由Efthymios Klampaftis、David Ross、Keith R.Mcintosh、BryceS.Richards的Ehancing the performance of a solar cell via luminescent down-shiftingof incident spectrum,a review,Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells 93(2009)1182-1194(通过入射光谱的下转换发光化合物提高太阳能电池的性能,综述,太阳能材料及太阳能电池93(2009)1182-1194)所描述。所述下转换发光化合物的至少一些优选是有机化合物,因为本发明的优点尤其适用于这组化合物。
合适的有机下转换发光化合物例如为激光染料。下列化合物,其中一些也被用作激光染料,可以用作有机下转换发光化合物:罗丹明,例如5-羧基四甲基罗丹明、罗丹明6G、罗丹明B、红荧烯、三(δ-羟基喹啉)铝(Alq3)、N,N'-二苯基-N,N'-双(3-甲苯基)-1,1'-联苯-4,4'-二胺(TPD)、双(8-羟基喹啉)-氯化镓(Gaq2CI);碳酸或其衍生物;萘碳酸或其衍生物;蒽酮紫或异蒽酮紫或其衍生物。有机下转换发光化合物的实例是奎宁、荧光素、磺酰罗丹明、2,5-双(5-叔丁基-2-苯并恶唑基)噻吩、尼罗蓝。
合适的有机下转换发光化合物的其他实例是香豆素染料,例如7-二乙氨基香豆素-3-甲酰肼(DCCH)、7-二乙基氨基香豆素-3-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺基酯、7-甲氧基香豆素-3-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺基酯、7-羟基香豆素-3-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺基酯、7-二乙氨基-3-((((2-碘乙酰胺)乙基)氨基)羰基)香豆素(IDCC)、7-二乙基氨基-3-((((2-马来酰亚胺基)乙基)氨基)羰基)香豆素(MDCC)、7-二甲氨基-4-甲基香豆素-3-异硫氰酸酯(DACITC)、N-(7-二甲基氨基-4-甲基香豆素-3-基)马来酰亚胺(DACM)、N-(7-二甲基氨基-4-甲基香豆素-3-基)碘乙酰胺(DACIA)、7-二乙基氨基-3-(4'-马来酸亚胺苯基)-4-甲基香豆素(CPM)、7-二乙基氨基-3-((4'-(碘乙酰基)氨基)苯基)-4-甲基香豆素(DCIA)、7-二甲氨基香豆素-4-乙酸(DMACA)和7-二甲氨基香豆素-4-乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(DMACASE)。
合适的有机下转换发光化合物的其他实例是染料,例如N,N'-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N,N'-双(2,6-二甲苯基)-3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N,N'-双(7-十三烷基)-3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N,N'-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-1,6,7,12-四(4-叔辛基苯氧基)-3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N,N'-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-1,6,7,12-四苯氧基-3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N,N'-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-1,6-和-1,7-二(4-叔辛基苯氧基)-3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N,N'-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-1,6-和-1,7-双(2,6-二异丙基苯氧基)--3,4:9,10-四甲酰二亚胺、N-(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-3,4-二甲酰亚胺、N-(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-9-苯氧基-3,4-二甲酰亚胺、N-(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-9-(2,6-二异丙基苯氧基)-3,4-二甲酰亚胺、N-(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-9-氰基-3,4-二甲酰酰亚胺、N-(7-十三烷基)-9-苯氧基-3,4-二甲酰亚胺、-3,9-和-3,10-二甲酸二异丁基酯、4,10-二氰基-3,9-和-4,9-二氰基-3,10-二甲酸二异丁基酯和-3,9-和-3,10-二甲酸二(2,6-二异丙基苯基)酰胺。
染料通常吸收360-630纳米区域波长的辐射并且重新发射470-750纳米区域波长的辐射。除了染料,具有类似结构的其他荧光染料都可以使用,例如基于蒽酮紫和/或异蒽酮紫的染料,例如在EP-A-073007中公开的结构。作为非常适合的化合物的优选实例为烷氧基化的蒽酮紫和/或异蒽酮紫,例如6,15-双十二烷氧异蒽酮紫聚酯-(9,18)。
合适的有机下转换发光化合物的其它实例是萘类化合物。这些染料通常在大约300-420纳米的波长紫外线范围内表现出吸收,并在约380-520纳米的范围内表现出发射。萘类化合物的例子是萘甲酸的衍生物,例如萘1,8:4,5-四甲酰二亚胺,特别是萘-1,8-二甲酰亚胺,最优选为4,5-二烷氧基萘-1,8-二甲酸单酰亚胺和4-苯氧基萘-1,8-二甲酸单酰亚胺。其它萘类化合物例如N-(2-乙基己基)-4,5-二甲氧基萘-1,8-二甲酰亚胺、N-(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-4,5-二甲氧基萘-1,8-二甲酰亚胺、N-(7-十三烷基)-4,5-二甲氧基-萘-1,8二甲酰亚胺、N-(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-4,5-二苯氧基萘-1,8-二甲酸亚胺和N,N'-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-1,8:4,5-萘四甲酰二亚胺。
其它的实例是可从BASF公司获得Lumogen F Yellow 083、Lumogen FOrange 240、Lumogen F Red 305和Lumogen F Violet 570。
例如下列有机的下转换发光化合物能够吸收(激发波长)300-360纳米,并具有最大约365-400纳米左右的发射光谱:二苯基恶唑(2,5-二苯基恶唑1,4-二[2-(5-苯基恶唑)苯、4,4'-二苯基芪、3,5,3”’,5”’–四叔丁基-对五联苯。这些化合物可以例如从Synthon Chemicals GmbH and Luminescence Technology公司获得。
例如下列有机的下转换发光化合物能够将入射辐射向400-460纳米的重新发射:2,5-噻吩基双(5-叔丁基-1,3-苯并恶唑)(2,5-thiopenediylbis(5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzoxale))。
例如下列有机下转换发光化合物能够将入射辐射向560纳米重新发射:hostasole 3G naphtalimide(Clariant公司)、Lumogen F Yellow 083(BASF公司)、Rhodamine 110(Lambdachrome 5700)。
例如下列有机下转换发光化合物能够将入射辐射向580-640纳米重新发射:hostazole GG硫杂蒽苯硫酮(Clariant公司)、-Lumogen F Red 300(BASF公司)、罗丹明苯甲酸盐6G乙胺氧杂蒽(Lambdachrome 5900),
例如下列有机下转换发光化合物能够将入射辐向640-680纳米重新发射:甲苯基紫二氨基粗苯(retsyl purple diaminobenzole)、SublforhodamineB(Lambdachrome LC6200),
例如下列有机下转换发光化合物能够将入射辐射向700-1000纳米重新发射:罗丹明800(Sigma公司)、吡啶-2(Lambdachrome LC7600)、DOTC、HITC(Lambdachrome LC7880)、Styril 9(Lambdachrome LC8400)。
合适的无机发光化合物为半导电量子点材料和包含Sm3+、Cr3+、ZnSe、Eu2+和Tb3+的纳米粒子,以及包含ZnO的纳米粒子;掺杂有Mg、Cu和/或F的ZnS;CdSe;CdS;TiO2;Zr3+、Zr4+;和/或Eu3+、Sm3+或Tb3+掺杂YPO4。这些材料的共同特点是它们能够表现出荧光性。所述纳米级颗粒可通过任何合适的方法制造,例如通过US7384680中公开的方法。它们可以具有小于75纳米的平均直径,更特别地,它们可以具有使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)测定的在3-50纳米之间的尺寸。适合作为发光化合物的可能的铕络合物为[铕(β-二酮基)-3-(DPEPO)]([Eu(β-diketonate)3-(DPEPO)]),其由Omar Moudam等人在the Royal Society ofChemistry 2009的Chem.Commun.,2009,6649-6651中描述。
合适的无机发光化合物的另一个实例是包含低聚金属原子簇的分子筛,包括从下列金属(亚纳米尺寸)的1至100个原子范围的团簇,硅、铜、银、金、镍、钯、铂、铑、钴和铱或其合金,例如银/铜、金/镍等。所述分子筛选自以下:沸石、多孔氧化物、硅铝磷酸盐、铝磷酸盐、镓磷酸盐、锌磷酸盐、钛硅酸盐、硅铝酸盐或其混合物。在本发明的具体实施例中,本发明的分子筛大孔沸石中选择,大孔沸石选自MCM-22、镁碱沸石、八面沸石X和Y。在本发明的另一个实施方式中的所述分子筛是选自以下的材料:沸石3A、沸石13X、沸石4A、沸石5A和ZKF。优选地,低聚金属原子簇为含有1至100个原子的低聚原子的银分子。基于下转换化合物的这类分子筛的说明性实例在WO-A-2009006708中描述,该文件在此通过引用并入本文中。
聚合物层中的所述下转换发光化合物的浓度将取决于所选择的下转换发光化合物。一些化合物是更有效的,并且需要在聚合物层中的浓度较低,而一些化合物需要较高的浓度,由于它们是在吸收和重新发射辐射的效率较低。
聚合物层可以包含至少一种下转换发光化合物。所述聚合物层可包含单一的下转换发光化合物或超过一种的下转换发光化合物物。如果存在超过一种的下转换发光化合物,优选为吸收不同的波长的辐射和重新发射不同较长波长的辐射的化合物进行组合。以这种方式,可以得到所谓的下转换发光"级联",其中由一种化合物重新发射的辐射被下一种化合物吸收。这样的级联也称为光子-吸收-发射链(PAEC)。
更优选地,所述聚合物片材包含以下共挤出的聚合物层:
第一聚合物层(a),其包含用于吸收280-400纳米辐射和重新发射400-550纳米辐射的下转换发光化合物,
另一聚合物层(b)包含用于吸收360-470纳米辐射和重新发射410-670纳米辐射的下转换发光化合物,
另一聚合物层(c),其包含用于吸收360-570纳米辐射和重新发射410-750纳米辐射的下转换发光化合物。
一种或多种下转换发光化合物可以存在于上述层中的一个中。附加层可以存在于所述聚合物片材中,其中所述附加层也可以包含下转换发光化合物下转换发光化合物或其它添加剂。优选地,各层仅包含能将光的一定波长范围转换为更长的波长范围、而非波长的级联的下转换发光化合物;优选地,仅为一种化合物或多种化合物的族。
用于层(a)的合适的下转换发光化合物的实例是2,5-二苯基恶唑(PPO二苯基恶唑)、4,4'-二苯基芪(DPS)、1,4-二[2-(5-苯基恶唑)苯(POPOP)、3,5,3"",5""-四叔丁基-对五联苯(QUIIP-五联苯)、1,8-ANS(1-苯氨基萘-8-磺酸)、1-苯氨基萘-8-磺酸(1,8-ANS)、6,8-二氟-7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素pH为9.0、7-氨基-4-甲基香豆素pH为7.0、7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素、7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素pH为9.0、Alexa350,BFP(蓝色荧光蛋白)、串级黄色、级联黄色抗体缀合物pH为8.0、香豆素、丹磺酰尸胺、丹磺酰尸胺、MeOH、DAPI、DAPI-DNA、Dapoxyl(2-氨基乙基)磺酰胺、DyLight 350、Fura-2Ca2+、Fura-2(高Ca)、Fura-2(无Ca)、Hoechst33258、Hoechst 33258-DNA、Hoechst 33342、lndo-1(不含Ca)、LysoSensorYellow(pH 3.0)、LysoSensor Yellow(pH 9.0)、Marina Blue、Sapphire、和/或SBFI-Na+。
