[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/diw/diwwpp/dp1442.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicles in Germany: Charging with Coal or Renewables?

Author

Listed:
  • Wolf-Peter Schill
  • Clemens Gerbaulet
Abstract
We analyze future scenarios of integrating electric vehicles (EV) into the German power system, drawing on different assumptions on the charging mode. We use a numerical dispatch model with a unit-commitment formulation which minimizes dispatch costs over a full year. While the overall energy demand of the EV fleets is rather low in all scenarios, the impact on the system’s load duration curve differs strongly between charging modes. In a fully userdriven mode, charging largely occurs during daytime and in the evening, when power demand is already high. User-driven charging may thus have to be restricted in the future because of generation adequacy concerns. In contrast, cost-driven charging is carried out during night-time and at times of high PV availability. Using a novel model formulation that allows for intermediate charging modes, we show that even a slight relaxation of fully userdriven charging results in much smoother load profiles as well as lower charging costs. Different charging patterns go along with respective changes in power plant dispatch. By 2030, cost-driven EV charging strongly increases the utilization of lignite and hard coal plants, whereas additional power in the user-driven mode is predominantly generated from natural gas and hard coal. Specific CO2 emissions of EV are substantially larger than those of the overall power system, and highest under cost-driven charging. Only in additional model runs, in which we link the introduction of EVs to a respective deployment of additional renewable generation capacity, electric vehicles become largely CO2-neutral.

Suggested Citation

  • Wolf-Peter Schill & Clemens Gerbaulet, 2015. "Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicles in Germany: Charging with Coal or Renewables?," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1442, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1442
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.494890.de/dp1442.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Göransson, Lisa & Karlsson, Sten & Johnsson, Filip, 2010. "Integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a regional wind-thermal power system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(10), pages 5482-5492, October.
    2. Ramteen Sioshansi & Paul Denholm, 2010. "The Value of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3), pages 1-24.
    3. Wolf-Peter Schill, 2010. "Elektromobilität in Deutschland: Chancen, Barrieren und Auswirkungen auf das Elektrizitätssystem," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 79(2), pages 139-159.
    4. Dallinger, David & Gerda, Schubert & Wietschel, Martin, 2013. "Integration of intermittent renewable power supply using grid-connected vehicles – A 2030 case study for California and Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 666-682.
    5. Loisel, Rodica & Pasaoglu, Guzay & Thiel, Christian, 2014. "Large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Germany by 2030: An analysis of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid concepts," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 432-443.
    6. Kiviluoma, Juha & Meibom, Peter, 2011. "Methodology for modelling plug-in electric vehicles in the power system and cost estimates for a system with either smart or dumb electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 1758-1767.
    7. Foley, Aoife & Tyther, Barry & Calnan, Patrick & Ó Gallachóir, Brian, 2013. "Impacts of Electric Vehicle charging under electricity market operations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 93-102.
    8. Doucette, Reed T. & McCulloch, Malcolm D., 2011. "Modeling the prospects of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(7), pages 2315-2323, July.
    9. Wang, Jianhui & Liu, Cong & Ton, Dan & Zhou, Yan & Kim, Jinho & Vyas, Anantray, 2011. "Impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on power systems with demand response and wind power," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 4016-4021, July.
    10. Juul, Nina & Meibom, Peter, 2011. "Optimal configuration of an integrated power and transport system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3523-3530.
    11. Kelly, Jarod C. & MacDonald, Jason S. & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2012. "Time-dependent plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and demographics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 395-405.
    12. Hota, Ashish Ranjan & Juvvanapudi, Mahesh & Bajpai, Prabodh, 2014. "Issues and solution approaches in PHEV integration to smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 217-229.
    13. Wolf-Peter, Schill, 2011. "Electric vehicles in imperfect electricity markets: The case of Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 6178-6189, October.
    14. Andreas Schröder & Friedrich Kunz & Jan Meiss & Roman Mendelevitch & Christian von Hirschhausen, 2013. "Current and Prospective Costs of Electricity Generation until 2050," Data Documentation 68, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    15. Wolf-Peter, Schill, 2011. "Electric vehicles in imperfect electricity markets: The case of Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 6178-6189, October.
    16. Lund, Henrik & Kempton, Willett, 2008. "Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 3578-3587, September.
    17. Andersson, S.-L. & Elofsson, A.K. & Galus, M.D. & Göransson, L. & Karlsson, S. & Johnsson, F. & Andersson, G., 2010. "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as regulating power providers: Case studies of Sweden and Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 2751-2762, June.
    18. Juul, Nina & Meibom, Peter, 2012. "Road transport and power system scenarios for Northern Europe in 2030," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 573-582.
    19. Jonas Egerer & Clemens Gerbaulet & Richard Ihlenburg & Friedrich Kunz & Benjamin Reinhard & Christian von Hirschhausen & Alexander Weber & Jens Weibezahn, 2014. "Electricity Sector Data for Policy-Relevant Modeling: Data Documentation and Applications to the German and European Electricity Markets," Data Documentation 72, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    20. Schill, Wolf-Peter, 2014. "Residual load, renewable surplus generation and storage requirements in Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 65-79.
    21. Sioshansi, Ramteen & Miller, Jacob, 2011. "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can be clean and economical in dirty power systems," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 6151-6161, October.
    22. Ekman, Claus Krog, 2011. "On the synergy between large electric vehicle fleet and high wind penetration – An analysis of the Danish case," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 546-553.
    23. Weiller, Claire, 2011. "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the United States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(6), pages 3766-3778, June.
    24. Kristoffersen, Trine Krogh & Capion, Karsten & Meibom, Peter, 2011. "Optimal charging of electric drive vehicles in a market environment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1940-1948, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Richardson, David B., 2013. "Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 247-254.
    2. Hanemann, Philipp & Behnert, Marika & Bruckner, Thomas, 2017. "Effects of electric vehicle charging strategies on the German power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 608-622.
    3. Soares M.C. Borba, Bruno & Szklo, Alexandre & Schaeffer, Roberto, 2012. "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as a way to maximize the integration of variable renewable energy in power systems: The case of wind generation in northeastern Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 469-481.
    4. Schill, Wolf-Peter, 2011. "Electric Vehicles in Imperfect Electricity Markets: The case of Germany," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 39(10), pages 6178-6189.
    5. Hota, Ashish Ranjan & Juvvanapudi, Mahesh & Bajpai, Prabodh, 2014. "Issues and solution approaches in PHEV integration to smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 217-229.
    6. Hedegaard, Karsten & Ravn, Hans & Juul, Nina & Meibom, Peter, 2012. "Effects of electric vehicles on power systems in Northern Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 356-368.
    7. Shareef, Hussain & Islam, Md. Mainul & Mohamed, Azah, 2016. "A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 403-420.
    8. Weis, Allison & Jaramillo, Paulina & Michalek, Jeremy, 2014. "Estimating the potential of controlled plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging to reduce operational and capacity expansion costs for electric power systems with high wind penetration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 190-204.
    9. Yang, Zhile & Li, Kang & Foley, Aoife, 2015. "Computational scheduling methods for integrating plug-in electric vehicles with power systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 396-416.
    10. Bellekom, Sandra & Benders, René & Pelgröm, Steef & Moll, Henk, 2012. "Electric cars and wind energy: Two problems, one solution? A study to combine wind energy and electric cars in 2020 in The Netherlands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 859-866.
    11. Szinai, Julia K. & Sheppard, Colin J.R. & Abhyankar, Nikit & Gopal, Anand R., 2020. "Reduced grid operating costs and renewable energy curtailment with electric vehicle charge management," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    12. Schuller, Alexander & Flath, Christoph M. & Gottwalt, Sebastian, 2015. "Quantifying load flexibility of electric vehicles for renewable energy integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 335-344.
    13. Weiller, C. & Neely, A., 2014. "Using electric vehicles for energy services: Industry perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 194-200.
    14. Will, Christian & Zimmermann, Florian & Ensslen, Axel & Fraunholz, Christoph & Jochem, Patrick & Keles, Dogan, 2023. "Can electric vehicle charging be carbon neutral? Uniting smart charging and renewables," Working Paper Series in Production and Energy 69, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP).
    15. Atia, Raji & Yamada, Noboru, 2015. "More accurate sizing of renewable energy sources under high levels of electric vehicle integration," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 918-925.
    16. Martínez-Lao, Juan & Montoya, Francisco G. & Montoya, Maria G. & Manzano-Agugliaro, Francisco, 2017. "Electric vehicles in Spain: An overview of charging systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 970-983.
    17. Saxena, Samveg & Gopal, Anand & Phadke, Amol, 2014. "Electrical consumption of two-, three- and four-wheel light-duty electric vehicles in India," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 582-590.
    18. Yong, Jia Ying & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Tan, Kang Miao & Mithulananthan, N., 2015. "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 365-385.
    19. Ensslen, Axel & Ringler, Philipp & Dörr, Lasse & Jochem, Patrick & Zimmermann, Florian & Fichtner, Wolf, 2018. "Incentivizing smart charging: Modeling charging tariffs for electric vehicles in German and French electricity markets," MPRA Paper 91543, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 17 Feb 2018.
    20. Zhao, Yang & Noori, Mehdi & Tatari, Omer, 2017. "Boosting the adoption and the reliability of renewable energy sources: Mitigating the large-scale wind power intermittency through vehicle to grid technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 608-618.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Electric vehicles; power system; dispatch model; renewable energy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q42 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Alternative Energy Sources
    • R41 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Transportation Economics - - - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1442. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Bibliothek (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/diwbede.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.