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Performance and Pleasure: Exploring the Perceived Usefulness and Appeal of Physical Activity Data Visualizations with Older Adults

Published: 21 September 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Wearable activity trackers hold the promise of making older adults aware of their levels of physical activity (PA), encouraging them to remain or become physically active. However, little is known about older adults’ preferences regarding data visualizations of PA, which is of concern as many of the currently implemented visualizations strongly emphasize performance. In our work, we present findings from a study (N = 44) in which we combined semi-structured interviews and an online survey to explore different approaches towards visualizing PA data for older adults. Through thematic analysis and statistical analysis, we highlight that visualizations’ perceived usefulness and appeal is individual and mediated by the lived experiences of late life, and that the potential of performance and pleasure can be leveraged to be complementary. On this basis, we discuss design opportunities for visualizations of PA data specifically addressing the needs of older adults from the perspective of PA in late life.
Appendices

A Survey

This Appendix gives an overview of all questions in the online survey and in-person interviews.

A.1 Demographics and Technology

We would like to learn more about who you are and your use of technology.
What is your year of birth? [text field]
What is your gender? [multiple choice, single answer] Options: Male, Female, Non-binary, Prefer not to say, Prefer to self-describe [text field]
Which country do you live in? [drop-down menu]
Where do you live? Please select the option that best fits your current living situation. [multiple choice, single answer] Options: House or apartment, Senior housing, Assisted living apartment, Nursing home, Other: please specify [text field]
What kind of area do you live in? [multiple choice, single answer] Options: I live in a relatively large city; I live in a small city or large village; I live in a relatively small village; Other: please specify [text field]
Which of the following best describes your current occupation? [multiple choice, single answer] Options: I am retired; I am retired and have a part-time job; I am retired and work as a volunteer; I work as a volunteer; I have a part-time job; I have a full-time job; I only work in my own household; I am unemployed; Other: please specify [text field]
Please rate the following statement using the given scale: I would consider myself a physically active person. [5-point Likert scale]
Please indicate which physically challenging activities you regularly engage in (this is not limited to sports, but can also include leisure activities or household chores). [multiple choice, multiple answers possible] Options: Walking; Jogging/running; Cycling (outside); Cycling on a home trainer; Gymnastics; Swimming; Dancing; Low-intensity sports (e.g., bowling, pétanque, billiards, golf, fishing, etc.); High-intensity sports (e.g., tennis, rowing, soccer, volleyball, winter sports, etc.); Cooking; Housework (e.g., vacuuming, cleaning windows, mopping, doing the dishes, etc.); Going shopping; Other: please specify [text field]; None
What are your motives to engage in physical activity? [multiple choice, multiple answers possible] Options: Staying healthy; Staying fit; Staying independent as long as possible; Preventing pain; Enjoyment of activity itself; Enjoyment of company of people I do activity with; Other: please specify [text field]; I am not physically active
If you aren’t currently physically active, why is this the case? [multiple choice, multiple answers possible] Options: No interest in physical activity; No time; Lack of suitable environment or facilities; Do not want to be physically active on my own; Injury or pain; Other: please specify [text field]
Please indicate how many hours per week you spend on physical activity. This includes sports, housework, leisure activities such as walking, etc. [text field]
Which of the following do you currently use, or have used in the past to keep track of your levels of physical activity? [multiple choice, multiple answers possible] Options: Smartphone app (i.e., counting steps, measuring distance walked or cycled while carrying your phone); Smartwatch (i.e., counting steps, measuring distance walked or cycled while wearing a smartwatch); Stand-alone step counter (does not require a smartphone or smartwatch); Other: please specify [text field]; I do not use, or have used any device to keep track of my levels of physical activity
Please specify the context in which you have used the system. [If any tracker used] [multiple choice, multiple answers possible] Options: Leisure or personal exercise; Professional exercise (e.g., as an athlete); As a patient (e.g., part of a medical examination or part of rehabilitation routine); Other: please specify [text field]
Please rate the following statements using the given scale.
I find it important to know how active I am. [5-point Likert scale]
I find the concept of using technology to track how active I am useful. [5-point Likert scale]
I prefer to keep track of how active I am by writing everything down in a diary (on paper, or on a computer). [5-point Likert scale]

B AttrakDiff Questionnaire Results

Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. Results of the AttrakDiff questionnaire [25] per evaluated word pair (indicated below plots) for each of the six visualizations, with their respective mean value (\(\mu\)) and standard deviation (\(\sigma\)). Participants rated all word pairs on a seven-point Likert scale (1–7).
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. Results of the AttrakDiff questionnaire [25] per evaluated word pair (indicated below plots) for each of the six visualizations, with their respective mean value (\(\mu\)) and standard deviation (\(\sigma\)). Participants rated all word pairs on a seven-point Likert scale (1–7) (cont.)

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Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing  Volume 16, Issue 3
September 2023
139 pages
ISSN:1936-7228
EISSN:1936-7236
DOI:10.1145/3624974
Issue’s Table of Contents

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 21 September 2023
Online AM: 15 August 2023
Accepted: 02 August 2023
Revised: 16 June 2023
Received: 27 February 2023
Published in TACCESS Volume 16, Issue 3

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Author Tags

  1. Older adults
  2. physical activity
  3. visualizations
  4. pleasure
  5. performance

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

A.2 Visualizing Physical Activity Data

In the next part of the survey, we will show you several images that visualize physical activity data in different ways. Please have a close look at the images and carefully read the description, which explains what is being shown.
[All of the following questions were asked for each of the six visualizations.]
Were you able to see the image and read the description? [yes/no] [Note: this question was only asked in the online survey to take potential technical problems into account. The following questions were only shown if answered ‘yes’.]
Please rate the following statements using the given scales to help us learn more about your perspectives on the above visualization.
This visualization makes it easy to understand how active I am. [5-point Likert scale]
This visualization is informing of my performance (e.g., the distance I walked, how long I was active, etc). [5-point Likert scale]
This visualization would increase my enjoyment of physical activity. [5-point Likert scale]
This visualization highlights that physical activity is enjoyable or pleasant. [5-point Likert scale]
I find this visualization pleasing to look at. [5-point Likert scale]
I would be motivated by this visualization to engage in physical activity more often. [5-point Likert scale]
If this visualization showed me that I am performing poorly in terms of physical activity, it would demotivate me. [5-point Likert scale]
I find this visualization useful to keep track of my levels of physical activity. [5-point Likert scale]
I would be excited to use an application based on this visualization. [5-point Likert scale]
[Source for the following question: validated AttrakDiff-S questionnaire [25]] Please indicate for each word pair which word fits the visualization better. Picking a rating closer to a certain word means that word suits the visualization (much) better than the other word.
simple - complicated [7-point Likert scale]
ugly - attractive [7-point Likert scale]
practical - impractical [7-point Likert scale]
stylish - tacky [7-point Likert scale]
predictable - unpredictable [7-point Likert scale]
cheap - premium [7-point Likert scale]
unimaginative - creative [7-point Likert scale]
good - bad [7-point Likert scale]
confusing - clearly structured [7-point Likert scale]
dull - captivating [7-point Likert scale]
Are there any answers you would like to elaborate on, or is there anything else you would like to share with us about this visualization? [text field, optional]
We have shown you several examples of visualizations. In conclusion, we would like to ask you a few questions about visualizations in general.
Visualizations should primarily focus on how well I am doing in terms of performance (e.g., distance walked, number of days I was active, etc). [5-point Likert scale]
Please elaborate on your answer. [optional field]
Visualizations should primarily focus on supporting physical activity as a pleasurable experience (e.g., capturing memorable moments, creating art from my activity, etc). [5-point Likert scale]
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  • (2024)Navigating the Maze of Routine Disruption: Exploring How Older Adults Living Alone Navigate Barriers to Establishing and Maintaining Physical Activity HabitsProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642842(1-15)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)Glanceable Data Visualizations for Older Adults: Establishing Thresholds and Examining Disparities Between Age GroupsProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642776(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024

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