用于层(b)的合适的下转换发光化合物的实例是:7-二乙氨基香豆素-3-甲酰肼(DCCH)、7-二乙基氨基香豆素-3-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺酯、7-甲氧基香豆素-3-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺酯、7-羟基香豆素-3-羧酸琥珀酰亚胺酯、7-二乙氨基-3-((((2-碘乙酰胺)乙基)氨基)羰基)香豆素(IDCC)、7-二乙基氨基-3-((((2-马来酰亚胺基)乙基)氨基)羰基)香豆素(MDCC)、7-二甲氨基-4-甲基香豆素-3-异硫氰酸酯(DACITC)、N-(7-二甲基氨基-4-甲基香豆素-3-基)马来酰亚胺(DACM)、N-(7-二甲基氨基-4-甲基香豆素-3-基)碘乙酰胺(DACIA)、7-二乙基氨基-3-(4'-马来酸亚胺苯基)-4-甲基香豆素(CPM)、7-二乙基氨基-3-((4'-(碘乙酰基)氨基)苯基)-4-甲基香豆素(DCIA)、7-二甲氨基香豆素-4-乙酸(DMACA)和7-二甲氨基香豆素-4-乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(DMACASE)、吖啶橙、Alexa 430、Alexa Fluor 430抗体偶合物pH值7.2、金胺O、Di-8ANEPPS、Di-8-ANEPPS-脂质、FM 1-43、FM 1-43脂质、Fura Red Ca2+、Fura Red、highCa、Fura Red、low Ca、Lucifer Yellow和/或CH、SYPRO Ruby(CAS 260546-55-2)。
用于层(c)的合适的下转换发光化合物的实例是针对层(b)所示例的上述化合物和罗丹明110、罗丹明6G乙胺氧杂蒽苯甲酸(从Lambdachrome获得)、Alexa Fluor 647R-藻红蛋白链酶亲和素pH值为7.2、溴化乙锭、乙锭同型二聚体、乙锭同型二聚体1-DNA、FM 4-64、FM 4-64、2%CHAPS、尼罗红脂和/或碘化丙啶。
另一种可能的级联的实例可以包含具有位于约280-365纳米吸收范围波长和约380-430纳米发射范围波长的吸收范围的第一下转换发光化合物。合适的下转换发光化合物的例子是3,5,3"",5""-四叔丁基-对五联苯,已知具有约310纳米的最大吸收波长和约390纳米的最大发射波长。这种下转换发光化合物以例如占聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物总量的33%的浓度被加入。第二下转换发光化合物具有约335-450纳米吸收范围波长和约410-550纳米发射范围波长。合适的下转换发光化合物的例子是2,3,5,6-1H,4H-四氢喹嗪-[9,9a,1-gh]-香豆素,在例如占聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物总量的约33%的浓度下,最大激发波长约396纳米,最大发射波长约490纳米。所述级联的第三下转换发光化合物具有约450-550纳米吸收范围波长和约560-700纳米发射范围波长。合适的下转换发光化合物的例子是1-氨基-2-甲基蒽醌,在例如占聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物总量的约33%的浓度下,具有约450纳米最大吸收波长,600纳米的最大发射波长。
在聚合物基体中的下转换共混物的总浓度取决于膜的厚度,因为有效的下转换是每单位体积的入射光所遭遇的分子的数量的函数。一个约400-450微米的聚合物层例如可以掺杂200-1000ppm浓度范围的下转换发光化合物。例如在最后的聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物的浓度为500ppm时,具有很好的紫外线阻隔和传输平衡的450微米的聚合物层可以被得到。
聚合物片材的不同聚合物层的聚合物材料可以为乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、烷基甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸烷基酯共聚物例如聚甲基丙烯酸酯-聚丙烯酸正丁酯(PMMA-PnBA)、弹性体例如SEBS、SEPS及SIPS、聚氨酯类、官能化的聚烯烃、离聚物、热塑性聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、或其混合物。优选地,使用乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB),硅氧烷、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、丙烯酸烷基酯共聚物,例如聚甲基丙烯酸酯-聚丙烯酸正丁酯(PMMA-PnBA)。优选地,所述聚合物层的至少一个由乙烯醋酸乙烯酯聚合物组成。这些聚合物是有利的,因为它们为一种或多种下转换发光化合物提供了合适的基质。此外,所得到的片材可以容易地用在热层压工艺中以制造包含聚合物片材的最终产品。其它可能的聚合物是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氨酯、硅氧烷,或其化合物。
进一步优选的聚合物为乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物,以下称为"EVOH",其已知提供强的氧阻隔性、透明度、耐油性、抗静电性、机械强度等等,并因此已经被广泛地用作各种类型的包装材料等等,比如薄膜和片材。通过皂化乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,可以方便地制备EVOH。
优选地,所述聚合物为包含乙烯和乙酸乙烯酯共聚单元的乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)。所述EVA共聚物的熔体流动速率(MFR)为0.1-1000克/10分钟,优选为0.3-300克/10分钟,更优选为0.5-50克/10分钟,其根据ASTM D1238在190℃以及2.16千克下测定。
优选地,所述乙烯醋酸乙烯酯的醋酸酯含量为12-45wt%,更优选地在20-40wt%,甚至更优选地在25至最多40wt%之间。
所述EVA共聚物可以是单一的EVA,或两种或更多种不同的EVA共聚物的混合物。不同的EVA共聚物是指具有不同的共聚单体比率,和/或重均分子量和/或分子量分布的共聚物可能不同。因此,所述EVA聚合物也可以包含具有相同的共聚单体比率、但由于具有不同的分子量分布而具有不同的MFR的共聚物。
在优选的实施方式中,所述EVA聚合物有利地包含除乙烯和醋酸乙烯酯以外的其它单体,例如丙烯酸烷基酯,由此丙烯酸烷基酯的烷基部分可以含有1-6个或1-4个碳原子,并可以选自甲基、乙基、以及支链或非支链的丙基、丁基、戊基和己基。
本文中使用的EVA共聚物也可以含有本领域中已知的其它添加剂。所述添加剂可以包括加工助剂、流动增强添加剂、润滑剂、染料、阻燃剂、抗冲改性剂、成核剂、防粘连剂例如二氧化硅、热稳定剂、分散剂、表面活性剂、螯合剂、偶联剂、强化添加剂,例如玻璃纤维、填料等等。
包含乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的所述聚合物层优选包含一种或多种有机过氧化物,其能够交联乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物,从而提高了粘合强度、耐湿性和耐穿透性,同时维持高的透明性,如果需要的话。在至少110℃的温度下分解以产生自由基的任何有机过氧化物,可以有利地用作上述有机过氧化物。所述有机过氧化物或多种过氧化物的组合通常考虑成膜温度、用于制备所述组合物的条件、固化(键合)温度、被粘接的主体的耐热性和储存稳定性进行选择。根据本发明的优选实施方式,选择过氧化物使得其在树脂加工温度基本上不分解,特别是在共挤出和/或进一步的挤出和造粒步骤期间,而仅在太阳能电池形成温度或层压温度下被活化。根据本发明的"基本上不分解"指的是在共挤出温度下半衰期至少为0.1-1小时。有机过氧化物的实例包括2,5-二甲基己烷-2,5-二氢过氧化物、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧基)己烷、3-二叔丁基过氧化物、过氧化二异丙苯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(2-乙基己酸过氧基)己烷、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧基)己烷、过氧化叔丁基异丙苯、α,α'-双(叔丁基过氧异丙基)苯、α,α'-双(叔丁基过氧基)二异丙苯、正丁基-4,4-双(叔丁基过氧基)丁烷、2,2-双(叔丁基过氧基)丁烷、1,1-双(叔丁基过氧基)环己烷、1,1-双(叔丁基过氧基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷、叔丁基过氧苯甲酸酯、过氧化苯甲酰和1,1-二(叔己基过氧基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷。其中,2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(2-乙基己酸过氧基)己烷和1,1-二(叔己基过氧基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷是特别优选的。基于100重量份的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,在所述薄膜层中的有机过氧化物的含量优选范围为0.1-5重量份,更优选0.2-1.8重量份。
优选地,所述聚合物层包含两个或适宜地2-12个共挤出聚合物层,其中,两个或更多个聚合物层包含下转换发光化合物。此种多层通过同时共挤出并定向由不同的层组成的薄膜来制造。
用于不同层的聚合物可以是不同的,只要在共挤出条件下,所述聚合物熔体流动指数的差值小于4点,优选小于2点。如果在例如标准状态具有不同的MFI的不同聚合物进行组合,则优选调整不同的聚合物的挤出温度,使得在共挤出条件下MFI在上述范围之内。具有至少3个层的聚合物片材将包含两个外层和至少一个内层。优选地,所述内聚合物层的挤出温度下,内聚合物层的熔体流动指数等于在外层的一个或多个挤出温度下MFI或所述MFI的负2到正2MFI点范围内。优选地,在温度TL下,内聚合物层的MFI值与外聚合物层或两个外聚合物层的MFI的差异在0.5-10范围,其中TL为制备包含根据本发明聚合物片材的太阳电池板的真空层压工艺的层压温度。通常层压温度在135℃-165℃范围内,优选地145℃-155℃。
优选地,一个外聚合物层或两个外聚合物层的熔点T1比内聚合物层中的至少一个的熔点T2低至少10℃。优选地,,所述熔点T1比熔点T2低10℃-50℃,更优选地低10℃-35℃。申请人发现当高熔融的内聚合物层是聚合物片材的一部分时,在层压条件,聚合物片材的收缩显著地降低。更优选地,两个外层的MFI高于至少一个内聚合物层的MFI,在层压温度下测量。申请人发现这样的聚合物片材可以在热层压工艺中有利地用于制造太阳能电池板,其中光伏电池通过所述聚合物片材的外层完全封装,同时没有出现或出现很小的收缩。这是有利的,因为在制备所述聚合物片材时将需要较少的或不需要热处理聚合物片材。低聚合物片材的收缩将被避免或降低以便在层压太阳能电池板时避免所述片材损害脆弱的硅光伏电池。申请人发现对于用于聚合物片材的层的聚合物材料的优选组合而言,在聚合物片材与例如光伏电池结合时,所采用的层压温度高于在制备聚合物片材时内层被挤出的温度,并且其中,在制备聚合物片材时内层被挤出的温度进而高于在制备聚合物片材时所述外层的至少一个被挤出的温度。
合适地,上述内聚合物层包含任选氢化的聚苯乙烯与丁二烯、异戊二烯的嵌段共聚物和/或与丁烯/乙烯的共聚物(SIS、SBS和/或SEBS);聚甲基丙烯酸酯-聚丙烯酸酯嵌段共聚物、聚烯烃、聚烯烃共聚物或聚烯烃三元共聚物、或具有可共聚的官能化的单体例如甲基丙烯酸(离聚物)的烯烃共聚物或烯烃三元共聚物。实例为聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸正丁酯嵌段共聚物,公开于WO2012057079中,并且以"Kurarity"可从Kuraray公司商购。进一步实例包括聚烯烃,优选为聚乙烯或聚丙烯,例如低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)型。聚烯烃,例如适于内子层的聚乙烯和聚丙烯包括高密度聚乙烯、中密度聚乙烯、低密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯、茂金属衍生的低密度聚乙烯、均聚丙烯和聚丙烯共聚物。
优选地,选择包含下转换发光化合物的至少一个或多个层的聚合物组成,使得在根据ISO4892第二部分方法A中循环2的加速老化条件下,所述下转换发光化合物的光吸收和发射活性至少100小时不受影响。所述聚合物层中的至少一个可以有利地具有高阻湿和/或气性,例如正如由聚烯烃薄膜和/或乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH)所提供的那些。也可采用其组合,取决于所需的性能。
