Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental Model Development for the Attenuation Coefficient Estimation of Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links over the Sea

Argyris N. Stassinakis

¹,

George A. Papavgeris

Hector E. Nistazakis

^1,*

Andreas D. Tsigopoulos

²,

Nikolaos A. Androutsos

¹ and

George S. Tombras

Section of Electronic Physics and Systems, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece

Department of Battle Systems, Naval Operations, Sea Studies, Navigation, Electronics and Telecommunications, Hellenic Naval Academy, Hadjikyriakouave, 18539 Piraeus, Greece

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Telecom 2021, 2(1), 93-107; https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010007

Submission received: 31 December 2020 / Revised: 11 February 2021 / Accepted: 18 February 2021 / Published: 1 March 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies on Communications 2020)

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Browse Figures

Figure 1
Overview of the link. "> Figure 2
Experimental and regression model of Equation (6) results. "> Figure 3
Experimental results versus the corresponding from the experimental model of Equation (6). "> Figure 4
Measurements of temperature (second from the top panel), wind speed (third from the top panel), and relative humidity (lower panel), for each sample of regression model and experimental data. "> Figure 5
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 6 February 2020. "> Figure 6
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 16 February 2020. "> Figure 7
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 15 February 2020. "> Figure 8
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 30 January 2020. "> Figure 9
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 6 April 2020. "> Figure 10
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 16 November 2019. "> Figure 11
Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 17 November 2019. "> Figure A1
RSSI as a function of distance. "> Figure A2
RSSI and Optical power linear fitting. ">

Versions Notes

Abstract

Free space optical (FSO) systems have become a reliable solution for modern communications networks, due to the high performance, availability, reliability and security they can provide. However, their characteristics depend strongly on the conditions of the atmosphere, which is the propagation path of the optical beam. In this work, this dependence is experimentally investigated through a terrestrial horizontal FSO link, which was installed a few meters above the sea. Thus, the procedure presented hereis an accurate empirical model for the estimation of the attenuation coefficient for an optical wireless link, as a function of the atmospheric temperature, the relative humidity, and the wind speed. Its accuracy is verified by comparing the estimated outcomes—obtained from the empirical model—versus the measured—experimental—ones. Such accurate empirical models can be used for designing high performance and reliability FSO links, as parts of the upcoming 5G/5G+ networks, for areas where the behavior of the atmospheric conditions and parameters are known.

Keywords:

terrestrial free space optical links; attenuation coefficient; experimental model

1. Introduction

During the last few decades, free space optical (FSO) systems attracted very significant research and commercial interest, due to the plenty of advantages they can offer and the development margins they show. The high data rate transmission and security level they offer, along with the relatively low operational cost and the license free installation, are some reasons why the FSO links are part of the modern communication networks, i.e., 5G/5G+ [1,2].

On the other hand, the performance, the reliability, and the availability of the FSO systems, strongly depend on the atmospheric and weather conditions as the laser beam propagates through the atmosphere. An important factor that affects the performance of FSO links is attenuation due to absorption and scattering, which might cause serious performance degradation or even outages, in cases of dense fog or rain [3,4,5,6]. Furthermore, another factor that deteriorates the performance of the FSO links is the atmospheric turbulence that causes the scintillation effect [7,8,9,10,11,12]. All these factors were extensively studied in a theoretical way and various channel models were extracted in order to estimate the main metrics of a communication system, such as the outage probability, the bit error rate, etc. [13,14,15,16,17].

During the last years, various experimental FSO links were deployed in order to validate the accuracy of many theoretical models, and at the same time, extract empirical models for the attenuation estimation of optical power, in specific cases [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. In this work, a novel empirical experimental model for the attenuation coefficient was extracted using a multiple linear regression method for the maritime environment during night-time, as a function of the atmospheric temperature, the relative humidity, and the wind speed. Various regression techniques are already used in order to extract empirical models in FSO communications [29,30,31]. The presence of sea water below the FSO link creates weak to strong turbulence conditions, due to water vaporization and high attenuation due to high levels of humidity. Therefore, it is important to extract a model that predicts the communications’ quality of an FSO system, in an environment with such a great impact on its performance. Its accuracy was validated by comparing the estimated attenuation coefficient results versus the real ones, which were obtained from measurements.

