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A demand for encompassment: A Hayekian experimental parable about political psychology

Author

Listed:
  • Daniel B Klein

    (George Mason University, USA; Ratio Institute, Sweden)

  • Xiaofei (Sophia) Pan

    (Harvard University, USA)

  • Daniel Houser

    (George Mason University, USA)

  • Gonzalo Schwarz

    (Atlas Economic Research Foundation, USA)

Abstract
Emile Durkheim said that when all of the members of a tribe or clan come together, they can sanctify the sacred and experience a spiritual “effervescence.†Friedrich Hayek suggested that certain genes and instincts still dispose us toward the ethos and mentality of the hunter-gatherer band and that modern forms of political collectivism have, in part, been atavistic reassertions of such tendencies. Picking up on Hayek, Daniel Klein has suggested a combination of yearnings: (1) a yearning for coordinated sentiment (like Smithian sympathy) and (2) a yearning that the sentiment encompasses “ the people ,†that is, some focal and seemingly definitive set of “we.†This article reports on an experiment designed to explore the demand for encompassment by having subjects sing together. In each trial, one person in the room was designated not to sing unless every one of the others in the room had made a payment sufficient so as to have that person sing . Our evidence of a demand for encompassment is threefold: Subjects chose to sacrifice money to achieve encompassment 47.4% of the time, with 59.6% of the subjects doing so in at least one trial. An exit questionnaire showed that subjects’ chief reason for making such a sacrifice was a belief that the singing would be more enjoyable if it encompassed the whole group. Furthermore, the subjects reported significantly higher enjoyment when they had experienced encompassment. We are well aware of the significant differences between the situation of the experiment and the situation of actual political life. We nonetheless discuss the experiment as a parable for a penchant toward political collectivism, a parable that helps to clarify the role of encompassment in the sentimental facets of Hayek’s ideas about the psychology of political collectivism.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel B Klein & Xiaofei (Sophia) Pan & Daniel Houser & Gonzalo Schwarz, 2015. "A demand for encompassment: A Hayekian experimental parable about political psychology," Rationality and Society, , vol. 27(1), pages 70-95, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:ratsoc:v:27:y:2015:i:1:p:70-95
    DOI: 10.1177/1043463114546315
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Samuel Bowles & Herbert Gintis, 2013. "A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, number 9474.
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    3. Samuel Bowles & Herbert Gintis, 2013. "A Cooperative Species," Introductory Chapters, in: A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution, Princeton University Press.
    4. James Buchanan, 2005. "Afraid to be free: Dependency as desideratum," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 124(1), pages 19-31, July.
    5. Klein, Daniel, 2004. "The People’s Romance: Why People Love Government (as much as they do)," Ratio Working Papers 31, The Ratio Institute, revised 11 May 2005.
    6. Bryan Caplan, 2007. "Introduction to The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies," Introductory Chapters, in: The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies, Princeton University Press.
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    Cited by:

    1. Harrison Searles, 2015. "The Welfare State and Moral Sentiments: A Smith-Hayek Critique of the Evolutionary Left," Econ Journal Watch, Econ Journal Watch, vol. 12(2), pages 114–136-1, May.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Durkheim; effervescence; encompassment; Friedrich Hayek; political psychology; the people’s romance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • A13 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics - - - Relation of Economics to Social Values
    • H89 - Public Economics - - Miscellaneous Issues - - - Other
    • Z1 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics

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