共挤出是本领域技术人员熟知的方法,并且其利用两个或更多的挤出机,以将不同的粘性的聚合物的稳定的体积量熔融并传送到单个挤出头(模头),所述挤出头将以所需片材状形式挤出所述材料。通过递送所述聚合材料的各个挤出机的相对速度和尺寸可以控制所述层厚度。
可以优选将添加剂加入到所述聚合物片材的至少一个外层,所述添加剂提高了所述聚合物片材与玻璃的粘合强度。在一些应用中,将聚合物片材直接施加到玻璃层上,则要求聚合物片材具有良好的粘合性。如果聚合物片材施加在两层玻璃之间,优选所述聚合物片材的两个外层都与玻璃具有良好的粘合力。可能的添加剂为硅烷偶联剂,其可以被添加到EVA共聚物中来改善与一个或多个玻璃层的粘合强度。有用的示例性的硅烷偶联剂包括,γ-氯丙基甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、乙烯基三(β-甲氧基乙氧基)硅烷、γ-乙烯基苄基丙基甲氧基硅烷、N-β-(N-乙烯基苄基氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷、γ-[(甲基丙烯酰氧基)丙基]三乙氧基硅烷、三乙酰氧基乙烯基硅烷、Y-(环氧丙氧基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷、γ-(环氧丙氧基丙基)三乙氧基硅烷、β-(3,4-环氧环己烷)乙基三甲氧基硅烷、[(甲基丙烯酰氧基)丙基]三乙氧基硅烷、乙烯基三氯硅烷、[(甲基丙烯酰氧基)丙基]三甲氧基硅烷、γ-巯基丙基甲氧硅烷、γ-(氨基丙基)三乙氧基硅烷,[N-β-(氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基]三乙氧基硅烷和/或其两种或更多种的混合物。
所述硅烷偶联剂优选被并入到相关的聚合物层中。对于乙烯醋酸乙烯酯聚合物的聚合物层,基于所述聚合物的总重量,所述硅烷偶联剂优选以0.01至约5wt%、或更优选0.05至约1wt%的水平并入。
根据本发明的聚合物片材尤其适合将太阳光的较短波长辐射转换为具有光伏电池更有效地将辐射转换为电的波长范围的更长波长辐射。本发明因此也涉及根据本发明的聚合物片材的用途,用于通过太阳光的发光转换来增强光伏电池的性能。
根据本发明的聚合物片材优选地用作包含光伏电池的太阳能电池板的部件。光伏电池可包含下列材料中的至少一种:CdS、CdTe;Si,优选p型掺杂的Si或单晶Si或非晶Si或多晶Si;InP;GaAs;Cu2S;联硒化铜铟镓(CIGS)。太阳能电池板可以通过堆叠玻璃、根据本发明的聚合物片材、光伏电池、一个或多个附加的封装层和背板层的不同层,并且使所形成的堆叠经受层压工艺步骤。
对于每种类型PV电池来说,PV电池的最佳光伏性能将是不同的,因此,对于不同的PV电池来说,通过下转换发光化合物所需的转化度可以是不同的。优选地,所述聚合物片材(其距离光伏电池最远)的包含下转换发光化合物的聚合物层包含具有如下特性的下转换发光化合物:所述下转换发光化合物至少部分地吸收紫外线(UV)辐射(10-400纳米之间)和重新发射具有更高波长的辐射。
本发明还涉及太阳能电池板,所述太阳能电池板包含根据本发明的聚合物片材和光伏电池。优选地,最远离所述光伏电池的包含下转换发光化合物的聚合物包含用于至少部分地吸收UV辐射并在更高波长重新发射辐射的下转换发光化合物。这样的太阳能电池板优选地具有以下层序列:玻璃层、聚合物片材、光伏电池、封装层和背板。所述封装层可以为现有技术水平的封装层,例如可热固化聚合物层,比如前述的EVA共聚物。所述光伏电池合适地为晶体硅电池、CdTe、非晶硅(αSi)、微晶硅或串联结αSi。所述背板可以为硬聚合物,例如PET的层或更优选为玻璃层。当使用薄膜光伏电池,例如CIGS和CIS型电池时,太阳能电池板可以包含玻璃顶层、本发明的聚合物片材、薄膜光伏电池和刚性支承例如玻璃。
优选地,面向入射辐射的所述玻璃层的厚度在1.5-4毫米之间并且其中,所述用作背板的玻璃层的厚度为1.5-4毫米并且其中,所述太阳电池板的总厚度小于9毫米。所述玻璃层可以例如是浮法玻璃或压延玻璃。所述玻璃可以任选地进行热处理。具有这样的厚度的合适的热钢化的薄玻璃板的玻璃层可以从例如Saint Gobain Glass获得。所述玻璃层可以是无钠玻璃,例如铝硅酸盐或硼硅玻璃。对于大规模生产而言,优选使用钠钙玻璃或硼硅玻璃。钠钙玻璃可以包含67%-75重量%的SiO2,10%-20重量%的Na2O,5%-15重量%的CaO,0%-7重量%的MgO,0%-5重量%的Al2O3,0%-5重量%的K2O,0%-1.5重量%的Li2O,以及0%-1重量%的BaO。这样的玻璃会适当地具有高于90%的透明度。适当地,所述玻璃已经进行热钢化处理。
所述玻璃层的表面,尤其是不面向聚合物片材而面向入射辐射的表面,涂覆有合适的防反射层。所述防反射层将限制在玻璃表面上反射的辐射。限制这种反射会增加穿过所述玻璃元件的辐射,其结果将提高所述玻璃元件传输辐射的效率。优选地,将所述涂层应用到一个玻璃层上,即使用时面向入射辐射、即日光的玻璃层。面向聚合物片材的所述侧可以任选地设有此类涂层。合适的防反射涂层包括多孔氧化硅层。多孔氧化硅可以通过如例如US-B-7767253中所描述的溶胶-凝胶工艺施用。多孔氧化硅可以包含存在于基于氧化硅的粘合剂中的固体氧化硅颗粒。这种涂层可以以Khepri CoatTM从荷兰的DSM获得。制备具有防反射涂层的玻璃层的方法描述在例如WO-A-2004104113和WO-A-2010100285中。
面对入射辐射的玻璃表面也可以具有浮凸结构以更有效地捕获入射辐射,如例如在WO2005111670中所描述。
如上所述的太阳能电池板可以通过使包含如下层的堆叠在升高的层压温度下经受热层压获得:
玻璃层(a),
根据本发明的聚合物片材(b),
包含光伏电池的层(c),
聚合物封装剂层(d);以及
玻璃层(e)。
层压温度可以是在115-175℃,并且其中,所述堆叠环境的压力优选为小于30毫巴,更优选为小于1毫巴。在此方法中所述堆叠优选存在于真空层压机中和在转化加热结合的压力中,温度范围在115-175℃,优选140-165℃,最优选145-155℃的范围中。该层压制品优选地还进行脱气。所述压缩层压的压力优选为0.1-1.5千克/厘米2的范围。所述层压时间通常为5-25分钟的范围。这种加热能使例如包含在根据本发明的聚合物片材和封装层中的乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物交联,从而使光伏电池、聚合物片材和封装层被牢固地粘合,以密封光伏电池上并获得太阳能电池板。
申请人已经发现,当外子层和内子层层压温度下的MFI不同时,甚至出现更少的收缩。因此,本发明也涉及制造太阳能电池板的优选方法,其中第一和/或第二聚合物封装层由3个或更多个共挤出热塑性聚合物子层组成,所述子层包含两个外子层和至少一个内子层,并且其中,在所述层压温度下,所述内子层的MFI值与所述同一层的一个或两个外子层的MFI差别在0.5-10点范围内。
甚至更优选的制造方法为:其中,根据本发明的聚合物片材由3个或更多个共挤出热塑性聚合物子层组成,所述子层包含两个外子层和至少一个内子层,其中,通过共挤出不同的聚合物材料获得所述多个共挤出热塑性聚合物层,所述聚合物材料在所选择的各子层的挤出温度进行挤出,使得在所采用的各子层的挤出温度下,各子层的聚合物的熔体流动指数最大的差别低于5MFI点,优选地,低于3MFI点,其中,所述层压温度TL高于内子层的挤出温度TC,以及其中,所述温度TC高于外子层的挤出温度TA和/或另一个外子层的挤出温度TB。
本发明涉及玻璃元件,玻璃元件是熟知的,例如为温室的封盖。日光容易地通过此类温室的玻璃屋顶,并且发生至少一种植物的光合作用。但是玻璃元件也被用作太阳能电池板的透明的和保护性层。
所述元件可以有利地被用于改善光诱发过程的效率,比如但不限于光合作用或光伏效应发电。该目的通过如下的玻璃元件实现,所述玻璃元件包含两个玻璃层,其中,透明聚合物层存在于所述两个玻璃层之间,并且其中,所述聚合物层包含至少一个下转换发光化合物,所述下转换发光化合物适于至少部分吸收具有一定波长的辐射并在比所吸收辐射的波长更长波长重新发射辐射。
申请人发现,当此类玻璃元件被用作温室的屋顶时,至少一种植物的光合作用能够被加强,因为部分较短波长的辐射被下转换为更适于光合作用的波长。因此,在给定日光强度下,能进行更多的光合作用。申请人还发现当此类玻璃元件被用作光伏发电系统的盖板时,在给定的日光强度下,能产生更多电能。
另一个优点在于所述玻璃层避免了水进入聚合物层。少量的水可以不利地影响某些下转换发光化合物的稳定性,尤其是有机下转换发光化合物。通过使用两个玻璃层,存在于聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物有效地防止免于水诱导的降解。在描述下面的优选用途时,将论述更多的优点。
玻璃元件可以用于各种应用,其中要求过滤掉短波长的辐射并且对更长波长的辐射透明的。优选应用是其中玻璃元件被用来改变太阳光的特性,并且其中如此获得的适配太阳光在其已通过玻璃元件时被用于生长植物或更通常地其中适配太阳光被用在光合作用过程中。本发明也涉及建筑物,如温室,其具有包含根据本发明的玻璃元件的屋顶。
玻璃元件的另一个优选用途是在发电过程中用于改变太阳光的特性。更优选地,所述发电过程涉及光伏电池(photovoltaic cell),所述光伏电池能够利用适配的太阳光产生电流。所述光伏电池合适地位于靠近相邻的玻璃元件,合适地固定到玻璃元件上。许多光伏电池对较短的波长(例如UV范围内的辐射)具有差的光谱响应。通过吸收较短的波长区域的辐射并且重新发射更长波长,任选地通过如上所述的级联,能够以具有更高波长的辐射形式有效地利用包含在具有这些较短波长辐射中的能量,此时所述光伏电池具有其最佳的光伏性能。对各种类型的光伏电池而言,光伏电池的最佳光伏性能是不同的。事实上,对于cSi丝网印刷电池,在300至最多1100的波长范围获得了不同的内量子效率(IQE)曲线,取决于cSi电池的类型、表面结构和电池表面处理。
在包含下转换发光化合物的聚合物层和光伏电池的前和后的所述玻璃层将提供屏障,阻止化合物从聚合物层输送到光伏电池或从光伏电池到聚合物层。太阳能电池板将会被使用多年,并且在它们寿命期间,存在于聚合物层中的下转换发光化合物或其它添加剂可以分解为可能对光伏电池有害的碎片。此类元素或化合物的实例为胺类、氯化物、钠和含硫化合物。所述玻璃层,在用作前板时,将避免此类化合物能够迁移并到达光伏电池,因此提供了所述光伏电池本身更长的寿命。因此,所述玻璃元件提供了可以分解为这些有害的碎片的有机下转换发光化合物与光伏电池的组合使用。此外,化合物可以从光伏电池向聚合物层迁移,这可以导致所述聚合物和/或所述下转换发光化合物降解。所述玻璃层有效地避免了此类迁移。以此方式,通过简单替换前板,对各种光伏电池增加使用白炽光将对现有的生产线是可用的。
光伏电池可以包含下列材料中的至少一种:CdS,CdTe,Si,优选地p型掺杂Si或单晶Si或非晶Si或多晶Si或多结Si;InP;GaAs;Cu2S;联硒化铜铟镓(CIGS)。太阳能电池板可以通过堆叠以下的不同层并使所形成堆叠经受层压工艺步骤制备:玻璃元件和光伏电池、附加的一个或多个封装层以及背板层。在此方式中,所述玻璃元件与太阳能电池本身的形成同时形成。
优选的光伏电池为薄膜碲化镉(CdTe)光伏电池。此类型的光伏电池在500-800纳米之间的波长表现出最佳的光伏效应。通过将此类PV电池与根据本发明的玻璃元件组合,发现能够更有效利用太阳光中的较低波长辐射。存在于所述玻璃元件中的所述一个或多个下转换发光化合物将吸收较低波长的辐射并且重新发射高于上述波长范围且CdTe光伏电池表现出最大IQE的波长范围的辐射。优选地,一种或多种下转换发光化合物或下转换发光化合物的级联存在于所述玻璃元件的聚合物层,其将在低于500纳米的波长处吸收辐射并在500-800纳米之间的波长重新发射辐射。优选地,如前所述的发光转换级联存在于所述玻璃元件中。
因此,本发明还涉及CdTe光伏太阳能电池,其包含根据本发明的所述玻璃元件,(a)透明电极层,(b)n-型半导体层,(c)吸收剂碲化镉(CdTe)和(d)静合触点。层(a)-(d)顺序沉积在根据本发明的所述玻璃元件上。优选地,所述玻璃元件在一侧提供有上述的防反射涂层,而在其相对侧提供有上述多个层。优选地,提供有防反射涂层的所述玻璃层比面对层(a)-(d)的玻璃层更厚。
透明电极层(a)可以例如包括二氧化锡(SnO2)或掺杂二氧化锡(例如氟、锌或镉掺杂的二氧化锡)、氧化铟锡(ITO)、氧化锌(ZnO)、锡酸镉(Cd2SnO4)。例如,所述缓冲层205可以形成为最多约1.5微米或约0.8-1.5微米的厚度,并且可以包括以约1比2(1:2)的化学计量比的氧化锌和二氧化锡。优选地,使用二氧化锡。
所述n型半导体层(b)可以为CdS,SnO2,CdO,ZnO、AnSe,GaN、ln2O2、CdSnO、ZnS、CdZnS或其它合适的n型半导体材料,并且优选CdS。层(b)可通过化学浴沉积或通过溅射形成并且可以具有厚度约0.01微米至约0.1微米的厚度。
碲化镉(CdTe)层(c)可以通过丝网印刷、喷射、近空间升华、电沉积、气相传输沉积、和蒸发进行施加。
静合触点层可以为任何适合的导电材料和其组合。例如,合适的材料包括以下材料:包括但并不局限于,石墨;金属银、镍、铜、铝、钛、钯、铬、钼;金属银、镍、铜、铝、钛、钯、铬和钼的合金;及其任意组合。合适地,所述静合触点层(d)为石墨、镍和铝合金的组合。
