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Integration of remote sensing and geochemical data to characterize mineralized A-type granites, Egypt: implications for origin and concentration of rare metals

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Abstract

Neoproterozoic mineralized granites from the Umm Naggat and Homrit Waggat areas in the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt, are parts of the Neoproterozoic Nubian Shield. On the basis of textural and chemical characteristics, they resemble highly fractionated ferroan peraluminous A-type granites. Decorrelation stretch (DS) and band ratio (BR) techniques of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-9 data were used for the spectral identification of lithological units, alteration and mineralized zones in A-type granites. Spatial and spectral extent of the hydrothermal mineralized alteration zones (e.g., sericitization, carbonatization, kaolinitization, ferrous silicates and hydroxyl) related to the rare metal-bearing granitic plutons can be discriminated by processed ASTER data. Some structural features have been identified by Sentinel-1enhanced Soble directional filter images. The NW–SE Najd fault system is conjugated with N–S and NE–SW faults, which structurally control the distribution of both mineralized alteration zones and rare metal-bearing granites in the CED of Egypt. The studied mineralized granites comprise syenogranite and alkali feldspar granite. Essential minerals are quartz, K-feldspar (Or94-99), plagioclase (An0-7) and biotite, with subordinate amounts of chlorite, muscovite and fluorite. Zircon, Fe-Ti oxides, rutile, apatite, epidote, titanite, columbite and thorite are main accessory phases. Average zircon saturation temperature (TZr) of the studied granites ranges from 780 °C to 880 °C at pressures of 0.7–3.0 kbars and depth < 8 km. These granites are highly evolved (SiO2 = 73–78 wt. %), and show characteristics of high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous rocks (A/CNK = 1–1.13). They are enriched in Rb, Nb, Y, Ta, Hf, Ga, Zr and rare-earth elements (ΣREEs: up to 558 ppm) and show pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.01–0.29), similar to post-collisional rare metal-bearing A-type granites either in Egypt or elsewhere in the world. These A-type granites more likely crystallized from highly fractionated I-type tonalite-granodiorite magmas, followed by extensive fractional crystallization in the upper crust during and just after lithospheric delamination. Rare-metal minerals such as zircon, rutile, xenotime, thorite, cerite-(Ce), apatite, parisite, uranothorite, columbite, ishikawaite and bastnaesite crystallized under both magmatic and hydrothermal conditions. Remote sensing and geochemical data enabled us to characterize mineralized zones in A-type granites and indicated that albitization is accompanied by higher concentrations of REEs (544 ppm), Zr (up to 378 ppm), Y (142 ppm), Nb (127 ppm) and Th (26 ppm) than other alteration types, suggesting stabilization of these elements by Na-, F- and Cl-rich fluids during Na-metasomatism.

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Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Integration of remote sensing and geochemical data to characterize mineralized A-type granites, Egypt: implications for origin and concentration of rare metals.

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Acknowledgements

The first author is grateful to Missions Sector, Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education for the scholarship and fund to Niigata University 2019-2020 to perform some mineral and geochemical analyses. The authors are grateful to staff members of Data Reception, Analysis and Receiving Station Affairs, National Authority of remote sensing and space sciences (NARRS), Cairo, for analysis of some samples by the portable near-infrared TerraSpec Halo Mineral Identifier Spectrometer Device (ASD). SAW acknowledges financial support from KFUPM of the grant #CPG21107 awarded to SAW and MZK. We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Adel Surour and the anonymous reviewer for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many insightful comments. We thank Prof. Ulrich Riller (Editor-in-Chief) for his editorial handling of this manuscript.

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  1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

    Mohamed Zaki Khedr, Saif M. Abo Khashaba & N. H. El-Shibiny

  2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan

    Eiichi Takazawa

  3. National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt

    Safaa M. Hassan

  4. Geological Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

    Mokhles K. Azer

  5. Department of Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Scott A. Whattam

  6. Remote Sensing and GIS Department, Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt

    Reda A. El-Arafy

  7. Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan

    Yuji Ichiyama

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  1. Mohamed Zaki Khedr
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  2. Saif M. Abo Khashaba
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  3. N. H. El-Shibiny
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  4. Eiichi Takazawa
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  5. Safaa M. Hassan
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  6. Mokhles K. Azer
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  8. Reda A. El-Arafy
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  9. Yuji Ichiyama
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Correspondence to Mohamed Zaki Khedr.

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Conflict of interest

I am Mohamed Zaki Khedr, on behalf of all coauthors; declare that there is no conflict of interests for the current paper with title: Integration of remote sensing and geochemical data to characterize mineralized A-type granites, Egypt: Implications for origin and concentration of rare metals.

Supplementary Information

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531_2023_2323_MOESM1_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file1 Distribution of the most important rare‐metal‐bearing granite intrusions in the central and south Eastern Desert of Egypt: (1) Umm Naggat, (2) Umm Samra, (3) Abu Dabbab, (4) Nuweibi, (5) Ineigi, (6) Homrit Waggat, (7) Igla, (8) Zabara, (9) Mueilha, (10) Nugrus, (11) El‐ Gharabiya, (12) Nikeiba, (13) Homrit Akarem, and (14) Um Hibal. The dividing line between central and southern portions of the Nubian Shield is after Stern and Edge (1985). (JPG 2821 KB)

Supplementary file2 (DOCX 22 KB)

Supplementary file3 (XLSX 3634 KB)

531_2023_2323_MOESM4_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file4 Mineral chemistry of Umm Naggat and Homrit Waggat granites. (a, b) Feldspar compositions plotted on an albite (Ab)-anorthite (An)-orthoclase (Or) ternary diagram (Deer et al. 1992). (c) 10 * TiO2-(FeOt + MnO)-MgO ternary diagram for classification of biotite (Nachit et al. 2005). (d) FeOt versus Al2O3 discrimination diagram of analyzed biotites (Abdel‐Rahman 1994). (e) Ti‐Mg‐Na ternary diagram, Compositional fields for primary and secondary muscovite (Miller et al. 1981). (f) Si versus (Fe+2 +Fe+3) binary diagram for classification of chlorites (Hey 1954) (JPG 1478 KB)

Supplementary file5 (XLSX 150 KB)

531_2023_2323_MOESM6_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file6 Whole-rock major element chemistry of Umm Naggat and Homrit Waggat granites. (a) Nomenclature of plutonic rocks using the QAP diagram (Streckeisen 1976). (b) Classification of granitoids using SiO2 (wt. %) versus Na2O+K2O (wt. %) of Middlemost (1985) (JPG 754 KB)

Supplementary file7 (XLS 1389 KB)

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Khedr, M.Z., Khashaba, S.M.A., El-Shibiny, N.H. et al. Integration of remote sensing and geochemical data to characterize mineralized A-type granites, Egypt: implications for origin and concentration of rare metals. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 112, 1717–1745 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02323-4

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