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CN104117088A - Liquid wound dressing used for wound healing and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Liquid wound dressing used for wound healing and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104117088A
CN104117088A CN201310148651.0A CN201310148651A CN104117088A CN 104117088 A CN104117088 A CN 104117088A CN 201310148651 A CN201310148651 A CN 201310148651A CN 104117088 A CN104117088 A CN 104117088A
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ethanol
concentrated solution
dressing
wound
solution
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张勇
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Abstract

The invention relates to a liquid wound dressing used for wound healing and a preparation method thereof. The liquid wound dressing adopts a polyurethane adhesive as a film forming material, takes chitosan as the filler, and employs laurocapram as a penetration enhancer. The pharmaceutical composition involves borneol, rosin, camphor, a lithospermum extract, a safflower extract, a frankincense extract and a myrrh extract. The preparation method includes: firstly dissolving the borneol, rosin and camphor in a solvent, then adding the polyurethane adhesive and chitosan, and then adding the concentrated solutions of lithospermum, safflower, frankincense, myrrh and other traditional Chinese medicines as well as laurocapram, mixing the materials evenly, then adding the mixture into water to perform dispersion emulsification, and then removing the solvent, thus obtaining the liquid wound dressing. With the characteristics of low alcohol content, good water resistance, and small wound irritation, the liquid wound dressing can be sprayed, and can be used for wound recovery in trauma treatment.

Description

A kind of liquid wound-dressing for wound healing and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of medical dressing, belong to field of medical technology.Specifically, the present invention relates to a kind ofly for wound healing, there is liquid wound-dressing promoting wound healing effect and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
In medical field, the application of bandage is very widely, and it has advantages of cheapness, easy to use, but common bandage breathability is poor, is also not easy to use at some specific position.Meanwhile, in boundary region and skin bonding, there is sometimes unsticking effect, easily make dust, antibacterial, moisture etc. enter into wound and cause to infect scar is increased, use liquid wound-dressing to a certain degree solving the existing problem of common bandage.
CN 102166369A discloses liquid adhesive bandage and preparation technology thereof, by mass percentage, by 1%~5% polyvinyl alcohol, 1%~5% gum rosin, 1%~5% Cera Flava, 10%~30% gum turpentine, 60%~90% ethanol 75% and 1%~8% purified water, formed.Polyvinyl alcohol is added in the cooled purified water of heating, and fully dispersed with stirring is even, adds the mixed liquor of gum rosin, Cera Flava, gum turpentine and ethanol, after stirring and dissolving, obtains liquid adhesive bandage.
CN 101920042A discloses a kind of liquid bandage and preparation method, and raw material forms: Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal, dibutyl phthalate, methylcellulose, glycerol, laurocapram, chitosan, 95% ethanol, five tastes rattan, Sanguis Draxonis, Olibanum, Myrrha, Radix Notoginseng; Preparation method is: after 50 ℃ of stirring and dissolving, add laurocapram, glycerol, dibutyl phthalate vinegar and methylcellulose to make film liquid Pioloform, polyvinyl acetal, chitosan, ethanol; By five tastes rattan, Sanguis Draxonis, Olibanum, Myrrha, Radix Notoginseng after pulverizing use respectively ethanol 60 ℃ of reflux, extract, to extracting liquid colourless, normal pressure filters and concentrates; In preparation liquid, add five tastes rattan, Sanguis Draxonis, Olibanum, Myrrha, Radix Notoginseng concentrated solution, mix homogeneously.
At present, the poor or problem that contains a large amount of ethanol of the liquid bandage ubiquity water proofing property on market.Take polyvinyl alcohol as mainly becoming the material of membrane matrix generally to take water as solvent, it does not generally have high cytotoxicity as liniment, but it is in use not water-fast, and the material with water-fast character as polyvinyl butyral resin with an organic solvent as ethanol, ethanol has the effect of sterilization, but for open wound, use high concentration ethanol can make patient produce severe pain sense.Meanwhile, for different cells, the ethanol of high concentration also has higher cytotoxicity.Use at present aerosol type liquid for the product of wound disinfection and recovery some containing ethanol, do not produce severe pain sense, but this product can not form the protecting film that intercepts antibacterial or waterproof.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of new medical liquid wound-dressing and preparation method thereof.The type liquid wound-dressing ethanol content is low, during coating, substantially without sensation of pricking, has good water resistance energy and permeability, meanwhile, keeps the environment of wound certain humidity when recovering, and can promote wound healing, alleviates the generation of cicatrix.
For reaching this object, the present invention by the following technical solutions:
One of object of the present invention is to provide a kind of liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, and described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Liquid wound-dressing of the present invention be take polyurethane binder as filmogen, take chitosan as filler, and laurocapram is penetrating agent, and ingredients is Borneolum Syntheticum, Colophonium, Camphora, Radix Arnebiae extract, Flos Carthami extract, Olibanum extract and Myrrha extract.Described liquid wound-dressing has that ethanol content is low, water-tolerant, while being applied on wound without severe pain sense, can spray the characteristic of film forming.
Polyurethane is the synthetic material of a class extensive use, and it has excellent filming performance and adhesive property, and meanwhile, the performance of polyurethane has extremely strong controllability.The parts by weight of polyurethane binder of the present invention can select 26.01~44.96,28~43.5, and 28.9~42,31.2~40.8,33~39.8,33.9~36,34.6 etc., all can implement the present invention.
Chitosan is the natural biological medical material that a class has good antibacterial action, at aspects such as medicine, food and field of textiles, obtain a wide range of applications, be applied to liquid wound-dressing, there is the effect of sterilizing, promotion wound healing, simultaneously, after film forming, for thering is good absorption and anastalsis under a small amount of exudate of wound and bleeding.The parts by weight of chitosan of the present invention can select 1.02~12.8,1.9~11.5, and 2.3~10,4~8.7,4.8~8,6.2~7.5,7 etc., all can implement the present invention.
The parts by weight of Borneolum Syntheticum of the present invention can select 2.52~10.9,2.8~8.8, and 3.1~8.4,3.7~8,5~7.2,6.7 etc., all can implement the present invention.
The parts by weight of Colophonium of the present invention can select 3.01~10.98,3.4~10.4, and 3.58~10,3.8~9.2,5~8.5,5.7~8,6.5~7 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
The parts by weight of Camphora of the present invention can select 3.01~9.96,3.6~9.2, and 4~8.5,4.4~8,5~7.3,5.5~7,6.4 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
Laurocapram has good transdermal characteristic, its Penetration enhancing effect is strong, Borneolum Syntheticum has antibacterial, antiinflammatory action simultaneously, Camphora can cure mainly scabies pruritus, traumatic pain, toothache, and Colophonium is applicable to carbuncle furuncle infections, eczema, traumatic hemorrhage, burn and scald, the Chinese medicine in formula has the effect of blood circulation and promoting silt as Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi), Flos Carthami, and Olibanum, Myrrha have the effect of anti-inflammatory analgetic.The parts by weight of laurocapram of the present invention can select 7.01~11.92,7.5~10.2, and 7.86~9.7,8~9.3,8.6 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
The parts by weight of Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution of the present invention can select 43.02~95.6,45~92, and 46.9~90,52~85,60~82.3,64.3~80,68~76.8,73 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
The parts by weight of Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution of the present invention can select 50.03~92.93,54~90, and 57.6~85.7,60~80,63.6~76.8,67~72,70 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
The parts by weight of Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution of the present invention can select 65.2~123.97,69~120, and 74.5~113.5,78~110,84.3~104.3,90~94 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
The parts by weight of Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution of the present invention can select 70.01~119.8,73.5~112.5, and 79~104,84.7~100.3,90~96,92.3 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
The parts by weight of water of the present invention can select 20.02~219.6,34~210.3, and 50~200,56.8~189.6,72~164.3,80~150,89.7~136.5,95~123,114 etc., all can be used for implementing the present invention.
As the preferred technical solution of the present invention, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
As the further preferred technical scheme of the present invention, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Water of the present invention is preferably distilled water.
As the most preferred technical scheme of the present invention, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
" comprising " of the present invention, mean it except described component, can also comprise other components, these other components give described liquid wound-dressing different characteristics.In addition, " comprising " of the present invention, can also replace with enclosed " being " or " by ... form ".
Two of object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of the liquid wound-dressing for wound healing as above, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) prepare polyurethane binder, and press formula ratio and prepare raw material;
(2) Borneolum Syntheticum, Colophonium and Camphora are scattered in ethanol, then polyurethane binder, chitosan are scattered in ethanol, stir, obtain binder solution;
(3) prepare respectively Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution;
(4) laurocapram, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution are added in the binder solution that step (2) obtains, mix, obtain liniment solution;
(5) liniment solution is carried out in water to emulsion dispersion, then remove the solvent in system, to system without ethanol, without till acetone taste, obtain described liquid wound-dressing.
The preparation method of the described polyurethane binder of step of the present invention (1) can be obtained by those skilled in the art from prior art, and the present invention there is no particular restriction.Preferably, can adopt following methods to prepare polyurethane binder: by the polypropylene glycol, Polyethylene Glycol and the MDI that removed water inflated with nitrogen hybrid reaction 1.5h at room temperature, then to add dihydromethyl propionic acid and acetone, obtain polyurethane binder.
For a preparation method for the liquid wound-dressing of wound healing, described method more preferably comprises the following steps:
(1) prepare polyurethane binder: by the polypropylene glycol, Polyethylene Glycol and the MDI that removed water inflated with nitrogen hybrid reaction 1.5h at room temperature, then add dihydromethyl propionic acid and acetone, obtain polyurethane binder;
(2) press formula ratio and prepare raw material;
(3) Borneolum Syntheticum, Colophonium and Camphora are scattered in ethanol, after dissolving completely, polyurethane binder, chitosan are scattered in ethanol, stir, obtain binder solution;
(4) by Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi), Flos Carthami, Olibanum and Myrrha after pulverizing respectively with ethanol extraction until extracting solution become colorless, then concentrate, obtain respectively Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution;
(5) laurocapram, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution, Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution are added in the binder solution that step (3) obtains, mix homogeneously, obtains liniment solution;
(6) the liniment solution of preparation is joined in the distilled water of high-speed stirred, obtains the liniment of emulsion dispersion, after emulsifying completes, at 60 ℃, by distilling under reduced pressure, remove the solvent in system, be distilled to system almost without ethanol, without till acetone taste.
Described " high-speed stirred " of step of the present invention (6) can be determined concrete operations mode according to practical experience and prior art by those skilled in the art, the high-speed stirred mode that can make liniment solution obtain emulsion dispersion all can realize the object of the invention, and described " high-speed stirred " is clearly for those skilled in the art.
Compare with prior art scheme, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
Liquid wound-dressing of the present invention has good effect for small size wound hemostasis, pain relieving.Meanwhile, after smearing, can protect cambium, the effect of accelerating wound healing, the large area wound for not producing a large amount of sepages, also can play good protection effect, prevents antibacterial and foreign body intrusion wound, and the healing of accelerated in wounds, reduces the generation of cicatrix.Product of the present invention is few containing amount of alcohol, and wound is not produced to obvious stimulation, does not produce allergy and drug resistance simultaneously.
Below the present invention is described in more detail.But following example is only simple and easy example of the present invention, does not represent or limit the scope of the present invention, and protection scope of the present invention is as the criterion with claims.
The specific embodiment
For the present invention is described better, be convenient to understand technical scheme of the present invention, typical but non-limiting embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
Embodiment 1
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Embodiment 2
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Embodiment 3
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Embodiment 4
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Embodiment 5
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Embodiment 6
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
Embodiment 7
For a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
The preparation method of the liquid wound-dressing for wound healing of embodiment 1~7 of the present invention is as follows:
(1) prepare polyurethane binder: by the polypropylene glycol, Polyethylene Glycol and the MDI that removed water inflated with nitrogen hybrid reaction 1.5h at room temperature, then add dihydromethyl propionic acid and acetone, obtain polyurethane binder;
(2) press formula ratio and prepare raw material;
(3) Borneolum Syntheticum, Colophonium and Camphora are scattered in ethanol, after dissolving completely, polyurethane binder, chitosan are scattered in ethanol, stir, obtain binder solution;
(4) by Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi), Flos Carthami, Olibanum and Myrrha after pulverizing respectively with ethanol extraction until extracting solution become colorless, then concentrate, obtain respectively Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution;
(5) laurocapram, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution, Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution are added in the binder solution that step (3) obtains, mix homogeneously, obtains liniment solution;
(6) the liniment solution of preparation is joined in the distilled water of high-speed stirred, obtains the liniment of emulsion dispersion, after emulsifying completes, at 60 ℃, by distilling under reduced pressure, remove the solvent in system, be distilled to system almost without ethanol, without till acetone taste.
Specific embodiment 1 is for the preparation of the liquid wound-dressing of wound healing
Its raw material forms and proportioning is:
Polyurethane binder 3g; Chitosan 0.4g; Borneolum Syntheticum 0.5g; Colophonium 0.5g; Camphora 0.5g; Laurocapram 1.2g; Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution 6g; Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution 6g; Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution 8g; Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution 8g; Distilled water 22g.
The preparation technology of this formula is:
(1) preparation of polyurethane binder: will remove the polypropylene glycol DL-1000 25g of water, Polyethylene Glycol PEG400 5g, MDI 12g, after mix homogeneously, at room temperature inflated with nitrogen reaction 1.5h, then add dihydromethyl propionic acid 0.8g and solvent acetone 42.8g, continue reaction extremely without (solid content 50%) till particulate material;
(2) get Borneolum Syntheticum 0.5g, Camphora 0.5g, Colophonium 0.5g is scattered in 10g dehydrated alcohol, then adds 6g polyurethane sticking agent solution (containing polyurethane 3g), and mix homogeneously, obtains binder solution;
(3) each 30g of Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi), Flos Carthami, Olibanum and Myrrha after pulverizing is wrapped with husky cloth respectively, be placed in apparatus,Soxhlet's, add ethanol 200g to be warming up to ethanol boiling point and carry out extracting backflow 48h, extract is concentrated into 120ml, obtains respectively Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution;
(4) get laurocapram 1.2g, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution 6g, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution 6g, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution 8g, Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution 8g joins in binder solution, and mix homogeneously, obtains liniment solution;
(5) above-mentioned liniment solution is added in the container containing 30g distilled water, use high speed dispersor to disperse, disperse to continue 5min.After having disperseed, in 60 ℃ of ethanol and acetone that remove under reduced pressure in system, until without ethanol and acetone taste, obtain liquid wound-dressing of the present invention.
Application result:
Skin irritation test: this product is loaded on to the container that can spray, is sprayed on 20 tested person person's arms, observe dermoreaction situation after 24h, if 18 people are without the red and swollen and phenomenon of itching in 20 people, it is qualified to be.
Curative effect test:
(1) get the healthy rabbits of 6 about 1.3kg of body weight, female 3, label 1#, 2#, 3#, male 3, label 4#, 5#, 6#;
(2) hair of the left back lower limb of rabbit is removed;
(3) with the pocket knife of sterilizing, in depilation place, cut out the wound that size is identical, and be numbered, 1# and 4# are not used any medicine, normal healing; 2#, 5# is used common bandage; 3#, 6# is used liquid wound-dressing of the present invention;
(4) observe wound healing situation, record wound healing time.
Test result:
Skin irritation result shows, 20 show that per capita without the obvious red and swollen and symptom of itching of skin liquid wound-dressing of the present invention has good serviceability, without obvious skin irritation, owing to not containing ethanol, also little to ethanol allergy sufferers skin irritation.
Curative effect test result shows: 1# and 4# have weak yellow liquid to flow out at first day, follows inflammation, red and swollen present situation to produce simultaneously, and this has obvious cicatrix more afterwards a star, during have the phenomenon of the hard crust of obvious knot; Post after the 2# and 5# healing of common bandage, also have obvious cicatrix, but cicatrix size is significantly less than 1# and 4#; Use the 3# of liquid wound-dressing of the present invention and 6# in therapeutic process, inflammation, red and swollen phenomenon are slight, and between convalescent period, without incrustation phenomenon, after 3# recovers, without obvious cicatrix, 6# has very little cicatrix after recovering.
Embodiment 2 is for the preparation of the liquid wound-dressing of wound healing
Its raw material forms and proportioning is:
Polyurethane binder 9g; Chitosan 0.8g; Borneolum Syntheticum 0.5g; Colophonium 0.5g; Camphora 0.5g; Laurocapram 0.8g; Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution 6g; Flos Carthami ethanol extract 6g; Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution 8g; Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution 8g; Distilled water 22g.
The preparation technology of this formula is with embodiment 1.Compare with embodiment 1, the prepared liquid wound-dressing of embodiment 2 has that film forming speed is fast faster, and water content is low, is applicable to a small amount of sepage or hemorrhage wound.Liquid wound-dressing in embodiment 1 is more suitable for without the application during restoration of sepage type wound.
The ethanol content of the liquid wound-dressing for wound healing of the present invention is low, and water-tolerant is little to wound zest, can spray, and can be used in the recovery of wound in trauma care.
Applicant's statement, person of ordinary skill in the field is on the basis of above-described embodiment, by the concrete content point value of above-described embodiment component, combined with the technical scheme of summary of the invention part, thereby the new numerical range producing, also be one of record scope of the present invention, the application, for making description simple and clear, is no longer enumerated these numerical rangies.
Applicant's statement, the present invention illustrates preparation process of the present invention by above-described embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned preparation process, does not mean that the present invention must rely on above-mentioned preparation process and could implement.Person of ordinary skill in the field should understand, any improvement in the present invention, to the selection of the interpolation of the equivalence replacement of the selected raw material of the present invention and auxiliary element, concrete mode etc., within all dropping on protection scope of the present invention and open scope.

Claims (8)

1. for a liquid wound-dressing for wound healing, it is characterized in that, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
2. liquid wound-dressing as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
3. liquid wound-dressing as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
4. the liquid wound-dressing as described in one of claim 1-3, is characterized in that, described water is distilled water.
5. the liquid wound-dressing as described in one of claim 1-4, is characterized in that, described liquid wound-dressing comprises following raw material by weight:
6. a preparation method for the liquid wound-dressing for wound healing as described in one of claim 1-5, is characterized in that, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) prepare polyurethane binder, and press formula ratio and prepare raw material;
(2) Borneolum Syntheticum, Colophonium and Camphora are scattered in ethanol, then polyurethane binder, chitosan are scattered in ethanol, stir, obtain binder solution;
(3) prepare respectively Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution;
(4) laurocapram, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution are added in the binder solution that step (2) obtains, mix, obtain liniment solution;
(5) liniment solution is carried out in water to emulsion dispersion, then remove the solvent in system, to system without ethanol, without till acetone taste, obtain described liquid wound-dressing.
7. preparation method as claimed in claim 6, is characterized in that, the preparation method of the described polyurethane binder of step (1) is as follows:
By the polypropylene glycol, Polyethylene Glycol and the MDI that removed water inflated with nitrogen hybrid reaction 1.5h at room temperature, then add dihydromethyl propionic acid and acetone, obtain polyurethane binder.
8. the preparation method as described in claim 6 or 7, is characterized in that, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) prepare polyurethane binder: by the polypropylene glycol, Polyethylene Glycol and the MDI that removed water inflated with nitrogen hybrid reaction 1.5h at room temperature, then add dihydromethyl propionic acid and acetone, obtain polyurethane binder;
(2) press formula ratio and prepare raw material;
(3) Borneolum Syntheticum, Colophonium and Camphora are scattered in ethanol, after dissolving completely, polyurethane binder, chitosan are scattered in ethanol, stir, obtain binder solution;
(4) by Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi), Flos Carthami, Olibanum and Myrrha after pulverizing respectively with ethanol extraction until extracting solution become colorless, then concentrate, obtain respectively Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution;
(5) laurocapram, Radix Arnebiae (Radix Lithospermi) ethanol concentrated solution, Flos Carthami ethanol concentrated solution, Olibanum ethanol concentrated solution and Myrrha ethanol concentrated solution are added in the binder solution that step (3) obtains, mix homogeneously, obtains liniment solution;
(6) liniment solution is joined in the distilled water of high-speed stirred, obtain the liniment of emulsion dispersion, after emulsifying completes, at 60 ℃, by distilling under reduced pressure, remove the solvent in system, the system that is distilled to, without ethanol, without till acetone taste, obtains described liquid wound-dressing.
CN201310148651.0A 2013-04-26 2013-04-26 Liquid wound dressing used for wound healing and preparation method thereof Pending CN104117088A (en)

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