所述层(a)-(d)可以通过另外的玻璃层(e)进行封装。封装玻璃层(e)可以为适合与CdTe光伏电池一起使用的刚性结构。所述封装玻璃层(e)可以是与所述玻璃元件中使用的所述玻璃相同的材料,或者可以是不同的。另外,封装玻璃层(e)可以包括允许布线和/或连接到所述CdTe光伏电池的开口或结构。
将上述层施加到根据本发明的所述玻璃元件上以获得优选的CdTe光伏太阳能电池可以通过本领域中已知的许多方法进行。不同层中这些方法和变体的实例描述在US-A-2011/0308593、EP-A-2430648、US-A-2012073649、US-A-2011259424等中。
所述玻璃元件也可以与基于单晶硅(c-Si)、多晶硅(poly-Si或mc-Si)和硅带的晶片基光伏电池结合。优选地,包含晶片基PV电池的所述太阳能电池包含前端的使用中面向入射辐射的根据本发明的所述玻璃元件、聚合物层、包含晶片基PV电池的层和背板层。
所述背板层可以是多层膜,通常包含至少三层,其可以由不同的聚合材料制成。
优选地,所述背板层包含所谓的白反射体。存在白反射体是有利的,因为它将辐射反射到光伏电池上,从而提高该电池的效率。
可能的背板层包含含氟聚合物层。不同于含氟聚合物层,在太阳能电池的背面可以提供第二玻璃板。这将提供具有玻璃前和背侧的太阳能电池。用作背侧的玻璃层优选具有小于3毫米的厚度。所述玻璃层可以是如上所述的。使用玻璃前和背侧是有利的,因为它为所述电池板提供了结构强度,使得铝制框体不是必需的。玻璃的背侧也将提供对进水等的绝对阻隔,这对延长所述电池板的寿命是有利的。使用所述玻璃层使得避免使用包含含氟聚合物的背板成为可能。
根据本发明的所述玻璃元件可通过使第一玻璃层、聚合物层和第二玻璃层的堆叠经受热层压工艺进行制备。在此过程中,所述聚合物层将变得更具流动性并连接到所述玻璃层,同时任何气体通过施加真空而被驱离所述堆叠。
以下实施例说明了本发明:
比较例1
如下制备单层EVA箔:使用市售的具有33%醋酸乙烯酯含量和约45克/10分钟的MFI的乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物。市售的可吸收578纳米波长的光并且发射波长为613纳米的荧光染料以如例如US-B-7727418中公开的方式以0.05%的浓度与所述EVA材料混合。
所述箔材料进一步含约1重量%的甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷作为粘合促进剂和约1重量%的叔丁基过氧化2-乙基己基碳酸酯作为过氧化物交联剂。
所述材料均匀地进行混合,并且每种混合物在110℃温度下压制成约500微米厚度的薄板。
然后,将所得到的板在来自Meier的平板真空层压机上使用如下层压方案层压在两个玻璃之间:
温度:145℃;真空时间:300秒;压力斜升:30秒;和压制时间:400秒。
然后将所述两个样品放置到UV老化室中,并经受加速老化试验,其特别是用ISO 4892第二部分,方法A,循环2公开的、名为“暴露于实验室光源-氙弧灯的塑料方法(Plastics Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources–XenonArc Lamps)”的测试循环。
暴露50小时之后,所述样品显示变色。进行UV/VIS光谱测定,显示所述样品不再显示染料典型的吸收。
实施例1
制备具有如下组成的3-层共挤出箔:
层1:EVA+1%的甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷和1重量%的叔丁基过氧化2-乙基己基,厚度为200微米,并且还包含市售光稳定包以保护所述EVA聚合物不降解,所述光稳定包包含HALS和抗氧化剂的组合。
层2:PMMA+0.05%的染料,厚度为50微米。
层3:EVA+1%的甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷和1重量%的叔丁基过氧化2-乙基己基,厚度为200微米,其还包含层1的所述光稳定包。
所得到的样品在500小时UV老化后显示出染料的高稳定性,同时还显示了典型的封装特性,比如粘合性,交联,流动和封装行为,这些是由所述样品外层上的EVA封装层提供的。
比较例2
将含银(Ag)纳米簇的沸石以6%的浓度水平混合到EVA基质中。制备两个样品。一个样品储存在通过干燥剂控制的干燥环境中,而第二样品储存在环境条件下。
2天之后,环境储存的样品显示了轻微的变色,然而储存在湿度受控的环境中的第一样品没有显示这种效果。20天之后,环境储存的样品显示了严重变色为褐色,并且丧失透明度,在250-800纳米波长范围内,剩余的透明度低于10%。在受控的湿度下的样品仅显示小的变色。
比较例3
制备了如比较例2中的另外的单层聚合物片材,并且使用在实施例1中论述的相同层压循环层压在两个玻璃层之间。所述玻璃/玻璃样品在85℃和85%的相对温度下放置在湿热老化室中。在仅50个小时的湿热测试后,在玻璃板的边缘可见变色。
比较例4
重复比较例3,然而使用玻璃/封装剂/聚合物的背板结构。如此得到的元件也放置在老化室中。该样品迅速变为完全的深褐色,表明与比较例4的玻璃背板相比,聚合物背板作为阻湿层的较低性能。
实施例3
为了保持典型的EVA封装特性,制备多层薄膜,其包含两个200微米厚的EVA层作为外层和由具有更好的阻湿特性的聚合物组成的薄中间层。所选择的聚合物是低密度聚乙烯。选择所述聚乙烯的熔融指数使得在110℃的挤出温度下,所述熔体流动与在相同温度下的EVA聚合物的熔体流动相似。将Ag/沸石粉末混合在所述聚乙烯层中。所得到的薄膜显示了标准EVA单层的特有封装特性,但是也提供了对中间层中的Ag/沸石的保护,因为其包埋在具有更好的阻湿特性的聚合物中。
制备了玻璃/封装剂多层/PEF背板元件,在湿热试验中500小时之后,该元件没有显示显著的变色。
实施例4
制备了玻璃/多层/玻璃元件,还采用了边缘密封。在湿热试验中500小时之后,该元件没有显示变色。此结构使最大部分的水分保持在模块的外部,并且预期到所述多层聚合物片材充当第二保护线,并保护免于湿气侵入,尤其经由接线盒的水分侵入。
Claims (45)
1.聚合物片材,其包含多个共挤出聚合物层,其中,这些层中的至少一个包含下转换发光化合物,所述下转换发光化合物用于至少部分吸收具有一定波长的辐射和重新发射比所吸收辐射的波长更长波长的辐射。
2.根据权利要求1的聚合物片材,其中,所述聚合物片材中的两个或更多个层包含下转换发光化合物。
3.根据权利要求2的聚合物片材,其中,下转换发光化合物存在于第一聚合物层并且比存在于下一层中的下转换发光化合物能吸收更多较低波长的辐射。
4.根据权利要求3的聚合物片材,其中,所述第一聚合物层包含下转换发光化合物,所述下转换发光化合物用于至少部分地吸收UV和重新发射具有更高波长的辐射。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项的聚合物片材,其包含至少两个共挤出聚合物层,并且其中,在第一层中存在的一种或多种不同的下转换发光化合物将在比下一层中存在的一种或多种不同的下转换发光化合物,将吸收较低波长的辐射。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项的聚合物片材,其中,选择两种或更多不同的下转换发光化合物以形成级联,并且其中,所述级联被定义为所述级联中的一种化合物重新发射的波长范围的辐射被下一种化合物吸收,并且至少一种下转换发光化合物用于至少部分吸收具有一定波长的辐射和重新发射比吸收辐射的波长更长波长的辐射。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项的聚合物片材,其中,第一聚合物层包含吸收280-400纳米辐射和重新发射400-550纳米辐射的下转换发光化合物,另一聚合物层包含吸收360-470纳米辐射和重新发射410-670纳米辐射的下转换发光化合物,再一聚合物层包含吸收360-570纳米辐射和重新发射410-750纳米辐射的下转换发光化合物。
8.根据权利要求1-7任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述聚合物层中的至少一个包含乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、乙烯-乙烯醇(EVOH)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、丙烯酸烷基酯共聚物、聚氨酯、官能化的聚烯烃、离聚物、热塑性聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、或其混合物。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项的聚合物片材,其中,选择包含所述下转换发光化合物的所述层的聚合物组成,使得在根据ISO 4892第二部分方法A循环2的加速老化条件下,所述下转换发光化合物的光吸收和发射活性至少100小时不受影响。
10.根据前述权利要求任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述聚合物层中的至少一个具有高阻水分和/或气特性。
11.根据权利要求8的聚合物片材,其中,所述聚合物层中的至少一个包含乙烯醋酸乙烯酯聚合物,优选地,其中,乙烯醋酸乙烯酯的醋酸酯含量为12重量%至最多45重量%。
12.根据权利要求11的聚合物片材,其中,所述下转换发光化合物存在于乙烯醋酸乙烯酯聚合物的多个共挤出层中,所述乙烯醋酸乙烯酯聚合物的醋酸酯含量为12重量%至最多45重量%。
13.根据权利要求1-9任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述外聚合物层中的至少一个包含硅烷偶联剂。
14.根据权利要求1-13任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述片材包含两个外聚合物层和至少一个内聚合物层,并且其中,一个外聚合物层或两个外聚合物层的熔点T1比至少一个内聚合物层的熔点T2低至少10℃。
15.根据权利要求14的聚合物片材,其中,熔点T1比熔点T2低10-100℃。
16.根据权利要求14或15任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述聚合物片材通过共挤出不同的聚合物材料获得,所述聚合物材料在所选择的各子层的挤出温度进行挤出,使得在所采用的各子层的挤出温度下各子层的聚合物熔体流动指数最大的差别低于3MFI点。
17.根据权利要求14-16任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述内聚合物层包含任选氢化的聚苯乙烯与丁二烯、异戊二烯的嵌段共聚物和/或与丁烯/乙烯的共聚物(SIS、SBS和/或SEBS);乙烯-乙烯醇(EVOH)共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸酯-聚丙烯酸酯嵌段共聚物、聚烯烃、聚烯烃共聚物或聚烯烃三元共聚物、或具有可共聚的官能化的单体例如甲基丙烯酸(离聚物)的烯烃共聚物或烯烃三元共聚物。
18.根据权利要求14-17任一项的聚合物片材,其中,所述外聚合物层中的至少一个包含乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物,优选地,其中,所述乙烯醋酸乙烯酯的醋酸酯含量大于18重量%。
19.制备根据权利要求1-18任一项的聚合物片材的方法,包含以下步骤:(i)提供一种或多种用于各个聚合物层的母料聚合物材料,以及(ii)将所述母料聚合物材料共挤出成形成所述聚合物片材的层。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,还包括由聚合物材料和添加剂制备一种或多种母料,并将所述母料成型为用于共挤出的颗粒。
21.包含聚合物材料和添加剂的一种或多种母料的用途,用于制备权利要求1-18任一项的聚合物片材。
22.包含两个玻璃层的元件,其中,透明聚合物层存在于所述两个玻璃层之间,并且其中所述聚合物层包含根据权利要求1-18任一项的聚合物片材。
23.根据权利要求22的元件,其中,所述玻璃层的玻璃为硼硅玻璃或钠钙玻璃。
24.根据权利要求22或23任一项的元件,其中,所述玻璃元件的总厚度小于5毫米。
25.根据权利要求22-24任一项的元件,其中,所述玻璃层中的至少一个的厚度在0.1-2毫米之间。
26.根据权利要求25元件,其中,所述玻璃层中的一个的厚度在0.1-4毫米之间,另一个玻璃层的厚度在0.1-2毫米之间。
27.根据权利要求22-26任一项的元件,其中,至少一个玻璃层具有以下表面,所述表面不面对覆有防反射涂层的聚合物层。
28.根据权利要求22-27任一项的元件,其中,至少一个玻璃层具有不面对聚合物层的浮凸面。
29.根据权利要求22-28任一项所述的元件的用途,用于在植物生长过程中改变太阳光特性。
30.根据权利要求22-29任一项所述的元件的用途,用于在发电过程中改变太阳光特性。
31.包含根据权利要求22-28任一项的元件的建筑物。
32.光伏模块,其包含含光伏电池的层和覆盖层,所述覆盖层包含根据权利要求22-28任一项所述的元件。
33.根据权利要求32的光伏模块,其中,所述光伏电池为薄膜碲化镉光伏电池。
34.CdTe光伏太阳能电池,其包含根据权利要求22-28任一项所述的玻璃元件,(a)透明电极层,(b)n-型半导体层,(c)碲化镉吸收剂层和(d)静合触点。
35.根据权利要求1-18任一项所述的聚合物片材的用途,用于通过下转换太阳光来增强光伏电池的性能。