The remainder of this work is organized as follows. In Section 2, the theoretical background is mentioned, while in Section 3, the experimental setup is presented. Next, in Section 4, the experimental model is derived and its results are presented. Finally, the conclusions of this work are presented in Section 5.

2. Theoretical Analysis of the Model

As the optical beam propagates through the atmospheric channel, the geometrical losses, the scattering, the absorption, and the turbulence are the most significant attenuation parameters.

2.1. Geometrical Losses Attenuation

An important factor that reduces the useful optical power that arrives at the receiver is the attenuation due to geometrical losses, and depends on the technical parameter values of the transceivers and the link’s length. Specifically, the geometrical loss factor, a_GL, could be estimated as [4,24]:

a_{G L} = {(\frac{D_{r}}{D_{r} + θ l})}^{2}

(1)

where D_r and D_t represent the aperture diameter of the receiver and transmitter, respectively, θ is the divergence angle and l stands for the link’s length. Thus, using Equation (1), the received optical power is estimated as [4,24]:

P_{r G L} = a_{G L} P_{t}

(2)

with P_rGL and P_t being the optical power at the receiver,due to geometrical losses and the transmitter, respectively. For terrestrial ground-to-ground FSO links where their length remains invariable, the geometrical loss factor is constant.

2.2. Atmospheric Attenuation

The laser beam propagation through the atmosphere causes attenuation of the optical power due to scattering, absorption, and turbulence. Thus, many accurate theoretical and empirical models for the estimation of the corresponding coefficients, i.e., a_sc, a_ab, a_tur, were proposed and verified [18,32]. Furthermore, in order to estimate thetotal received optical power, P_r, due to the total atmospheric attenuation, a_tot, the Beer-Lambert’s law equation was used [3,4,24,32]:

P_{r} = P_{r G L} \exp (- a_{t o t} l)

(3)

where a_tot = a_sc + a_ab + a_tur. Then, using Equations (2) and (3), the total attenuation factor, a_tot, could be estimated through the link’s parameters and characteristics, as:

a_{t o t} = - \frac{1}{l} l n (\frac{P_{r}}{a_{G L} P_{t}})

(4)

3. Experimental Setup

The experimental setup thatwas used here is a terrestrial horizontal FSO link that was installed in the Piraeus port in Greece, connecting a building of the Hellenic Naval Academy and the lighthouse of the island of Psyttaleia. The link appears in Figure 1, while the corresponding technical characteristics were adjusted to take on the values presented in Table 1.

In order to achieve precise alignment between the FSO transceivers during the installation, the scopes of the devices were used in order to receive the maximum power at each side. The received optical signal was transformed into voltage signal that was proportional to the square root of the optical power, see Appendix A. This voltage represented the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and it could be monitored through the software of the FSO device. The values of RSSI and the time were recorded and saved in the internal storage of the FSO head, every thirty seconds. Following the procedure that appeared in Appendix A, the RSSI values could be transformed into optical power measurements. This accurate transformation is necessary as the transmitted power cannot easily transform to the RSSI units. Taking into account the transmitted and the received optical power, the attenuation factor could be evaluated from Equation (4).

The RSSI values strongly depend on weather and atmospheric conditions. Therefore, by installing a precise meteorological station close to the FSO transceivers, various meteorological parameters were measured, with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed being the ones that most affect the laser beam propagation [4,13,14,18,19]. Another factor that affects the attenuation is the link’s operational wavelength which was invariable in the experimentsin this work.

The experimental measurements were collected continuously for more than a six-months time-period. However, in order to decrease the degrees of freedom of the specific problem that we studied and to obtain accurate results, we tried to examine cases where the influence of the sunlight radiation could be assumed to be negligible. Thus, in this work, we used the data that corresponded to time-periods between 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. For the same reason, measurements with nonzero precipitations were also excluded. Specifically, the experimental data that were used in this work are the ones that met the criteria that appeared in Table 2.

4. Model Analysis and Results

By substituting the experimental values of transmitted and received optical powerin Equation (4), the experimental attenuation coefficient was evaluated. According to existing models for turbulence and attenuation in FSO systems, the main meteorological factors that affect the propagation of the laser beam were the relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed [4,13,14,18,19]. Thus, the experimental model for the estimation of the attenuation factor would depend on these three parameters and was extracted using multiple linear regression method with the attenuation coefficient being the dependent variable and combinations of up to 3rd order values of temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity being the explanatory variables x_i [33]:

a_{t o t} = b_{0} + \sum_{i = 1}^{N} b_{i} x_{i}

(5)

Data collected in the first three months of the year 2020 were used for the regression process for time-periods that fulfilled the requirements of Table 2.

In order to simplify the regression model, factors with a negligible contribution were eliminated. Thus, the estimation model for the attenuation coefficient as a function of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed is given through the following mathematical expression:

\begin{array}{l} a_{t o t} = & b_{0} + b_{1} R H^{4} + b_{2} R H^{4} T^{3} + b_{3} T^{4} + b_{4} R H^{2} T W S + b_{5} R H^{2} + b_{6} W S^{2} + b_{7} T^{2} \\ + b_{8} R H^{3} + b_{9} T^{3} + b_{10} R H \times T^{2} W S + b_{11} R H^{2} T + b_{12} R H^{2} T^{2} + b_{13} R H^{3} T^{2} \end{array}

(6)

where T stands for the temperature in Celsius degrees, RH corresponds to the relative humidity, and WS represents the wind speed in m/s. The values of the coefficients of Equation (6) are presented in Table 3.

Taking into account the parameter values of Table 3, the validity and the error parameters of the experimental model are presented in Table 4.

From Table 4, it can be seen that the coefficient of multiple correlation that is the most important parameter for the fitting accuracy of the model is close enough to one, so the accuracy of the model is high enough. Furthermore, the residual mean variance is very low, three orders of magnitude lower that the experimental measurements, a sign of high precision model.

Next, the outcomes for the attenuation factor obtained from the experiment and those that were obtained from the empirical model of Equation (6), were compared.

In Figure 2, the experimental measurements of the attenuation coefficient according to Εquation (4) and the predicted values of the regression model of Εquation (6) were presented for 12,300 samples. It could be observed that the model that was extracted had a precise fit to the behavior of the experimental results and could predict the attenuation coefficient according to weather and atmospheric data. In Figure 3, the experimental versus the corresponding regression model results are presented. According to the linear fitting, the slope of the curve was 0.7612 and was near to 1, as it should theoretically be, while the constant term was very low, i.e., 0.09. It could also be seen, that as the attenuation coefficient increased, the accuracy of the model decreased. This was expected because an increment of attenuation coefficient meant worse weather conditions that could not be easily modelled.

In Figure 4, the measurements of temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity are presented for every sample that was used for the extraction of the model. It could be observed that the model has a high accuracy in case of low wind speed and relative humidity. In contrary, high values of such parameters that are responsible for very high attenuation and create fast changes in the consistency of the atmosphere, decrease the accuracy of the model. Furthermore, temperature affects the accuracy of the model in cases of very low values.

In order to more precisely investigate the behavior of the model in various weather conditions, the results of empirical model and experimental measurements are presented for specific days. In the blue box are the measurements between 00:00 a.m. to 05:00 a.m., while in the orange one are the measurements between 8:00 pm to 11:59 p.m. At the right side of the Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11, the wind speed and the rain rate are presented for the whole day.

In Figure 5 and Figure 6, the results of windy nights are presented. It could be observed that between 00:00 and 05:00 the wind was lower than 5 m/s, the model had a good fitting, while between 20:00 and 23:59, the wind was over 5 m/s with severe gusts, where the model diverged more, but was still close to the experimental measurements.

In Figure 7, it can be observed that a lack of accuracy before precipitation took place due to unstable and fast changes in weather conditions. It was clear that the very high value of the relative humidity decreased the accuracy of the model, as the attenuation coefficient was very high. On the other hand, between 21:00 and 23:59, a few hours after precipitation and with very low wind speed where the weather conditions were mild and stable, the model presented a very high accuracy.

In Figure 8, the results of the model are presented in cases of sudden and severe wind gusts and changes. Between 00:00 and 05:00, this phenomenon was more severe and at the same time, the relative humidity increased and the model lacked accuracy in some cases. However, as shown in Figure 6, between 20:00 and 23:59, the model showed very high accuracy in predicting the attenuation coefficient due to mild conditions.

The partial coefficient of multiple correlation, R², is presented in the following Table 5, for the days presented in Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8.

In order to further validate the accuracy of the model, we applied it in days that were not included in the data of the regression process. We chose days with a wide variety of weather conditions, in order to observe the models behavior, and the results are presented in Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11.

From the experimental measurements and the predictions of the empirical model of Equation (6), of Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11, it can be seen that they follow the same behavior as those of Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. Specifically, the model is very accurate in cases of both low wind speedand relative humidity, without precipitations and diverges in more severe weather changes. The values of R² for the days that were not used in the regression method for the extraction of the model are presented in Table 6, as follows:

In Figure 11, the FSO link was switched off for safety reasons at night, due to a ship that was expected to pass through the propagation path of the LASER beam, so only measurements between 00:00 and 05:00 were collected. Thus, the model proved to be accurate enough under specific constraints, and it could be used in order to predict the performance of FSO links, in real maritime environment, during night.

Finally, we examined the mean value and the standard deviation of the experimental attenuation coefficient for almost the same values of temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, respectively; the results are presented in the following Table 7.

According to Table 7, it is clear that the attenuation coefficient mostly depended on temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, as the standard deviation in cases of almost same values of these parameters was very low. On the other hand, the model might become more accurate if more atmospheric and weather parameters, i.e., atmospheric pressure, are investigated.

5. Conclusions

In this work, an empirical experimental model for the attenuation coefficient estimation of an FSO system, which operates in low height over the sea, during night-time, was presented as a function of the atmospheric temperature, the wind speed, and the relative humidity. According to the obtained results that were presented, the model achieved very high accuracy in cases with low wind speed, low relative humidity, high temperature, and without precipitations where the attenuation coefficient was relatively low. Such an empirical model is a very useful tool in order to predict the performance and reliability of an FSO link, in a specific environment with known characteristics and has a great impact in the designing of high demanding modern communication networks.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.N.S., G.A.P., H.E.N., A.D.T. and N.A.A.; methodology, A.N.S., G.A.P. and H.E.N.; software, A.N.S. and G.A.P.; validation, A.N.S., G.A.P., H.E.N., A.D.T., N.A.A. and G.S.T.; formal analysis, A.N.S. and G.A.P.; investigation, A.N.S., G.A.P. and N.A.A.; resources, A.N.S., G.A.P., H.E.N., A.D.T., N.A.A. and G.S.T.; writing—original draft preparation, A.N.S. and G.A.P.; writing—review and editing, A.N.S., G.A.P., H.E.N., A.D.T., N.A.A. and G.S.T.; visualization, A.N.S. and G.A.P.; supervision, A.N.S., H.E.N., A.D.T. and G.S.T.; project administration, A.N.S., H.E.N., A.D.T. and G.S.T.; funding acquisition, H.E.N., G.S.T. and N.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

H.E.N. and G.S.T. acknowledge that this work received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, under grant agreement No: 871900. N.A.A. acknowledges that this research was co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Program “Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning”, in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ).

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request due to restrictions eg privacy or ethical. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available as the experiment was held in a military base.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

According to the official manual of the FSO device, the connection between the RSSI values and the link length, i.e., distance, appears in Figure 11.

Figure A1. RSSI as a function of distance.

The attenuation of this diagram was estimated according to the geometrical losses of the link using Equation (1).

According to Reference [34], the voltage at the output of an electronic circuit was proportional to the square root of the optical power received. Therefore, the RSSI as a function of the received optical power is given in Figure A1.

Figure A2. RSSI and Optical power linear fitting.

Using the linear fitting technique the optical power received could be estimated as:

P_{r} = {(0.023078 R S S I - 0.0036)}^{2}

(A1)

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Figure 1. Overview of the link.

Figure 2. Experimental and regression model of Equation (6) results.

Figure 3. Experimental results versus the corresponding from the experimental model of Equation (6).

Figure 4. Measurements of temperature (second from the top panel), wind speed (third from the top panel), and relative humidity (lower panel), for each sample of regression model and experimental data.

Figure 5. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 6 February 2020.

Figure 6. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 16 February 2020.

Figure 7. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 15 February 2020.

Figure 8. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 30 January 2020.

Figure 9. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 6 April 2020.

Figure 10. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 16 November 2019.

Figure 11. Experimental measurements and model predictions, i.e., Equation (6), for 17 November 2019.

Table 1. FSO system specifications.

Parameter	Value
Distance	2940 m
Height	35 m
Bit Error Rate	Less than 10⁻¹² (unfaded)
Wavelength	850 nm (total frequency range between 830 nm and 860 nm)
Bit Rate	Up to 155 Mbps
Output Power	3 laser beams with total power 150 mW
Total Power Consumption	22 W
Beam Divergence	2 mrad
Transmitter aperture diameter	5 cm
Receiver aperture diameter	20 cm
Receiver Field of View (FOV)	2 mrad
Sensitivity	−46 dBm
Eye Safety Class	1M

Table 2. Weather conditions during measurements.

Parameter	Range
Time	00:00–05:00 and 20:00–23:59
Temperature	10–25 °C
Relative Humidity	40–90%
Wind Speed	0–20 m/s
Rain Rate	0 mm/h

Table 3. Coefficient values of Equation (6).

b₀	9.4600 × 10⁻¹	b₇	−2.2800 × 10⁻²
b₁	4.6566 × 10⁻⁹	b₈	9.7646 × 10⁻⁷
b₂	5.9130 × 10⁻¹²	b₉	2.0000 × 10⁻³
b₃	−5.0450 × 10⁻⁵	b₁₀	1.1043 × 10⁻⁶
b₄	−1.0050 × 10⁻⁷	b₁₁	4.9150 × 10⁻⁵
b₅	−3.2280 × 10⁻⁴	b₁₂	−9.4390 × 10⁻⁷
b₆	−2.2190 × 10⁻⁴	b₁₃	−2.2860 × 10⁻⁸

Table 4. Validity Parameter Values for the Experimental Model of Equation (6).

Coefficient of Multiple Correlation R²	0.7612
Adjusted Coefficient of Multiple Correlation	0.7610
Residual Mean Variance	5.1482 × 10⁻⁴
Sum of Regression Variance	19.9718
Sum of Residual Variance	6.2638
Sum of Total Variance	26.2356

Table 5. R² values for several days.

Day	Time	R²
6 February 2020 (Figure 5)	00:00–01:00	0.632
6 February 2020 (Figure 5)	20:00–23:59	<0.5
16 February 2020 (Figure 6)	00:00–05:00	0.741
16 February 2020 (Figure 6)	20:00–23:59	0.584
15 February 2020 (Figure 7)	00:00–05:00	<0.5
15 February 2020 (Figure 7)	20:00–23:59	0.776
30 January 2020 (Figure 8)	00:00–05:00	0.701
30 January 2020 (Figure 8)	20:00–23:59	0.784

Table 6. R² values for several days that were not included in the regression method.

Day	Time	R²
6 April 2020 (Figure 9)	00:00–01:00	<0.5
6 April 2020 (Figure 9)	20:00–23:59	0.783
16 November 2019 (Figure 10)	00:00–05:00	0.667
16 November 2019 (Figure 10)	20:00–23:59	0.752
17 November 2019 (Figure 11)	00:00–05:00	0.791

Table 7. Mean value and standard deviation of experimental attenuation coefficient.

Temperature (°C)	Relative Humidity (%)	Wind Speed (m/s)	Attenuation Coefficient Mean Value	Attenuation Coefficient Standard Deviation
11–12	60–61	1.0–1.5	0.3371	0.0058
13–14	74–75	1.5–2.0	0.3821	0.0241

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Stassinakis, A.N.; Papavgeris, G.A.; Nistazakis, H.E.; Tsigopoulos, A.D.; Androutsos, N.A.; Tombras, G.S. Experimental Model Development for the Attenuation Coefficient Estimation of Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links over the Sea. Telecom 2021, 2, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010007

AMA Style

Stassinakis AN, Papavgeris GA, Nistazakis HE, Tsigopoulos AD, Androutsos NA, Tombras GS. Experimental Model Development for the Attenuation Coefficient Estimation of Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links over the Sea. Telecom. 2021; 2(1):93-107. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010007

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stassinakis, Argyris N., George A. Papavgeris, Hector E. Nistazakis, Andreas D. Tsigopoulos, Nikolaos A. Androutsos, and George S. Tombras. 2021. "Experimental Model Development for the Attenuation Coefficient Estimation of Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links over the Sea" Telecom 2, no. 1: 93-107. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010007

APA Style

Stassinakis, A. N., Papavgeris, G. A., Nistazakis, H. E., Tsigopoulos, A. D., Androutsos, N. A., & Tombras, G. S. (2021). Experimental Model Development for the Attenuation Coefficient Estimation of Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links over the Sea. Telecom, 2(1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010007

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