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Negociación y preferencias económicas por género: evidencia experimental en México

Author

Listed:
  • Arceo Gómez, Eva O.

    (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas)

  • Campos Vázquez, Raymundo M.

    (El Colegio de México)

  • Medina Cortina, Eduardo M.

    (El Colegio de México)

  • Vélez Grajales, Roberto

    (Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias)

Abstract
Background: In Mexico, women obtain a lower wage than men on average. A potential cause of this gender pay gap is discrimination, but, in this paper, we show there are other channels that contribute to such gap. Methodology: We implement a laboratory experiment with 404 individuals in which they play the ultimatum game and a wage bargaining game. The experiment contains three stages: an anonymous stage, a stage where we reveal the opponent’s photograph, and a final face-to-face phase. We estimate gender differences in bargaining preferences. Results: First, we find no gender differences in the amount proposers send to respondents in both types of games. Second, gender matters in the bargaining process. When participants know their opponent’s gender, women show “solidarity” to other women in terms of higher wage proposals. Third, women reject less offers than men, especially in the ultimatum game. Lastly, in the wage bargaining game, women counteroffer less than men, and men are more aggressive in terms of counteroffers against firms headed by women. Conclusions: Gender stereotyping can explain our results. Such stereotypes may define how each gender should behave in different social situations, or, for instance, how we perceive women in positions of power. Hence, results are relevant for public policies that enhance social norms related to gender equity.// Antecedentes: en México, las mujeres obtienen un menor salario en promedio que los hombres. Si bien la discriminación explica parte de esta brecha, en este artículo mostramos que existen otras causales que contribuyen a ella. Metodología: implementamos un experimento de laboratorio controlado con 404 personas en el que se aplican los juegos del ultimátum y la negociación salarial. El experimento consta de tres etapas: primero se realiza una negociación anónima, después se revela al contrincante con una fotografía y finalmente se realiza la negociación frente a frente. Se desea estimar si existen diferencias en preferencias por negociación entre hombres y mujeres. Resultados: primero, no se observan diferencias por género en el monto que el proponente envía al respondente en ambos tipos de juegos. Segundo, la composición de género del juego resulta relevante para estudiar el proceso de negociación. Cuando se conoce el sexo del respondente, las mujeres muestran “solidaridad” al ofrecer un mejor salario a mujeres que a hombres trabajadores. Tercero, las mujeres rechazan menos ofertas que los hombres, especialmente en el juego del ultimátum. Por último, en el juego de negociación salarial, las mujeres contraofertan menos que los hombres, además de que los hombres trabajadores negocian de manera más agresiva en contra de empresas mujeres. Conclusiones: los estereotipos de género pueden explicar estos resultados. Dichos estereotipos determinan cómo debe comportarse cada género ante diferentes situaciones sociales o asumir atributos negativos en contra de mujeres en posiciones de poder. En este sentido, cabe mencionar que los resultados son relevantes para la elaboración de políticas públicas que resalten normas sociales sobre la importancia de la equidad de género.

Suggested Citation

  • Arceo Gómez, Eva O. & Campos Vázquez, Raymundo M. & Medina Cortina, Eduardo M. & Vélez Grajales, Roberto, 2018. "Negociación y preferencias económicas por género: evidencia experimental en México," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(339), pages .645-678, julio-sep.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:85:y:2018:i:339:p:645-678
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20430/ete.v85i339.523
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    Keywords

    negociación; preferencias sociales; género; experimento de laboratorio;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C70 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory - - - General
    • C90 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - General
    • C91 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean

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