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Global Research Trends in Performance-Based Structural Design: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis

Mistreselasie S. Abate

Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista

^1,*

and

Vivian W. Y. Tam

School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, Engineering Institute of Technology, Perth, WA 6005, Australia

School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030363

Submission received: 5 December 2024 / Revised: 14 January 2025 / Accepted: 21 January 2025 / Published: 24 January 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Emerging Technologies for Structural Design, Inspection, and Maintenance)

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Figure 1
The total strength of the co-authorship links with other countries. "> Figure 2
Visualized co-occurrence—all keywords analysis: overall result. "> Figure 3
Visualized co-occurrence—all keywords analysis result. "> Figure 4
Close-up view to Category II: Co-occurrence—All keywords (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant. "> Figure 4 Cont.
Close-up view to Category II: Co-occurrence—All keywords (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant. "> Figure 5
Close-up view and visualization of co-occurrence—author keywords. "> Figure 6
Visualisation of co-occurrence—author keywords: overall result. "> Figure 7
Visualisation of co-occurrence—index keyword Bibliometric map. "> Figure 8
Visualisation of co-occurrence—index bibliometric map of keywords. "> Figure 9
Visualisation of citation—document analysis for the years 2002–2010. "> Figure 10
Visualization of citation—source analysis for the years 2010 to 2020. "> Figure 11
Visualisation of citation—author analysis. "> Figure 12
Visualization of citation—countries for the years 2012 to 2018. "> Figure 13
Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). "> Figure 14
Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant. "> Figure 15
Bibliographic coupling—sources analysis. "> Figure 16
Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant. "> Figure 17
Bibliographic coupling—organizations; analysis result for the years 2010–2020. "> Figure 18
Visualisation of bibliographic coupling—countries. "> Figure 19
Visualisation of co-citation—cited references. "> Figure 20
Visualisation of co-citation—cited sources. "> Figure 21
Visualisation of co-citation—cited author. "> Figure 22
Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant. "> Figure 23
The annual and cumulative numbers of research articles on PBD indexed in Scopus from 1981 until 2023. ">

Versions Notes

Abstract

In the context of seismic hazard assessment and engineering design, a comprehensive understanding of local geological and geophysical factors is essential. However, previous studies have lacked crucial components such as local soil condition, ground response analysis, topographic influences, active fault characteristics, slip rates, groundwater behaviour, and slope considerations. To ensure the accuracy of the seismic hazard map of a country for the safe and cost-effective design of engineering structures in urban areas, a detailed analysis of these factors is imperative. Moreover, multidisciplinary investigations, such as logic-tree considerations, are needed to enhance seismic hazard maps. As a result, adopting a performance-based approach in structural design has become an essential priority. A performance-based approach allows engineers to design buildings to specified performance levels (IO, LS, CP) even without a reliable seismic hazard map. This approach is akin to a miracle for countries that do not have a reliable seismic hazard map. This study presents a systematic and comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the academic literature pertaining to performance-based design (PBD). By fostering collaborative efforts and expanding research networks, we aim to facilitate the development of coordinated initiatives within the field. Preferred journals, leading countries, leading organisations, and international institutions were identified utilizing the Scopus database. This study examined 3456 PBD-related publications spanning from 1969 to 2023 using VOSviewer version 1.6.19, a bibliometric mapping and visualization software tool. The analysis of co-citations revealed that performance-based design serves as the primary theoretical foundation for structural design and analysis. Furthermore, through a co-word analysis, we tracked the evolution of research topics within the PBD domain over time. This investigation uncovered noteworthy trends, including the steady growth of research output, the increasing prominence of the term “PBD”, and a focus on various types of performance-based analyses.

Keywords:

bibliometric analysis; PBD; co-authorship; author keyword; co-occurrence; Scopus database; VOS viewer; resiliency

1. Introduction

Witnessing the Japanese earthquake of magnitude 9, Morocco’s earthquake of magnitude 6.8, and Syria and Turkey’s earthquake of magnitude 7.8 left a profound impact [1,2,3,4]. The devastation caused by earthquakes results in the loss of a million lives worldwide every year, making it the deadliest phenomenon on the planet. This drives our commitment to understanding and mitigating this threat [5].

Adopting seismic design codes without necessary adjustments can lead to structural failure, especially in tall buildings [6,7,8]. In countries that do not have earthquake recording stations, where precise seismic hazard maps are unavailable or outdated, reliance on existing hazard maps is common [9,10,11]. However, these maps do not accurately represent the true seismic risks in those regions. Performance-based design (PBD), an advanced seismic approach, is crucial for designing and analysing existing and new tall structures [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. PBD allows engineers to design structures with specific performance goals, even in regions lacking precise seismic hazard maps. This adaptability, wherein design parameters can be adjusted based on expected seismic conditions, offers a viable solution for countries facing the challenge of creating reliable seismic hazard maps [20,21,22,23,24]. Implementing PBD alongside necessary design parameter adjustments can enhance building safety and mitigate earthquake risks in such regions [25,26,27,28,29].

As PBD becomes more important, there have been several types of research that have delved into performance-based design in the structural design of structures over the last 50 years [30,31,32,33]. Researching prior relevant research can also help academics to gain an overview of the scholarly field to make predictions about the direction of research. However, due to the subjective character of past studies conducted in the field of PBD, it is necessary to conduct a quantitative literature review that would enable an insight into more areas and disclose the major areas where previous studies have concentrated [34,35,36,37,38,39]. Bibliometrics, a qualitative analysis based on numbers in academic literary sources, provides measurable data [40,41,42,43]. The methodology is based on analysing data available in databases as bibliometrics. Such statistics provide an understanding of changes that have taken place in the literature or scientific knowledge areas during a specific period [44,45]. Bibliometrics comprises diverse methodologies, including citation, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-word analyses, which use different information for analysis [46,47,48]. This paper seeks to fill in that research gap through a systematic and quantitative analysis of PBD literature in leading structural journals and earth science and seismic journals with the support of bibliometrics. The study adopts a bibliometric method, incorporating co-citation and co-word analysis to explore and depict the underlying patterns in PBD research.

Objective:

This paper aims to analyse recent performance-based design (PBD) research trends by examining the dissemination patterns of journal articles. Specifically, our objectives are as follows:

Identify leading authors, countries, and academic institutions contributing to the PBD literature;
Highlight prevalent terms and research topics within the field;
Determine dominant countries based on major PBD applications.

This analysis provides valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and researchers interested in understanding current research trends in PBD and exploring future research opportunities.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Performance-Based Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Due to the fact that they are adaptable, long-lasting, and cheap, the construction industry has accepted perhaps some reinforced concrete structures [36,37,38]. They have high-weight endurance, which enables security and comfortable living conditions. In this regard, traditional design approaches rely on the minimum code requirements, which may not necessarily be effective for better performance [39]. As a result of these, performance-based design has come up, which seems to be more definite and valuable in practice [49].

Performance-based design considers the desired performance objectives for a structure and tests its behaviour under various loading conditions [50,51,52]. It wants to upgrade the design, considering safety, serviceability, sustainability, and durability issues. Some of the benefits of this approach include better structural performance, reduced construction costs, increased resistance to natural disasters, and so forth [53,54,55,56,57,58,59].

One of the most critical parts of performance-based design is performance. This describes the behaviour that the material is expected to portray in relation to each loading scenario [60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67]. For instance, acceptable performance can be established to mean that a dwelling remains operational if a moderate-earthquake building fails during an intense earthquake. That enables designers to target performance levels that maximise material utilisation [68,69,70,71,72,73,74].

Another aspect of performance-based design is advanced analysis techniques [75,76]. However, unlike traditional design methods, simplifications and assumptions rarely accurately represent the structure’s behaviour. However, performance-based design utilizes high-tech computer software and numerological models that simulate the structure’s performance in different dependencies [77,78,79,80,81,82,83]. These allow the designers to analyse and improve the structure performance by changing its design [84,85,86].

Secondly, choosing materials and construction methods is vital for performance-driven design [87,88,89]. The use of high-performance materials such as high-strength concrete and steel reinforcement improves structural performance and reduces material requirements [90,91,92]. Furthermore, the utilisation of contemporary fabrication methods, such as precast concrete systems and post-tensioning systems, can further reinstate the efficiency and lifespan of reinforced concrete infrastructure [93,94,95,96].

Sustainability principles are another factor by which performance-based design can be characterised. The whole purpose of looking at a structure’s environmental quality over its lifecycle is to help the designers to optimise resource use and minimise waste. Examples include sustainable materials, low-energy design, and recycling and waste management [97].

That is why the performance-based design of reinforced concrete structures is a widespread and dependable approach. Performance optimisation, structure performance, durability, and resilience ensure the occupants’ safety, security, and health, enhance overall environmental sustainability, and efficiently use built space [98].

2.2. Bibliometric Analysis

Bibliometric Analysis: Unlocking Insights from the Scientific Literature

With information overflow, every day, myriad scientific articles are posted in various fields, making it very difficult to track down what is up-to-date and important [99]. Here, bibliometric analysis comes in handy by offering a systematic and quantitative avenue for evaluating and analysing the scientific literature [40].

Bibliometric analysis is a form of quantitative analysis conducted using statistical methods on individual or combined bibliographic databases to study impacts, patterns, and trends in specific research areas [47]. Only the bibliometric analysis of scholarly publications encompasses a variety of characteristics regarding citation patterns, authorship, and journal impact that reveal important features in this world [41].

Furthermore, the citation count of bibliographic analysis may determine the role or significance of an article to the scientific community by researchers [100]—the development of citation analysis in locating the landmark literature, key opinion leaders, and developing areas. The tool also assists researchers in comparing their output and finding possible partners and directions to be researched [42].

For instance, co-authorship analysis is very important in bibliometric analysis. Researchers could identify networks and communities of authors working in the same area in several ways [43]. This exposure may help to identify potential research collaborations and partnerships. It also helps to determine popular authors within their specific fields as co-authors for the materials [101].

One other useful application of bibliometric analysis is journal impact analysis. Researchers use the concept of the impact factor to measure a journal’s reputation and influence in a particular field [44]. The analysis of journal impacts assists researchers in selecting high-ranking, influential publications for their research, thus ensuring wide publication and effective recognition [45].

Further, the analysis makes it possible to discover new research lines or ‘hot topics’ in a particular field [102]. By analysing the frequency of keyword/concept use in scholarly publications, emerging interest and need for research can be identified [103]. Such information is helpful for researchers who wish to open new paths in future research or contribute to newly formed fields [104].

Bibliographic analysis, however, has wider applications, including measuring the performance of individuals, organisations, nations, and even research groups [105]. Research productivity and impact of various entities can be assessed by evaluating publication output, citation impact, and collaboration patterns. This provides grounds for comparing and evaluating fund expenditures and figuring out strategies [106].

However, the bibliometric limits need to be noted. They are often determined by what bibliographic data can be found and how dependable they are in different databases [107]. Additionally, they ignore the kind or worth of research apart from citations and may not include all interdisciplinary activities or non-traditional forms of publications [108].

Nevertheless, bibliometric analysis does have some flaws, but it may still be used as a significant means for researchers, policymakers and funding agencies to study the scientific landscape [109,110,111,112,113,114,115]. It is a quantitative and evidence-based approach to assess research impact, identify important works, and discover emerging trends [115,116,117,118,119,120]. Bibliometric analysis enables researchers to be informed, make correct decisions, cooperate, and increase knowledge production in their field [121].

3. Materials and Methods

Bibliometrics is a statistical analysis tool of publications that offers quantitative insight into the academic literature. As mentioned by analysing data collected in the database, such as quotes, writers, keywords, or the number of articles read, the bibliometric analysis provides insight into the growth of the literature and information transfer over a while within a given field. Bibliometrics includes various approaches such as citation analysis, co-citation analysis bibliographic linking quotations, and a co-word analysis for keywords, depending on which data are used in the research.

Data mining was carried out using the Scopus database from 1983 to 2023. The main theme of this thesis was a review article in the title and abstract that included “performance based design*”. The oldest dates of publication are in 1983; the latest one is 2023. The search question string used was the following:

TITLE-ABS-KEY (“performance based design*”.) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)). This query string’s output was 3456 documents.

The single-country publication (S.C.P) information was obtained by restricting the search results to a specific country using the field code AFFILCOUNTRY. Source, author, affiliation, country/territory, subject area, and the type of document are dependent on year. The central theme search results were analysed. Bibliometric metrics have been used for ranking purposes, for instance, total articles, total citations, and h-index

The Bibliometric Maps

Citation, bibliography, and author keywords for 3456 publications have been exported to VOSviewer (version 1.6.19, Center for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands), a bibliometric mapping and visualisation software tool. Maps contain items generated with VOSviewer. The items are the objects of interest in this analysis, as well as the keywords or countries of the author. There may be a link between any pair of items, i.e., a connection or relationship between two items. Every relation has a strength, which is represented by a positive value. The higher the value, the higher the relationship. The country-to-country link strength shows the number of publications co-authored for a co-authorship study by two linked countries, whereas the cumulative strength of the connection indicates the total strength of a country’s co-authorship connections with other countries. Likewise, the strength of the author’s keyword association reflects the number of publications in which the co-occurrence study includes two keywords. In addition to that citation, bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis types with full counting method were incorporated in this paper. This study ignored documents with many authors, imposing a maximum of 25.

4. Results

4.1. Part 1: Co-Authorship Analyses

Under this category, we used the unit of analysis authors, organisations, and countries.

4.1.1. Category I: Co-Authorship—Authors (Case 1)

Our result showed that, out of 3114 authors, only 7 met the thresholds for each author under this category. We calculated the total strength of the co-authorship links with other authors. The authors with the greatest total link strength were selected, as shown in Table 1.

4.1.2. Category I: Co-Authorship—Organisations (Case 2)

The results showed that, under this category, out of 5620 organisations, 26 met the thresholds.

For each of the 26 organisations, the total strength of the co-authorship links with other organisations was calculated. The organisations with the greatest total link strength were selected, as shown in Table A4. Urmia University Department of Civil Engineering in Iran is the leading university in this category.

4.1.3. Category I: Co-Authorship—Countries (Case 3)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 140 countries, 53 met the thresholds.

For each of the 53 countries, the total strength of the co-authorship links with other countries was calculated. The countries with the greatest total link strength were selected, as shown in Table A5. As per our analysis, the United States is the leading country in this category, as shown in Figure 1.

4.2. Part 2: Co-Occurrence Analysis

Under this category, we used the unit of analysis of all keywords, author keywords, and index keywords.

4.2.1. Category II: Co-Occurrence—All Keywords (Case 1)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 17,176 keywords, 1801 met the thresholds.

For each of the 1801 keywords, the total strength of the co-occurrence links with other keywords was calculated. The keywords with the greatest total link strength were selected. Similarly, the keyword ‘performance-based design’ is the most frequently used keyword in most scholarly documents, as shown in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.

4.2.2. Category II: Co-Occurrence—Author Keywords (Case 2)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 6956 keywords, 381 met the thresholds.

For each of the 381 keywords, the total strength of the co-occurrence links with other keywords was calculated. The keywords with the greatest total link strength were selected, as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. As per the analysis result, the keyword ‘performance-based design’ is the most frequently co-occurring word in most scholarly journals.

4.2.3. Category II: Co-Occurrence—Index Keywords (Case 3)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 13,502 keywords, 1587 met the thresholds.

For each of the 1587 keywords, the total strength of the co-occurrence links with other keywords were calculated. The keywords with the greatest total link strength were selected. As per the analysis results shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8, the word ‘performance-based design’ is the most-used word in the scholarly community.

The 1000 most-frequent keywords are displayed in the map. The text of the items is only shown for the keywords with 200 occurrences or more. The co-occurrence connectivity line is only rendered if the value is higher than 10.

4.3. Part 3: Citation Analysis

Under this category, we used the following units of analysis: documents, sources, authors, organisations, and countries.

4.3.1. Category III: Citation—Documents (Case 1)

Our result showed that, under this category out of 3469 documents, 3469 met the thresholds.

For each of the 3469 documents, the number of citation links was calculated. The documents with the largest links were selected, as shown in Figure 9.

4.3.2. Category III: Citation—Sources (Case 2)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 972 sources, 159 met the thresholds.

For each of the 159 sources, the total strength of the citation links with other sources was calculated. The sources with the greatest total link strength were selected. The result showed that most-cited papers are from the engineering structures and earthquake engineering structures journals, as shown in Figure 10.

4.3.3. Category III: Citation—Authors (Case 3)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 3114 authors, 7 met the thresholds.

For each of the seven authors, the total strength of the citation links with other authors was calculated. The authors with the greatest total link strength were selected, as shown in Figure 11.

4.3.4. Category III: Citation—Countries (Case 4)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 140 countries, 53 met the thresholds.

For each of the 53 countries, the total strength of the citation links with other countries was calculated. The countries with the greatest total link strength were selected, and the US was the leading country in this category, as shown in Figure 12.

4.4. Part 4: Bibliographic Coupling Analysis

Under this category, we used the following units of analysis: documents, sources, authors, organisations, and countries.

4.4.1. Category IV: Bibliographic Coupling—Documents (Case 1)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 3469 documents, 3469 eet the thresholds.

For each of the 3469 documents, the total strength of the bibliographic coupling links with other documents was calculated. The documents with the greatest total link strength were selected, as shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14.

4.4.2. Category IV: Bibliographic Coupling—Sources (Case 2)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 972 sources, 159 met the thresholds.

For each of the 159 sources, the total strength of the bibliographic coupling links with other sources was calculated. Engineering structures were selected as the source with the greatest total link strength, as shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16.

4.4.3. Category IV: Bibliographic Coupling—Authors (Case 3)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 3114 authors, 7 met the thresholds.

For each of the seven authors, the total strength of the bibliographic coupling links with other authors was calculated. The authors with the greatest total link were selected. This result shows that, in different analyses, the number of authors who met the thresholds is only seven. In addition to that, in the co-authorship analysis, the result remains the same. This analysis result reveals that, in the field of performance-based design, there are no strong co-authorship links between scholars in different countries and universities. This was one of the critical findings of his analysis.

4.4.4. Category IV: Bibliographic Coupling—Organisations (Case 4)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 5620 organisations, 26 met the thresholds.

For each of the 26 organisations, the total strength of the bibliographic coupling links with other organisations was calculated. The organisations with the greatest total link strength were selected; the Department of Civil Engineering Urmia University from Iran took the lead in this category with 17 documents and 400 citations, as shown in Figure 17.

4.4.5. Category IV: Bibliographic Coupling—Countries (Case 5)

Our result showed that, in this category, out of 140 countries, 53 met the thresholds.

For each of the 53 countries, the total strength of the bibliographic coupling links with other countries was calculated. The countries with the greatest total link strength were selected. The United States took the lead, as shown in Figure 18, the bibliographic coupling analysis result.

4.5. Part 5: Co-Citation Analysis

Under this category, we used the unit of analysis to cite references, sources, and authors.

4.5.1. Category V: Co-Citation—Cited References (Case 1)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 84,956 cited references, 24 met the thresholds.

For each of the 24 cited references, the total strength of the co-citation links with other cited references was calculated. The cited references with the greatest total link strength were selected and the “prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of building 2000” paper leads this category, with 135 citations and 150 total link strengths, as shown in Figure 19.

4.5.2. Category V: Co-Citation—Cited Sources (Case 2)

Our result showed that, in this category, all 80 sources met the thresholds. For each of the 80 sources, the total strength of the co-citation links with other sources was calculated. The sources with the greatest total link strength were calculated; the International offshore and polar engineering conference took the lead in this category, with only four citations, as shown in Figure 20.

4.5.3. Category V: Co-Citation—Cited Author (Case 3)

Our result showed that, under this category, out of 61,275 authors, 1523 met the thresholds.

For each of the 1523 authors, the total strength of the co-citation links with other authors was calculated. The authors with the greatest total link strength were selected, and Priestley, M.J.N., took the lead with 868 citations and 32,230 total link strengths, as shown in Figure 21 and Figure 22.

5. Limitations of Study

The search results may not encompass all studies related to PBD available on Scopus due to the restriction of the query to TITLE-ABS-KEY (“performance-based design*”) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)). This specific query yielded 3456 documents based on titles and abstracts. It is recommended that future studies compare the performance of multiple databases, such as the Web of Science. Unlike Scopus, the Web of Science includes a feature called ‘hot paper’, which highlights significant publications shortly after they are released, based on rapid and high citation rates. Incorporating bibliometric analyses using multiple data sources would allow for a more comprehensive study.

In the context of PBD research, the database used in this study was limited to the query mentioned above, which may not fully capture patterns and trends in publications between 1981 and 2023. To improve generalizability, future research should include a broader range of scientific publications over an extended time period. Replicating or repeating existing quantitative studies in PBD will also be essential to identify emerging issues and trends within this developing research area.

Due to limitations in the bibliometric methodology used, the clustering of keywords as theoretical foundations for PBD work might be biased. To address this, future research should explore innovative classification tools to further analyse trends and advancements in the field. Additionally, this study relied solely on the VOSviewer program. Incorporating other bibliometric analysis tools in future studies could enhance the depth and accuracy of the findings.

6. Discussion

6.1. Research Interest in Publication Output and Growth

Figure 23 illustrates the publication trends for PBD research, with a total of 3456 articles published over a span of 42 years. The earliest record dates back to 1981, and no publications were observed until 1995. Interest in PBD research began to emerge significantly around 1999, with notable surges in the annual growth rate (AGR) in 2007, as well as in 2020 and 2022, reflecting the growing importance of PBD in addressing modern design challenges.

Since then, the number of annual publications has steadily increased, contributing to a substantial accumulation of research in this field. This trend suggests a continued rise in future publications. However, access to much of this research remains restricted, with many articles requiring payment.

PBD encompasses a wide range of research areas, engaging numerous research groups globally. The subject area analysis reveals that PBD studies predominantly focus on engineering, as shown in Appendix A—Table A2. While PBD is inherently multidisciplinary, engineering remains its primary classification.

The publications analysed in this study consist primarily of journal articles and conference papers written in English. The Scopus database query used for this research incorporated diverse sources, with 54.5% of the documents being journal articles and 37.7% conference papers, collectively accounting for 92.2% of the analysed publications, as presented in Table 2.

6.2. Preferred Journals, Leading Countries, Leading Organizations, and International Institutions

Table A1 lists the 30 most prominent authors in PBD for the publication range of 1981–2023 as follows: China, 1 author; United States, 11 authors; United Kingdom, 2 authors; Greece, 3 authors; Iran, 3 authors; Canada, 3 authors; Italy, 3 authors; India, 1 author; New Zealand, 1 author; Australia, 1 author; and Israel 1 author.

Chow, W. K., from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China, has a record number of 629 articles, 43 h-index, and 8503 citations since 1985. Kareem Ahsan was in second place with 454 articles, 66 h-index, and 14,268 citations since 1979, from the University of Notre Dame, United States. Next, van de Lindt & John, W., were in third place, with 366 articles, 44 h-index, and 6310 citations since 1996, from Info Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States. Torero and José Luis are in fourth place with 324 articles, 46 h-index, and 7242 citations since 1993, associated with University College London, United Kingdom, as shown in Table A1.

As per our analysis result, the 30 most-productive countries/territories in PBD research and overall citations as of 27 September 2023 in the Scopus database are presented in Table A7. The United States takes the lead with 1076 total cited documents and 18,160 grand total citations. China comes in second place with 393 total cited documents and 3680 total citations. We found Canada in third place with 263 total cited documents and 4546 total citations. Lastly, we found Mexico in 30th place with 20 cited documents and 266 total citations.

6.3. Author Keywords

An analysis of PBD research developments from 1969 to 2023 examined keywords from 3456 papers. This analysis included the creation of co-word networks to visualise and explore relationships between keywords within each research area. These networks provided insights into evolving research interests over time. Keywords that appeared frequently across multiple studies were identified and categorised to better understand the trends and shifts in focus within the field. According to the result in Table A6, the keyword ‘performance-based design’ occurred 2100 times, with a total link strength of 6619. In the second place, the keyword ‘performance-based design’ occurred 1042 times with a total link strength of 3486, and it has been noted that the effect of keyword representation also affected the output result of our analysis. The keyword ‘seismic design’ occurred 970 times with a total kink strength of 4476. The keyword ‘performance-based seismic design’ occurred 137 times, with a total link strength of 753.

6.4. Concept and Terminology

From the total 3456 documents, our findings showed that PBD’s most frequently identified keyword was ‘performance based design’, with 2100 occurrences and 6619 total links strengths to other keywords, as shown in Table A2. Also, we have noted the use of general terms such as ‘seismic design’, with 970 incidents and 4476 link strength; ‘design’, with 633 incidents and 240 total link strength; ’deformation’, with 164 incidents and 655 total link strength; and ‘structural design’, with 615 incidents and 2077 total link strengths.

We also found some interesting keywords related to PBD publications. For example, ‘structural response’ had 166 incidents, with 893 total link strengths. ‘Seismic waves’ had 145 incidents, with 866 total link strengths. Similarly, the word ‘hazards’ had 170 incidences with 765 total link strengths, and other multiple words were found, as shown in Table A2. Out of a total of 6956 author keywords, 381 author keywords were used, met the threshold, and were used for the analysis via VOSviewer mapping by limiting to a minimum requirement of 5 occurrences per analysis.

6.5. Topics of Interests

PBD methodology has been analysed. It is an evolving technology. The keyword ‘performance-based design’ has occurred 2100 times with a link strength of 6619, as shown in Table A2.

The bubble width reflects the keyword frequency count, while the row thickness shows the keyword co-occurrence magnitude. The statistics describe and present different research areas. During the period 1981–2023, PBD work focused on these broad areas.

Table A3 presents the top-22 most-productive journals on PBD research with their most-cited articles. According to the analysis, the journal Engineering Structures was found to be in first place with the most-cited article, ‘Novel visual crack width measurement based on backbone double-scale features for improved detection automation’, published by Elsevier Ltd., which was cited 70 times as of 2 October 2023.

As per our analysis result, the 30 most-productive research institutions in the PBD subject area versus the number of documents from whole institutions and affiliated research work is presented in Appendix A.

In Table A8, according to the analysis result, Tongji University from China has been found to be in the number-one position, with a total number of documents from the whole institution of 135,714 and an affiliation of only 124,656; in the documents by subject area of engineering, a total document number of 55,678 was found.

7. Conclusions

This analysis provides an overview of developments in PBD research based on 3456 publications from the Scopus database spanning the last 54 years. The growth in publications has been significant and is anticipated to continue increasing.

The study revealed many publications and robust international collaborations, particularly among countries like the United States and China. These leading institutions may encourage researchers from other nations, such as Greece and Iran, to expand their collaborative efforts. Established fields like engineering and earth sciences have been extensively explored, while emerging areas, such as seismic design and earthquake-related studies, present promising opportunities for future research.

In this paper, we conducted a supplementary evaluation of global research trends in PBD studies, summarising patterns in authorship, journal and subject categories, geographic and institutional distributions, and the temporal evolution of keyword frequencies. The analysis confirmed steady growth in scientific outputs and highlighted dynamic collaborations in PBD research. These findings can inform decisions related to curriculum development, library acquisitions, and research performance assessments. However, as bibliometric findings depend on the selected bibliographic materials, the analysis and interpretations presented here are limited to the chosen Scopus database.

Key findings from the bibliometric analysis are as follows:

Research Output: The analysis showed strong development in PBD research, characterised by increasing scientific production and active research collaborations;
Key Research Categories: The most-common categories identified were performance-based design, seismic design, seismology and earthquakes, civil engineering, and geological engineering. Among these, performance-based design emerged as the dominant field, showcasing its significant influence on earthquake-related studies;
Geographic Distribution: The geographic distribution of PBD publications is closely linked to individual countries’ susceptibility to earthquakes;
Leading Nations: The United States and China have established themselves as leaders in PBD research, contributing the largest share of single-country and international collaborative studies;
Similarly, Table A7 shows that Tongji University and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (China), National Technical University of Athens (Greece), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (US), Sapienza Università di Roma (Italy), University of Canterbury (New Zealand), University of California, Berkeley (US), The University of Edinburgh (Scotland), Kyoto University (Japan), The University of British Columbia (Canada), Lehigh University (US), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II (Italy), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US), State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering (China), Colorado State University (US), The University of Queensland (Australia), The University of Sheffield (UK), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (China), Georgia Institute of Technology (US), Texas A&M University (US), Sharif University of Technology (Iran), University of Washington (US), Oregon State University (US), Oregon State University (US), University of Toronto (Canada), The University of Tokyo (Japan), University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (US), Arup Group Limited (UK), Stanford University (UK), Stanford University (US), ETH Zürich (Switzerland), and Johns Hopkins University (US) were the most prominent. It has to be noted that this result was found in the basis of the whole institutions, as well as affiliation-only documents and subject area publication document bases; hence, these universities topped the list of productive institutions in PBD research;
The most-commonly used keywords that appeared in the articles were performance-based design, seismic design, structural design, seismology, earthquakes, reinforced concrete, architectural design, structural analysis, seismic response, performance assessment, structural frames, earthquake engineering, buildings, seismic performance, tall buildings, risk assessment, concretes, optimisation, finite element method, concrete construction, hazards, structural response, deformation, civil engineering, seismic waves, concrete buildings, and performance-based seismic design, which have received increasing interest. The critical research ideas identified in this paper also include the effect of fibre-reinforced polymer in the performance-based design of structures approach and the coupling of sequential analysis in PBD methodologies;
In the Category I: co-authorship—countries (case 3) collaboration network analysis, it is evident that the United States holds an absolute core position in the field of performance-based design research globally and has connections with other countries. The proportion of publications authored by US scholars is as high as 1076 documents, with a total citation count of as high as 18,137. In addition to that, in Category II: co-occurrence—all keywords (case 1), co-occurrence–author keywords (case 2), and co-occurrence–index keywords (case 3) analyses, it was found that the keyword ‘performance-based design’ is the most-frequently used keyword in most scholarly articles in all three analyses’ results. Similarly, the Category III: citation—countries (case 4) analysis result indicated that the US has the greatest citation total link strength with other countries and the UK is in the second position in this category;
As per Part 5: co-citation—cited references (case 1), the total strength of the co-citation links with other cited references was calculated. The cited references with the greatest total link strength were selected and the prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of building 2000 paper leads this category, with 135 citations and 150 total link strengths. Similarly, in the Category V: co-citation—cited sources (case 2) analysis results, the sources with the greatest total link strength were calculated, and the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference took the lead in this category. In the same way, in the co-citation—cited authors (case 3) analysis result, the authors with the greatest total link strength were selected and Priestley, M.J.N., took the lead with 868 citations and 32,230 total link strengths;
In the citation analysis, the most-productive journals on PBD research were identified, and the Journal of Engineering Structures was found to be the most productive journal, with a total publication number of 1569 articles and a total citation count of 52,429. The most-cited article was Novel visual crack width measurement based on backbone double-scale features for improved detection automation, which was published by Elsevier Ltd. In the same way, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics was found to be in the second place in this category, and the most-cited article was Reinforced moment-resisting glulam bolted connection with coupled long steel rod with screwheads for modern timber frame structures, published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering was found to be in the third place. The most-cited article was Near-fault pulse seismic ductility spectra for bridge columns based on machine learning, published by Elsevier Ltd. Journal of Geotechnical Geological and Earthquake Engineering was found to be in the fourth place. The most-cited article was Seismic Response of Masonry Building Aggregates in Historic Centres: Observations, Analyses and Tests, published by Springer Science and Business Media B.V. The journal of Earthquake spectra was found to be in 22nd position, and the most-cited article was Monitoring Multi-criteria decision-making approach for optimal seismic/energy retrofitting of existing buildings, published by SAGE Publications Inc. As per this result, the most-active journals in the research of PBD were identified;
A small group of prolific authors contributed to a significant share of publications on PBD research, and 30 authors made the top-cited and most-published lists simultaneously. Several collaborative clusters of authors were also visualised. As per the analysis result, the 30 most-prolific authors in the PBD research area were identified and Chow, W. K., from China—current affiliation with The Hong Kong Polytechnic University—took the lead with a total publication number of 629 and an h-index of 43. Authors from the United States, Spence and Seymour, M.J., affiliated with University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, were in second place. In the same way, authors from Greece, Lagaros and Nikos, D., current affiliation with National Technical University of Athens, placed in third position. Authors from Israel, Lavan and Oren, currently affiliated with Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, were found to be in the 30th position. Hence, the analysis result indicated the 30 most-active authors in the PBD research.

Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the research on performance-based design and identifies the key research topics and future directions for further exploration in the PBD research area.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; methodology, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.: software, M.S.A.; validation, formal analysis, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; investigation, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; resources, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; data curation, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.S.A.; writing—review and editing, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; visualization, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; supervision, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A.; project administration, V.W.Y.T., A.C.J.E., and M.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to EIT privacy policy.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their deepest gratitude to the Engineering Institute of Technology for their great support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. List of the 30 most-prolific authors in the PBD research area.

No	Author	Scopus Author ID	Year of 1st Publication	TP	h-Index	TC	Current Affiliation	Country
1	Chow, W. K.	7402281035	1985	629	43	8503	The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,	China
2	Spence, Seymour M.J.	24723343400	2008	89	21	1377	Info University of Michigan, Ann Arbor	United States
3	Lagaros, Nikos D.	6603320949	1996	210	37	4510	National Technical University of Athens,	Greece
4	van de Lindt, John W.	6701580121	1996	366	44	6310	Info Colorado State University, Fort Collins	United States
5	Rosowsky, David V.	7005964413	1991	215	40	5495	Kansas State University, Manhattan,	United States
6	Hajirasouliha, Iman	56016637100	2005	197	34	3790	The University of Sheffield, Sheffield,	United Kingdom
7	Gholizadeh, Saeed	8923656700	2003	64	26	1593	Urmia University, Urmia,	Iran
8	Ricles, James M.	7006226161	1982	254	56	9704	Lehigh University, Bethlehem	United States
9	Sause, Richard S.	7004943075	1984	251	52	9231	Lehigh University, Bethlehem,	United States
10	Christopoulos, Constantin	56846909500	2002	130	33	5242	University of Toronto, Toronto,	Canada
11	Papadrakakis, Manolis	7006108469	1980	267	47	6927	National Technical University of Athens,	Greece
12	Pei, Shiling	16031485700	2006	146	26	2407	Colorado School of Mines, Golden	United States
13	Behnam, Behrouz	55624757300	2012	51	12	450	Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran	Iran
14	Beskos, Dimitrios E.	7006728767	1972	282	51	9252	University of Patras, Rio,	Greece
15	Gernay, Thomas	36460936600	2010	90	19	1315	Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,	United States
16	Petrini, Francesco	16304828000	2007	71	19	1584	Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome	Italy
17	Torero, José Luis	7004558676	1993	324	46	7242	University College London.	United Kingdom
18	Alam, Shahria Shahria	12241979000	2003	293	44	6688	The University of British Columbia, Vancouver,	Canada
19	Choudhury, Satyabrata S.	56704402900	2011	48	7	160	National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar,	India
20	Pampanin, Stefano	7801638248	1999	247	41	6778	University of Canterbury, Christchurch,	New Zealand
21	Kareem, Ahsan	35613461600	1979	454	66	14268	University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame	United States
22	Bontempi, Franco	25921277100	1991	99	21	1343	Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome,	Italy
23	Ciampoli, Marcello	7003543802	1992	39	14	939	Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome	Italy
24	Klemencic, Ron	16319078800	1995	40	10	348	Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Seattle,	United States
25	Pezeshk, Shahram	57203252619	1988	119	23	2204	University of Memphis, Memphis,	United States
26	Alipour, Alice A.	56414498100	2009	83	24	1709	Iowa State University, Ames,	United States
27	Estekanchi, Homayoon E.	6602609481	1995	113	26	2050	Sharif University of Technology, Tehran	Iran
28	Foschi, Ricardo O.	7006695812	1969	100	25	2000	The University of British Columbia, Vancouver,	Canada
29	Hidalgo, Juan Patricio	56903753000	2015	50	14	644	The University of Queensland, Brisbane,	Australia
30	Lavan, Oren	8700916800	2005	107	28	1834	Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa,	Israel

Table A2. The top-30 most-used keywords in the PBD research.

No	id	Keyword	Occurrences	Total Link Strength
1	10849	Performance based design	2100	6619
2	10974	Performance-based design	1042	3486
3	13194	Seismic design	970	4476
4	3513	Design	633	2400
5	14993	Structural design	615	2077
6	13415	Seismology	577	2673
7	4394	Earthquakes	503	2293
8	12321	Reinforced concrete	451	1945
9	584	Architectural design	335	1361
10	5814	Fires	317	835
11	14953	Structural analysis	292	1282
12	13341	Seismic response	255	1356
13	10842	Performance assessment	249	1265
14	15029	Structural frames	248	1109
15	4329	Earthquake engineering	233	1165
16	1422	Buildings	215	922
17	13301	Seismic performance	213	1155
18	15477	Tall buildings	196	818
19	12762	Risk assessment	195	711
20	2536	Concretes	185	799
21	10474	Optimization	183	705
22	5578	Finite element method	182	678
23	2446	Concrete construction	176	805
24	6775	Hazards	170	765
25	15102	Structural response	166	893
26	3415	Deformation	164	655
27	1798	Civil engineering	161	673
28	13394	Seismic waves	145	866
29	2436	Concrete buildings	144	778
30	10869	Performance-based seismic design	137	753

Table A3. The top-22 most-productive journals on PBD research with their most-cited article.

Journal	Total Publication (TP) (%)	Total Citation (TC)	Total Publication (TP) in Engineering Subject Area	Cite Score 2023	The Most Cited Article (Reference)	No of Times Cited	Publisher
Engineering Structures	1569	52,429	153	9.2	Novel visual crack width measurement based on backbone double-scale features for improved detection automation	70	Elsevier Ltd.
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics	255	4166	81	6.6	Reinforced moment-resisting glulam bolted connection with coupled long steel rod with screwheads for modern timber frame structures	16	John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering	587	13,787	61	7.5	Near-fault pulse seismic ductility spectra for bridge columns based on machine learning	34	Elsevier Ltd.
Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering	252	118	56	0.4	Seismic Response of Masonry Building Aggregates in Historic Centres: Observations, Analyses and Tests	6	Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research	485	14,326	49	7.3	Self-centring damper with multi-energy-dissipation mechanisms: Insights and structural seismic demand perspective	35	Elsevier Ltd.
Procedia Engineering	399	23,216	48	4	Wildland Forest Fire Smoke Detection Based on Faster R-CNN using Synthetic Smoke Images	182	Elsevier Ltd.
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering	265	8102	45	8.3	Seismic fragility assessment of geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI) for bridge configuration	18	Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Fire Safety Journal	206	4168	45	5.7	Residual compressive strength of concrete after exposure to high temperatures: A review and probabilistic models	4	Elsevier Ltd.
Journal of Structural Engineering	225	7932	42	6.5	Stub Column Behavior of Concrete-Filled Cold-Formed Steel Semi-Oval Sections	22	American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering	5117	8255	41	0.7	Performance of RCC Column Retrofitted with CFRP Wrappings and the Wrappings with Steel Angle-Batten Jacketing Under Blast Loading	15	Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Journal of Earthquake Engineering	256	3175	40	5.1	Improved Hybrid Method for the Generation of Ground Motions Compatible with the Multi-Damping Design Spectra	18	Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings	51	1885	38	5.4	Numerical analysis on mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite beams under fire	2	John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Structures	1544	15,378	36	4.7	Efficient training of two ANNs using four meta-heuristic algorithms for predicting the FRP strength	95	Elsevier Ltd.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe	91	496	35	0.8	41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, eCAADe 2023	0	Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe
Journal of Building Engineering	2345	38,856	34	8.3	Self-centring hybrid-steel-frames employing energy dissipation sequences: Insights and inelastic seismic demand model	43	Elsevier Ltd.
Journal of structural Engineering	258	3175	33	5.1	Improved Hybrid Method for the Generation of Ground Motions Compatible with the Multi-Damping Design Spectra	18	Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Geotechnical Special Publication	436	1194	30	0.8	Durability and recuperative properties of lime stabilized soils	2	American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Advances in Structural Engineering	171	4545	27	4.6	Experimental investigation on the bond performance of sea sand coral concrete with FRP bar reinforcement for marine environments	31	SAGE Publications Inc.
ACI Structural Journal	97	1815	25	3.3	Transition between Shear and Punching in Reinforced Concrete Slabs: Review and Predictions with ACI Code Expressions	4	American Concrete Institute
Earthquake and Structures	48	1253	21	3.2	Simplified analytical solution of tunnel cross section under oblique incident SH wave in layered ground	2	Techno-Press
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities	81	2430	21	4.8	A State-of-the-Practice Review of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology for Tunnel Distress Monitoring	8	American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Earthquake Spectra	98	3208	20	7.1	Multi-criteria decision-making approach for optimal seismic/energy retrofitting of existing buildings	7	SAGE Publications Inc.

Table A4. Verified selected organisations.

Id	Organisation	Documents	Citations	Total Link Strength
680	College of civil engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China	7	34	0
1070	Department of civil and environmental engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, 18015, PA, United States	6	81	0
1204	Department of civil and environmental engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, United States	10	125	0
1229	Department of civil and environmental engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	5	97	0
1256	Department of civil and natural resources engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand	12	238	0
1267	Department of civil and structural engineering, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom	8	180	1
1369	Department of civil engineering, Colorado State University, Fort collins, CO, United States	6	23	0
1392	Department of civil engineering, faculty of engineering, University of Qom, Qom, Iran	7	42	0
1562	Department of civil engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan	6	183	3
1621	Department of civil engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran	13	210	3
1677	Department of civil engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada	7	126	0
1685	Department of civil engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand	5	145	0
1722	Department of civil engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece	6	2	2
1773	Department of civil engineering, urmia university, Urmia, Iran	17	400	0
2148	Department of structural engineering, tongji university, Shanghai, 200092, China	6	139	2
2186	Department of structures for engineering and architecture, University of Naples Federico II, via claudio 21, Naples, 80125, Italy	6	133	0
2339	Dept. of civil and environmental engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, United States	9	225	5
2377	Dept. of civil eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA, United States	5	60	0
2941	Federal Highway Administration, Baltimore, 21201, MD, United States	5	96	5
3055	Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States	7	26	0
3057	Georgia Institute of Technology, United States	5	39	0
3899	National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan	5	91	3
4212	Research centre for fire engineering, department of building services engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong	7	36	0
4594	School of engineering, the University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada	5	98	1
4838	State key laboratory of disaster reduction in civil engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China	7	212	2
4839	State key laboratory of disaster reduction in civil engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China	6	33	3

Table A5. Verified selected countries.

id	Country	Documents	Citations	Total Link Strength
6	Algeria	6	29	3
9	Argentina	10	409	10
13	Australia	126	2313	91
14	Austria	19	192	13
17	Bangladesh	5	7	4
18	Belgium	35	366	28
21	Brazil	24	434	27
24	Canada	263	4539	132
27	Chile	20	272	16
28	China	391	3610	172
31	Colombia	14	18	13
36	Croatia	13	127	15
37	Cyprus	12	237	10
38	Czech Republic	11	119	11
39	Denmark	21	144	17
43	Egypt	21	97	10
47	Finland	10	274	10
49	France	55	903	40
51	Germany	64	457	52
53	Greece	96	2189	51
55	Hong Kong	88	1546	54
61	India	160	1332	30
62	Indonesia	23	37	8
64	Iran	196	2582	56
65	Iraq	6	33	6
66	Ireland	9	66	3
67	Israel	23	358	9
68	Italy	240	4662	121
69	Japan	238	2471	70
70	Jordan	5	4	3
73	Lebanon	5	8	2
77	Malaysia	19	112	9
79	Mexico	20	266	9
81	Netherlands	29	315	32
82	New Zealand	67	1462	59
86	Norway	13	83	14
95	Poland	8	77	2
96	Portugal	45	791	32
101	Romania	9	83	3
106	Serbia	5	68	9
107	Singapore	31	884	20
109	Slovenia	9	88	7
111	South Africa	11	269	7
112	South Korea	79	733	38
113	Spain	36	497	22
121	Sweden	37	471	32
122	Switzerland	43	696	34
124	Taiwan	63	669	20
126	Thailand	17	450	10
129	turkey	93	842	41
131	United Arab Emirates	11	36	6
132	United Kingdom	250	3936	168
133	United States	1076	18,137	331
6	Algeria	6	29	3
9	Argentina	10	409	10
13	Australia	126	2313	91
14	Austria	19	192	13
17	Bangladesh	5	7	4
18	Belgium	35	366	28
21	Brazil	24	434	27
24	Canada	263	4539	132
27	Chile	20	272	16
28	China	391	3610	172
31	Colombia	14	18	13
36	Croatia	13	127	15
37	Cyprus	12	237	10
38	Czech Republic	11	119	11
39	Denmark	21	144	17
43	Egypt	21	97	10
47	Finland	10	274	10
49	France	55	903	40
51	Germany	64	457	52
53	Greece	96	2189	51
55	Hong Kong	88	1546	54
61	India	160	1332	30
62	Indonesia	23	37	8
64	Iran	196	2582	56
65	Iraq	6	33	6
66	Ireland	9	66	3
67	Israel	23	358	9
68	Italy	240	4662	121
69	Japan	238	2471	70
70	Jordan	5	4	3
73	Lebanon	5	8	2
77	Malaysia	19	112	9
79	Mexico	20	266	9
81	Netherlands	29	315	32
82	New Zealand	67	1462	59
86	Norway	13	83	14
95	Poland	8	77	2
96	Portugal	45	791	32
101	Romania	9	83	3
106	Serbia	5	68	9
107	Singapore	31	884	20
109	Slovenia	9	88	7
111	South Africa	11	269	7
112	South Korea	79	733	38
113	Spain	36	497	22
121	Sweden	37	471	32
122	Switzerland	43	696	34
124	Taiwan	63	669	20
126	Thailand	17	450	10
129	Turkey	93	842	41
131	United Arab Emirates	11	36	6
132	United Kingdom	250	3936	168
133	United States	1076	18,137	331

Table A6. Documents as per PBD subject area.

No	Subject Area	Documents
1	Engineering	2799
2	Earth and Planetary Sciences	686
3	Materials Science	585
4	Computer Science	343
5	Environmental Science	242
6	Social Sciences	210
7	Mathematics	173
8	Physics and Astronomy	156
9	Energy	143
10	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	137
11	Chemistry	113
12	Chemical Engineering	55
13	Arts and Humanities	50
14	Business, Management and Accounting	29
15	Medicine	12
16	Decision Sciences	8
17	Multidisciplinary	8
18	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	4
19	Health Professions	4
20	Psychology	3
21	Neuroscience	1

Table A7. The 30 most-productive countries/territories in PBD research and overall citations as of 27 September 2023 in Scopus database.

No	Country	Total Cited Documents	Grande Total Citation
1	United States	1076	18,160
2	China	393	3680
3	Canada	263	4546
4	United Kingdom	252	4031
5	Italy	242	4676
6	Japan	238	2472
7	Iran	196	2582
8	India	161	1332
9	Australia	126	2314
10	Greece	96	2190
11	Turkey	93	842
12	South Korea	79	735
13	New Zealand	67	1463
14	Germany	64	460
15	Taiwan	63	669
16	France	55	904
17	Portugal	45	791
18	Switzerland	43	699
19	Sweden	38	491
20	Spain	36	500
21	Belgium	35	366
22	Singapore	31	887
23	Netherlands	29	315
24	Brazil	25	434
25	Indonesia	23	37
26	Israel	23	361
27	Egypt	22	97
28	Denmark	21	146
29	Chile	20	272
30	Mexico	20	266

Table A8. The 30 most-productive research institutions in the PBD subject area vs. documents for whole institutions and affiliated research work.

No	Affiliation Details	Affiliation ID	Documents, Whole Institution	Documents, Affiliation Only	Authors	Documents by Subject Area	Total Documents by Subject Area	Country
1	Tongji University	60073652	135,714	124,656	39,168	Engineering	55,678	China
2	The Hong Kong Polytechnic University	60008928	96,466	94,715	17,143	Engineering	38,360	China
3	National Technical University of Athens	60002947	48,354	47,093	8546	Engineering	21,353	Greece
4	University of Michigan, Ann Arbor	60025778	382,167	313,616	52,476	Engineering	52,549	United States
5	Sapienza Università di Roma	60032350	216,532	213,139	39,203	Engineering	27,202	Italy
6	University of Canterbury	60020585	38,338	38,260	7235	Engineering	7274	New Zealand
7	University of California, Berkeley	60025038	302,245	295,744	44,499	Engineering	68,429	United States
8	The University of Edinburgh	60027272	189,664	168,191	24,736	Engineering	15,254	Scotland
9	Kyoto University	60011001	270,212	253,270	44,180	Engineering	41,751	Japan
10	The University of British Columbia	60010365	253,824	236,085	46,569	Engineering	25,983	Canada
11	Lehigh University	60000060	30,416	30,090	6721	Engineering	10,248	United States
12	Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II	60017293	140,638	136,179	23,800	Engineering	23,498	Italy
13	University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign	60000745	254,617	250,028	48,562	Engineering	53,952	United States
14	State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering	60129231	6045	6045	881	Engineering	4997	China
15	Colorado State University	60009226	90,332	84,786	18,420	Engineering	11,360	United States
16	The University of Queensland	60031004	195,229	194,031	32,238	Engineering	20,433	Australia
17	The University of Sheffield	60001881	133,397	126,273	21,172	Engineering	25,057	United Kingdom
18	Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China	60001604	779,855	708,010	30,192	Engineering	220,842	China
19	Georgia Institute of Technology	60019647	145,588	141,976	22,729	Engineering	63,489	United States
20	Texas A&M University	60020547	205,522	186,581	36,030	Engineering	45,214	United States
21	Sharif University of Technology	60027666	36,913	36,678	8684	Engineering	18,602	Iran
22	University of Washington	60015481	346,158	307,146	53,718	Engineering	27,287	United States
23	Oregon State University	60013402	82,314	81,394	17,652	Engineering	12,347	United States
24	University of Toronto	60016849	418,086	387,554	67,114	Engineering	36,730	Canada
25	The University of Tokyo	60025272	390,992	348,064	59,007	Engineering	70,390	Japan
26	University at Buffalo, The State University of New York	60032083	108,662	105,982	22,441	Engineering	15,503	United States
27	Arup Group Limited	60099927	3822	2857	1669	Engineering	2012	United Kingdom
28	Stanford University	60012708	383,381	281,197	40,435	Engineering	49,671	United States
29	ETH Zürich	60025858	189,606	187,152	34,770	Engineering	39,397	Switzerland
30	Johns Hopkins University	60005248	367,944	191,956	26,923	Engineering	20,117	United States

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Figure 1. The total strength of the co-authorship links with other countries.

Figure 2. Visualized co-occurrence—all keywords analysis: overall result.

Figure 3. Visualized co-occurrence—all keywords analysis result.

Figure 4. Close-up view to Category II: Co-occurrence—All keywords (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant.

Figure 5. Close-up view and visualization of co-occurrence—author keywords.

Figure 6. Visualisation of co-occurrence—author keywords: overall result.

Figure 7. Visualisation of co-occurrence—index keyword Bibliometric map.

Figure 8. Visualisation of co-occurrence—index bibliometric map of keywords.

Figure 9. Visualisation of citation—document analysis for the years 2002–2010.

Figure 10. Visualization of citation—source analysis for the years 2010 to 2020.

Figure 11. Visualisation of citation—author analysis.

Figure 12. Visualization of citation—countries for the years 2012 to 2018.

Figure 13. Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1).

Figure 14. Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant.

Figure 15. Bibliographic coupling—sources analysis.

Figure 16. Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant.

Figure 17. Bibliographic coupling—organizations; analysis result for the years 2010–2020.

Figure 18. Visualisation of bibliographic coupling—countries.

Figure 19. Visualisation of co-citation—cited references.

Figure 20. Visualisation of co-citation—cited sources.

Figure 21. Visualisation of co-citation—cited author.

Figure 22. Close-up view of Category IV: bibliographic coupling—documents (case 1). (a) Top-left quadrant. (b) Top-right quadrant. (c) Bottom-left quadrant. (d) Bottom-right quadrant.

Figure 23. The annual and cumulative numbers of research articles on PBD indexed in Scopus from 1981 until 2023.

Table 1. Verified selected authors.

Id	Author	Documents	Citations
474	Chow W.K.	6	118
489	Chuang W.C.; Spence S.M.J.	5	83
1000	Hamburger R.O.	5	6
2547	Suksuwan A.; Spence S.M.J.	6	45
2665	Tort C.; Hajjar J.F.	6	18
2771	Wang A.J.	5	17
2811	Wang Y.; Rosowsky D.V.	5	27

Table 2. Documents, sorted by document type.

No.	Document Type	Total No. of Document
1	Article	1894
2	Conference Paper	1311
3	Book Chapter	126
4	Review	81
5	Conference Review	26
6	Book	21
7	Editorial	7
8	Erratum	3
9	Note	3
10	Short Survey	2

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Abate, M.S.; Evangelista, A.C.J.; Tam, V.W.Y. Global Research Trends in Performance-Based Structural Design: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15, 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030363

AMA Style

Abate MS, Evangelista ACJ, Tam VWY. Global Research Trends in Performance-Based Structural Design: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings. 2025; 15(3):363. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030363

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abate, Mistreselasie S., Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista, and Vivian W. Y. Tam. 2025. "Global Research Trends in Performance-Based Structural Design: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis" Buildings 15, no. 3: 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030363

APA Style

Abate, M. S., Evangelista, A. C. J., & Tam, V. W. Y. (2025). Global Research Trends in Performance-Based Structural Design: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings, 15(3), 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030363

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