[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Shark recreational fisheries: Status, challenges, and research needs

  • Review
  • Published:
Ambio Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

For centuries, the primary manner in which humans have interacted with sharks has been fishing. A combination of their slow-growing nature and high use-values have resulted in population declines for many species around the world, and to date the vast majority of fisheries-related work on sharks has focused on the commercial sector. Shark recreational fishing remains an overlooked area of research despite the fact that these practices are popular globally and could present challenges to their populations. Here we provide a topical overview of shark recreational fisheries, highlighting their history and current status. While recreational fishing can provide conservation benefits under certain circumstances, we focus our discourse on the relatively understudied, potentially detrimental impacts these activities may have on shark physiology, behavior, and fitness. We took this angle given the realized but potentially underestimated significance of recreational fishing for shark conservation management plans and stock assessments, in hopes of creating a dialogue around sustainability. We also present a series of broad and focused research questions and underpin areas of future research need to assist with the development of this emergent area of research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arlinghaus, R., and S.J. Cooke. 2009. Recreational fishing: Socio-economics importance, conservation issues and management challenges. In Recreational hunting, conservation and rural livelihoods: Science and practice, ed. I.-B. Dickson, J. Hutton, and W.M. Adams, 39–58. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arlinghaus, R., S.J. Cooke, J. Lyman, J. Policansky, A. Schwab, C. Suski, S. Sutton, and E.B. Thorstad. 2007. Understanding the complexity of catch-and-release in recreational fishing: An integrative synthesis of global knowledge from historical, ethical, social, and biological perspectives. Reviews in Fisheries Science 15: 75–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arlinghaus, R., S.J. Cooke, and W. Potts. 2013. Towards resilient recreational fisheries on a global scale through improved understanding of fish and fisher behaviour. Fisheries Management and Ecology 20: 91–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, E.A. 2009. Recreational fishing for pelagic sharks worldwide. In Sharks of the open ocean: Biology, fisheries, and conservation, ed. I.-M.D. Camhi, E.K. Pikitch, and E.A. Babcock, 193–204. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, E.A., and G. Skomal. 2008. Indices of blue, mako, and thresher shark abundance derived from U.S. Atlantic recreational fishery data. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas 62: 1405–1416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, A., and J.A. Bohnsack. 2005. A review of catch-and-release angling mortality with implications for no-take reserves. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15: 129–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland, C., and P.K. Dayton. 2005. The importance in fisheries management of leaving the big ones. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20: 356–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfil, R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. Food & Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Technical Paper 341, Rome.

  • Borucinska, J., N. Kohler, L. Natanson, and G. Skomal. 2002. Pathology associated with retained fishing hooks in blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), with implications for their conservation. Journal of Fish Diseases 25: 515–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borucinska, J., J. Martin, and G. Skomal. 2001. Peritonitis and pericarditis associated with gastric perforation by a retained fishing hook in a blue shark. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 13: 347–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, C.J., I.C. Field, C.R. McMahon, G.J. Johnson, M.G. Meekan, and R.C. Buckworth. 2013. More analytical bite in estimating targets for shark harvest. Marine Ecology Progress Series 488: 221–2232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brill, R., P. Bushnell, S. Schroff, R. Seifert, and M. Galvin. 2008. Effects of anaerobic exercise accompanying catch-and-release fishing on blood-oxygen affinity of the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus, Nardo). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 354: 132–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, E.J., K.A. Sloman, S. Liss, L. Hassan-Hassanein, A.J. Danylchuk, S.J. Cooke, J.W. Mandelmann, G.B. Skomal, et al. 2011. The stress physiology of extended duration tonic immobility in the juvenile lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris (Poey 1868). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 409: 351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calich, H.J., and S.E. Campana. 2015. Mating scars reveal mate size in immature female blue shark Prionace glauca. Journal of Fishery Biology 86: 1845–1851. doi:10.1111/jfb.12671.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, B. 2002. The importance of angler motivations in sport fishery management. In Recreational fisheries: Ecological, economic and social evaluation, ed. I.-T.J. Pitcher, and C. Hollingworth, 120–129. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Camhi, M.D., S.V. Valenti, S.V. Fordham, S.L. Fowler, and C. Gibson. 2009. The conservation status of pelagic sharks and rays: Report of the IUCN shark specialist group pelagic shark red list workshop, 78. Newbury: IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group.