36.太阳能电池板,其包含根据权利要求1-18任一项的聚合物片材和光伏电池。
37.根据权利要求36的太阳能电池板,其中,在与光伏电池间隔最远的包含下转换发光化合物的聚合物层中,包含用于至少部分吸收UV辐射并且重新发射更高波长辐射的下转换发光化合物。
38.根据权利要求36或37任一项的太阳能电池板,其中,所述电池板的层顺序为玻璃层、聚合物片材、光伏电池、封装层和背板。
39.根据权利要求38的太阳能电池板,其中,所述背板是玻璃层。
40.根据权利要求39的太阳能电池板,其中,面对入射辐射的所述玻璃层的厚度在1.5-4毫米之间,并且其中,用作背板的所述玻璃层的厚度在1.5-4毫米之间,并且其中,所述太阳能电池板的总厚度小于9毫米。
41.根据权利要求36-40任一项的太阳能电池板,其中,面对入射辐射的所述玻璃层提供有抗反射涂层。
42.制造太阳能电池板的方法,其通过使包含以下层的堆叠在升高的层压温度下经受热层压:
玻璃层(a),
根据权利要求1-18任一项的聚合物片材(b),
包含光伏电池的层(c),
聚合物封装剂层(d);以及
玻璃层(e)。
43.根据权利要求42的方法,其中,所述聚合物片材由3个或更多个共挤出热塑性聚合物子层组成,所述子层包含两个外子层和至少一个内子层,并且其中,在所述层压温度下,所述内子层的MFI与同一层中的一个或两个外子层的MFI的差别在0.5-10点的范围内。
44.根据权利要求42或43任一项的方法,
其中,所述聚合物片材(b)由3个或更多个共挤出热塑性聚合物子层组成,所述子层包含两个外子层和至少一个内子层,
其中,所述聚合物片材(b)通过共挤出不同的聚合物材料获得,所述聚合物材料在所选择的各子层的挤出温度进行挤出,使得在所采用的各子层的挤出温度下各子层的聚合物熔体流动指数最大的差别低于5MFI点,
其中,所述层压温度TL高于内子层的挤出温度TC;以及
其中,所述温度TC高于外子层的挤出温度TA和/或另一个外子层的挤出温度TB。
45.根据权利要求42-44任一项的方法,其中,所述层压温度在115-175℃之间,并且其中,所述堆叠的环境的压力小于30毫巴(mBr)。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201810350990.XA CN108608703B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 聚合物片材 |
Applications Claiming Priority (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL2008841A NL2008841C2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2012-05-16 | Multilayer backsheet for photovoltaic modules. |
NL2008838 | 2012-05-16 | ||
NL2008840A NL2008840C2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2012-05-16 | Multilayer encapsulant film for photovoltaic modules. |
NL2008840 | 2012-05-16 | ||
NL2008838A NL2008838C2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2012-05-16 | Polymer sheet. |
NL2008839A NL2008839C2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2012-05-16 | Glass element. |
NL2008841 | 2012-05-16 | ||
NL2008837 | 2012-05-16 | ||
NL2008837A NL2008837C2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2012-05-16 | Solar panel. |
NL2008839 | 2012-05-16 | ||
PCT/EP2013/060076 WO2013171275A2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | Polymer sheet |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201810350990.XA Division CN108608703B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 聚合物片材 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN104540677A true CN104540677A (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
CN104540677B CN104540677B (zh) | 2018-05-22 |
Family
ID=48483053
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201380038237.2A Active CN104619490B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 用于光伏组件的多层封装膜 |
CN201810350990.XA Active CN108608703B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 聚合物片材 |
CN201380038224.5A Active CN104540677B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 聚合物片材 |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201380038237.2A Active CN104619490B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 用于光伏组件的多层封装膜 |
CN201810350990.XA Active CN108608703B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-15 | 聚合物片材 |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US20150144191A1 (zh) |
EP (2) | EP2849943A2 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP2015522945A (zh) |
KR (2) | KR20150020207A (zh) |
CN (3) | CN104619490B (zh) |
BE (2) | BE1021307B1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2733319T3 (zh) |
IN (2) | IN2014DN10539A (zh) |
TR (1) | TR201909846T4 (zh) |
WO (2) | WO2013171275A2 (zh) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104409538A (zh) * | 2014-12-17 | 2015-03-11 | 苏州费米光电有限公司 | 一种便捷式太阳能板 |
CN110367010A (zh) * | 2019-07-24 | 2019-10-25 | 肥东县云武研发有限公司 | 有助植物生长的农用聚乙烯保温薄膜及其制备方法 |
CN113661065A (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2021-11-16 | 住友电木株式会社 | 树脂组合物、成型体、光学性层、罩部件及移动体 |
Families Citing this family (51)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP6625317B2 (ja) * | 2013-06-06 | 2019-12-25 | 住友化学株式会社 | 太陽電池用封止シート |
EP3058598A4 (en) | 2013-10-17 | 2017-03-29 | Nanophotonica, Inc. | Quantum dot for emitting light and method for synthesizing same |
EP3065182A4 (en) * | 2013-10-30 | 2017-05-31 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Wavelength-conversion encapsulant composition, wavelength-converted encapsulant layer, and solar cell module using same |
CN104701398B (zh) * | 2013-12-04 | 2018-03-23 | 常州亚玛顿股份有限公司 | 高效率双玻太阳能电池模块 |
KR20160113112A (ko) * | 2013-12-12 | 2016-09-28 | 나노포토니카, 인크. | 퀀텀닷 발광다이오드의 긍정적 효율의 에이징과 안정화를 촉진시키는 방법 및 구조 |
KR101402355B1 (ko) * | 2014-01-16 | 2014-06-02 | (주)휴넷플러스 | 유기 전자 소자 및 이의 제조방법 |
JP6413411B2 (ja) * | 2014-07-11 | 2018-10-31 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール用の封止材シートの製造方法 |
JP6446868B2 (ja) * | 2014-07-11 | 2019-01-09 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール用の封止材シート及びその製造方法 |
JP2016036023A (ja) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-03-17 | 住友化学株式会社 | 太陽電池用封止シート |
KR102307348B1 (ko) * | 2014-08-06 | 2021-09-30 | 엔에스 마테리얼스 아이엔씨. | 수지 성형품 및 그 제조방법, 그리고 파장 변환 부재, 조명 부재 |
JP6018608B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-08 | 2016-11-02 | 日東電工株式会社 | 封止シート、その製造方法、光半導体装置および封止光半導体素子 |
JP6686291B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-31 | 2020-04-22 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール用封止材シート及びそれを用いてなる封止材一体型裏面保護シート |
WO2016161340A1 (en) * | 2015-04-01 | 2016-10-06 | Ayon Arturo A | Compositions for uv sequestration and methods of use |
US20190067503A1 (en) * | 2015-11-04 | 2019-02-28 | Borealis Ag | A photovoltaic module |
EP3196012A1 (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2017-07-26 | AGC Glass Europe | Organic photovoltaic assembly and process of manufacture |
JP2017212403A (ja) * | 2016-05-27 | 2017-11-30 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール及びその製造方法 |
US10396226B2 (en) * | 2016-08-29 | 2019-08-27 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Masterbatch for solar battery sealing sheet and process for producing solar battery sealing sheet |
CN107845696A (zh) * | 2016-09-19 | 2018-03-27 | 阿特斯(中国)投资有限公司 | 一种双波组件及其制备方法 |
JP6874317B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-30 | 2021-05-19 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール用の封止材シート、及びそれを用いた太陽電池モジュール |
CN108075006A (zh) * | 2016-11-15 | 2018-05-25 | 上海海优威新材料股份有限公司 | 多层结构的太阳能电池背板 |
CN107841029B (zh) * | 2017-01-17 | 2020-08-21 | 湖北航天化学技术研究所 | 一种太阳能电池背板用高耐候性pe膜 |
WO2018172523A1 (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-09-27 | Basf Se | Poly(ethylene furan-2,5-dicarboxylate) as matrix material for color converters |
KR102396057B1 (ko) * | 2017-05-31 | 2022-05-10 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 | 봉지재 필름용 트라이알릴 포스페이트를 함유하는 비극성 에틸렌계 조성물 |
CN107452814B (zh) * | 2017-06-26 | 2021-01-19 | 南通华隆微电子股份有限公司 | 一种半导体光电二极管封装结构 |
CN107492579B (zh) * | 2017-06-26 | 2021-01-19 | 南通华隆微电子股份有限公司 | 一种半导体二极管器件的封装结构 |
WO2019051178A1 (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2019-03-14 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CONVERTER |
FR3077679A1 (fr) * | 2018-02-07 | 2019-08-09 | Electricite De France | Cellule photovoltaique avec proteines luminescentes |
KR101999591B1 (ko) * | 2018-04-17 | 2019-07-12 | 한화큐셀앤드첨단소재 주식회사 | 전극 일체형 태양전지 보호시트, 이의 제조방법, 이를 포함하는 태양전지 모듈 및 태양전지 모듈의 제조 방법 |
IT201800004707A1 (it) * | 2018-04-19 | 2019-10-19 | Concentratori solari luminescenti di colore neutro | |
JP6660037B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-29 | 2020-03-04 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール |
CN108987513B (zh) * | 2018-07-23 | 2022-03-15 | 常州百佳年代薄膜科技股份有限公司 | 紫外线截止型三层共挤复合膜及其应用 |
KR102621803B1 (ko) * | 2018-09-21 | 2024-01-08 | 신동수 | 고비중, 항균 및 자외선 차단 성능을 갖는 pet 다기능성 마스터 배치 및, 그의 제조방법, 그를 이용한 폴리에스테르 섬유 |
JP6822457B2 (ja) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-01-27 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール用の封止材組成物、及び、太陽電池モジュール用の封止材シートの製造方法 |
CN111435688B (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2021-11-23 | 苏州阿特斯阳光电力科技有限公司 | 一种光伏背板及包含所述光伏背板的光伏组件 |
US20220332928A1 (en) * | 2019-09-13 | 2022-10-20 | Borealis Ag | Semiconductive polymer composition |
EP4050665A4 (en) * | 2019-10-21 | 2023-11-15 | Toyo Aluminium Kabushiki Kaisha | SOLAR BATTERY MODULE |
CN110682647A (zh) * | 2019-10-21 | 2020-01-14 | 常州斯威克光伏新材料有限公司 | 一种光电转换效率高的光伏组件用封装胶膜 |
US11695089B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2023-07-04 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Solar cell modules |
CN113416495A (zh) * | 2020-03-02 | 2021-09-21 | 上海海优威新材料股份有限公司 | 光伏组件封装用白色热熔胶胶膜 |
CN111303782A (zh) * | 2020-04-14 | 2020-06-19 | 杭州福斯特应用材料股份有限公司 | 一种光伏组件用封装胶膜及其制备方法 |
CN113314634A (zh) * | 2020-07-23 | 2021-08-27 | 中天光伏材料有限公司 | 一种具有下转换功能的太阳能电池背板及其制备方法 |
US20220032578A1 (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-02-03 | Asterios Saios | Multilayer plastic film for agricultural use |
NL2026856B1 (en) | 2020-11-09 | 2022-06-27 | Exa Ip Bv | Photovoltaic Devices |
CN114649434B (zh) * | 2020-12-21 | 2024-09-20 | 杭州福斯特应用材料股份有限公司 | 图案化胶膜和光伏组件 |
JP2022099203A (ja) * | 2020-12-22 | 2022-07-04 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 太陽電池モジュール |
NL2027258B1 (en) | 2020-12-31 | 2022-07-21 | Exa Ip Bv | Integrated photovoltaic roof element |
JPWO2023281922A1 (zh) * | 2021-07-05 | 2023-01-12 | ||
US11945196B2 (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2024-04-02 | Peak Nano Films, LLC | Films and sheets having microlayers and nanolayers including recycled content |
NL2031542B1 (en) | 2022-04-08 | 2023-11-03 | Exasun B V | Building-integrated thermal photovoltaic building cladding system |
CN115274897B (zh) * | 2022-07-18 | 2023-06-06 | 江苏中来新材科技有限公司 | 一种高反射的光转换光伏背板和双面光伏组件 |
CN115519869A (zh) * | 2022-09-01 | 2022-12-27 | 北京金茂绿建科技有限公司 | 一种光伏背板、光伏组件以及光伏背板的制备方法 |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1965413A (zh) * | 2004-06-04 | 2007-05-16 | 圣戈本操作塑料有限公司 | 光生伏打器件及其制造方法 |
CN101263608A (zh) * | 2005-09-12 | 2008-09-10 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 基于荧光三萘嵌二苯染料的荧光太阳能转化电池 |
WO2008110567A1 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Basf Se | Photovoltaic modules with improved quantum efficiency |
TW201107381A (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2011-03-01 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Fluorescence conversion solar cell-production in an injection moulding process |
CN102047498A (zh) * | 2009-07-28 | 2011-05-04 | 株式会社藤仓 | 电子设备的密封用层叠片和使用其的电子设备的制造方法 |
DE102010028180A1 (de) * | 2010-04-26 | 2011-10-27 | Evonik Röhm Gmbh | Fluoreszenzkonversionssolarzelle - Herstellung im Extrusionslaminationsverfahren oder im Kleberlaminationsverfahren |
CN102272221A (zh) * | 2008-11-24 | 2011-12-07 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | 包括乙烯共聚物共混物包封片材的太阳能电池模块 |
Family Cites Families (50)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3133390A1 (de) | 1981-08-24 | 1983-03-10 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Verfahren zur flaechenmaessigen konzentrierung von licht und neue fluoreszierende verbindungen |
US7384680B2 (en) | 1997-07-21 | 2008-06-10 | Nanogram Corporation | Nanoparticle-based power coatings and corresponding structures |
JPH1187744A (ja) * | 1997-09-11 | 1999-03-30 | Canon Inc | 太陽電池モジュールの製造方法 |
US20060166023A1 (en) * | 2002-09-06 | 2006-07-27 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Backside protective sheet for solar battery module and solar battery module using the same |
EP1479734B1 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2009-02-11 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | Nano-structured surface coating process, nano-structured coatings and articles comprising the coating |
US7613606B2 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2009-11-03 | Nokia Corporation | Speech codecs |
FR2870007B1 (fr) | 2004-05-10 | 2006-07-14 | Saint Gobain | Feuille transparente texturee a motifs pyramidaux inclines |
US20070295390A1 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2007-12-27 | Nanosolar, Inc. | Individually encapsulated solar cells and solar cell strings having a substantially inorganic protective layer |
US7727418B2 (en) | 2006-06-19 | 2010-06-01 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Infrared transmissive thermoplastic composition, and articles formed therefrom |
US8772624B2 (en) * | 2006-07-28 | 2014-07-08 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Solar cell encapsulant layers with enhanced stability and adhesion |
AU2007297789A1 (en) * | 2006-09-20 | 2008-03-27 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Transparent compositions and laminates |
DE102006048216A1 (de) * | 2006-10-11 | 2008-04-17 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Laminate mit thermoplastischen Polysiloxan-Harnstoff-Copolymeren |
ATE468968T1 (de) * | 2006-10-16 | 2010-06-15 | Valspar Sourcing Inc | Mehrschichtige thermoplastische folie |
US8222335B2 (en) * | 2006-10-18 | 2012-07-17 | Sanvic Inc. | Fluorescent resin composition and solar battery module using the same |
AU2007326550B2 (en) * | 2006-11-27 | 2013-07-04 | Uni-Charm Corporation | Absorptive article |
US7767253B2 (en) | 2007-03-09 | 2010-08-03 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Method of making a photovoltaic device with antireflective coating |
US8080726B2 (en) * | 2007-04-30 | 2011-12-20 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Solar cell modules comprising compositionally distinct encapsulant layers |
US20110014676A1 (en) * | 2007-06-29 | 2011-01-20 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Protein stabilization |
US20100194265A1 (en) | 2007-07-09 | 2010-08-05 | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | Light-emitting materials for electroluminescent devices |
US20100294339A1 (en) * | 2007-07-17 | 2010-11-25 | Miasole | photovoltaic device with a luminescent down-shifting material |
JP5483395B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-02 | 2014-05-07 | 旭化成イーマテリアルズ株式会社 | 封止用樹脂シート及びこれを用いた太陽電池 |
US20100092759A1 (en) * | 2008-10-13 | 2010-04-15 | Hua Fan | Fluoropolymer/particulate filled protective sheet |
ES2628754T3 (es) * | 2008-11-06 | 2017-08-03 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Lámina trasera basada en poliolefina multicapa coextruida para módulos de dispositivos electrónicos |
US20110247683A1 (en) * | 2009-01-28 | 2011-10-13 | Techno Polymer Co., Ltd. | Back sheet for solar battery, and solar battery module comprising same |
WO2010100285A1 (en) | 2009-03-06 | 2010-09-10 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Slot die coating process |
CN102414261A (zh) * | 2009-04-23 | 2012-04-11 | 帝人杜邦薄膜日本有限公司 | 太阳能电池用双轴拉伸聚酯膜 |
WO2010132138A1 (en) | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-18 | First Solar, Inc. | Photovolaic device |
US20100304111A1 (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2010-12-02 | Anthony Curtis Vulpitta | Sound reducing and fire resistant surface apparatus and method of making the same |
JP2011014725A (ja) * | 2009-07-02 | 2011-01-20 | Hitachi Chem Co Ltd | 波長変換型太陽電池封止材、これを用いた太陽電池モジュール及びこれらの製造方法 |
AT508399A1 (de) * | 2009-07-06 | 2011-01-15 | 3S Swiss Solar Systems Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung eines aus schichten aufgebauten solarpaneels |
US20110027200A1 (en) * | 2009-07-30 | 2011-02-03 | Bernstein Eric F | Methods to stabilize and prevent breakdown of sunscreen and other topical and oral preparations and compositions produced thereby |
JP2011054814A (ja) * | 2009-09-03 | 2011-03-17 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | 太陽電池用集光部材および太陽電池 |
JP2011077088A (ja) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-14 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 太陽電池モジュール用封止材シート及び太陽電池モジュール |
JP2011073337A (ja) * | 2009-09-30 | 2011-04-14 | Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corp | 樹脂封止シート |
CN102687278A (zh) * | 2009-12-23 | 2012-09-19 | 马迪可公司 | 用于光伏应用的高性能背板及其制备方法 |
JP5752362B2 (ja) * | 2010-04-09 | 2015-07-22 | 日立化成株式会社 | 太陽電池用波長変換性樹脂組成物および太陽電池モジュール |
WO2011133361A1 (en) | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-27 | EncoreSolar, Inc. | Method of fabricating solar cells with electrodeposited compound interface layers |
CN102859718A (zh) * | 2010-04-26 | 2013-01-02 | 生物太阳能公司 | 光伏模块背板、用于模块背板的材料,和其制造方法 |
US20110272004A1 (en) * | 2010-05-06 | 2011-11-10 | Davis Robert F | Solar panels with opaque EVA film backseets |
JP5276049B2 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2013-08-28 | テクノポリマー株式会社 | 太陽電池用裏面保護フィルム及びその製造方法並びに太陽電池モジュール |
WO2011149028A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-28 | 2011-12-01 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 波長変換フィルム |
US8211264B2 (en) * | 2010-06-07 | 2012-07-03 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method for preparing transparent multilayer film structures having a perfluorinated copolymer resin layer |
US20110308593A1 (en) | 2010-06-18 | 2011-12-22 | Primestar Solar | Modified cadmium telluride layer, a method of modifying a cadmium telluride layer, and a thin film device having a cadmium telluride layer |
JP5542547B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-29 | 2014-07-09 | 日本ポリエチレン株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール、太陽電池封止材用組成物及びそれからなる太陽電池封止材 |
US8778724B2 (en) | 2010-09-24 | 2014-07-15 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High volume method of making low-cost, lightweight solar materials |
KR101529905B1 (ko) * | 2010-10-11 | 2015-06-18 | 노보폴리머스 앤.브이. | 광기전성 고분자 밀봉 필름의 어닐링 방법 및 광기전 모듈의 제조 방법 |
WO2012057079A1 (ja) | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | 株式会社クラレ | メタクリル樹脂組成物及び樹脂改質剤並びに成形体 |
CN102157591B (zh) * | 2011-01-11 | 2012-09-19 | 山东东岳高分子材料有限公司 | 一种太阳能电池背板及其制备方法 |
CN103477446A (zh) * | 2011-03-31 | 2013-12-25 | 陶氏环球技术有限公司 | 包含下转换材料的透光热塑性树脂及其在光伏模块中的用途 |
CN102275363A (zh) * | 2011-05-26 | 2011-12-14 | 宁波华丰包装有限公司 | 低收缩率太阳能电池封装用eva/pc复合胶膜 |
-
2013
- 2013-05-15 CN CN201380038237.2A patent/CN104619490B/zh active Active
- 2013-05-15 IN IN10539DEN2014 patent/IN2014DN10539A/en unknown
- 2013-05-15 EP EP13725306.8A patent/EP2849943A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-05-15 CN CN201810350990.XA patent/CN108608703B/zh active Active
- 2013-05-15 IN IN10540DEN2014 patent/IN2014DN10540A/en unknown
- 2013-05-15 KR KR1020147035163A patent/KR20150020207A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2013-05-15 KR KR1020147035171A patent/KR20150013796A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2013-05-15 JP JP2015512048A patent/JP2015522945A/ja active Pending
- 2013-05-15 CN CN201380038224.5A patent/CN104540677B/zh active Active
- 2013-05-15 US US14/400,900 patent/US20150144191A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-05-15 EP EP13724559.3A patent/EP2850664B1/en active Active
- 2013-05-15 WO PCT/EP2013/060076 patent/WO2013171275A2/en active Application Filing
- 2013-05-15 WO PCT/EP2013/060073 patent/WO2013171272A2/en active Application Filing
- 2013-05-15 JP JP2015512049A patent/JP6417320B2/ja active Active
- 2013-05-15 US US14/400,738 patent/US20150129018A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-05-15 ES ES13724559T patent/ES2733319T3/es active Active
- 2013-05-15 TR TR2019/09846T patent/TR201909846T4/tr unknown
- 2013-05-16 BE BE2013/0347A patent/BE1021307B1/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2013-05-16 BE BE2013/0348A patent/BE1021330B1/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2018
- 2018-07-12 US US16/033,359 patent/US20180323323A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1965413A (zh) * | 2004-06-04 | 2007-05-16 | 圣戈本操作塑料有限公司 | 光生伏打器件及其制造方法 |
CN101263608A (zh) * | 2005-09-12 | 2008-09-10 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 基于荧光三萘嵌二苯染料的荧光太阳能转化电池 |
WO2008110567A1 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Basf Se | Photovoltaic modules with improved quantum efficiency |
CN102272221A (zh) * | 2008-11-24 | 2011-12-07 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | 包括乙烯共聚物共混物包封片材的太阳能电池模块 |
TW201107381A (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2011-03-01 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Fluorescence conversion solar cell-production in an injection moulding process |
CN102047498A (zh) * | 2009-07-28 | 2011-05-04 | 株式会社藤仓 | 电子设备的密封用层叠片和使用其的电子设备的制造方法 |
DE102010028180A1 (de) * | 2010-04-26 | 2011-10-27 | Evonik Röhm Gmbh | Fluoreszenzkonversionssolarzelle - Herstellung im Extrusionslaminationsverfahren oder im Kleberlaminationsverfahren |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104409538A (zh) * | 2014-12-17 | 2015-03-11 | 苏州费米光电有限公司 | 一种便捷式太阳能板 |
CN113661065A (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2021-11-16 | 住友电木株式会社 | 树脂组合物、成型体、光学性层、罩部件及移动体 |
CN113661065B (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-05-10 | 住友电木株式会社 | 树脂组合物、成型体、光学性层、罩部件及移动体 |
CN110367010A (zh) * | 2019-07-24 | 2019-10-25 | 肥东县云武研发有限公司 | 有助植物生长的农用聚乙烯保温薄膜及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2013171275A3 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
KR20150013796A (ko) | 2015-02-05 |
WO2013171275A2 (en) | 2013-11-21 |
EP2850664B1 (en) | 2019-06-19 |
JP2015522945A (ja) | 2015-08-06 |
US20150144191A1 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
CN104619490A (zh) | 2015-05-13 |
JP2015523920A (ja) | 2015-08-20 |
CN108608703A (zh) | 2018-10-02 |
CN104619490B (zh) | 2018-10-09 |
US20180323323A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 |
EP2849943A2 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
KR20150020207A (ko) | 2015-02-25 |
BE1021330B1 (nl) | 2015-10-30 |
IN2014DN10540A (zh) | 2015-08-21 |
TR201909846T4 (tr) | 2019-07-22 |
US20150129018A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
WO2013171272A2 (en) | 2013-11-21 |
BE1021307B1 (nl) | 2015-10-27 |
EP2850664A2 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
CN104540677B (zh) | 2018-05-22 |
WO2013171272A3 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
CN108608703B (zh) | 2021-03-16 |
ES2733319T3 (es) | 2019-11-28 |
IN2014DN10539A (zh) | 2015-08-21 |
JP6417320B2 (ja) | 2018-11-07 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN104540677A (zh) | 聚合物片材 | |
US6114046A (en) | Encapsulant material for solar cell module and laminated glass applications | |
US6187448B1 (en) | Encapsulant material for solar cell module and laminated glass applications | |
US6353042B1 (en) | UV-light stabilization additive package for solar cell module and laminated glass applications | |
CA2666666C (en) | Fluorescent resin composition and solar battery module using the same | |
KR101319931B1 (ko) | 다층 재료, 태양 전지용 봉지재, 안전(접합) 유리용 중간막, 태양 전지 모듈 및 안전(접합) 유리 | |
JP2018082206A (ja) | ダウンコンバージョン材料を含む光透過性熱可塑性樹脂および光起電モジュールにおけるそれらの使用 | |
TW201109350A (en) | Cross-linkable encapsulants for photovoltaic cells | |
JP2009302220A (ja) | 太陽電池用封止膜および太陽電池モジュール | |
NL2008837C2 (en) | Solar panel. | |
NL2008840C2 (en) | Multilayer encapsulant film for photovoltaic modules. | |
NL2008838C2 (en) | Polymer sheet. | |
NL2008839C2 (en) | Glass element. | |
US20120167955A1 (en) | Solar panels with clear encapsulant layer | |
Hanoka | Encapsulant material for solar cell module and laminated glass applications | |
NL2008841C2 (en) | Multilayer backsheet for photovoltaic modules. | |
JP2016021430A (ja) | 太陽電池モジュール用の封止材シート及びその製造方法 | |
KR20100079901A (ko) | 에틸렌-비닐아세테이트 필름 및 이를 포함하는 태양전지 모듈 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
TA01 | Transfer of patent application right |
Effective date of registration: 20171103 Address after: Austria Vienna Applicant after: Borealis AG Address before: Belgium Pearce Applicant before: NOVOPOLYMERS NV |
|
TA01 | Transfer of patent application right | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant |