Efficient Public Underground Pedestrian Space in a Cold-Climate City: A Case Study of Sapporo, Japan
<p>Map of underground walking space in Sapporo and ChiKaHo.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Scheme of Sapporo underground walkway system research.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Dependence of pedestrian flow on temperature at the four points for 4 years of observation. (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>)—Dependence of pedestrian flow on temperature in J1 for 2019–2022 respectively. (<b>e</b>–<b>h</b>)—Dependence of pedestrian flow on temperature in J2 for 2019–2022 respectively. (<b>j</b>–<b>m</b>)—Dependence of pedestrian flow on temperature in J3 for 2019–2022 respectively. (<b>n</b>–<b>q</b>)—Dependence of pedestrian flow on temperature in J4 for 2019–2022 respectively.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of 2019 pedestrian traffic in ChiKaHo and 2020 in four observed locations. (<b>a</b>)—Pedestrian flow in 2019 and 2020 at point J1. (<b>b</b>)—Pedestrian flow in 2019 and 2020 at point J2. (<b>c</b>)—Pedestrian flow in 2019 and 2020 at point J3. (<b>d</b>)—Pedestrian flow in 2019 and 2020 at point J4.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Functions of pedestrian number per location and temperature changing points across 4 years of observation (average; 2019–2022) from 9:30 to 16:00. 1—Changing Temperature Point for J1. 2—Changing Temperature Point for J2. 3—Changing Temperature Point for J3. 4—Changing Temperature Point for J4.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Function of second derivatives per location across 4 years of observation (average; 2019–2022) from 9:30 to 16:00. 1—local maximum of second derivative for J1. 2—local minimum of second derivative for J2. 3—local minimum of second derivative for J3. 4—local maximum of second derivative for J4.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Change in pedestrian flow by point for 2021–2022.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Dynamics of passenger use of the Sapporo and Odori Subway Stations on the Namboku Line.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Functions in ChiKaHo (number of spots).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Map of connected buildings with ChiKaHo and Sapporo public facilities.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>ChiKaHo map with representation of functions and services.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Photos of J1 in ChiKaHo: (<b>a</b>) west and (<b>b</b>) east sides of the ChiKaHo path.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Photos of J2 in ChiKaHo: (<b>a</b>) west and (<b>b</b>) east sides of the ChiKaHo path.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Photos of J3 in ChiKaHo: (<b>a</b>) west and (<b>b</b>) east sides of ChiKaHo.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Photo of J4 in ChiKaHo.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Change in pedestrian flow per 15-minute interval from 9:30 to 16:00 in ChiKaHo at the observation points for average temperatures of 0 °C and 10 °C from Sapporo to Odori Station with two directions, namely from Sapporo to Odori (J1, J2, J3, and J4) and the opposite direction, from Odori to Sapporo Station (2021–2022).</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Influence of the observation points of pedestrian flow on one another according to direction of movement and temperature changes.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Model Building
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Pedestrian Counts Using Open Data
3.2. Annual Period, Including Winter and Summer
3.3. Analysis of Urban Space and Function
- (1)
- Promote the “Creative City of Sapporo” as a place to disseminate information about and stimulate the creative activities of citizens and companies;
- (2)
- Serve as a platform for collaboration for community events across the country and the world;
- (3)
- Encourage “movement and revitalization of the city center” for initiatives (events) to attract visitors to the city center and use it as a place for businesses along the station road to revitalize these businesses;
- (4)
- Represent a “comfortable daily life for business people in the city”;
- (5)
- “Unlock the Charm of Sapporo and Hokkaido” as a place for the dissemination of information about Sapporo and Hokkaido tourism resources, culture/art, and sports events, among others: two zones (on each side of the pedestrian path) in the area between J2 and J4 and two zones in the middle of the section between J2 and J3.
3.4. Relationship Between Urban Functions and Pedestrian Count Fluctuations
3.5. Development of Underground Space
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Create additional sources of natural light through the creation of atriums and the design of interior lighting in newly renovated buildings from the first floor to underground. Since the opening of the D-Lifeplace building, this space has had high occupation and has attracted users for recreation and work purposes. The building was completed in May 2023, following the data-collection period for this study.
- Include underground floors of buildings located near the underground space. This should be done to increase access to ChiKaHo and expand the use of space and its functional diversity and saturation. This will allow for the creation of a network of connected spaces (including inside the buildings) that is resistant to the influence of cold-climate with the use of elevators and escalators. One possible reason for the reduced pedestrian traffic to J2 point at later dates is maximizing the number of accessible entrances to buildings directly from the underground space, mitigating the need to go to the surface.
- Identify retention spaces along walking spaces. In ChiKaHo, existing spaces feature different attractive elements; therefore, it is important to understand what specifically influences the choice of pedestrian route and the extent of this influence.
- Expand the pedestrian area in the narrow areas of ChiKaHo. This hypothesis involves point J3, which has narrowed the parameters of the path corridor as a result of the placement of old buildings along it; thus, there is no possibility to place additional functions without constricting traffic and worsening safety. According to the research data, this location has intense pedestrian traffic and a minimum of two temperature-change points; however, there is a possibility to average these points through redevelopment.
- Include natural elements in finishes and materials to reflect local identity, temporal design, and flexible and modular furniture. The example of point J2 suggests that imitation-wooden columns and locally designed furniture can be an attractive design feature for the users of the space.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Abbreviation |
---|---|
Average number of pedestrians (per year) | ANP (year) |
Average number of pedestrians (per season) | ANP (season) |
Median number of pedestrians (per year) | MNP (year) |
Coefficient of determination (per year) | CD (year) |
Coefficient of determination (per season) | CDS (season) |
Correlation between number of pedestrians and temperature (per year) | CNPT (year) |
Correlation between number of pedestrians and temperature (per season) | CNPT (season) |
Standard deviation of number of pedestrians (per year) | SDN (year) |
Standard deviation of number of pedestrians (per season) | SDN (season) |
Temperature changing point and pedestrian flow (average) | TPP (average) |
Temperature changing point and pedestrian flow (4 years) | TPP (for 4 years) |
Parameter | Abbreviation |
---|---|
Proximity to metro station | PM |
Proximity to office building (the closest one with at least 1 company and more than 3000 employees) | PO |
Linear density of retail services/equipment (both sides of the road, mix of retail and nonretail, and no retail) | LDSE |
Floor area of nearest blocks | FAR1 |
Exits from underground | EX |
Placement of counting node | CN |
Food court | FC |
FAR (density of surrounding blocks) | FAR2 |
Location | Changing Temperature Point | Local Maximum/Minimum of Second Derivative | Second Derivative = 0 |
---|---|---|---|
J1 | 1 | −0.5 | −6.4 |
9.5 | |||
J2 | 2–3 | −8.9 | 2.3 |
8.5 | 15.1 | ||
23.7 | 29.1 | ||
J3 | 1 | 0.3 | −5.4 |
9.7 | |||
J4 | 2 | 0.4 | −4 |
14.4 | 8.4 | ||
22.8 |
Location | J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 changing point | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Local maximum/minimum of second derivative | −0.8 | 6.8 | 4.4 | 11.6 |
23.6 | ||||
Second derivative = 0 | −6.8 | 0 | −1.2 | 4.4 |
9.6 | 14 | 11.2 | 19.2 | |
2020 changing point | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Local maximum/minimum of second derivative | −0.8 | −7.6 | −2 | 2.8 |
9.2 | 16.8 | 13.2 | ||
23.2 | ||||
Second derivative = 0 | −7.6 | 1.6 | −8.2 | 20 |
10.4 | 18 | 7.6 | ||
26.8 | 26 | |||
2021 changing point | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Local maximum/minimum of second derivative | 1.2 | −7.2 | 0.8 | 2 |
20.4 | 11.6 | 10 | 9.2 | |
22.8 | 24.8 | 24.4 | ||
Second derivative = 0 | −5.2 | 3.2 | 16 | 15.6 |
10.8 | ||||
29.2 | ||||
2022 changing points | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Local maximum/minimum of second derivative | −2 | 1.6 * | −0.8 | 1.2 |
11.6 | 13.2 | 16 | ||
22 | 20 | |||
Second derivative = 0 | −6.4 | −3.2 | −5.6 | −3.2 |
5.2 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 8.8 | |
19.2 | 23.2 | |||
24 | ||||
TPP | −2 to +1.2 | 6.8 to −11.6 | −2 to +4.4 | 1.2 to −2.8 |
22.8 to −23.7 | 10 to −13.2 | 9.2 to −16 |
Point 1 | ANP (Year) * 2 | ANP (Season) ** 3 | MNP (Year) *** 4 | SDN (Year) **** 7 | SDN (Season) ***** 8 | TPP (Average) ****** 9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | ||||||
J1 Sapporo Station | 19 | 1840.7 | 2464.2 | 1713.5 | 1309.8 | 1822.5 | 1730 | 560.25 | 215.17 | 384.29 | 221.47 | 482.98 | −0.5 |
20 | 1674.5 | 2155 | 1533.4 | 1097.3 | 1790.2 | 1565 | 606.06 | 354.26 | 400.76 | 215.18 | 487.37 | ||
21 | 1747.5 | 2489.3 | 1657.2 | 1071.9 | 1741.5 | 1648 | 651.26 | 287.71 | 429.66 | 196.25 | 417.13 | ||
22 | 1602.3 | 2417.7 | 1266.6 | 1178.0 | 1746.3 | 1385 | 650.78 | 271.94 | 282.81 | 234.48 | 411.35 | ||
J2 Kita 3jo | 19 | 1228.9 | 1590.9 | 1281.1 | 931.2 | 1122.5 | 1203 | 324.13 | 188.26 | 211.09 | 152.25 | 230.42 | 8.5; 23.7 |
20 | 1194.5 | 1433.9 | 1326 | 922.2 | 1116.8 | 1171 | 315.64 | 254.63 | 260.13 | 171.03 | 182.67 | ||
21 | 1141.1 | 1573.6 | 1215.2 | 818.7 | 1052.8 | 1092 | 352.44 | 265.75 | 235.74 | 148.39 | 179.35 | ||
22 | 1060.5 | 1261.9 | 1014.9 | 854.6 | 1054.3 | 1053 | 349.09 | 182.25 | 222.89 | 161.39 | 178.19 | ||
J3 | 19 | 1660.9 | 2150 | 1611.2 | 1262.7 | 1574.7 | 1612 | 451.08 | 270.30 | 290.74 | 231.37 | 350.41 | +0.3 |
20 | 1474.8 | 1972.5 | 1434.3 | 1158 | 1332.9 | 1403 | 408.52 | 265.99 | 326.43 | 229.02 | 192.37 | ||
21 | 1495.2 | 1925.8 | 1544.1 | 1103.3 | 1458.1 | 1491 | 409.02 | 279.29 | 279.37 | 243.13 | 228.09 | ||
22 | 1456.7 | 1812.5 | 1364.5 | 1145.6 | 1461.9 | 1444 | 408.91 | 231.68 | 311.62 | 217.47 | 227.76 | ||
J4 Odori Station | 19 | 1502.2 | 1850.7 | 1544.6 | 1165 | 1529.1 | 1519 | 372.25 | 220.39 | 216.36 | 246.96 | 354.30 | +0.4; +14.4 |
20 | 1219.7 | 1520 | 1226.4 | 993.4 | 1159.4 | 1213 | 339.34 | 324.56 | 220.98 | 256.80 | 261.01 | ||
21 | 1220.5 | 1448.4 | 1273.9 | 956.4 | 1205.9 | 1205 | 320.89 | 261.30 | 243.09 | 220.14 | 267.19 | ||
22 | 1212.5 | 1476.6 | 1077.4 | 1042.8 | 1210.7 | 1223 | 320.91 | 203.61 | 183.03 | 235.20 | 268.12 |
Point 1 | Year 2 | CD (Year) * 3 | CDS (Season) ** 4 | CNPT (Year) *** 5 | CNPT (Season) **** 6 | TPP (for 4 Years) ***** 7 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | |||||
J1 Sapporo Station | 19 | 0.850 | 0.467 | 0.620 | 0.188 | 0.845 | −0.922 | −0.68 | −0.79 | −0.43 | −0.92 | −2 + 1.2 |
20 | 0.761 | 0.398 | 0.570 | 0.135 | 0.857 | −0.872 | −0.63 | −0.76 | −0.37 | −0.93 | ||
21 | 0.859 | 0.564 | 0.774 | 0.045 | 0.738 | −0.927 | −0.751 | −0.88 | −0.212 | −0.859 | ||
22 | 0.738 | 0.377 | 0.483 | 0.198 | 0.280 | −0.859 | −0.614 | −0.695 | −0.445 | −0.530 | ||
J2 Kita 3jo | 19 | 0.576 | 0.090 | 0.095 | 0.054 | 0.273 | −0.759 | −0.30 | −0.41 | −0.23 | −0.52 | +6.8 − 11.6 +22.8 − 23.7 |
20 | 0.533 | 0.154 | 0.430 | 0.071 | 0.264 | −0.730 | −0.39 | −0.66 | −0.27 | −0.51 | ||
21 | 0.611 | 0.3473 | 0.3544 | 0.0004 | 0.1979 | −0.782 | −0.589 | −0.595 | −0.02 | −0.445 | ||
22 | 0.450 | 0.0038 | 0.1914 | 0.1275 | 0.1378 | −0.671 | 0.062 | −0.437 | −0.357 | −0.371 | ||
J3 | 19 | 0.688 | 0.219 | 0.289 | 0.026 | 0.709 | −0.830 | −0.47 | −0.54 | −0.16 | −0.84 | −2 + 4.4 |
20 | 0.553 | 0.125 | 0.338 | 0.006 | 0.350 | −0.743 | −0.35 | −0.58 | −0.08 | −0.59 | ||
21 | 0.570 | 0.002 | 0.269 | 0.012 | 0.236 | −0.755 | −0.05 | −0.52 | −0.11 | −0.49 | ||
22 | 0.608 | 0.008 | 0.278 | 0.117 | 0.401 | −0.780 | −0.09 | −0.53 | −0.34 | −0.63 | ||
J4 Odori Station | 19 | 0.579 | 0.341 | 0.021 | 0.264 | 0.422 | −0.761 | −0.58 | −0.14 | −0.51 | −0.65 | +1.2 + 2.8 +9.2 + 16 |
20 | 0.414 | 0.253 | 0.077 | 0.117 | 0.208 | −0.644 | −0.50 | −0.28 | −0.34 | −0.46 | ||
21 | 0.393 | 0.003 | 0.049 | 0.000 | 0.279 | −0.627 | 0.06 | −0.22 | 0.01 | −0.53 | ||
22 | 0.405 | 0.079 | 0.168 | 0.011 | 0.196 | −0.636 | −0.28 | −0.41 | −0.10 | −0.44 |
Point 1 | PM (2 = Very Close, 1 = Close, Less than 250 m, and 0 = Close, More than 250 m) | PO Close: 1 = Less than 200 m, 0 = Distant, More than 200 m | LDSE High: Retail Facilities Are Side by Side Along the Road—2, Medium: Mix of Retail and Non-Retail Services—1, Nill: No Retailing Around—0 | FAR1 | EX | CN: Between Nodes, Not Between Two Nodes 1 = Between Two Nodes, 0 = Not Between Two Nodes | FC Is Closer than 250 m 1 = Closer 0 = No | Park is Closer than 250 m 1 = Closer, 0 = No | FAR2 High More than 800–2 1 = Medium (500–780) 0 = Low (Less than 500–0) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Medium | Low | |||||||||
J1 Sapporo Station | 2 | 2 | 1 | 400,485.3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | H-3 | L-1 | |
J2 Kita 3jo | 1 | 2 | 2 | 491,608 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H-4 | ||
J3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 636,153.8 * 399,784.8 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H-3 | M-1 | |
J4 Odori Station | 2 | 2 | 2 | 480,667.4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H-2 | M-2 |
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Krivorotko, M.; Setoguchi, T.; Watanabe, N. Efficient Public Underground Pedestrian Space in a Cold-Climate City: A Case Study of Sapporo, Japan. Sustainability 2024, 16, 9995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229995
Krivorotko M, Setoguchi T, Watanabe N. Efficient Public Underground Pedestrian Space in a Cold-Climate City: A Case Study of Sapporo, Japan. Sustainability. 2024; 16(22):9995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229995
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrivorotko, Margarita, Tsuyoshi Setoguchi, and Norihiro Watanabe. 2024. "Efficient Public Underground Pedestrian Space in a Cold-Climate City: A Case Study of Sapporo, Japan" Sustainability 16, no. 22: 9995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229995
APA StyleKrivorotko, M., Setoguchi, T., & Watanabe, N. (2024). Efficient Public Underground Pedestrian Space in a Cold-Climate City: A Case Study of Sapporo, Japan. Sustainability, 16(22), 9995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229995