More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

Article

An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking

Authors:

Patrick Cousot,

Radhia CousotAuthors Info & Claims

POPL '04: Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages

Pages 173 - 185

https://doi.org/10.1145/964001.964016

Published: 01 January 2004 Publication History

Abstract

Software watermarking consists in the intentional embedding of indelible stegosignatures or watermarks into the subject software and extraction of the stegosignatures embedded in the stegoprograms for purposes such as intellectual property protection. We introduce the novel concept of abstract software watermarking. The basic idea is that the watermark is hidden in the program code in such a way that it can only be extracted by an abstract interpretation of the (maybe non-standard) concrete semantics of this code. This static analysis-based approach allows the watermark to be recovered even if only a small part of the program code is present and does not even need that code to be executed. We illustrate the technique by a simple abstract watermarking protocol for methods of Java™ classes. The concept applies equally well to any other kind of software (including hardware originally specified by software).

References

[1]

ARBOIT, G. A method for watermarking Java™ programs via opaque predicates. In Proc. Int. Conf. Electronic Commerce Research (ICECR-5) (Montreal, CA, 23-27 Oct. 2002).]]

[2]

BARAK, B., GOLDREICH, O., IMPAGLIAZZO, R., RUDICH, S., SAHAI, A., VADHAN, S., AND YANG, K. On the (im)possibility of obfuscating programs. In Proc. CRYPTO'2001, Santa Barbara, CA, LNCS 2139 (19-23 Aug. 2001), J. Kilian, Ed., Springer, 1--18.]]

Digital Library

[3]

COLLBERG, C., AND THOMBORSON, C. Software watermarking: Models and dynamic embeddings. In 24th POPL (San Antonio, TX, 20-22 Jan. 1997), ACM Press, 311--324.]]

Digital Library

[4]

COLLBERG, C., THOMBORSON, C., AND LOW, D. Breaking abstractions and unstructuring data structures. In Proc. 1998 ICCL (Chicago, IL, 14-16 May 1998), IEEE Comp. Soc. Press, 28--38.]]

Digital Library

[5]

COLLBERG, C., THOMBORSON, C., AND LOW, D. Manufacturing cheap, resilient, and stealthy opaque constructs. In 25th POPL (San Diego, CA, Jan. 1998), 184--196.]]

Digital Library

[6]

COUSOT, P.,AND COUSOT, R. Systematic design of program analysis frameworks. In 6th POPL (San Antonio, TX, 1979), ACM Press, 269--282.]]

Digital Library

[7]

COUSOT, P., AND COUSOT, R. Invariance proof methods and analysis techniques for parallel programs. In Automatic Program Construction Techniques, A. Biermann, G. Guiho, and Y. Kodratoff, Eds. Macmillan, 1984, ch. 12, 243--271.]]

[8]

GHIYA, R., AND HENDREN, L. Is it a tree, a dag, or a cyclic graph? a shape analysis for heap-directed pointers in C. In 23rd POPL (St. Petersburg Beach, FL, 1996), ACM Press, 1--15.]]

Digital Library

[9]

GOSLER, J. Software protection: Myth or reality? In Proc. Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO'85, LNCS 218 (Santa Barbara, CA, 18-22 Aug. 1985, 1986), H. Williams, Ed., Springer, 140--157.]]

Digital Library

[10]

GRANGER, P. Static analysis of arithmetical congruences. Int. J. Comput. Math. 30 (1989), 165--190.]]

[11]

GUTTMAN, J. D. Private communication. 21 Jan. 2003.]]

[12]

KILDALL, G. A unified approach to global program optimization. In 1st POPL (Boston, MA, Oct. 1973), ACM press, 194--206.]]

Digital Library

[13]

MONDEN, A., IIDA, H., MATSUMOTO, K., INOUE, K., AND TORII, K. A practical method for watermarking Java™ programs. In 24th IEEE Computer Software and Applications Conf., Compsac'2000 (Taipei, Taiwan, 25-29 Oct. 2000), 191--197.]]

Digital Library

[14]

NAGRA, J., COLLBERG, C., AND THOMBORSON, C. A functional taxonomy for software watermarking. In 25th Australasian Computer Science Conf. (ACSC'2002) (Melbourne, Australia, Jan. 2002), M. J. Oudshoorn, Ed., Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, ACS.]]

Digital Library

[15]

PALSBERG, J., KRISHNASWAMY, S., KWON, M., MA, D., SHAO, Q., AND ZHANG, Y. Experience with software watermarking. In Proc. 16th ACSAC'00, New Orleans, LA (11-15 Dec. 2000), IEEE Comp. Soc. Press.]]

Digital Library

[16]

SAGIV, M., REPS, T., AND WILHELM, R. Shape analysis. In Proc. Int. Conf. CC'2000, LNCS 1781 (Berlin, DE, 25 Mar. - 2 Apr. 2000), D. A. Watt, Ed., Springer, 1--17.]]

[17]

SAGIV, M., REPS, T., AND HORWITZ, S. Precise interprocedural dataflow analysis with applications to constant propagation. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 167, 1&2 (1996), 131--170.]]

Digital Library

[18]

STERN, J., HACHEZ, G., KOEUNE,F., AND QUISQUATER, J.-J. Robust object watermarking: Application to code. In Proc. 3rd Int. Work. on Information Hiding, IH'99 (Dresden, DE, 29 Sep. - 1 Oct. 1999), A. Pfitzmann, Ed., vol. 1768 of LNCS, Springer, 368--378.]]

Digital Library

[19]

VALLÉE-RAI, R., HENDREN, L., SUNDARESAN, V., LAM, P., GAGNON, É., AND CO, P. Soot -- a Java™ optimization framework. In CASCON'99 (IBM Center for Advanced Studies Conference) (Toronto, Ontario, CA, -11 Nov. 1999), 125--135.]]

Cited By

Bento LBoccardo DMachado RPereira de Sá VSzwarcfiter J(2024)Structured Watermarks for Structured SoftwareSN Computer Science10.1007/s42979-024-02934-x5:5Online publication date: 22-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s42979-024-02934-x
Bhole MRao HPatel BBhagwat S(2022)Study and Comparison of Plagiarism Detection Model for Online Studies2022 International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC)10.1109/ICAAIC53929.2022.9793101(1154-1158)Online publication date: 9-May-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAAIC53929.2022.9793101
DALLA PREDA MPASQUA M(2018)Semantics-based software watermarking by abstract interpretationMathematical Structures in Computer Science10.1017/S0960129518000038(1-50)Online publication date: 15-May-2018
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960129518000038
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking
1. Social and professional topics
  1. Professional topics
    1. Management of computing and information systems
      1. Project and people management
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software creation and management
    1. Software development process management
  2. Software notations and tools
    1. Software configuration management and version control systems

Recommendations

An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking
POPL '04

Software watermarking consists in the intentional embedding of indelible stegosignatures or watermarks into the subject software and extraction of the stegosignatures embedded in the stegoprograms for purposes such as intellectual property protection. ...
A Semi-Fragile Watermarking Scheme Using Weighted Vote with Sieve and Emphasis for Image Authentication

This paper describes a semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication and tamper-proofing. Each watermark bit is duplicated and randomly embedded in the original image in the discrete wavelet domain by modifying the corresponding image ...
Watermarking, tamper-proffing, and obfuscation: tools for software protection

We identify three types of attack on the intellectual property contained in software and three corresponding technical defenses. A defense against reverse engineering is obfuscation, a process that renders software unintelligible but still functional. A ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

POPL '04: Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages

January 2004

364 pages

ISBN:158113729X

DOI:10.1145/964001

General Chair:
Neil D. Jones
DIKU, University of Copenhagen
,
Program Chair:
Xavier Leroy
INRIA Rocquencourt

ACM SIGPLAN Notices Volume 39, Issue 1
POPL '04
January 2004
352 pages
ISSN:0362-1340
EISSN:1558-1160
DOI:10.1145/982962
Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2004 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 January 2004

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Conference

POPL04

Sponsor:

POPL04: The 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages

January 14 - 16, 2004

Venice, Italy

Acceptance Rates

POPL '04 Paper Acceptance Rate 29 of 176 submissions, 16%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 824 of 4,130 submissions, 20%

Upcoming Conference

POPL '25

Sponsor:
sigplan

The 52nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages

January 19 - 25, 2025

Denver , CO , USA

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

76
Total Citations
View Citations
1,505
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)17
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 15 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Bento LBoccardo DMachado RPereira de Sá VSzwarcfiter J(2024)Structured Watermarks for Structured SoftwareSN Computer Science10.1007/s42979-024-02934-x5:5Online publication date: 22-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s42979-024-02934-x
Bhole MRao HPatel BBhagwat S(2022)Study and Comparison of Plagiarism Detection Model for Online Studies2022 International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC)10.1109/ICAAIC53929.2022.9793101(1154-1158)Online publication date: 9-May-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAAIC53929.2022.9793101
DALLA PREDA MPASQUA M(2018)Semantics-based software watermarking by abstract interpretationMathematical Structures in Computer Science10.1017/S0960129518000038(1-50)Online publication date: 15-May-2018
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960129518000038
Chroni MNikolopoulos SPalios L(2018)Encoding watermark numbers as reducible permutation graphs using self-inverting permutationsDiscrete Applied Mathematics10.1016/j.dam.2018.04.021250(145-164)Online publication date: Dec-2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2018.04.021
Dey ABhattacharya SChaki N(2018)Software Watermarking: Progress and ChallengesINAE Letters10.1007/s41403-018-0058-8Online publication date: 20-Oct-2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-018-0058-8
Chen ZWang ZJia C(2018)Semantic-integrated software watermarking with tamper-proofingMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-017-5373-777:9(11159-11178)Online publication date: 1-May-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-017-5373-7
Bruni RGiacobazzi RGori R(2018)Code obfuscation against abstraction refinement attacksFormal Aspects of Computing10.1007/s00165-018-0462-630:6(685-711)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s00165-018-0462-6
Chen ZJia CXu D(2017)Hidden Path: Dynamic Software Watermarking Based on Control Flow Obfuscation22017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) and IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC)10.1109/CSE-EUC.2017.280(443-450)Online publication date: Jul-2017
https://doi.org/10.1109/CSE-EUC.2017.280
Bruni RGiacobazzi RGori R(2017)Code Obfuscation Against Abstract Model Checking AttacksVerification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation10.1007/978-3-319-73721-8_5(94-115)Online publication date: 29-Dec-2017
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73721-8_5
Chen JLi KWen WChen WYan C(2017)Software Watermarking for Java Program Based on Method Name EncodingProceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics 201710.1007/978-3-319-64861-3_81(865-874)Online publication date: 31-Aug-2017
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64861-3_81
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents