CN104507464A - 基于基因型或表型的药物制剂 - Google Patents
基于基因型或表型的药物制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104507464A CN104507464A CN201380040850.8A CN201380040850A CN104507464A CN 104507464 A CN104507464 A CN 104507464A CN 201380040850 A CN201380040850 A CN 201380040850A CN 104507464 A CN104507464 A CN 104507464A
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- tamoxifen
- hydroxy
- cyp2d6
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Abstract
本发明涉及2种或更多种药学活性物质的组合,其中至少一种是其它物质(“母体物质”)的代谢产物(“代谢物”),其中具体地,选择其剂量,从而补偿在特定个体中所述母体物质向所述代谢物的转化的基因型上或表型上有关的变异性。
Description
本发明涉及2种或更多种药学活性物质的组合,其中至少一种是其它物质(“母体物质”)的代谢产物(“代谢物”),尤其是如此选择其剂量,从而补偿在特定个体中所述母体物质转化成一种或多种代谢物的基因型或表型(基因型的定义http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp,表型的定义: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A4notyp)引起的变异性。
本发明还涉及2种或更多种药学活性物质的组合,其中至少一种是其它物质的代谢产物,并选择其剂量,从而补偿在特定个体中所述母体物质和一种或多种代谢物的药代动力学或药效动力学过程所涉及的转运蛋白、受体或其它蛋白的基因型上或表型上有关的变异性。
借助于乳腺癌药物他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)和它的活性代谢物4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(endoxifen)的组合解释本发明的原理。
在药物疗法中,存在众多药物实例,它们的药理作用由施用的母体物质与在患者体内形成的代谢物的相互作用产生。这样的所谓的活性代谢物通常经由酶催化的过程而形成,所述过程可以发生在例如肝、肾、肠或身体的任意其它器官中。这些酶促过程的活性可以在不同个体中强烈不同地表现出来。个体不同表现出来的酶活性的原因是多种多样的性质。一方面,在表达的酶变体的量上存在个体波动,这例如可由酶抑制剂或-诱导物或者由遗传原因引起。另一方面,在表达的酶变体的活性上存在个体波动,这例如可以由于酶抑制剂或-诱导物或者由于遗传原因而发生。许多活性药物成分是已知的细胞色素P450酶抑制剂,例如:
2-(4-氯苯氧基)乙醇、阿卡波糖、醋丁洛尔、醋硝香豆素、乙酰唑胺、阿德福韦、腺苷甲硫氨酸、阿义马林、阿苯达唑、阿利维A酸、别嘌醇、阿洛司琼、氨溴索、苯丙胺、阿米洛利、氨鲁米特、氨基比林、胺碘酮、阿米替林、氨氯地平、阿莫地喹、氨普那韦、阿那曲唑、Androstandolon、阿瑞匹坦、阿立哌唑、三氧化二砷、青蒿素、青蒿琥酯、阿司咪唑、阿扎那韦、阿托西汀、阿托伐他汀、阿托伐醌、阿托品、阿扎丙宗、氮卓斯汀、阿奇霉素、巴尼地平、贝那普利、贝尼地平、苯溴马隆、苄索氯铵、苯佐卡因、佛手柑内酯、倍他米松、倍他洛尔、苯扎贝特、比卡鲁胺、联苯苄唑、比哌立登、硼替佐米、溴西泮、溴隐亭、溴苯那敏、布地品、丁丙诺啡、安非他酮、骨化三醇、坎地沙坦、卡培他滨、卡马西平、卡比沙明、卡替洛尔、卡泊芬净、塞来考昔、西立伐他汀、奎尼丁、奎宁、氯霉素、氯地孕酮、氯喹、氯苯那敏、氯丙嗪、氯唑沙宗、环孢素、西咪替丁、环丙贝特、环丙沙星、西沙必利、顺铂、西酞普兰、克拉霉素、氯马斯汀、氯维地平、克林霉素、氯倍他索、氯法齐明、滴滴涕、氯贝丁酯、氯美噻唑、氯米芬、氯米帕明、氯硝西泮、氯吡格雷、氯噻西泮、克霉唑、氯氮平、可卡因、可待因、咖啡因、秋水仙碱、胆骨化醇、赛克力嗪、环磷酰胺、环丙孕酮、达卡巴嗪、更生霉素、达福普汀(Dalfopristin)、达那唑、丹曲林、柔红霉素、去铁胺、地拉韦啶、地昔帕明、地氯雷他定、地文拉法辛(Desvenlafaxin)、地塞米松、右苯丙胺、右芬氟拉明、右布洛芬、右美沙芬、右丙氧芬、地西泮、双氯芬酸、双香豆素、双肼屈嗪、二氢麦角胺、二碘羟基丙烷、地尔硫卓、二甲亚砜、二甲替嗪、蒙脱石、地奥司明、苯海拉明、双硫仑、多西他赛、多拉司琼、多巴胺、多塞平、多柔比星、多西环素、依巴斯汀、益康唑、依法韦仑、依米丁、依诺沙星、甘草次酸、恩前列素、恩他卡朋、依匹斯汀、肾上腺素、依普利酮、依普罗沙坦、麦角新碱、麦角胺、红霉素、艾司西酞普兰、雌三醇、乙苯海拉明、乙醇、炔雌醇、乙苯妥英、依托度酸、依托咪酯、依托泊苷、依托考昔、阿维A酯、依西美坦、依折麦布、非尔氨酯、非洛地平、芬氟拉明、非诺贝特、芬太尼、非索非那定、氟卡尼、氟甲喹、氟尿嘧啶、氟西汀、氟奋乃静、氟西泮、氟比洛芬、氟红霉素、氟他胺、氟伐他汀、氟伏沙明、甲吡唑、福美坦、呋山那韦、磷苯妥英、吉非替尼、吉非贝齐、格列本脲、格列齐特、葡萄糖、格鲁米特、格拉司琼、g-毒毛旋花苷、卤泛群、氟哌啶醇、组胺、肼屈嗪、氢化可的松、羟基脲、羟氯喹、羟嗪、布洛芬、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊马替尼、丙米嗪、茚地那韦、吲哚美辛、胰岛素、依普黄酮、厄贝沙坦、伊立替康、异康唑、异氟烷、异烟肼、异丙肾上腺素、异丙醇、硝酸异山梨酯、伊拉地平、伊曲康唑、交沙霉素、酮康唑、酮洛芬、拉贝洛尔、拉呋替丁、兰索拉唑、来氟米特、香菇多糖、乐卡地平(Lercarnidipin)、来曲唑、左氧氟沙星、左美丙嗪、左炔诺孕酮、利多卡因、洛美沙星、洛莫司汀、洛哌丁胺、洛匹那韦、氯雷他定、氯诺昔康、氯沙坦、洛伐他汀、马尼地平、马索罗酚、美克洛嗪、美达西泮、甲羟孕酮、甲羟松、甲芬那酸、甲氟喹、美格鲁托、褪黑激素、美洛昔康、美哌隆、美金刚、甲萘醌、美芬妥英、美喹他嗪、甲琥胺、去氧麻黄碱、二甲双胍、美沙酮、醋甲唑胺、甲氧沙林、哌甲酯、甲基苯巴比妥、甲泼尼龙、甲氧氯普胺、美托洛尔、甲硝唑、美替拉酮、美西律、米安色林、米贝拉地尔、咪康唑、咪达唑仑、麦迪霉素、米多君、米非司酮、米诺地尔、米欧卡霉素、米氮平、米托蒽醌、咪唑斯汀、吗氯贝胺、莫达非尼、莫米松、孟鲁司特、莫雷西嗪、奈法唑酮、奈非那韦、新斯的明、奈韦拉平、尼卡地平、氯硝柳胺、烟酰胺、硝苯地平、烟碱、烟酸、尼鲁米特、尼伐地平、尼美舒利、尼索地平、尼群地平、硝普钠、去甲肾上腺素、诺氟沙星、去甲替林、那可丁、奥克巴胺、氧氟沙星、奥氮平、竹桃霉素、奥美拉唑、昂丹司琼、奥芬那君、奥沙尼喹、奥沙米特、奥卡西平、氧烯洛尔、奥昔布宁、羟考酮、紫杉醇、促胰酶素(胆囊收缩素)、泮托拉唑、对乙酰氨基酚、帕瑞考昔、帕吉林、帕罗西汀、帕唑帕尼、培氟沙星、喷托维林、培拉嗪、培高利特、哌克昔林、奋乃静、安替比林、苯乙肼、苯巴比妥、苯琥胺、芬特明、保泰松、苯丙醇胺、苯妥英、毒扁豆碱、毛果芸香碱、匹莫齐特、吲哚洛尔、吡格列酮、吡罗昔康、普仑司特、普拉睾酮、普伐他汀、吡喹酮、泼尼松龙、泼尼松、伯氨喹、普那霉素、丙磺舒、黄体酮、氯胍、异丙嗪、普罗帕酮、丙醇、丙哌维林、丙泊酚、普萘洛尔、乙胺嘧啶、苦木、汞、喹硫平、奎尼丁、奎宁、奎奴普丁、雷贝拉唑、雷洛昔芬、雷尼替丁、瑞波西汀、视黄醇、利福平、利培酮、利托那韦、利凡斯的明、罗非昔布、罗他霉素、罗匹尼罗、罗格列酮、罗舒伐他汀、罗红霉素、芦丁、沙丁胺醇、水杨酰胺、沙美特罗、沙奎那韦、司来吉兰、塞曲司特、舍他康唑、舍曲林、西地那非、水飞蓟素、辛伐他汀、西罗莫司、生长抑素、山梨醇、司巴丁、螺内酯、一氧化氮、硫康唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺地索辛、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺异噁唑、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺吡啶、磺吡酮、舒林酸、舒必利、舒洛芬、他克莫司、他莫昔芬、替加色罗、泰利霉素、替米沙坦、替马沙星、替尼泊苷、替诺福韦、特比萘芬、特康唑、特非那定、特立帕肽、睾酮、四环素、茶碱、甲巯咪唑、硫喷妥、硫利达嗪、硫代硫酸盐、塞替派、噻苯唑、替勃龙、噻氯匹定、噻吗洛尔、替硝唑、噻康唑、硫普罗宁、Tiotixen、妥卡尼、生育酚、托非索泮、甲苯磺丁脲、托卡朋、托吡酯、拓普替康、托拉塞米、曲马多、反苯环丙胺、曲妥珠单抗、曲奥舒凡、维生素A酸、氨苯蝶啶、三唑仑、三氯乙烯、三氯生、甲氧苄啶、曲吡那敏、曲普利啶、曲格列酮、醋竹桃霉素、托烷司琼、曲司氯铵(Trospium)、熊去氧胆酸、伐地考昔、丙戊酸、缬沙坦、文拉法辛、维拉帕米、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、维吉霉素、伏立康唑、伏氯唑、华法林、育亨宾、扎鲁司特、齐拉西酮、唑吡坦、唑尼沙胺。
这里可特别强调的是:氟伏沙明、环丙沙星、吉非贝齐、氟康唑、安非他酮、西那卡塞、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、奎尼丁、茚地那韦、奈非那韦、利托那韦、克拉霉素、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、奈法唑酮、沙奎那韦、泰利霉素、甲氧苄啶、胺碘酮、度洛西汀、舍曲林、特比萘芬、阿瑞匹坦、红霉素、维拉帕米、地尔硫卓、西咪替丁、胺碘酮[http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx,截至09.05.2012]。
第2阶段酶的已知抑制剂尤其是:
阿卡波糖、乙酰胆碱、乙酰基水杨酸、阿米替林、阿扑吗啡、青蒿素、抗坏血酸、苄氟噻嗪、佛手柑内酯、溴隐亭、卡巴胆碱、卡马西平、卡莫司汀、塞来考昔、鹅去氧胆酸、奎宁、氯己定、氯喹、西咪替丁、氯米帕明、可乐定、可卡因、可的松、更生霉素、地昔帕明、地西泮、双香豆素、双环维林、地奥司明、双硫仑、多塞平、甘草次酸、恩他卡朋、雌二醇、依他尼酸、氟康唑、氟奋乃静、叶酸、氟哌啶醇、高铁血红素、氢化可的松、羟甲香豆素、布洛芬、丙米嗪、吲哚美辛、异丙烟肼、酮洛芬、利多卡因、洛匹那韦、甲羟孕酮、褪黑激素、米帕林、巯乙胺、汞撒利、美沙拉秦、甲基多巴、吗氯贝胺、萘普生、柠檬酸钠、水杨酸钠、尼氟酸、烟碱、奥沙拉秦、对羟福林、紫杉醇、帕吉林、保泰松、毒扁豆碱、匹泮哌隆、聚己缩胍、伯氨喹、丙磺舒、黄体酮、丙硫氧嘧啶、吡哆醛、吡多辛、乙胺嘧啶、雷尼替丁、利托那韦、水杨酰胺、水杨酸、沙奎那韦、水飞蓟素、磺溴酞、舒林酸、他克林、他莫昔芬、四环素、硫柳汞、托卡朋、三氯生、筒箭毒碱、维库溴铵、华法林、过氧化氢。
已知细胞色素P450酶诱导物的例子是:
2-(4-氯苯氧基)乙醇、阿卡波糖、乙酰基水杨酸、吖啶黄、阿苯达唑、醛固酮、明矾、氨基格鲁米特、氨基水杨酸、异戊巴比妥、血管紧张素胺、阿瑞匹坦、阿普比妥、阿立哌唑、青蒿素、抗坏血酸、阿扎他定(Azatidin)、倍氯米松、苯噁洛芬、β-胡萝卜素、倍他米松、贝沙罗汀、苯扎贝特、生物素、波生坦、布拉地新、布舍瑞林、卡托普利、卡马西平、尿素、卡铂、奎尼丁、奎宁、氯氮卓、氯噻嗪、氯丙嗪、环孢素、环丙贝特、环丙沙星、顺铂、骨化三醇、克拉霉素、滴滴涕、氯贝丁酯、氯米芬、氯硝西泮、可乐定、克霉唑、氯氮平、秋水仙碱、考来烯胺、促皮质素、环己巴比妥、环磷酰胺、氨苯砜、柔红霉素、地塞米松、右丙氧芬、地西泮、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、双氯非那胺、双氯西林、双环维林、乙醚、己烯雌酚、二碘羟基丙烷、地诺前列酮、蒙脱石、地奥司明、多西他赛、多柔比星、多西拉敏、依法韦仑、依来曲坦、依诺沙星、麦角钙化醇、红霉素、雌三醇、乙醇、炔雌醇、依托泊苷、芬苯达唑、非尔氨酯、氟康唑、氟氯西林、氟芬那酸、荧光素、氟伐他汀、吉非贝齐、葡萄糖、谷胱甘肽、甘油、甘草酸、格拉司琼、灰黄霉素、胍乙啶、氟哌啶醇、组胺、氢化可的松、羟基脲、异环磷酰胺、胰岛素、依普黄酮、异氟烷、异烟肼、异丙肾上腺素、异丙醇、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、可卡因、兰索拉唑、林旦、氯雷他定、洛伐他汀、利奈孕酮、甲苯达唑、美卡拉明、甲羟孕酮、安替比林甲胺甲烷、美沙酮、美沙比妥、美索比妥、甲泼尼龙、甲睾酮、甲氧氯普胺、美替拉酮、米非司酮、米氮平、二溴甘露醇、丝裂霉素、米托坦、吗氯贝胺、莫达非尼、氯化钠、水杨酸钠、奈非那韦、奈韦拉平、尼卡地平、烟酰胺、硝苯地平、烟碱、硝西泮、炔诺酮、奥美拉唑、昂丹司琼、奥卡西平、奥昔康唑、奥索拉明、奥索马嗪、紫杉醇、泮托拉唑、对乙酰氨基酚、扑灭司林、哌替啶、苯巴比妥、苯氧甲基青霉素、芬特明、保泰松、去氧肾上腺素、苯妥英、吲哚洛尔、吡格列酮、匹泮哌隆、普来可那立、泼尼松龙、泼尼松、伯氨喹、扑米酮、普那霉素、丙磺舒、黄体酮、丙硫氧嘧啶、吡啶并斯的明、吡多辛、汞、奎宁、雷贝拉唑、瑞波西汀、利舍平、视黄醇、利福布汀、利福平、利福喷汀、利福昔明、利托那韦、罗非昔布、水杨酸、司可巴比妥、塞曲司特、水飞蓟素、螺内酯、链佐星、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺吡酮、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、特比萘芬、特非那定、睾酮、丁苯那嗪、四甲司林、沙利度胺、硫胺素、塞仑、噻苯唑、替尼酸、生育酚、托吡酯、拓普替康、维生素A酸、曲安奈德、曲安西龙、曲格列酮、曲格列酮、色氨酸、熊去氧胆酸、丙戊酸、维拉帕米、长春碱、维吉霉素、伏格列波糖。
这里特别强调的是:莫达非尼、萘夫西林、奥美拉唑、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、利福平、司可巴比妥、卡马西平、炔诺酮、泼尼松、利福平、地塞米松、异烟肼、依法韦仑、奈韦拉平、巴比妥酸盐s、糖皮质激素s、奥卡西平、吡格列酮、利福布汀、曲格列酮[http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx,截至09.05.2012]。
第2阶段酶的已知诱导物尤其包括:
乙酰胆碱、乙酰基水杨酸、腺苷、苯丙胺、氨茶碱、雄诺龙、血管紧张素胺、阿加曲班、抗坏血酸、苯氟雷司、β-胡萝卜素、倍他米松、布拉地新、骨化三醇、卡马西平、苯丁酸氮芥、氯苯那敏、西沙必利、顺铂、氯贝丁酯、氯氮平、可卡因、促皮质素、地昔帕明、地塞米松、右苯丙胺、地西泮、双氯芬酸、乙胺嗪、乙醚、地诺前列酮、双硫仑、多柔比星、恩他卡朋、肾上腺素、艾司氯胺酮、雌二醇、雌三醇、乙醇、氟桂利嗪、氟西汀、加巴喷丁、硝酸甘油、甘氨酸、g-毒毛旋花苷、肼屈嗪、氢化可的松、羟甲香豆素、布洛芬、丙米嗪、吲哚美辛、胰岛素、异丙肾上腺素、氯胺酮、拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦、左旋多巴、林旦、褪黑激素、美法仑、对甲氧酚、安替比林甲胺甲烷、甲硫氨酸、甲氨蝶呤、甲氧氯普胺、萘丁美酮、诺龙、去甲肾上腺素、奥氮平、对乙酰氨基酚、帕吉林、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、匹泮哌隆、黄体酮、普美孕酮、丙硫氧嘧啶、视黄醇、罗非昔布、螺内酯、一氧化氮、舒林酸、舒噻美、他莫昔芬、睾酮、茶碱、硫地醇、替勃龙、硫鸟嘌呤、曲安西龙、甲氧苄啶、曲格列酮、丙戊酸、维拉帕米、华法林、过氧化氢[http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp,截至24.04.2012]。
除了活性药物成分以外,饮食组分也可以对酶、转运蛋白、受体或其它蛋白具有抑制作用和/或诱导作用。
对此已知例子尤其是:西兰花、烤肉、金丝桃、烟草烟气、奶酪、红葡萄酒、西柚汁、叶酸、维生素K、维生素E、维生素B6和金丝桃[Gr?ber, U. (2009)“Interaktionen Arzneimittel und Mikron?hrstoffe für die Kitteltasche ”Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart; Wentworth, J. M., M. Agostini, 等人(2000). “St John's wort, a herbal antidepressant, activates the steroid X receptor.”J Endocrinol 166(3): R11-16., http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx,截至09.05.2012]。类似于烤肉对细胞色素P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)的诱导作用,该酶还可以被存在于香烟烟气中的多环芳族化合物诱导。例如,在文献中描述了吸烟者的肺、肝和肠中的CYP1A1的活性与他们的香烟消费成比例地增加[Czekaj, P., A. Wiaderkiewicz, 等人(2005). “Tobacco smoke-dependent changes in cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, and 2E1 protein expressions in fetuses, newborns, pregnant rats, and human placenta.”Arch Toxicol 79(1): 13-24.; Fontana, R. J., K. S. Lown, 等人(1999). “Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A, CYP1A, and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers.”Gastroenterology 117(1): 89-98.; Kim, J. H., M. E. Sherman, 等人(2004). “Expression of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 in human lung from smokers, non-smokers, and ex-smokers.”Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 199(3): 210-219.?Pelkonen, O., M. Pasanen, 等人(1986). “The effect of cigarette smoking on 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and other monooxygenase activities in human liver: analyses with monoclonal antibodies.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 22(2): 125-134.; Zevin, S. 和N. L. Benowitz (1999). “Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update.”Clin Pharmacokinet 36(6): 425-438.]。
此外,所述母体物质和它的一种或多种代谢物的药理作用也可能依赖于表达的蛋白变体、受体变体或转运蛋白变体的量或活性,它们同样可能由于抑制或诱导或遗传原因而在个体之间或者在个体内存在巨大差异。
转运蛋白诱导物的例子是:地塞米松、多柔比星、类黄酮、金丝桃、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、利福平、长春碱。
转运蛋白抑制剂的例子是:
利福平、环孢素A、吉非贝齐、洛匹那韦、利托那韦、克拉霉素、呋塞米、吲哚美辛、丙磺舒、萘普生、布洛芬、吡罗昔康、乙酰基水杨酸、对乙酰氨基酚、非那西丁、酮洛芬、依那普利、布美他尼、头孢哌酮、硫唑嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、丙戊酸盐、氟灭酸酯(Flufenamat)、保泰松、左氧氟沙星、地塞米松、阿糖胞苷、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、环己西林、头孢氨苄、头孢羟氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢地尼、头孢布烯、头孢克肟、卡托普利、胺碘酮、奎尼丁、利多卡因、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、地尔硫卓、非洛地平、尼卡地平、硝苯地平、尼群地平、维拉帕米、茚地那韦、奈非那韦、沙奎那韦、炔雌醇、炔诺孕酮、黄体酮、睾酮、他克莫司、红霉素、米非司酮、帕罗西汀、他林洛尔、他莫昔芬、特非那定、三氟拉嗪、长春新碱。
[Shitara, Y. (2011). “Clinical importance of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in drug-drug interactions.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(3): 220-227.; Van Aubel, R. A., R. Masereeuw, 等人(2000). “Molecular pharmacology of renal organic anion transporters.”Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279(2): F216-232.; http://www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de/index.php?id=2381]。
对于药物疗法特别重要的是,具有遗传原因的蛋白活性的那些差异。通过等位基因中的序列变异(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphismus)和/或通过存在的等位基因的不同数目,可表达蛋白的不同变体和/或量。蛋白的表达变体和表达量两者都可以对蛋白变体的活性具有强烈影响。
在文献中,多晶型蛋白的充分研究的例子是细胞色素P450 2D6 (CYP2D6),一种已知许多不同的基因变体的酶,它们可以分类成4种不同表型。对此的常规命名是:PM = “差代谢者”,IM = “中代谢者”,EM = “强代谢者”,和UM = “超快代谢者”[Zanger, U. M., J. Fischer, 等人(2001). “Comprehensive analysis of the genetic factors determining expression and function of hepatic CYP2D6.”Pharmacogenetics 11(7): 573-585]。
除了CYP2D6以外,存在众多来自细胞色素P450 (CYP)同工酶类别的其它多晶型酶:
CYP1A1、CYP1A2、CYP1B1、CYP2A6、CYP2A13、CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C11、CYP2C18、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、CYP2F1、CYP2J2、CYP2S1、CYP2W1、CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP3A7、CYP3A43、CYP4A11、CYP4B1、CYP4F2、CYP4F22、CYP7A1、CYP4B1、CYP7B1、CYP8A1、CYP8B1、CYP11A、CYP11B1、CYP11B2、CYP17A、CYP19A、CYP21A、CYP24A、CYP26A1、CYP26B、CYP27A、CYP27B、CYP46A、CYP51A。
这里可特别强调的是:CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP3A7 [http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp,截至24.04.2012; Tamaki, Y., T. Arai, 等人(2011). “Association between cancer risk and drug-metabolizing enzyme gene (CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP4B1, SULT1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1) polymorphisms in cases of lung cancer in Japan.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5): 516-522.]。
在代谢中同样存在众多多晶型第2阶段酶或其它酶,例如:
N-乙酰基转移酶2 (NAT2)、硫嘌呤-S-甲基转移酶(TPMT)、尿苷-5'-二磷酸-葡糖醛酸基转移酶(UGT) 1A1、UGT1A3、UGT1A4、UGT1A5、UGT1A6、UGT1A7、UGT1A8、UGT1A9、UGT1A10、UGT2A1、UGT2A2、UGT2A3、UGT2B4、UGT2B7、UGT2B10、UGT2B15、UGT2B17、磺基转移酶(SULT) 1A1、SULT1A2、SULT1A3、SULT1E1、SULT2A1、SULT2B1、SULT4A1、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST) A1、GSTA2、GSTA3、GSTA4、GSTA5、GSTM1、GSTM2、GSTM3、GSTM4、GSTM5、GSTP1、GSTT1、GSTT2、GSTO1、GSTO2、儿茶酚-o-甲基转移酶(COMT)、黄素依赖性的单加氧酶3 (FMO)、二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(DPD)、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)。
这里特别强调的是:NAT2、TPMT、UGT1A1、UGT1A4、UGT2B7、UGT2B15、SULT1A1、SULT1A2、SULT2A1、GSTM1、GSTP1、GSTT1、COMT、DPD、MTHFR [Hickman, D. 和E. Sim (1991). “N-acetyltransferase polymorphism. Comparison of phenotype and genotype in humans.”Biochem Pharmacol 42(5): 1007-1014.; Yates, C. R., E. Y. Krynetski, 等人(1997). “Molecular diagnosis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency: genetic basis for azathioprine and mercaptopurine intolerance.”Ann Intern Med 126(8): 608-614.; Bernard, O., J. Tojcic, 等人(2006). “Influence of nonsynonymous polymorphisms of UGT1A8 and UGT2B7 metabolizing enzymes on the formation of phenolic and acyl glucuronides of mycophenolic acid.”Drug Metab Dispos 34(9): 1539-1545.; Bushey, R. T., G. Chen, 等人(2011). “Characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A1 (UGT2A1) variants and their potential role in tobacco carcinogenesis.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 21(2): 55-65.; Carlini, L. E., N. J. Meropol, 等人(2005). “UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 polymorphisms predict response and toxicity in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine/irinotecan.”Clin Cancer Res 11(3): 1226-1236.; Chen, G., A. S. Blevins-Primeau, 等人(2007). “Glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine by UGT2B10: loss of function by the UGT2B10 Codon 67 (Asp>Tyr) polymorphism.”Cancer Res 67(19): 9024-9029.; Chen, G., R. W. Dellinger, 等人(2008). “Identification of a prevalent functional missense polymorphism in the UGT2B10 gene and its association with UGT2B10 inactivation against tobacco-specific nitrosamines.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 18(3): 181-191.; Chen, Y., S. Chen, 等人(2006). “Genetic variants of human UGT1A3: functional characterization and frequency distribution in a Chinese Han population.”Drug Metab Dispos 34(9): 1462-1467.; Dellinger, R. W., J. L. Fang, 等人(2006). “Importance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10) in the detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: decreased glucuronidative activity of the UGT1A10139Lys isoform.”Drug Metab Dispos 34(6): 943-949.; Guo, Y., C. Hu, 等人(2012). “Effects of UGT1A6, UGT2B7, and CYP2C9 genotypes on plasma concentrations of valproic acid in Chinese children with epilepsy.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.; He, X., L. M. Hesse, 等人(2009). “Evidence for oxazepam as an in vivo probe of UGT2B15: oxazepam clearance is reduced by UGT2B15 D85Y polymorphism but unaffected by UGT2B17 deletion.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 68(5): 721-730.; Park, W. B., P. G. Choe, 等人(2010). “Genetic factors influencing severe atazanavir-associated hyperbilirubinemia in a population with low UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1*28 allele frequency.”Clin Infect Dis 51(1): 101-106.; Parmar, S., J. C. Stingl, 等人(2011). “Impact of UGT2B7 His268Tyr polymorphism on the outcome of adjuvant epirubicin treatment in breast cancer.”Breast Cancer Res 13(3): R57.; Saeki, M., Y. Saito, 等人(2004). “Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype frequencies of UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 in a Japanese population.”Drug Metab Dispos 32(9): 1048-1054.; Sneitz, N., M. H. Court, 等人(2009). “Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2A2: cDNA construction, expression, and functional characterization in comparison with UGT2A1 and UGT2A3.”Pharmacogenet Genomics.; Sun, D., G. Chen, 等人(2006). “Characterization of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen glucuronidation by human UGT1A4 variants.”Breast Cancer Res 8(4): R50.; Swanson, C., D. Mellstrom, 等人(2007). “The uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 D85Y and 2B17 deletion polymorphisms predict the glucuronidation pattern of androgens and fat mass in men.”J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(12): 4878-4882.; Yang, J., L. Cai, 等人(2012). “Genetic Variations and Haplotype Diversity of the UGT1 Gene Cluster in the Chinese Population.”PLoS One 7(4): e33988.; Arslan, S. (2010). “Genetic polymorphisms of sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and SULT1A2) in a Turkish population.”Biochem Genet 48(11-12): 987-994.; Hirata, H., Y. Hinoda, 等人(2008). “CYP1A1, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1 polymorphisms are risk factors for endometrial cancer susceptibility.”Cancer 112(9): 1964-1973.; Ji, Y., I. Moon, 等人(2007). “Human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1 pharmacogenomics: gene sequence variation and functional genomics.”J Pharmacol Exp Ther 322(2): 529-540.; Ramsey, T. L., H. Y. Meltzer, 等人(2011). “Evidence for a SULT4A1 haplotype correlating with baseline psychopathology and atypical antipsychotic response.”Pharmacogenomics 12(4): 471-480.; Tamaki, Y., T. Arai, 等人(2011). “Association between cancer risk and drug-metabolizing enzyme gene (CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP4B1, SULT1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1) polymorphisms in cases of lung cancer in Japan.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5): 516-522.; Thomae, B. A., B. W. Eckloff, 等人(2002). “Human sulfotransferase SULT2A1 pharmacogenetics: genotype-to-phenotype studies.”Pharmacogenomics J 2(1): 48-56.; Thomae, B. A., O. F. Rifki, 等人(2003). “Human catecholamine sulfotransferase (SULT1A3) pharmacogenetics: functional genetic polymorphism.”J Neurochem 87(4): 809-819.; Breton, C. V., H. Vora, 等人(2009). “Variation in the GST mu locus and tobacco smoke exposure as determinants of childhood lung function.”Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(7): 601-607.; Chen, Y. L., H. S. Tseng, 等人(2010). “Glutathione S-Transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene polymorphism increases age-related susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma.”BMC Med Genet 11: 46.; Coles, B. F., F. Morel, 等人(2001). “Effect of polymorphism in the human glutathione S-transferase A1 promoter on hepatic GSTA1 and GSTA2 expression.”Pharmacogenetics 11(8): 663-669.; Moyer, A. M., Z. Sun, 等人(2010). “Glutathione pathway genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer survival after platinum-based chemotherapy.”Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(3): 811-821.; Tetlow, N., M. Coggan, 等人(2004). “Functional polymorphism of human glutathione transferase A3: effects on xenobiotic metabolism and steroid biosynthesis.”Pharmacogenetics 14(10): 657-663.; Tran, A., F. Bournerias, 等人(2008). “Serious haematological toxicity of cyclophosphamide in relation to CYP2B6, GSTA1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 65(2): 279-280.; White, D. L., D. Li, 等人(2008). “Genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase as possible risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: a HuGE systematic review and meta-analysis.”Am J Epidemiol 167(4): 377-389.; Zhao, Y., M. Marotta, 等人(2009). “Linkage disequilibrium between two high-frequency deletion polymorphisms: implications for association studies involving the glutathione-S transferase (GST) genes.”PLoS Genet 5(5): e1000472.; Motika, M. S., J. Zhang, 等人(2009). “Novel variants of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) gene associated with trimethylaminuria.”Mol Genet Metab 97(2): 128-135.; Voisey, J., C. D. Swagell, 等人(2011). “A novel SNP in COMT is associated with alcohol dependence but not opiate or nicotine dependence: a case control study.”Behav Brain Funct 7: 51.; Fisher, M. C. and B. N. Cronstein (2009). “Metaanalysis of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms affecting methotrexate toxicity.”J Rheumatol 36(3): 539-545.; Zhang, X. P., Z. B. Bai, 等人(2012). “Polymorphisms of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene and clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients treated with fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese population.”Chin Med J (Engl) 125(5): 741-746.]。
也存在多晶型转运蛋白和/或受体和/或其它蛋白的众多例子。
多晶型转运蛋白的例子是:
ABCA1、ABCA2、ABCA3、ABCA4、ABCA7、ABCA8、ABCA12、ABCA13、ABCB1、ABCB2、ABCB4、ABCB5、ABCB7、ABCB8、ABCB9、ABCB10、ABCB11、ABCC1、ABCC2、ABCC3、ABCC4、ABCC5、ABCC6、ABCC8、ABCC9、ABCC10、ABCC11、ABCD1、ABCD2、ABCD3、ABCD4、ABCe1、ABCF1、ABCG1、ABCG2、ABCG4、ABCG5、ABCG8、OAT1、OAT2、OAT3、OAT4、URAT5、OATP1A2、OATP1B1、OATP1B3、OATP1C1、OATP1B1、OCT1、OCT2、OCT3、OCTN1、OCTN2、SLC22A16
[Akiyama, Y., K. I. Fujita, 等人(2011). “Association of ABCC2 genotype with efficacy of first-line FOLFIRI in Japanese patients with advanced colorectal cancer.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.; Fukao, M., K. Ishida, 等人(2011). “Effect of genetic polymorphisms of SLC28A1, ABCG2, and ABCC4 on bioavailability of mizoribine in healthy Japanese males.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5): 538-543.; Garcia-Donas, J., E. Esteban, 等人(2011). “Single nucleotide polymorphism associations with response and toxic effects in patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma treated with first-line sunitinib: a multicentre, observational, prospective study.”Lancet Oncol 12(12): 1143-1150.; Hollingworth, P., D. Harold, 等人(2011). “Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease.”Nat Genet 43(5): 429-435.; Iida, A., S. Saito, 等人(2002). “Catalog of 605 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 13 genes encoding human ATP-binding cassette transporters: ABCA4, ABCA7, ABCA8, ABCD1, ABCD3, ABCD4, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCG1, ABCG2, ABCG4, ABCG5, and ABCG8.”J Hum Genet 47(6): 285-310.; Karadeniz, M., M. Erdogan, 等人(2011). “Effect Of G2706A and G1051A polymorphisms of the ABCA1 gene on the lipid, oxidative stress and homocystein levels in Turkish patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.”Lipids Health Dis 10: 193.; Kelsell, D. P., E. E. Norgett, 等人(2005). “Mutations in ABCA12 underlie the severe congenital skin disease harlequin ichthyosis.”Am J Hum Genet 76(5): 794-803.; Knight, H. M., B. S. Pickard, 等人(2009). “A cytogenetic abnormality and rare coding variants identify ABCA13 as a candidate gene in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression.”Am J Hum Genet 85(6): 833-846.; Kwan, P., V. Wong, 等人(2011). “Gene-wide tagging study of the association between ABCC2, ABCC5 and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms and multidrug resistance in epilepsy.”Pharmacogenomics 12(3): 319-325.; Liptrott, N. J., S. Pushpakom, 等人(2012). “Association of ABCC10 polymorphisms with nevirapine plasma concentrations in the German Competence Network for HIV/AIDS.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 22(1): 10-19.; Maia-Lopes, S., J. Aguirre-Lamban, 等人(2009). “ABCA4 mutations in Portuguese Stargardt patients: identification of new mutations and their phenotypic analysis.”Mol Vis 15: 584-591.; Matsukawa, T., M. Asheuer, 等人(2011). “Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes.”Neurogenetics 12(1): 41-50.; Minster, R. L., S. T. DeKosky, 等人(2009). “No association of DAPK1 and ABCA2 SNPs on chromosome 9 with Alzheimer's disease.”Neurobiol Aging 30(11): 1890-1891.; Moitra, K., M. Scally, 等人(2011). “Molecular evolutionary analysis of ABCB5: the ancestral gene is a full transporter with potentially deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms.”PLoS One 6(1): e16318.; Pietrzak-Nowacka, M., K. Safranow, 等人(2012). “Association of C49620T ABCC8 polymorphism with anthropometric and metabolic parameters in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a preliminary study.”Nefrologia 32(2): 153-159.; Saito, S., A. Iida, 等人(2002). “Identification of 779 genetic variations in eight genes encoding members of the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (ABCC/MRP/CFTR.”J Hum Genet 47(4): 147-171.; Saito, S., A. Iida, 等人(2002). “Three hundred twenty-six genetic variations in genes encoding nine members of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (ABCB/MDR/TAP), in the Japanese population.”J Hum Genet 47(1): 38-50.; Sasaki, T., T. Hirota, 等人(2011). “Systematic screening of human ABCC3 polymorphisms and their effects on MRP3 expression and function.”Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(4): 374-386.; Schulz, V., D. Hendig, 等人(2005). “Analysis of sequence variations in the ABCC6 gene among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and pseudoxanthoma elasticum.”J Vasc Res 42(5): 424-432.; Shulenin, S., L. M. Nogee, 等人(2004). “ABCA3 gene mutations in newborns with fatal surfactant deficiency.”N Engl J Med 350(13): 1296-1303.; Toyoda, Y. and T. Ishikawa (2010). “Pharmacogenomics of human ABC transporter ABCC11 (MRP8): potential risk of breast cancer and chemotherapy failure.”Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10(8): 617-624.; Wasmuth, H. E., A. Glantz, 等人(2007). “Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: the severe form is associated with common variants of the hepatobiliary phospholipid transporter ABCB4 gene.”Gut 56(2): 265-270.; Yin, J. Y., Q. Huang, 等人(2009). “Characterization and analyses of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) polymorphisms in Chinese population.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 19(3): 206-216.; Yu, X., H. Xie, 等人(2011). “Association of MDR1 gene SNPs and haplotypes with the tacrolimus dose requirements in Han Chinese liver transplant recipients.”PLoS One 6(11): e25933.; Lee, W., H. Glaeser, 等人(2005). “Polymorphisms in human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2): implications for altered drug disposition and central nervous system drug entry.”J Biol Chem 280(10): 9610-9617.; Mougey, E. B., H. Feng, 等人(2009). “Absorption of montelukast is transporter mediated: a common variant of OATP2B1 is associated with reduced plasma concentrations and poor response.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 19(2): 129-138.; Trdan Lu 353 In, T., B. Stieger, 等人(2012). “Organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and their genetic variants influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene.”J Transl Med 10(1): 76.; van der Deure, W. M., P. S. Hansen, 等人(2008). “Thyroid hormone transport and metabolism by organic anion transporter 1C1 and consequences of genetic variation.”Endocrinology 149(10): 5307-5314.; Vormfelde, S. V., M. Schirmer, 等人(2006). “Torsemide renal clearance and genetic variation in luminal and basolateral organic anion transporters.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 62(3): 323-335.; Xu, G., V. Bhatnagar, 等人(2005). “Analyses of coding region polymorphisms in apical and basolateral human organic anion transporter (OAT) genes [OAT1 (NKT), OAT2, OAT3, OAT4, URAT (RST)].”Kidney Int 68(4): 1491-1499.; Becker, M. L., L. E. Visser, 等人(2011). “OCT1 polymorphism is associated with response and survival time in anti-Parkinsonian drug users.”Neurogenetics 12(1): 79-82.?Lal, S., Z. W. Wong, 等人(2007). “Novel SLC22A16 polymorphisms and influence on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients.”Pharmacogenomics 8(6): 567-575.?Park, T. J., J. H. Kim, 等人(2011). “Possible association of SLC22A2 polymorphisms with aspirin-intolerant asthma.”Int Arch Allergy Immunol 155(4): 395-402.?Sakata, T., N. Anzai, 等人(2010). “Functional analysis of human organic cation transporter OCT3 (SLC22A3) polymorphisms.”J Pharmacol Sci 113(3): 263-266.?Tahara, H., S. W. Yee, 等人(2009). “Functional genetic variation in the basal promoter of the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5).”J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329(1): 262-271. ]。
这里可特别强调的是:ABCB1 (p-糖蛋白)、ABCC1 (MRP1)、ABCG2 (BCRP)、OATP1B1、OAT3、OCT1、OCT2、OCT3、SLC22A16。
在药物疗法中,酶活性或酶量的这种差异可能对治疗的成功具有巨大的影响,因为它们直接地影响为一种或多种多晶型酶的底物的物质及其由多晶型酶形成的代谢物的药代动力学(和在这里,尤其是暴露)。这适用于蛋白活性或蛋白量中的这样的差异,因为受体、转运蛋白或其它蛋白也可以直接地影响为一种或多种多晶型蛋白的底物的物质的药代动力学(和在这里,尤其是暴露)。另外,如果这些蛋白涉入作用机理,在这里也可能产生对药效动力学的直接影响。
因此,在利用活性成分时存在对改进的药物疗法的需求,所述活性成分的作用依赖于表达的和/或抑制的/诱导的蛋白变体、酶变体、受体变体或转运蛋白变体的量或活性,其中所述药物疗法补偿前述变异。
本发明基于尤其是以固定剂量组合(FDC)的形式的新颖的制剂概念,其中在2种或更多种药理学活性物质(其中一种或多种是其它物质的代谢物)的剂量中考虑相关蛋白的活性的事先已知的个体差异,以确保最佳的治疗效果。所述新颖的制剂概念以下述为基础,即通过有针对性的、针对基因型或表型个别地适配的母体物质和一种/多种代谢物的组合的剂量分配补偿母体物质和一种或多种活性代谢物的不同暴露。药代动力学目标是实现稳定状态时的“生物等效性”-类似状况(即在重复摄入以后),即相对于必须由特定的相互关系定义的参照群体,实现在预先给定的范围内的所涉及的物质的血浆浓度变化过程的一致(为此可考虑例如在其它相互关系中通用的标准;在这点上参见“背景技术”)。
为了研究根据本发明的制剂概念,选择使用他莫昔芬的药物疗法作为实施例,而不将该概念限于所述实施例。
在CYP2D6多态性的情况中,例如由强代谢者(EM)组成的群体将是有意义的参照群体,因为该表型代表野生型,且在许多地理区域中是最广泛分布的[Sistonen, J., A. Sajantila, 等人(2007). “CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 17(2): 93-101.]。使用已知的癌症药物他莫昔芬的实施例,将解释活性代谢物的基因型或表型依赖性的暴露的问题,但不限于此。
他莫昔芬是一种长期以来众所周知的用于治疗雌激素受体阳性的(ER+)乳腺癌的药物。所述母体物质经历图1中所示的复杂代谢路线。在人体(以及其它)中,他莫昔芬被转化成3种活性代谢物(N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬)。在所述活性代谢物中,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,他莫昔芬的一种次级代谢物,尤其重要,因为由多晶型CYP2D6催化形成大百分比份额的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。所以,乳腺癌患者的血液中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度取决于其CYP2D6基因型或其表型。在CYP2D6 PM的情况中,实际上不存在CYP2D6活性,并且活性代谢物4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的浓度因此是非常低的[Murdter, T. E., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 708-717.; Jin, Y., Z. Desta, 等人(2005). “CYP2D6 Genotype, Antidepressant Use, and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment.”Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1): 30-39.; Gjerde, J., M. Hauglid, 等人(2008). “Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism.”Ann Oncol 19(1): 56-61.; Borges, S., Z. Desta, 等人(2006). “Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism: implication for optimization of breast cancer treatment.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(1): 61-74.; Madlensky, L., L. Natarajan, 等人(2011). “Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, CYP2D6 genotype, and breast cancer outcomes.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 718-725.; Lim, J. S., X. A. Chen, 等人(2011). “Impact of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(5): 737-750.; Lim, H. S., H. Ju Lee, 等人(2007). “Clinical implications of CYP2D6 genotypes predictive of tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in metastatic breast cancer.”J Clin Oncol 25(25): 3837-3845.; Kiyotani, K., T. Mushiroda, 等人(2010). “Significant effect of polymorphisms in CYP2D6 and ABCC2 on clinical outcomes of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients.”J Clin Oncol 28(8): 1287-1293.; Irvin, W. J., Jr., C. M. Walko, 等人(2011). “Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3232-3239.]。在CYP2D6 IM的情况中,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬-浓度同样仍然明显低于在EM或(在欧洲人中相对罕见的) UM表型的情况下可以观察到的水平。在这方面,研究也表明在CYP2D6 EM、IM和PM基因型或表型之间明显的基因-剂量-效应以及它们各自的稳态4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度[Jin, Y., Z. Desta, 等人(2005). “CYP2D6 Genotype, Antidepressant Use, and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment.”Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1): 30-39]。4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的基因型或表型依赖性的暴露示例性显示在图2中。在乳腺癌患者群体内,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的暴露因而依赖于不同CYP2D6基因型或表型的频率分布。该频率分布在区域或种族群之间非常不同[Bernard, S., K. A. Neville, 等人(2006). “Interethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 in the U.S. population: clinical implications.”Oncologist 11(2): 126-135.; Bradford, L. D. (2002). “CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants.”Pharmacogenomics 3(2): 229-243.; Sachse, C., J. Brockmoller, 等人(1997). “Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences.”Am J Hum Genet 60(2): 284-295.; Sistonen, J., A. Sajantila, 等人(2007). “CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 17(2): 93-101.]。在欧洲人的情况中,EM是优势基因型[Sistonen, J., A. Sajantila, 等人(2007). “CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure.”Pharmacogenet Genomics 17(2): 93-101.]。
现在有许多研究证明了他莫昔芬的治疗效果依赖于CYP2D6基因型或表型[Bijl, M., R. van Schaik, 等人(2009). “The CYP2D6*4 polymorphism affects breast cancer survival in tamoxifen users.”Breast Cancer Res Treat 118(1): 125-130.; Bonanni, B., D. Macis, 等人(2006). “Polymorphism in the CYP2D6 Tamoxifen-Metabolizing Gene Influences Clinical Effect but Not Hot Flashes: Data From the Italian Tamoxifen Trial.”Journal of Clinical Oncology 24(22): 3708-3709.; Brauch, H., W. Schroth, 等人(2008). “Clinical Relevance of CYP2D6 Genetics for Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer.”Breast Care (Basel) 3(1): 43-50.; Brauch, H. B., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen: Awaiting the Denouement.”Journal of Clinical Oncology 29(34): 4589-4590.; Goetz, M. P., A. Kamal, 等人(2008). “Tamoxifen pharmacogenomics: the role of CYP2D6 as a predictor of drug response.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 83(1): 160-166.; Goetz, M. P., S. K. Knox, 等人(2007). “The impact of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen.”Breast Cancer Res Treat 101(1): 113-121.; Goetz, M. P., J. M. Rae, 等人(2005). “Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes.”J Clin Oncol 23(36): 9312-9318.; Ingelman-Sundberg, M., S. C. Sim, 等人(2007). “Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects.”Pharmacol Ther 116(3): 496-526.; Newman, W. G., K. D. Hadfield, 等人(2008). “Impaired tamoxifen metabolism reduces survival in familial breast cancer patients.”Clin Cancer Res 14(18): 5913-5918.; Schroth, W., L. Antoniadou, 等人(2007). “Breast cancer treatment outcome with adjuvant tamoxifen relative to patient CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes.”J Clin Oncol 25(33): 5187-5193.; Schroth, W., M. P. Goetz, 等人(2009). “Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen.”JAMA 302(13): 1429-1436; Goetz, M.P., 等人, CYP2D6 metabolism and patient outcome in the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group trial (ABCSG) 8. Clin Cancer Res, 2013. 19(2): 第500-7页.; Brauch, H., 等人, Tamoxifen Use in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: CYP2D6 Matters. J Clin Oncol, 2012.]。根据这些研究,结果PM从他莫昔芬治疗获得的益处明显少于IM,并且它们又少于EM或UM,这反映在例如公开的无复发存活曲线(所谓的Kaplan-Meier图)中。这样的公开图的例子显示在图3中。在过去,将这些研究结果解释为,他莫昔芬在乳腺癌治疗中的主要作用源自它的代谢物4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(他莫昔芬在文献中偶尔也被称作“前药”[Goetz, M. P., A. Kamal, 等人(2008). “Tamoxifen pharmacogenomics: the role of CYP2D6 as a predictor of drug response.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 83(1): 160-166.])。专家们目前也在讨论是否不应当直接施用4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬来替代他莫昔芬的建议,并且已经公开了目的在于许可纯4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬作为药剂用于乳腺癌治疗的初步研究[Ahmad, A., S. M. Ali, 等人(2010). “Orally administered endoxifen is a new therapeutic agent for breast cancer.”Breast Cancer Res Treat 122(2): 579-584.; Ahmad, A., S. Shahabuddin, 等人(2010). “Endoxifen, a new cornerstone of breast cancer therapy: demonstration of safety, tolerability, and systemic bioavailability in healthy human subjects.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 88(6): 814-817.]。
同样地,一段时间以来在专业领域在讨论,在他莫昔芬治疗之前是否不应当确定患者的基因型或表型,以将施用限制于更多受益的EM和UM (因此具有CYP2D6 基因型或表型PM和IM的患者必须没有这些本来重要的治疗选择也能行)[de Graan, A. J., S. F. Teunissen, 等人(2011). “Dextromethorphan as a phenotyping test to predict endoxifen exposure in patients on tamoxifen treatment.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3240-3246.; Irvin, W. J., Jr., C. M. Walko, 等人(2011). “Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3232-3239.; Brauch, H., W. Schroth, 等人(2008). “Clinical Relevance of CYP2D6 Genetics for Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer.”Breast Care (Basel) 3(1): 43-50.; Lim, J. S., X. A. Chen, 等人(2011). “Impact of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(5): 737-750.]。当前正在讨论的另一个治疗策略是,基于基因型或表型增加他莫昔芬的剂量,以在CYP2D6 IM和PM表型的患者中实现与在正常他莫昔芬治疗下在CYP2D6 EM患者中实现的类似的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度。在这方面,一项研究表明,该方案可能是CYP2D6 IM患者的解决方案,但是对于CYP2D6 PM表型的患者而言,明确地没有实现可比较的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度。因此,该选择对于CYP2D6 PM表型的患者而言是不可能的[Irvin, W. J., Jr., C. M. Walko, 等人(2011). “Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3232-3239.]。
根据科学现状可认为,他莫昔芬在ER+ 乳腺癌的情形中的积极作用可以归因于活性组分的组合。他莫昔芬本身无疑具有抗雌激素的(并因此抑制癌症的)作用,2种初级代谢物4-羟基他莫昔芬和N-去甲基他莫昔芬也是如此,它们在施用4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的情况下不会在患者的血浆中循环,并且可以以这样的看法为出发点,即他莫昔芬治疗的整个作用仅仅通过母体物质和它的活性代谢物的相互作用而实现[V.C. Craig, Long-Term Tamoxifen Treatment for Breast Cancer, 32页, Allen, K. E., E. R. Clark, 等人(1980). “Evidence for the metabolic activation of non-steroidal antioestrogens: a study of structure-activity relationships.”Br J Pharmacol 71(1): 83-91.; Kemp, J. V., H. K. Adam, 等人(1983). “Identification and biological activity of tamoxifen metabolites in human serum.”Biochem Pharmacol 32(13): 2045-2052.]。因此,仅使用4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的治疗是否可以成为他莫昔芬治疗的有意义替代方案是成问题的;相反,可认为,在雌激素受体阳性的乳腺癌的情况中,施用纯4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬不是针对他莫昔芬治疗的CYP2D6-依赖性的适当措施。
非常充分地记载了对乳腺癌的他莫昔芬治疗的现有科学技术。尽管它涉及相对较老的物质,但他莫昔芬治疗的CYP2D6基因型-或表型-依赖性是本专业领域中的当前研究和活跃讨论的主题。
因此,存在对他莫昔芬治疗的这样的特殊需求:其考虑CYP2D6基因型或表型,其使CYP2D6 IM和PM表型的患者能够达到与在正常他莫昔芬治疗下在CYP2D6 EM患者中达到的浓度类似的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度,且相应地也能在PM和IM中产生乳腺癌风险最小化的形式的有可望行之有效的疗法。
为了实现该目的,本发明中提出了他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在药物制剂中、尤其在固定剂量组合(FDC)中的组合施用。在一个优选的实施方案中,以基因型-或表型-特异性的方式配制根据本发明的制剂,尤其是FDC的剂量。
由2种或更多种彼此无关的物质(如母体物质和代谢物)组成的FDC是根据现有技术已知的,且例如成功地用在HIV治疗、II型糖尿病治疗、高血压治疗、高脂血症治疗或疟疾和结核病的治疗中[Anvikar, A. R., B. Sharma, 等人(2012). “Artesunate-amodiaquine fixed dose combination for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India.”Malar J 11(1): 97. Ayede, I. A., A. G. Falade, 等人(2010). “An open randomized clinical trial in comparing two artesunate-based combination treatments on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigerian children: artesunate/sulphamethoxypyrazine/pyrimethamine (fixed dose over 24 hours) versus artesunate/amodiaquine (fixed dose over 48 hours).”Malar J 9: 378.?Bramlage, P., W. P. Wolf, 等人(2010). “Effectiveness and tolerability of a fixed-dose combination of olmesartan and amlodipine in clinical practice.”Vasc Health Risk Manag 6: 803-811.?Gadzhanova, S., M. Gillies, 等人(2011). “Fixed dose combination diabetes medicines - usage in the Australian veteran population.”Aust Fam Physician 40(10): 811-815.?Honda, M., M. Ishisaka, 等人(2011). “Open-label randomized multicenter selection study of once daily antiretroviral treatment regimen comparing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir to efavirenz with fixed-dose abacavir and lamivudine.”Intern Med 50(7): 699-705.?Kauf, T. L., K. L. Davis, 等人(2012). “Spillover adherence effects of fixed-dose combination HIV therapy.”Patient Prefer Adherence 6: 155-164.?Kim, S. H., K. H. Ryu, 等人(2011). “Efficacy of fixed-dose amlodipine and losartan combination compared with amlodipine monotherapy in stage 2 hypertension: a randomized, double blind, multicenter study.”BMC Res Notes 4: 461.?Mathew, J. L. (2009). “Fixed dose drug combination for treatment of tuberculosis.”Indian Pediatr 46(10): 877-880.?Mengden, T., R. Hubner, 等人(2011). “Office and ambulatory blood pressure control with a fixed-dose combination of candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in previously uncontrolled hypertensive patients: results of CHILI CU Soon.”Vasc Health Risk Manag 7: 761-769.?Mengden, T., S. Uen, 等人(2009). “Management of hypertension with fixed dose combinations of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide: patient perspectives and clinical utility.”Vasc Health Risk Manag 5: 1043-1058.?Okpechi, I. G., H. S. Schoeman, 等人(2011). “Achieving blood preSsure goals sTudy in uncontrolled hypeRtensive pAtients treated with a fixed-dose combination of ramipriL/hydrochlorothiazide: the ASTRAL study.”Cardiovasc J Afr 22(2): 79-84.?Reynolds, J. K. (2009). “Fixed-dose combination of sitagliptin and metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.”Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2: 127-134.?Shiga, Y., S. Miura, 等人(2011). “Comparison of the efficacy and safety of single-pill fixed-dose combinations of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension (SALT-VAT study).”Intern Med 50(21): 2477-2483.]。
与2种或更多种活性成分的分别施用相比的优点是更简单的物流、制备和分销时降低的成本以及(在他莫昔芬/4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的情况下决定性的)改善的患者依从性。
根据现有技术尚未已知含有母体物质和一种或多种潜在代谢物且用于补偿代谢物浓度的基因型-或表型-造成的变异性的固定剂量组合,尤其是基因型-或表型-特异性的FDC。同样地,根据现有技术尚未已知含有母体物质和一种或多种潜在代谢物且用于补偿代谢物浓度的“表型复制”造成的变异性的固定剂量组合。在这里,“表型复制”是指,通过同时施用一种药物(其经由酶转化成一种/多种活性代谢物)和一种有效的酶抑制剂或酶诱导物(其抑制或诱导所述转化),由于酶和酶抑制剂或酶诱导物之间的相互作用,患者的原始表型被转化成另一种表型。在此,一个有说服力的实施例是向同时接受他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 EM表型患者施用有效的CYP2D6抑制剂(例如,帕罗西汀)。通过活性成分介导的(例如,帕罗西汀) CYP2D6抑制,最初的CYP2D6 EM患者实际上是IM或PM,且相应具有较低的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度,即他莫昔芬的活性次级代谢物[Borges, S., Z. Desta, 等人(2006). “Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism: implication for optimization of breast cancer treatment.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(1): 61-74.; Jin, Y., Z. Desta, 等人(2005). “CYP2D6 Genotype, Antidepressant Use, and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment.”Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1): 30-39.?Stearns, V., M. D. Johnson, 等人(2003). “Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine.”J Natl Cancer Inst 95(23): 1758-1764.]。
替代使用纯4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的乳腺癌治疗,根据本发明的他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的组合施用的方案由于证实的他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羟基他莫昔芬的效力在不能形成足够的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(即CYP2D6 PM和IM)的那些患者中是有利的。这样的组合施用的目的应当是,通过施用适当的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬剂量来补偿由于基因型-或表型-减少的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的形成,且与此同时任选如此匹配他莫昔芬的剂量,使得PM和IM达到与施用纯的他莫昔芬的情况下的EM或UM可比较的他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的稳态血浆浓度。
除了他莫昔芬-4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬FDC对于CYP2D6 IM和PM而言的前述优点以外,提出的固定组合的使用、尤其是20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的使用在CYP2D6 EM和IM中在某些情况下也可以是有利的。例如,在他莫昔芬治疗的最初阶段,可以显著缩短达到期望的平衡浓度(也称作稳态浓度)的时间。在20 mg他莫昔芬的标准治疗剂量的情况下,在由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲患者组成的实施例群体中在约80天以后达到4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的稳态浓度[Fabian C, Sternson L, El-Serafi M, Cain L, Hearne E.; Clinical pharmacology of tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer: correlation with clinical data. Cancer. 1981 Aug 15;48(4):876-82.; Jin Y, Desta Z, Stearns V, Ward B, Ho H, Lee KH, Skaar T, Storniolo AM, Li L, Araba A, Blanchard R, Nguyen A, Ullmer L, Hayden J, Lemler S, Weinshilboum RM, Rae JM, Hayes DF, Flockhart DA.; CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Jan 5;97(1):30-9.; Fuchs WS, Leary WP, van der Meer MJ, Gay S, Witschital K, von Nieciecki A.; Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tamoxifen in postmenopausal healthy women. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996 Apr;46(4):418-22.]。相反,如果最初用提出的固定组合进行他莫昔芬治疗,借助PBPK模型证实,则明显更快建立4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的有效稳态浓度,即在仅9天以后就已建立,如在图11和12中所示。
另外,用他莫昔芬进行乳腺癌治疗的开始证实的固定的他莫昔芬-4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬组合的优点也可以转移至在现实中经常发生的连续药物摄入被中断(也被称作不依从)的情况中。这样的不依从在他莫昔芬患者中是已知的,且被充分记载。差依从性与对他莫昔芬治疗的可能更差的应答有关[Barron, T.I., 等人, Early discontinuation of tamoxifen: a lesson for oncologists. Cancer, 2007. 109(5): 第832-9页.; Dezentje, V.O., 等人, Effect of concomitant CYP2D6 inhibitor use and tamoxifen adherence on breast cancer recurrence in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28(14): 第2423-9页.; Friese, C.R., 等人, Adjuvant endocrine therapy initiation and persistence in a diverse sample of patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2013.; Hershman, D.L., 等人, Early discontinuation and nonadherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in a cohort of 8,769 early-stage breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28(27): 第4120-8页.; McCowan, C., 等人, Cohort study examining tamoxifen adherence and its relationship to mortality in women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer, 2008. 99(11): 第1763-8页.; Partridge, A.H., Non-adherence to endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Ann Oncol, 2006. 17(2): 第183-4页.; Rae, J.M., 等人, Cytochrome P450 2D6 activity predicts discontinuation of tamoxifen therapy in breast cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics J, 2009. 9(4): 第258-64页.; Ruddy, K.J. and A.H. Partridge, Adherence with adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer. Ann Oncol, 2009. 20(3): 第401-2页.; Ziller, V., 等人, Adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Ann Oncol, 2009. 20(3): 第431-6页.]。
在他莫昔芬休药期的情况下,他莫昔芬和它的活性代谢物(因而尤其也是4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬)的血浆水平降到治疗有效的阈值以下。类似于最初的他莫昔芬治疗,所述固定组合在此同样可以有利地用在CYP2D6 EM和IM中,以加速有效浓度的更新达到,如在图15-18中的模拟的结果所示。
因此,本发明首先提供了含有母体物质和所述母体物质的一种或多种潜在代谢物的药物制剂,所述母体物质的作用依赖于表达的和/或抑制的/诱导的蛋白变体、酶变体、受体变体或转运蛋白变体的量或活性。具体地,基因型-或表型-特异性地定义了根据本发明的制剂的剂量。
但是,这样的多种药学活性物质的组合制剂伴有困难。主要困难是确定最佳的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬和他莫昔芬剂量,所述剂量在CYP2D6 PM和IM中引起治疗有效的稳态血浆水平。
在本发明中,该另一个目的借助于基于利用他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的偶联的基于生理学的药代动力学(PBPK)模型的方法示例性得以实现。所述方法和相应的商购可得的模型PK-Sim?/MoBi?描述在申请WO2007/147539、WO05/116854和WO 05/033982中,它们的教导在这方面特此并入,并用在本发明中以开发基于偶联PBPK模型的方法。已经描述了他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 EM和PM中的偶联PBPK模型的开发[Dickschen, K., 等人, Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of tamoxifen and its metabolites in women of different CYP2D6 phenotypes provides new insight into the tamoxifen mass balance. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2012. 3.]。随后将所述方法示例性用于优化他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 PM和IM中的剂量。在这里,公开的CYP2D6 PM模型参数化和在此另外呈现的CYP2D6 IM参数化之间的唯一差异是为CYP2D6酶活性所使用的因子(IM: 0.62; PM 0.015 [Coller, J. K., N. Krebsfaenger, 等人(2002). “The influence of CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 genotypes on the formation of the potent antioestrogen Z-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen in human liver.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 54(2): 157-167.])。图4中显示了他莫昔芬和它的3种活性代谢物(N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬)的偶联PBPK模型的简图。
因此,本发明进一步提供了用于制备固定剂量组合药物制剂的方法,所述药物制剂包含母体物质和所述母体物质的至少一种代谢物,所述母体物质的作用依赖于表达的和/或抑制的/诱导的蛋白变体、酶变体、受体变体或转运蛋白变体的量或活性,所述方法具有下述步骤:
a) 仅向输入模块中输入生物体、它的基因型或表型、母体物质和至少所述母体物质的代谢物、在单独递送母体物质的情况下所述母体物质对于参照基因型或参照表型而言的最佳参照稳态血浆水平或其相关信息,
b) 将来自a)的数据转发进计算模块中,所述计算模块包括物质数据模块、生物体数据模块、基因型数据模块或表型数据模块和基于生理学的药代动力学模型,其中所述物质数据模块包含关于所述一种或多种物质的物理化学性能和/或生化性能的数据,所述生物体模块包含关于生物体的区室的数据,且所述基因型数据模块或表型数据模块包含基因型-或表型-特异性的数据,
c) 从所述物质数据模块自动地选择母体物质和一种或多种代谢物-特异性的数据,
d) 借助于输入a)从所述生物体数据模块自动地选择生物体-特异性的数据,
e) 从所述基因型数据模块或表型数据模块自动地选择基因型-或表型-特异性的数据,
f) 将来自a)至e)的所选择的数据转发进基于生理学的药代动力学模型中,
g) 通过基于生理学的药代动力学模型计算所述母体物质对于参照基因型或参照表型而言的优化剂量,以对于来自a)的母体物质而言达到所输入的最佳的参照血浆水平,
h) 计算代谢物(N-去甲基他莫昔芬, 4-羟基他莫昔芬, 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬)在施用在g)中计算的母体物质剂量的情况下对于参照基因型或参照表型而言的参照稳态血浆水平,
i) 相对于在施用在g)中计算的母体物质剂量的情况下相应的参照血浆水平,计算基于在a)中输入的基因型或表型降低的代谢物的血浆水平,
j) 为组合达到得自h)的一种或多种代谢物的参照血浆水平和得自a)的母体物质的参照血浆水平,计算代谢物剂量和母体物质剂量,
k) 经由输出模块输出所述固定剂量组合药物制剂的代谢物剂量和母体物质剂量,和/或
l) 将在j)中计算的剂量转发进用于分配药物剂量的自动化装置中。
在本发明中,用于分配药物剂量的自动化装置是指用于制备剂型(例如,片剂、胶囊剂、液体剂量或其元件)的装置,以及用于测量出剂量的设备诸如天平,根据现有技术已知的单位剂量系统,或用于通过容量法或通过比重测定法测量出液体的装置。
任选地,所述计算模块另外具有施用模块,所述施用模块包含关于剂型(例如,片剂、胶囊剂、液体剂量或其元件)的数据。所述数据通常包含剂型的释放性能,诸如组合制剂的立即释放、延迟释放以及分化释放(例如借助于层状的活性成分分布)或同时释放(例如借助于共同制粒)。在输入模块中,然后可以选择性地定义剂型,并且关于对应剂型的数据自动地选自施用模块并被转发至基于生理学的药代动力学模型。
所述计算模块计算母体物质和一种或多种代谢物的最佳药物剂量和任选的最佳剂量方案。它由计算机执行的软件和执行该程序所需的硬件组成。所述硬件通常是商购可得的PC。它直接连接至输入装置(如在具有嵌入式键盘或芯片卡读出器的膝上型计算机的情况下),或在当地装配并连接至输入装置(服务器)。原则上,所有常见的传输技术(电缆连接的和无线方法)都是合适的和可能的。特别优选的是经由手提式输入模块或芯片卡读出器输入的患者信息的无线传输。
所述软件可在一个或多个数据库中管理与计算最佳药物剂量有关的所有信息。在所述方法的一个优选的实施方案中,也可以进行患者特异性的剂量的计算。与计算药物剂量有关的信息通常分成生物体-特异性的数据、物质-特异性的数据、基因型-或表型-特异性的数据和优选的施用-特异性的数据,且优选地可自动取回地储存在相应的数据模块中。
在与个性化药物治疗特别有关的一个优选实施方案中,生理学的(或人体测量的)信息、病理学的信息、任选与另外施用的药物(所谓的共同给药)有关的信息,也同样作为患者-特异性的数据储存在期模块中,可自动取回。
所述物质数据包括,例如,亲脂性、游离血浆级分、血液-血浆比率、分配系数、渗透性、分布体积、清除率、清除的性质、清除比例、排泄的性质、定量施用方案、转运蛋白底物、药代动力学和/或药效动力学终点和不良作用。
相关药物信息尤其是,推荐的治疗剂量(根据来自生产商的信息),药代动力学和/或药效动力学终点,清除率(作为在参照群体或参照个体中的血液-或血浆清除率的总清除率)和清除的性质(肝代谢的、胆汁的、肾的等),以及如果药物和/或它的代谢物是一种或多种主动转运蛋白/受体/酶的底物的话对总清除率、主动转运蛋白/受体/酶的动力学参数而言各过程的比例,和物理化学和药代动力学信息例如亲脂性、血浆中的未结合的级分、药物和/或它的代谢物所结合的血浆蛋白、血液-血浆分配系数或分布体积。
例如通过病例研究可以得到的经验知识同样可以另外是具有物质信息或与共同给药有关的信息的数据库的一部分。
类似于患者-特异性的信息,有关的生理学信息或人体测量信息和病理生理学信息分别是,例如,年龄、性别、种族、体重、身高、身体质量指数、瘦体重、无脂肪体重、基因表达数据、疾病、变态反应、药物治疗、肾功能和肝功能。有关的病理生理学信息尤其是疾病、变态反应、肾功能和肝功能。
在共同给药的情况下,关于所有额外施用的药物的对应前述信息是与共同给药有关的数据库的内容。
使用基于数据库中包含的信息计算要施用的物质(母体物质和代谢物)的药代动力学和药效动力学性能的合理数学模型,借助物质-特异性的数据、生物体-特异性的数据和基因型-或表型-特异性的数据,任选与施用-特异性的数据组合,计算最佳剂量和任选的最佳定量施用方案。在这方面,合理数学模型可以是,例如,异速生长定标函数或基于生理学的药代动力学模型。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,使用基于生理学的药代动力学/药效动力学模拟模型来计算单一剂量。特别优选的是,在WO2005/633982中详述的动态地产生的基于生理学的模拟模型。
当使用得自WO2005/633982的基于生理学的模拟模型时,一个特别的优点是存在动态地模拟多种药物的同时施用和它们的相互作用的可能性。在这方面,动态地是指,在相互作用中,可以考虑2种(任选更多种)相互作用物质的动力学。这比静态考虑有利,在静态考虑中,例如,无时间依赖性地完全地或部分地抑制酶或转运蛋白,因为动态模拟允许优化定量施用方案。这样的定量施用方案优化的一个可能的结果是,例如,当施用2种相互作用物质时,为了使相互影响最小化,维持例如12小时的最大时间间隔(对于每天1次施用)。
由得自Bayer Technology Services GmbH的PK-Sim?和MoBi?组成的系统生物学软件包特别适合于施行根据本发明的方法。
已知诸如蛋白抑制或诱导等过程是时间依赖性的,因此基于所述过程的相互作用效应同样也是时间依赖性的。在特殊情况中,这些动态效应(其以数天或数周的时间尺度发生)会造成在疗程中需要改变药物的剂量。简单的静态考虑或仅仅对治疗者发出警告(在立即施用相互影响的药物的情况下),如根据现有技术已知的,将不能胜任这样的复杂的动态效应。
示范性地,根据本发明的方法能够根据他莫昔芬剂量模拟这4种物质,他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,在具有不同CYP2D6基因型或表型的乳腺癌患者中的稳态血浆水平。通过可能必要的他莫昔芬剂量的改变和同时模拟递增的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬剂量的施用,可借助所述模型回答这2种活性成分在CYP2D6 IM和PM中的最佳剂量的问题。在该特殊的情况中,稳态血浆水平是药理学上关键的量;血浆浓度的精确时程在这里是次要的。根据本发明,通常按照基因型或表型确定合适的物质组合,所述组合补偿该基因型或表型与参照相比的差异。
作为剂型,以商购可得的20 mg他莫昔芬片剂制剂(每天1次施用)作为基础,其中所述制剂都没有由制剂造成的延迟或延缓。这样的剂型例如描述在以下产品的专业信息中:得自Astra Zeneca的Nolvadex ?20 mg膜包衣片剂,或得自Ratiopharm的他莫昔芬-ratiopharm?10 mg/20 mg/30 mg片剂,各自在第6.1部分中。
在本实施例中可证实,由20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬组成的组合在CYP2D6 PM中产生的他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的血浆水平可与在CYP2D6 EM中纯施用20 mg他莫昔芬的水平相比较。在CYP2D6 IM中,发现20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的组合是最佳的(图5-7)。
因此,本发明进一步提供了:
- 固定剂量组合制剂,其包含15-25 mg他莫昔芬和0.25-5.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。
尤其是:
- 用于CYP2D6 IM患者的固定剂量组合制剂,其包含15-25 mg他莫昔芬和0.25-2.00 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,尤其是18-22 mg他莫昔芬和0.5-1.5 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,特别优选20 mg他莫昔芬和1.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(图8 A b)),以及
- 用于CYP2D6 PM患者的固定剂量组合制剂,其包含15-25 mg他莫昔芬和1.0-5.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,尤其是18-22 mg他莫昔芬和2.0-4.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,尤其是20 mg他莫昔芬和3.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(图8 A c))。
从现有技术已知根据本发明的制剂的其它组分。关于根据本发明的制剂的制备,考虑尤其是得自以下专业信息的制剂:得自Astra Zeneca的Nolvadex ?20 mg膜包衣片剂,或得自Ratiopharm的Ratiopharm-rationpharm? 10mg/20mg/30mg片剂和得自Ahmad, A., 等人, Endoxifen, a new cornerstone of breast cancer therapy: demonstration of safety, tolerability, and systemic bioavailability in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2010. 88(6): 第814-7页和US 2009-0291134 A1。
为了实现4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在乳腺癌患者中的更高暴露,在过去也尝试提高他莫昔芬剂量。替代在CYP2D6 EM中有效的每天20 mg他莫昔芬,在CYP2D6 IM和PM中施用作为2个单独剂量的最多每天40 mg他莫昔芬。但是,母体物质剂量的这种巨大提高也没有导致在CYP2D6 EM中观察到的在20 mg他莫昔芬的治疗剂量下的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度[Irvin, W.J., Jr., 等人, Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29(24): 第3232-9页.]。因此,所述的他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的基因型-或表型-特异性的组合施用的一个特别的优点是,他莫昔芬-暴露在CYP2D6 IM和PM中与CP2D6 EM相比没有极大地升高(不同于目前正在科学界中宣传的他莫昔芬剂量的增加)。
但是,由于他莫昔芬(和同样地,宣传的他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 PM和IM中的非固定剂量联合治疗)必须在长时间(通常5年)内每天1次地施用,潜在联合治疗的第二个困难是,确保尽可能好的依从性。已知的是,在药物治疗的情况下依从性(和因而治疗的成功)随着必须服用的片剂的数目下降。由于该原因,有利的是,组合他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬以形成FDC。FDC然后在每种情况下以单一剂型(例如片剂或胶囊剂)的形式含有确定的取决于CYP2D6基因型或表型(PM或IM)的这2种活性成分的剂量。
因而,本发明的另一个优选的实施方案是在每种情况下已经述及的比例的他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的基因型-或表型-特异性的固定剂量组合。
他莫昔芬/4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的实施例呈现的解决方案还可以容易地转移至母体物质加一种(或多种)代谢物的其它组合,所述其它组合的形成受以下因素影响:基因型或表型特质,以及在上面已经提及的“表型拷贝”的现象。尤其是,为了优化可待因作用,可以使用可待因和吗啡(其从可待因的转化同样由CYP2D6催化)的FDC,更精确地讲,基因型-或表型-特异性的FDC。
其它潜在候选物的例子尤其是:依洛匹坦、多奈哌齐、氯吡格雷、环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤、伊立替康、来氟米特、卡培他滨、普拉格雷、文拉法辛、氯沙坦、托特罗定、曲马多、羟考酮、氢可酮、多柔比星、吗替麦考酚酯、雌莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、吉西他滨、依托泊苷、特非那定、甲氨蝶呤。
所述的含有母体物质和一种或多种代谢物的药物制剂(优选FDC)的发明可以容易地转移至其它活性成分候选物。在上面详述的他莫昔芬-4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬实施例中,问题是在具有CYP2D6 IM或PM表型的患者中他莫昔芬向4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的转化不足。如示范性地所示的,在固定组合的药物制剂中通过母体物质的标准剂量与对于CYP2D6 IM或对于CYP2D6 PM的基因型-或表型-特异性的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬剂量的组合,可以补偿该不足,并且消除在治疗应答中的差异。
基本上,由母体物质和一种或多种代谢物组成的基因型-或表型-特异性的药物制剂(优选FDC)的原理可以首先转移至所有母体物质,所述母体物质被多晶型酶、蛋白、受体或转运蛋白转化成一种或多种活性代谢物,和/或结合和/或运输和/或产生它们的药效动力学作用。
母体物质经由多晶型酶转化成活性代谢物的另一个实施例是氯吡格雷。氯吡格雷在已经转化成它的活性代谢物以后,通过经由糖蛋白-IIb/IIIa-受体复合物阻断ADP依赖性的凝血细胞活化而抑制血液凝结成块。氯吡格雷尤其经由多晶型酶CYP2C19转化成它的活性代谢物。CYP2C19会发生显著的遗传多态性。类似于CYP2D6,因此可以在群体中发现CYP2C19 PM。在这里,也合理地怀疑,具有CYP2C19 PM基因型或表型的患者不可能从用氯吡格雷的治疗中获得足够益处[Simon T, Bhatt DL, Bergougnan L, Farenc C, Pearson K, Perrin L, Vicaut E, Lacreta F, Hurbin F, Dubar M.; Genetic polymorphisms and the impact of a higher clopidogrel dose regimen on active metabolite exposure and antiplatelet response in healthy subjects., Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Aug;90(2):287-95.; Lee JB, Lee KA, Lee KY.; Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism is associated with reduced clopidogrel response in cerebrovascular disease. Yonsei Med J. 2011 Sep;52(5):734-8.; Kazui M, Nishiya Y, Ishizuka T, Hagihara K, Farid NA, Okazaki O, Ikeda T, Kurihara A.; Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the two oxidative steps in the bioactivation of clopidogrel to its pharmacologically active metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Jan;38(1):92-9.; Savi P, Pereillo JM, Uzabiaga MF, Combalbert J, Picard C, Maffrand JP, Pascal M, Herbert JM.; Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Nov, 84(5):891-6.; Cervinski MA, Schwab MC, Lefferts JA, Lewis LD, Lebel KA, Tyropolis AM, Pflueger SM, Tsongalis GJ.; Establishment of a CYP2C19 genotyping assay for clinical use. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013 Feb, 139(2):202-7; Frelinger AL 3rd, Lee RD, Mulford DJ, Wu J, Nudurupati S, Nigam A, Brooks JK, Bhatt DL, Michelson AD.; A randomized, 2-period, crossover design study to assess the effects of dexlansoprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, and omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Apr 3, 59(14):1304-11.; Gong IY, Crown N, Suen CM, Schwarz UI, Dresser GK, Knauer MJ, Sugiyama D, Degorter MK, Woolsey S, Tirona RG, Kim RB.; Clarifying the importance of CYP2C19 and PON1 in the mechanism of clopidogrel bioactivation and in vivo antiplatelet response. Eur Heart J. 2012 Nov, 33(22):2856-2464a.; Mega JL, Hochholzer W, Frelinger AL 3rd, Kluk MJ, Angiolillo DJ, Kereiakes DJ, Isserman S, Rogers WJ, Ruff CT, Contant C, Pencina MJ, Scirica BM, Longtine JA, Michelson AD, Sabatine MS.; Dosing clopidogrel based on CYP2C19 genotype and the effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2011 Nov 23, 306(20):2221-8.; Zabalza M, Subirana I, Sala J, Lluis-Ganella C, Lucas G, Tomás M, MasiáR, Marrugat J, Brugada R, Elosua R.; Meta-analyses of the association between cytochrome CYP2C19 loss- and gain-of-function polymorphisms and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease treated with clopidogrel. Heart. 2012 Jan;98(2):100-8., Yamamoto K, Hokimoto S, Chitose T, Morita K, Ono T, Kaikita K, Tsujita K, Abe T, Deguchi M, Miyagawa H, Saruwatari J, Sumida H, Sugiyama S, Nakagawa K, Ogawa H., Impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on residual platelet reactivity in patients with coronary heart disease during antiplatelet therapy. J Cardiol. 2011 Mar;57(2):194-201.; Jin B, Ni HC, Shen W, Li J, Shi HM, Li Y.; Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism is associated with poor clinical outcomes in coronary artery disease patients treated with clopidogrel. Mol Biol Rep. 2011 Mar;38(3):1697-702., Shuldiner AR, O'Connell JR, Bliden KP, Gandhi A, Ryan K, Horenstein RB, Damcott CM, Pakyz R, Tantry US, Gibson Q, Pollin TI, Post W, Parsa A, Mitchell BD, Faraday N, Herzog W, Gurbel PA.; Association of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype with the antiplatelet effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel therapy. JAMA. 2009 Aug 26, 302(8):849-57.; Sibbing D, Stegherr J, Latz W, Koch W, Mehilli J, D?rrler K, Morath T, Sch?mig A, Kastrati A, von Beckerath N.; Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism and stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J. 2009 Apr, 30(8):916-22.; Hulot JS, Bura A, Villard E, Azizi M, Remones V, Goyenvalle C, Aiach M, Lechat P, Gaussem P.; Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects. Blood. 2006 Oct 1, 108(7):2244-7.]。借助根据本发明的概念,在该情况下也可以计算由氯吡格雷和它的活性代谢物组成的基因型-或表型-特异性的药物制剂(优选FDC),以补偿活性代谢物在CYP2C19 PM中的形成不足。
为了确定最佳参照稳态血浆水平,可以使用确定的数据或药代动力学模型诸如PK-Sim?和MoBi?,它们可以在输入参照剂量以后计算血浆水平。
此外,由母体物质和一种或多种代谢物组成的基因型-或表型-特异性的药物制剂(优选FDC)的原理可以转移至所有母体物质,所述母体物质借助于可以被抑制/诱导的酶、蛋白、受体或转运蛋白转化成一种或多种活性代谢物和/或结合和/或运输和/或产生它们的药效动力学作用。
如上述他莫昔芬和CYP2D6-抑制剂帕罗西汀的实施例详述的,药物成分A和药物成分B的必要的同时施用可以实际上将患者从EM基因型或表型转化成PM基因型或表型,其中A必须经由酶转化成活性代谢物,以产生它的完全的作用,且B抑制所述酶。通过医学指示的帕罗西汀的同时施用,患者实际上转化成CYP2D6 PM,其因此可以将更少的他莫昔芬转化成4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。借助上面详述的概念,在这里同样可以计算由他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬组成的基因型-或表型-特异性的药物制剂(优选FDC),其可以补偿由于帕罗西汀造成的CYP2D6的抑制而产生的由他莫昔芬形成4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的不足。
类似地,在必要的和医学指示的氯吡格雷和竞争性CYP2C19抑制剂奥美拉唑的同时施用的情况下,可使用根据本发明的概念。使用上面详述的概念和方法,通过计算由氯吡格雷和它的活性代谢物组成的基因型-或表型-特异性的药物制剂(优选FDC),同样可以补偿由此造成的氯吡格雷向它的活性代谢物的转化的减少。
上面解释的概念此外能够补偿遗传多态性和酶抑制和/或酶诱导(它们以它们的活性的方式累加地减少/增加相同的或不同的酶或蛋白或受体或转运蛋白)的组合。这由具有CYP2D6 PM基因型或表型的患者的实施例示范性解释,所述患者正在接受他莫昔芬治疗且另外需要施用帕罗西汀。用上面详述的原理,可以考虑对从他莫昔芬经由CYP2D6形成4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的影响,并且可以计算由他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬组成的最佳基因型-或表型-特异性的药物制剂(优选FDC)。类似地,在氯吡格雷治疗下、现在需要施用奥美拉唑的、具有CYP2C19 PM基因型或表型的患者的实施例,这也可以理解。
附图说明:
附图解释了本发明的关于他莫昔芬治疗的概念,并显示了作为实施例的根据本发明的方法使用PK-Sim?的他莫昔芬/4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬FDC剂量发现的结果,而不将所述概念限于所述实施例。
图1显示了他莫昔芬在人类中的复杂生物转化路线图的片段。约90%的他莫昔芬被代谢成N-去甲基他莫昔芬,约7%被代谢成4-羟基他莫昔芬。4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬排它地经由多晶型细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6从N-去甲基他莫昔芬形成。经由多晶型CYP2D6发生的从他莫昔芬形成4-羟基他莫昔芬达到约50%的程度。因而,CYP2D6在很大程度上涉入4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的必需的形成步骤[Coller, J. K., N. Krebsfaenger, 等人(2002). “The influence of CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 genotypes on the formation of the potent antioestrogen Z-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen in human liver.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 54(2): 157-167.; Desta, Z., B. A. Ward, 等人(2004). “Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6.”J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310(3): 1062-1075.; Kaku, T., K. Ogura, 等人(2004). “Quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronidation of tamoxifen by human liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4.”Biochem Pharmacol 67(11): 2093-2102.; Murdter, T. E., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 708-717.; Nishiyama, T., K. Ogura, 等人(2002). “Reverse geometrical selectivity in glucuronidation and sulfation of cis- and trans-4-hydroxytamoxifens by human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases.”Biochem Pharmacol 63(10): 1817-1830.; Sun, D., G. Chen, 等人(2006). “Characterization of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen glucuronidation by human UGT1A4 variants.”Breast Cancer Res 8(4): R50.; Sun, D., A. K. Sharma, 等人(2007). “Glucuronidation of active tamoxifen metabolites by the human UDP glucuronosyltransferases.”Drug Metab Dispos 35(11): 2006-2014.]。
图2显示了在他莫昔芬治疗的范围内,在CYP2D6强代谢者(EM)、中代谢者(IM)或差代谢者(PM)表型的患者中,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6基因型或表型依赖性的稳态浓度。4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的基因剂量效应是明显的:与仅具有一个CYP2D6功能性等位基因(IM)或不具有功能性CYP2D6等位基因(PM)的患者相比,具有2个功能性CYP2D6等位基因(EM)的患者表现出明显更高的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬暴露。[图来自(从左上至右下):[Kiyotani, K., T. Mushiroda, 等人(2010). “Significant effect of polymorphisms in CYP2D6 and ABCC2 on clinical outcomes of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients.”J Clin Oncol 28(8): 1287-1293.; Murdter, T. E., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 708-717.; Lim, J. S., X. A. Chen, 等人(2011). “Impact of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients.”Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(5): 737-750.; Lim, H. S., H. Ju Lee, 等人(2007). “Clinical implications of CYP2D6 genotypes predictive of tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in metastatic breast cancer.”J Clin Oncol 25(25): 3837-3845.; Borges, S., Z. Desta, 等人(2006). “Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism: implication for optimization of breast cancer treatment.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(1): 61-74.; Jin, Y., Z. Desta, 等人(2005). “CYP2D6 Genotype, Antidepressant Use, and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment.”Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1): 30-39.]。
图3显示了根据细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)、中代谢者(IM)或差代谢者(PM)基因型或表型,在他莫昔芬治疗下的乳腺癌患者的无复发存活曲线(根据Kaplan-Meier) [图来自(组1-3): Schroth, W., M. P. Goetz, 等人(2009). “Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen.”JAMA 302(13): 1429-1436.; Goetz, M. P., S. K. Knox, 等人(2007). “The impact of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen.”Breast Cancer Res Treat 101(1): 113-121.; Goetz, M. P., J. M. Rae, 等人(2005). “Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes.”J Clin Oncol 23(36): 9312-9318.]。
图4显示了如在PK-Sim?中使用的偶联的基于生理学的药代动力学(PBPK)模型的区室的简图,所述模型用于模拟施用母体物质他莫昔芬以后N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6基因型-或表型-特异性的形成,或用于模拟根据CYP2D6基因型或表型的他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的同时施用和由此得到的血清浓度。在肝的细胞内区室中,他莫昔芬产生N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羟基他莫昔芬,因此他莫昔芬-PBPK-模型作为2种初级代谢物的显影功能起作用。类似地,次级代谢物4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬产生在N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羟基他莫昔芬的PBPK模型的细胞内区室中。
图5A显示了他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)、4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6强代谢者、中代谢者和差代谢者(EM/IM/PM)基因型或表型群体中的偶联PBPK-模型。历时1年在细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)、中代谢者(IM)和差代谢者(PM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性实施例群体中每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的稳态血浆浓度。箱线图显示了各个群体的5%、25%、50%、75%和95%。符号代表模型验证的实验数据[从左至右:Gjerde, J. Geisler, 等人(2010). “Associations between tamoxifen, estrogens, and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer.”BMC Cancer 10: 313.; Gjerde, J., M. Hauglid, 等人(2008). “Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism.”Ann Oncol 19(1): 56-61.; Madlensky, L., L. Natarajan, 等人(2011). “Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, CYP2D6 genotype, and breast cancer outcomes.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 718-725.; Murdter, T. E., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 708-717.; Irvin, W. J., Jr., C. M. Walko, 等人(2011). “Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3232-3239.]。图5B是替代图。
图6A显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 IM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬剂量发现的结果。图6A显示了与得自CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型患者的实验数据相比,历时1年在细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)或中代谢者(IM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者实施例群体中每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后每天他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的稳态血浆浓度。历时1年在每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬加另外0.5 mg或1 mg或1.5 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 IM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者实施例群体中的稳态血浆浓度。接受20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 IM女性患者表现出与历时1年每天1次接受20 mg他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 EM女性患者等同的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度[从左至右: Gjerde, J. Geisler, 等人(2010). “Associations between tamoxifen, estrogens, and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer.”BMC Cancer 10: 313.; Gjerde, J., M. Hauglid, 等人(2008). “Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism.”Ann Oncol 19(1): 56-61.; Madlensky, L., L. Natarajan, 等人(2011). “Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, CYP2D6 genotype, and breast cancer outcomes.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 718-725.; Murdter, T. E., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 708-717.; Irvin, W. J., Jr., C. M. Walko, 等人(2011). “Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3232-3239]。图6B是替代图。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后确定的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。接受20 mg他莫昔芬加1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 IM女性患者表现出与历时1年每天1次接受20 mg他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 EM女性患者等同的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度。
图7A显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 PM患者中每天1次同时施用他莫昔芬的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬剂量发现的结果。图7A显示了与得自CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型女性患者的实验数据相比,历时1年在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)或差代谢者(PM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者实施例群体中每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的稳态血浆浓度。历时1年在同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬加另外1 mg或2 mg或3 mg或4 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 PM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者实施例群体中的稳态血浆浓度。接受20 mg他莫昔芬加3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 PM女性患者表现出与历时1年每天1次接受20 mg他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 EM女性患者等同的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度[从左至右:Gjerde, J. Geisler, 等人(2010). “Associations between tamoxifen, estrogens, and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer.”BMC Cancer 10: 313.; Gjerde, J., M. Hauglid, 等人(2008). “Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism.”Ann Oncol 19(1): 56-61.; Madlensky, L., L. Natarajan, 等人(2011). “Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, CYP2D6 genotype, and breast cancer outcomes.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 718-725.; Murdter, T. E., W. Schroth, 等人(2011). “Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma.”Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5): 708-717.; Irvin, W. J., Jr., C. M. Walko, 等人(2011). “Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism: A Multicenter Study.”J Clin Oncol 29(24): 3232-3239.]。图7B是替代图。事先得到的历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。接受20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 PM女性患者表现出与历时1年每天1次接受20 mg他莫昔芬的CYP2D6 EM女性患者等同的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度。
图8显示了作为松散组合(A)或作为FDC (B)的他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的基于基因型或表型的剂量。
图9和10显示了PK-Sim?的模块结构的简图。
图11-14显示了使用20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的固定组合的最初乳腺癌治疗对达到4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬稳态浓度的影响,借助于CYP2D6 EM和IM的PBPK模型进行了系统研究。
图11显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 EM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的负荷-剂量-研究的结果。图11显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次超过在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天的前一天,在该情况下,第9天。
图12显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 EM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的负荷-剂量-对照-研究的结果。图12显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先获得的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次达到在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天,在该情况下,第120天。
图13显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 IM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的负荷-剂量-研究的结果。图13显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6中代谢者(IM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次超过在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天的前一天,在该情况下,第13天。
图14显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 IM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的负荷-剂量-对照-研究的结果。图14显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6中代谢者(IM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次达到在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天,在该情况下,第67天。
总之,20 mg他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 EM中的施用或根据本发明的20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在IM中的施用与根据本发明的20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬在CYP2D6 EM或IM中的施用之间的直接对比清楚地表明,与使用标准剂量(对于EM由20 mg他莫昔芬组成和根据本发明的由20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬组成)相比,在施用FDC (由20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬组成)时,远远更快地达到4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬稳态浓度,平均快了约111天或54天。
图15-18显示了在依从性-不足的研究中的模拟。模拟了下述场景:
图15显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 EM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的依从性-剂量研究的结果。图15显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬共6个月和持续2、4、8和12周的休药期以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。随后进行每天1次20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的同时施用。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次超过在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天的前一天,在该情况下,在2-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第2天,在4-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第3天,在8-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第7天,和在12-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第9天。
图16显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 EM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬,依从性-剂量对照研究的结果。图16显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6强代谢者(EM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬共6个月和持续2、4、8和12周的休药期以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。随后进行每天1次20 mg他莫昔芬的施用。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次达到在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天,在该情况下,在2-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第269天,在4-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第334天,在8-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后>336天,和在12-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后> 336天。
图17显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 IM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的依从性-剂量研究的结果。图17显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6中代谢者(IM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬6个月和持续2、4、8和12周的休药期以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。随后进行每天1次20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的同时施用。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次超过在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天的前一天,在该情况下,在2-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第4天,在4-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第7天,在8-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第10天,和在12-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第11天。
图18显示了按照根据本发明的方法,使用PK-Sim?,在CYP2D6 IM患者中同时施用他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的依从性-剂量对照研究的结果。图18显示了在具有细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6中代谢者(IM)基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中每天1次同时施用20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬共6个月和持续2、4、8和12周的休药期以后,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)的波谷血浆浓度。随后进行每天1次20 mg他莫昔芬和1 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的同时施用。历时1年每天1次施用20 mg他莫昔芬以后事先得到的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羟基他莫昔芬(4OH)和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬(END)在CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者中的稳态波谷血浆浓度用作对比,显示为具有中位值(深灰色线)的灰色带(5%-95%)。取作时间点的是,4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平值首次达到在标准治疗下由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表型的欧洲女性患者组成的实施例群体中的4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬浓度的中间波谷水平的那天,在该情况下,在2-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第217天,在4-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第250天,在8-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第283天,和在12-周休药期的情况下为开始FDC摄入以后第315天。
总之,图15-18的模拟结果表明,为在依从性-不足的情况下加速达到4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的有效稳态浓度,20 mg他莫昔芬和3 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬的固定组合施用是有利的。
Claims (7)
1.固定剂量组合药物制剂,其含有母体物质及其至少一种代谢物,所述母体物质的作用依赖于表达的蛋白变体、酶变体、受体变体或转运蛋白变体的量或活性。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制剂,所述制剂的剂量以基因型-或表型-特异性的方式确定。
3.根据权利要求1或2中的任一项所述的制剂,所述制剂包含他莫昔芬和4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制剂,所述制剂包含15-25 mg他莫昔芬和0.25-5.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制剂,对于CYP2D6 IM患者而言,所述制剂包含15-25 mg他莫昔芬和0.25-2.00 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。
6.根据权利要求4所述的制剂,对于CYP2D6 PM患者而言,所述制剂包含15-25 mg他莫昔芬和1.0-5.0 mg 4-羟基-N-去甲基他莫昔芬。
7.用于制备根据权利要求1-4中的任一项所述的固定剂量组合药物制剂的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
a) 向输入模块中输入生物体、它的基因型或表型、母体物质和所述母体物质的至少一种代谢物、在单独递送母体物质的情况下所述母体物质对于参照基因型或参照表型而言的最佳参照稳态血浆水平的相关信息,
b) 将来自a)和b)的数据转发进计算模块中,所述计算模块包括物质数据模块、生物体数据模块、基因型数据模块或表型数据模块和基于生理学的药代动力学模型,其中所述物质数据模块包含关于所述物质的物理化学性能和/或生化性能的数据,所述生物体模块包含关于生物体的区室的数据,且所述基因型数据模块或表型数据模块包含基因型-或表型-特异性的数据,
c) 从所述物质数据模块自动地选择母体物质和代谢物-特异性的数据,
d) 借助于输入a)从所述生物体数据模块自动地选择生物体-特异性的数据,
e) 从所述基因型数据模块或表型数据模块自动地选择基因型-特异性的或表型-特异性的数据,
f) 将来自a)至e)的所选择的数据转发进基于生理学的药代动力学模型中,
g) 通过基于生理学的药代动力学模型计算所述母体物质对于参照基因型或参照表型而言的优化剂量,以对于来自a)的母体物质而言达到所输入的最佳的参照血浆水平,
h) 计算所述代谢物在施用在g)中计算的母体物质剂量的情况下对于参照基因型或参照表型而言的参照稳态血浆水平,
i) 相对于在施用在g)中计算的母体物质剂量的情况下相应的参照血浆水平,计算基于所述基因型或表型降低的所述代谢物的血浆水平,
j) 为组合达到得自h)的代谢物的参照血浆水平和得自a)的母体物质的参照血浆水平,计算代谢物剂量和母体物质剂量,
k) 经由输出模块输出所述固定剂量组合药物制剂的代谢物剂量和母体物质剂量,和/或将在j)中计算的剂量转发进用于分配药物剂量的自动化装置中。
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Non-Patent Citations (3)
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J.M. BLONDEAU等: "In vitro killing of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enrofloxacin in combination with its active metabolite ciprofloxacin using clinically relevant drug concentrations in the dog and cat", 《VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY》 * |
张磊 等: "他莫西芬及其活性代谢物Endoxifen的研究进展", 《中华乳腺病杂志(电子版)》 * |
谢新华 等: "药物代谢酶细胞色素P450 2D6 在他莫昔芬个体化治疗中的研究进展", 《中华乳腺病杂志(电子版)》 * |
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