  • Campana, S.E., L. Marks, W. Joyce, and N.E. Kohler. 2006. Effects of recreational and commercial fishing on blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in Atlantic Canada, with inferences on the North Atlantic population. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63: 670–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, J.I. 2013. Historical knowledge of sharks: Ancient science, earliest American encounters, and American science, fisheries, and utilization. Marine Fisheries Reviews 75: 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, A., J. Mourier, and J.L. Rummer. 2015. Blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) show high capacity for wound healing and recovery following injury. Conservation Physiology 3: cov062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compagno, L.J., M.A. Marks, and I.K. Fergusson. 1997. Threatened fishes of the world: Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamnidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 50: 61–62.

  • Cooke, S.J., and I.G. Cowx. 2004. The role of recreational fishing in global fish crises. BioScience 54: 857–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., and I.G. Cowx. 2006. Contrasting recreational and commercial fishing: Searching for common issues to promote unified conservation of fisheries resources and aquatic environments. Biological Conservation 128: 93–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., M.R. Donaldson, C.M. O’connor, G.D. Raby, R. Arlinghaus, A.J. Danylchuk, and C.D. Suski. 2013. The physiological consequences of catch-and-release angling: Perspectives on experimental design, interpretation, extrapolation and relevance to stakeholders. Fisheries Management and Ecology 20: 268–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., Z.S. Hogan, P.A. Butcher, M.J. Stokesbury, R. Raghavan, A.J. Gallagher, N. Hammerschlag, and A.J. Danylchuk. 2014. Angling for endangered fish: Conservation problem or conservation action? Fish and Fisheries. doi:10.1111/faf.12076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., V.M. Nguyen, K.J. Murchie, A.J. Danylchuk, and C.D. Suski. 2012. Scientific and stakeholder perspectives on the use of circle hooks in recreational fisheries. Bulletin of Marine Science 88: 395–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., and H.L. Schramm. 2007. Catch-and-release science and its application to conservation and management of recreational fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14: 73–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., and C.D. Suski. 2004. Are circle hooks an effective tool for conserving marine and freshwater recreational catch-and-release fisheries? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14: 299–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., and C.D. Suski. 2005. Do we need species-specific recreational angling catch-and-release guidelines to effectively conserve diverse fisheries resources? Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 1195–1209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S.J., C.D. Suski, K.G. Ostrand, D.H. Wahl, and D.P. Philipp. 2007. Physiological and behavioral consequences of long-term artificial selection for vulnerability to recreational angling in a teleost fish. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80: 480–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés, E. 2000. Life history patterns and correlations in sharks. Reviews in Fisheries Science 8: 299–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, G., and M. Francis. 1997. Sharks and rays of New Zealand. Canterbury: Canterbury University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danylchuk, A.J., S.J. Cooke, T.L. Goldberg, C.D. Suski, K.J. Murchie, S.E. Danylchuk, A.D. Shultz, C.R. Haak, et al. 2011. Aggregations and offshore movements as indicators of spawning activity of bonefish (Albula vulpes) in the Bahamas. Marine Biology. doi:10.1007/s00227-011-1707-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danylchuk, A.J., C.D. Suski, J.W. Mandelman, K.J. Murchie, C.R. Haak, A.M.L. Brooks, and S.J. Cooke. 2014. Hooking injury, physiological status and short-term mortality of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) following catch-and-release recreational angling. Conservation Physiology. doi:10.1093/conphys/cot036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L.N.K., S.V. Fordham, M. Krawchuk, and N.K. Dulvy. 2016. Why have global shark and ray landings declined: Improved management or overfishing? Fish and Fisheries 17: 438–458. doi:10.1111/faf.12119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, D.J., T.L. Brown, and W.F. Siemer. 2001. Human dimensions of wildlife management in North America. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulvy, N.K., S.L. Fowler, J.A. Musick, R.D. Cavanagh, P.M. Kyne, L.R. Harrison, J.K. Carlson, L.N.K. Davisdson, et al. 2014. Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. eLife 3: e00590. doi:10.7554/eLife.00590.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enberg, K., C. Jørgensen, E.S. Dunlop, Ø. Varpe, D.S. Boukal, L. Baulier, S. Eliassen, and M. Heino. 2012. Fishing induced evolution of growth: Concepts, mechanisms and the empirical evidence. Marine Ecology 33: 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enberg, K., C. Jørgensen, and M. Mangel. 2010. Fishing-induced evolution and changing reproductive ecology of fish: The evolution of steepness. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 67: 1708–1719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, J.A., A.N. Rice, M.E. Lutcavage, and G.B. Skomal. 2003. Predicting trophic position in sharks of the north-west Atlantic Ocean using stable isotopic analysis. Journal of Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 83: 1347–1350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO, WFP, and IFAD. 2012. The state of food insecurity in the world 2012. Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Food & Agriculture Organization, Rome.

  • Fisher, M., and R. Ditton. 1993. A social and economic characterization of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico recreational shark fishery. Marine Fisheries Review 55: 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzmaurice, P., and P. Green. 2000. Results from tagging of blue shark in Irish waters. Irish Scientist Yearbook 3: 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.P. 1998. New Zealand shark fisheries: Development, size and management. Marine & Freshwater Research 49: 579–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, R.P., J. Lyle, S. Tracey, S. Currie, and J.S. Semmens. 2015. High survivorship after catch-and-release fishing suggests physiological resilience in the endothermic shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Conservation Physiology. doi:10.1093/conphys/cov044.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, A.J., S. Cooke, and N. Hammerschlag. 2015. Risk perceptions and conservation ethic among recreational anglers targeting threatened sharks in the subtropical Atlantic. Endangered Species Research 29: 81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, A.J., P.M. Kynes, and N. Hammerschlag. 2012. Ecological risk assessment and its application to elasmobranch conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03235.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, A.J., E.S. Orbesen, N. Hammerschlag, and J.E. Serafy. 2014a. Vulnerability of oceanic sharks as pelagic longline bycatch. Global Ecology and Conservation 1: 50–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, A.J., J.E. Serafy, S.J. Cooke, and N. Hammerschlag. 2014b. Physiological stress response, reflex impairment, and survival of five sympatric shark species following experimental capture and release. Marine Ecology Progress Series 496: 207–218.

  • Gallagher, A.J., D.N. Wagner, D.J. Irschick, and N. Hammerschlag. 2014c. Body condition predicts energy stores in apex predatory sharks. Conservation Physiology. doi:10.1093/conphys/cou022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granek, E.F., E.M.P. Madin, M.A. Brown, W. Figueira, D.S. Cameron, Z. Hogan, G. Kristianson, P. De Villiers, et al. 2008. Engaging recreational fishers in management and conservation: Global case studies. Conservation Biology 22: 1125–1134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurshin, C.W.D., and S.T. Szedlmayer. 2004. Short-term survival and movements of Atlantic sharpnose sharks captured by hook-and-line in the north-east Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 65: 973–986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, C.G., Y. Jiao, and E. Cortés. 2009. Stock assessment of scalloped hammerheads in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29: 1406–1417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heard, M., S. Sutton, P. Rogers, and C. Huveneers. 2016. Actions speak louder than words: Tournament angling as an avenue to promote best practice for pelagic shark fishing. Marine Policy 64: 168–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heberer, C., S.A. Aalbers, D. Bernal, S. Kohin, B. DiFiore, and C.A. Sepulveda. 2010. Insights into catch-and-release survivorship and stress-induced blood chemistry of common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) captured in the southern California recreational fishery. Fisheries Research 106: 495–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepp, J., and E.G. Wilson. 2014. Shark conservation efforts—As diverse as sharks themselves. In Sharks: Conservation, governance and management, ed. I.-E.J. Techera, and N. Klein, 176–194. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hevesi, D. 2008. Frank Mundus, 82, Dies; Inspired ‘Jaws’. The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/nyregion/16mundus.html?_r=0.

  • Hoffmayer, E.R., and G.R. Parsons. 2001. The physiological response to capture and handling stress in the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 25: 277–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holts, D.B., A. Julian, O. Sosa-Nishizaki, and N.W. Bartoo. 1998. Pelagic shark fisheries along the west coast of the United States and Baja California, Mexico. Fishery Research 39: 115–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hueter, R.E. 1991. Survey of the Florida recreational shark fishery utilizing shark tournament and selected longline data. Mote Marine Laboratory, Technical Report 232A, Sarasota, FL.

  • Hueter, R.E., and C.A. Manire. 1994. Bycatch and catch–release mortality of small sharks and associated fishes in the estuarine nursery grounds of Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor. Project report No. NA17FF0378. NOAA NMFS/MARFIN Program, U.S.Department of Commerce. St. Petersburg: Fla.

  • Hutchinson, M.R., D.G. Itano, J.A. Muir, and K.A. Holland. 2015. Post-release survival of juvenile sily sharks captured in a tropical tuna purse seine fishery. Marine Ecological Progress Series 521: 143–154. doi:10.3354/meps11073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyatt, M.W., P.A. Anderson, and P.M. O’Donnell. 2016. Behavioral release condition score of bull and bonnethead sharks as a coarse indicator of stress. Journal of Coastal Research. doi:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00108.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimley, A.P., and D.G. Ainley, eds. 1998. Great white sharks: The biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego: Academic Press.

  • Kneebone, J., J. Chisholm, D. Bernal, and G. Skomal. 2013. The physiological effects of capture stress, recovery, and post-release survivorship of juvenile sand tigers (Carcharias taurus) caught on rod and reel. Fisheries Research 147: 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, N.E., J.G. Casey, and P.A. Turner. 1998. NMFS cooperative shark tagging program, 1962-93: An atlas of shark tag and recapture data. Marine Fisheries Review 60: 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, R. 2007. Fisheries-induced evolution: Present status and future directions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335: 271–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, W.C., R. Arlinghaus, and T. Mehner. 2006. Documented and potential biological impacts of recreational fishing: Insights for management and conservation. Review in Fisheries Science 14: 305–367. doi:10.1080/10641260600886455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowther, A., and M. Liddel. 2014. Fisheries of the United States 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2015, from, www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/commercial/fus/fus13/FU2013.Pdf.

  • Lynch, A.M.J., S.G. Sutton, and C.A. Simpfendorfer. 2010. Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20: 312–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelman, J.W., and G.B. Skomal. 2009. Differential sensitivity to capture stress assessed by blood acid–base status in five carcharhinid sharks. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 267–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mascia, M.B., J.P. Brosius, T.A. Dobson, B.C. Forbes, L. Horowitz, M.A. McKean, and N.J. Turner. 2003. Conservation and the social sciences. Conservation Biology 17: 649–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClellan Press, K., J. Mandelman, E. Burgess, S.J. Cooke, V.M. Nguyen, and A.J. Danylchuk. 2015. Catching sharks: Recreational saltwater angler behaviors and attitudes regarding shark encounters and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. doi:10.1002/aqc.2581.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLoughlin, K., and G. Eliason. 2008. Review of information on cryptic mortality and the survival of sharks and rays released by recreational fishers. Australian Government: Bureau of Rural Science, SEDAR21-RD-22, Canberra.

  • McPhee, D.P., D. Leadbitter, and G.A. Skilleter. 2002. Swallowing the bait: Is recreational fishing ecologically sustainable? Pacific Conservation Biology 8: 40–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, J.M., E.B. Nilsen, and H.P. Andreassen. 2006. Demographic side effects of selective hunting of ungulates and carnivores. Conservation Biology 21: 36–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, J.M., and S.J. Cooke. 2012. Trends in shark bycatch research: Current status and research needs. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 22: 719–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moroney, T. 2014. Shark-killing tournament ends on Martha’s Vineyard where Jaws was filmed. Bloomberg, Feb 14, 2014. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-14/marthas-vineyard-town-kills-shark-tournament-that-drew-rowdies-to-playground-of-presidents-obama-clinton.

  • Moyes, C.D., N. Fragoso, M.K. Musyl, and R.W. Brill. 2006. Predicting postrelease survival in large pelagic fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135: 1389–1397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mundus, F., and W.L. Wisner. 1971. Sportfishing for sharks. New York: Collier Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muoneke, M.I., and W.M. Childress. 1994. Hooking mortality: A review for recreational fisheries. Reviews in Fishery Science 2: 123–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muter, B.A., M.L. Gore, K.S. Gledhill, C. Lamont, and C. Huveneers. 2013. Australian and US news media portrayal of sharks and their conservation. Conservation Biology 27: 187–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Marine Fisheries Service. 2002. Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey. Fisheries Statistics and Economics Division.

  • National Marine Fisheries Service. 2006. SEDAR 11. Stock assessment report: Large coastal shark complex, blacktip and sandbar shark. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species, Silver Spring, MD.

  • Neis, B., D.C. Schneider, L. Felt, R.L. Haedrich, J. Fischer, and J.A. Hutchings. 1999. Fisheries assessment: What can be learned from interviewing resource users? Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Science 56: 1949–1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Bryhim, J.R., and E.C.M. Parsons. 2015. Increased knowledge about sharks increases public concern about their conservation. Marine Policy 56: 43–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papenfuss, J.T., N. Phelps, D. Fulton, and P.A. Venturelli. 2015. Smartphones reveal angler behavior: A case-study of a popular mobile fishing application in Alberta, Canada. Fisheries 40: 318–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepperell, J.G. 1992. Trends in the distribution, species composition and size of sharks caught by gamefish anglers off south-eastern Australia, 1961-90. Marine & Freshwater Research 43: 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pine W.E.III., S.J. Martell, O.P. Jensen, C.J. Walters, J.F. Kitchell. 2008. Catch-and-release and size limit regulations for blue, white, and striped marlin: The role of postrelease survival in effective policy design. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65: 975–988.

  • Pollock, K.H., C.M. Jones, and T.L. Brown. 1994. Angler survey methods and their applications in fisheries management. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 25, Bethesda.

  • Post, J.R., M. Sullivan, S. Cox, N.P. Lester, C.J. Walters, E.A. Parkinson, A.J. Paul, L. Jackson, et al. 2002. Canada’s recreational fishery: The invisible collapse? Fisheries 27: 6–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, S.P., F.J. Fodrie, S.B. Scyphers, J.M. Drymon, R.L. Shipp, and G.W. Stunz. 2013. Gulf-wide decreases in the size of large coastal sharks documented by generations of fishermen. Marine and Coastal Fisheries 5: 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punt, A.E., F. Pribac, T.I. Walker, B.L. Taylor, and J.D. Prince. 2000. Stock assessment of school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, based on a spatially explicit population dynamics model. Marine & Freshwater Research 51: 205–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raby, G.D., J.R. Packer, A.J. Danylchuk, and S.J. Cooke. 2014. The understudied and underappreciated role of predation in the mortality of fish released from fishing gears. Fish and Fisheries 15: 489–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, W.D., V.M. Peddemors, M.K. Broadhurst, and C.A. Gray. 2013. Hooked on fishing? Recreational angling interactions with the Critically Endangered grey nurse shark Carcharias taurus in eastern Australia. Endangered Species Research 21: 161–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutenberg, J. 2013. Rethinking tournaments where sharks always lose. New York Times, July 22, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/nyregion/rethinking-tournaments-where-sharks-always-lose.html?_r=0.

  • Schroeder, D.M., and M.S. Love. 2002. Recreational fishing and marine fish populations in California. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 43: 182–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, P. 2011. Conservation means behavior. Conservation Biology 25: 1080–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serafy, J.E., S.J. Cooke, G.A. Diaz, J.E. Graves, M. Hall, M. Shivji, and Y. Swimmer. 2012. Circle hooks in commercial, recreational, and artisanal fisheries: Research status and needs for improved conservation and management. Bulletin of Marine Science 88: 371–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, D.S. 2014. More large sharks were killed by recreational anglers than commercial fishermen in the US last year. Retrieved January 23, 2015, from www.southernfriedscience.com/?p=17834.

