[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ skip to main content
research-article

Multi-Pseudo Regularized Label for Generated Data in Person Re-Identification

Published: 01 March 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Sufficient training data normally is required to train deeply learned models. However, due to the expensive manual process for a labeling large number of images (<italic>i.e.</italic>, annotation), the amount of available training data (<italic>i.e.</italic>, real data) is always limited. To produce more data for training a deep network, generative adversarial network can be used to generate artificial sample data (<italic>i.e.</italic>, generated data). However, the generated data usually does not have annotation labels. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a virtual label called Multi-pseudo Regularized Label (MpRL) and assign it to the generated data. With MpRL, the generated data will be used as the supplementary of real training data to train a deep neural network in a semi-supervised learning fashion. To build the corresponding relationship between the real data and generated data, MpRL assigns each generated data a proper virtual label which reflects the likelihood of the affiliation of the generated data to pre-defined training classes in the real data domain. Unlike the traditional label which usually is a single integral number, the virtual label proposed in this paper is a set of weight-based values each individual of which is a number in (0,1] called multi-pseudo label and reflects the degree of relation between each generated data to every pre-defined class of real data. A comprehensive evaluation is carried out by adopting two state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in our experiments to verify the effectiveness of MpRL. Experiments demonstrate that by assigning MpRL to generated data, we can further improve the person re-ID performance on five re-ID datasets, <italic>i.e.</italic>, Market-1501, DukeMTMC-reID, CUHK03, VIPeR, and CUHK01. The proposed method obtains &#x002B;6.29&#x0025;, &#x002B;6.30&#x0025;, &#x002B;5.58&#x0025;, &#x002B;5.84&#x0025;, and &#x002B;3.48&#x0025; improvements in rank-1 accuracy over a strong CNN baseline on the five datasets, respectively, and outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

References

[1]
I. Goodfellowet al., “Generative adversarial nets,” in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS), 2014, pp. 2672–2680.
[2]
A. Radford, L. Metz, and S. Chintala, “Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR), 2016, pp. 1–16.
[3]
M. Arjovsky, S. Chintala, and L. Bottou. (2017). “Wasserstein gan.” [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.07875
[4]
I. Gulrajani, F. Ahmed, M. Arjovsky, V. Dumoulin, and A. C. Courville, “Improved training of wasserstein gans,” in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS), 2017, pp. 5767–5777.
[5]
Y. Huang, H. Sheng, Y. Zheng, and Z. Xiong, “DeepDiff: Learning deep difference features on human body parts for person re-identification,” Neurocomputing, vol. 241, pp. 191–203, Jun. 2017.
[6]
X. Qian, Y. Fu, Y.-G. Jiang, T. Xiang, and X. Xue, “Multi-scale deep learning architectures for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Jul. 2017, pp. 5399–5408.
[7]
J. Lin, L. Ren, J. Lu, J. Feng, and J. Zhou, “Consistent-aware deep learning for person re-identification in a camera network,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 5771–5780.
[8]
L. Zheng, Y. Yang, and A. G. Hauptmann. (2016). “Person re-identification: Past, present and future.” [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02984
[9]
L. Zheng, H. Zhang, S. Sun, M. Chandraker, Y. Yang, and Q. Tian, “Person re-identification in the wild,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 1–2.
[10]
Z. Zheng, L. Zheng, and Y. Yang, “A discriminatively learned CNN embedding for person reidentification,” ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 13, 2016.
[11]
L. Zheng, L. Shen, L. Tian, S. Wang, J. Wang, and Q. Tian, “Scalable person re-identification: A benchmark,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Dec. 2015, pp. 1116–1124.
[12]
Z. Zheng, L. Zheng, and Y. Yang, “Unlabeled samples generated by GAN improve the person re-identification baseline in vitro,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Oct. 2017, pp. 3754–3762.
[13]
W. Li, R. Zhao, T. Xiao, and X. Wang, “DeepReID: Deep filter pairing neural network for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2014, pp. 152–159.
[14]
T. Salimans, I. J. Goodfellow, W. Zaremba, V. Cheung, A. Radford, and X. Chen, “Improved techniques for training GANs,” in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS), 2016, pp. 2234–2242.
[15]
S. Hong, H. Noh, and B. Han, “Decoupled deep neural network for semi-supervised semantic segmentation,” in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS), 2015, pp. 1495–1503.
[16]
J. Dai, K. He, and J. Sun, “BoxSup: Exploiting bounding boxes to supervise convolutional networks for semantic segmentation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Dec. 2015, pp. 1635–1643.
[17]
M. Bauml, M. Tapaswi, and R. Stiefelhagen, “Semi-supervised learning with constraints for person identification in multimedia data,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2013, pp. 3602–3609.
[18]
Y. Luo, D. Tao, B. Geng, C. Xu, and S. J. Maybank, “Manifold regularized multitask learning for semi-supervised multilabel image classification,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 523–536, Feb. 2013.
[19]
R. Johnson and T. Zhang, “Semi-supervised convolutional neural networks for text categorization via region embedding,” in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS), 2015, pp. 919–927.
[20]
A. Odena. (2016). “Semi-supervised learning with generative adversarial networks.” [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01583
[21]
D.-H. Lee, “Pseudo-label: The simple and efficient semi-supervised learning method for deep neural networks,” in Proc. Workshop Challenges Represent. Learn. (ICML), vol. 3, 2013, pp. 1–2.
[22]
S. Gong and T. Xiang, “Person re-identification,” in Visual Analysis of Behaviour. London, U.K.: Springer, 2011, pp. 301–313.
[23]
S. Liao, Y. Hu, X. Zhu, and S. Z. Li, “Person re-identification by local maximal occurrence representation and metric learning,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Dec. 2015, pp. 2197–2206.
[24]
Y. Chen, W. Zheng, and J. Lai, “Mirror representation for modeling view-specific transform in person re-identification,” in Proc. Int. Joint. Conf. Artif. Intell. (IJCAI), 2015, pp. 3402–3408.
[25]
W.-S. Zheng, S. Gong, and T. Xiang, “Person re-identification by probabilistic relative distance comparison,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2011, pp. 649–656.
[26]
S. Liao and S. Z. Li, “Efficient PSD constrained asymmetric metric learning for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Dec. 2015, pp. 3685–3693.
[27]
Z. Li, S. Chang, F. Liang, T. S. Huang, L. Cao, and J. R. Smith, “Learning locally-adaptive decision functions for person verification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2013, pp. 3610–3617.
[28]
H.-X. Yu, A. Wu, and W.-S. Zheng, “Cross-view asymmetric metric learning for unsupervised person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Oct. 2017, pp. 994–1002.
[29]
P. Zhang, Q. Wu, J. Xu, and J. Zhang, “Long-term person re-identification using true motion from videos,” in Proc. IEEE Winter Conf. Appl. Comput. Vis (WACV), Mar. 2018, pp. 494–502.
[30]
D. Li, X. Chen, Z. Zhang, and K. Huang, “Learning deep context-aware features over body and latent parts for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 384–393.
[31]
M. Geng, Y. Wang, T. Xiang, and Y. Tian. (2016). “Deep transfer learning for person re-identification.” [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05244
[32]
S. Ding, L. Lin, G. Wang, and H. Chao, “Deep feature learning with relative distance comparison for person re-identification,” Pattern Recognit., vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 2993–3003, Oct. 2015.
[33]
D. Cheng, Y. Gong, S. Zhou, J. Wang, and N. Zheng, “Person re-identification by multi-channel parts-based cnn with improved triplet loss function,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2016, pp. 1335–1344.
[34]
W. Chen, X. Chen, J. Zhang, and K. Huang, “Beyond triplet loss: A deep quadruplet network for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 1–8.
[35]
Y. Huang, H. Sheng, and Z. Xiong, “Person re-identification based on hierarchical bipartite graph matching,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image. Process. (ICIP), Sep. 2016, pp. 4255–4259.
[36]
S. Bai, X. Bai, and Q. Tian, “Scalable person re-identification on supervised smoothed manifold,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 1–7.
[37]
Z. Zhong, L. Zheng, D. Cao, and S. Li, “Re-ranking person re-identification with k-reciprocal encoding,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 3652–3661.
[38]
J. Garcia, N. Martinel, C. Micheloni, and A. Gardel, “Person re-identification ranking optimisation by discriminant context information analysis,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Dec. 2015, pp. 1305–1313.
[39]
J. García, N. Martinel, A. Gardel, I. Bravo, G. L. Foresti, and C. Micheloni, “Discriminant context information analysis for post-ranking person re-identification,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1650–1665, Apr. 2017.
[40]
S. Ali, O. Javed, N. Haering, and T. Kanade, “Interactive retrieval of targets for wide area surveillance,” in Proc. ACM Int. Conf. Multimedia. (ACMMM), 2010, pp. 895–898.
[41]
H. Wang, S. Gong, X. Zhu, and T. Xiang, “Human-in-the-loop person re-identification,” in Proc. Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ECCV), 2016, pp. 405–422.
[42]
C. Liu, C. Change Loy, S. Gong, and G. Wang, “Pop: Person re-identification post-rank optimisation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Dec. 2013, pp. 441–448.
[43]
C. Szegedy, V. Vanhoucke, S. Ioffe, J. Shlens, and Z. Wojna, “Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2016, pp. 2818–2826.
[44]
D. Gray and H. Tao, “Viewpoint invariant pedestrian recognition with an ensemble of localized features,” in Proc. Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ECCV), 2008, pp. 262–275.
[45]
W. Li, R. Zhao, and X. Wang, “Human reidentification with transferred metric learning,” in Proc. Asian Conf. Comput. Vis. (ACCV), 2012, pp. 31–44.
[46]
P. F. Felzenszwalb, R. B. Girshick, D. McAllester, and D. Ramanan, “Object detection with discriminatively trained part-based models,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1627–1645, Sep. 2010.
[47]
E. Ristani, F. Solera, R. Zou, R. Cucchiara, and C. Tomasi, “Performance measures and a data set for multi-target, multi-camera tracking,” in Proc. Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ECCV), 2016, pp. 17–35.
[48]
M. Abadiet al., “TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning,” in Proc. OSDI, vol. 16, 2016, pp. 265–283.
[49]
D. Kingma and J. Ba. (2014). “Adam: A method for stochastic optimization.” [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980
[50]
K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep residual learning for image recognition,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2016, pp. 770–778.
[51]
A. Vedaldi and K. Lenc, “MatConvNet: Convolutional neural networks for MATLAB,” in Proc. ACM Int. Conf. Multimedia. (ACMMM), 2015, pp. 689–692.
[52]
R. R. Varior, M. Haloi, and G. Wang, “Gated siamese convolutional neural network architecture for human re-identification,” in Proc. Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ECCV), 2016, pp. 791–808.
[53]
F. Wang, W. Zuo, L. Lin, D. Zhang, and L. Zhang, “Joint learning of single-image and cross-image representations for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2016, pp. 1288–1296.
[54]
T. Matsukawa, T. Okabe, E. Suzuki, and Y. Sato, “Hierarchical Gaussian descriptor for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2016, pp. 1363–1372.
[55]
D. Chen, Z. Yuan, B. Chen, and N. Zheng, “Similarity learning with spatial constraints for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2016, pp. 1268–1277.
[56]
L. Zhang, T. Xiang, and S. Gong, “Learning a discriminative null space for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jun. 2016, pp. 1239–1248.
[57]
T. Xiao, S. Li, B. Wang, L. Lin, and X. Wang, “Joint detection and identification feature learning for person search,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 3376–3385.
[58]
S. Zhou, J. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Gong, and N. Zheng, “Point to set similarity based deep feature learning for person reidentification,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), vol. 6, Jul. 2017, pp. 1–10.
[59]
H. Zhaoet al., “Spindle net: Person re-identification with human body region guided feature decomposition and fusion,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 1077–1085.
[60]
W. Li, X. Zhu, and S. Gong, “Person re-identification by deep joint learning of multi-loss classification,” in Proc. Int. Joint. Conf. Artifi. Intelli. (IJCAI), 2017, pp. 2194–2200.
[61]
Y. Sun, L. Zheng, W. Deng, and S. Wang, “SVDNet for pedestrian retrieval,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Oct. 2017, pp. 3800–3808.
[62]
C. Su, J. Li, S. Zhang, J. Xing, W. Gao, and Q. Tian, “Pose-driven deep convolutional model for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Oct. 2017, pp. 3980–3989.
[63]
L. Zhao, X. Li, J. Wang, and Y. Zhuang, “Deeply-learned part-aligned representations for person re-identification,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Oct. 2017, pp. 3239–3248.
[64]
Y. Chen, X. Zhu, and S. Gong, “Person re-identification by deep learning multi-scale representations,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Workshops (CVPRW), Jul. 2017, pp. 2590–2600.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Selective and orthogonal feature activation for pedestrian attribute recognitionProceedings of the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Thirty-Sixth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Fourteenth Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence10.1609/aaai.v38i6.28419(6039-6047)Online publication date: 20-Feb-2024
  • (2024)Diverse Deep Feature Ensemble Learning for Omni-Domain Generalized Person Re-identificationProceedings of the 2024 9th International Conference on Multimedia and Image Processing10.1145/3665026.3665036(64-71)Online publication date: 20-Apr-2024
  • (2024)Semantic Map Guided Identity Transfer GAN for Person Re-identificationACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/363135520:11(1-20)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Multi-Pseudo Regularized Label for Generated Data in Person Re-Identification
        Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
        IEEE Transactions on Image Processing  Volume 28, Issue 3
        March 2019
        438 pages

        Publisher

        IEEE Press

        Publication History

        Published: 01 March 2019

        Qualifiers

        • Research-article

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
        Reflects downloads up to 26 Jan 2025

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2024)Selective and orthogonal feature activation for pedestrian attribute recognitionProceedings of the Thirty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Thirty-Sixth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Fourteenth Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence10.1609/aaai.v38i6.28419(6039-6047)Online publication date: 20-Feb-2024
        • (2024)Diverse Deep Feature Ensemble Learning for Omni-Domain Generalized Person Re-identificationProceedings of the 2024 9th International Conference on Multimedia and Image Processing10.1145/3665026.3665036(64-71)Online publication date: 20-Apr-2024
        • (2024)Semantic Map Guided Identity Transfer GAN for Person Re-identificationACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/363135520:11(1-20)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2024
        • (2024)A Two-Stream Hybrid Convolution-Transformer Network Architecture for Clothing-Change Person Re-IdentificationIEEE Transactions on Multimedia10.1109/TMM.2023.333156926(5326-5339)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
        • (2024)Meta Clothing Status Calibration for Long-Term Person Re-IdentificationIEEE Transactions on Image Processing10.1109/TIP.2024.337463433(2334-2346)Online publication date: 18-Mar-2024
        • (2024)Enhancing Person Re-Identification Performance Through In Vivo LearningIEEE Transactions on Image Processing10.1109/TIP.2023.334176233(639-654)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
        • (2023)3D Person Re-Identification Based on Global Semantic Guidance and Local Feature AggregationIEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology10.1109/TCSVT.2023.332871234:6(4698-4712)Online publication date: 30-Oct-2023
        • (2023)Weakly Supervised Pedestrian Segmentation for Person Re-IdentificationIEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology10.1109/TCSVT.2022.321047633:3(1349-1362)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023
        • (2022)JoT-GAN: A Framework for Jointly Training GAN and Person Re-Identification ModelACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/349122518:1s(1-18)Online publication date: 25-Jan-2022
        • (2022)Recognizing Gaits Across Walking and Running SpeedsACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/348871518:3(1-22)Online publication date: 4-Mar-2022
        • Show More Cited By

        View Options

        View options

        Figures

        Tables

        Media

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media