  • Shiffman, D.S., A.J. Gallagher, A.J. Wester, C. Macdonald, A.D. Thaler, S.J. Cooke, and N. Hammerschlag. 2014. Trophy fishing for species threatened with extinction: A way forward building on a history of conservation. Marine Policy 50: 318–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, D.S., A.J. Gallagher, J. Wester, C.C. Macdonald, A.D. Thaler, S.J. Cooke, and N. Hammerschlag. 2015. A letter of clarification from the authors of ‘Trophy fishing for species threatened with extinction’. Marine Policy 53: 213–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, D.S., and N. Hammerschlag. 2014. An assessment of the scale, practices, and conservation implications of Florida’s charter boat-based recreational shark fishery. Fisheries 39: 395–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, D.S., and N. Hammerschlag. 2016a. Shark conservation and management policy: A review and primer for non-specialists. Animal Conservation 19: 401–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, D.S., and N. Hammerschlag. 2016b. Preferred conservation policies of shark researchers. Conservation Biology. doi:10.1111/cobi.12668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpfendorfer, C.A., M.R. Heupel, W.T. White, and N.K. Dulvy. 2011. The importance of research and public opinion to conservation management of sharks and rays: A synthesis. Marine & Freshwater Research 62: 518–527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skomal, G. 2007. Evaluating the physiological and physical consequences of capture on post-release survivorship in large pelagic fishes. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14: 81–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skomal, G., and D. Bernal. 2010. Physiological responses to stress in sharks. In Sharks and their relatives II: Biodiversity, adaptive physiology, and conservation, ed. I.-J. Carrier, J. Musick, and M. Heithaus, 459–490. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Skomal, G.B., and B.C. Chase. 2002. The physiological effect of angling on post-release survivorship in tunas, sharks, and marlin. American Fisheries Society Symposium 30: 135–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skomal, G.B., and J.W. Mandelman. 2012. The physiological response to anthropogenic stressors in marine elasmobranch fishes: A review with a focus on the secondary response. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 162: 146–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skomal, G.B., S.I. Zeeman, J.H. Chisholm, E.L. Summers, H.J. Walsh, K. McMahon, and S. Thorrold. 2009. Transequatorial migrations by basking sharks in the western Atlantic Ocean. Current Biology 19: 1019–1022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J.D., R. Bonfil, N.K. Dulvy, and P.A. Walker. 2000. The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 476–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, D.A.H., C.D. Suski, D.P. Philipp, T. Klefoth, D.H. Wahl, P. Kersten, S.J. Cooke, and R. Arlinghaus. 2012. Recreational fishing selectively captures individuals with the highest fitness potential. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 109: 20960–20965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Templer, R. 1999. Food for thought: Chicken soup for the ostentatious soul—Tonic or tragedy? East, West divided over shark’s fin. Asian Wall Street Journal.

  • Tufts, B.L., J. Holden, and M. DeMille. 2015. Benefits arising from sustainable use of North America’s fishery resources: Economic and conservation impacts of recreational angling. International Journal of Environmental Studies 72: 850–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, H. 1966. Shark fishing gear: A historical review. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Services, 238. http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/Circulars/CIRC238.pdf.

  • Ward-Paige, C.A., D.M. Keith, B. Worm, and H.K. Lotze. 2012. Recovery potential and conservation options for elasmobranchs. Journal of Fish Biology 80: 1844–1869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worm, B., B. Davis, L. Kettemer, C.A. Ward-Paige, D. Chapman, M.R. Heithaus, S.T. Kessel, and S.H. Gruber. 2013. Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Marine Policy 40: 194–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, M.A., S. Foale, and D.R. Bellwood. 2014. Impacts of recreational fishing in Australia: Historical declines, self-regulation and evidence of an early warning system. Environmental Conservation 41: 350–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank our many colleagues for their thoughtful insights that greatly benefitted this article, specifically R. Heuter. Cooke and Danylchuk are avid anglers and have received funding from angling-based organizations and industry partners.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    Austin J. Gallagher & Steven J. Cooke

  2. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Austin J. Gallagher & Neil Hammerschlag

  3. Beneath the Waves, Inc., Miami, FL, 33133, USA

    Austin J. Gallagher

  4. Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA

    Neil Hammerschlag

  5. Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Holdsworth Way, Room 311, Amherst, MA, 01003-9485, USA

    Andy J. Danylchuk

Authors
  1. Austin J. Gallagher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neil Hammerschlag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andy J. Danylchuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Steven J. Cooke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Austin J. Gallagher.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gallagher, A.J., Hammerschlag, N., Danylchuk, A.J. et al. Shark recreational fisheries: Status, challenges, and research needs. Ambio 46, 385–398 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0856-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0856-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation