United States Senate elections, 2024

	← 2022 2026 → ;
	; ; 2024 U.S. Senate Elections
	Election Date ; November 5, 2024
	U.S. Senate Elections by State
	Arizona • California • California (special) • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Hawaii • Indiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nebraska (special) • Nevada • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Dakota • Ohio • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
	U.S. House Elections

Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate, winning a 53-45 majority with two independents as a result of the November 5, 2024 elections.^[1]

As a result of the elections, Republicans gained four seats in Montana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Democrats gained one seat in Arizona. This was a net change of +4 Republicans, -2 Democrats, and -2 independents.

Heading into the 2024 general election, Democrats had a 47-49 majority with four independents. Three of those independents caucused with the Democratic Party, and one other, Sen. Kyrsten Sinema counted towards the Democratic majority for committee purposes.

Thirty-four of 100 Senate seats were up for election. Thirty-three of those seats were up for regular election, and one^[2] was up for a special election. Democrats were defending three Senate seats, in Montana, Ohio, and West Virginia, in states Donald Trump (R) won in the 2020 presidential election. Republicans were not defending any Senate seats in states Joe Biden (D) won in 2020.

Of the seats up for election in 2024, Democrats held 19, Republicans held 11, and independents held four. Eight members of the U.S. Senate did not run for re-election, more than in any year since 2012.

Ballotpedia identified 15 races (41.2%) as general election battlegrounds in 2024. Heading into the elections, Democrats held 11 of those seats, Republicans held three, and independents held one. Republicans won three seats previously held by Democrats in Montana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania and Democrats won the seat in Arizona, previously held by Kyrsten Sinema (I).

Ten seats were open because the incumbent did not run for re-election. Nine incumbents retired from public office and one incumbent ran for another office. Click here to learn more.

Ballotpedia does not include incumbents leaving office early in our analysis of incumbents not running for re-election. For more information about incumbents who left office early or announced resignations, click here.

Two special elections also took place on Nov. 5, 2024. One special election was held to fill the last two years of the six-year term that Sen. Ben Sasse (R-Neb.) was elected to in 2020.^[3] The other special election was held to fill the rest of the six-year term that Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) was elected to in 2018. Feinstein died on Sept. 29, 2023. The Senate seat Feinstein held was also up for regular election on Nov. 5, 2024.^[4]

Click here for coverage of U.S. Senate elections in 2022.

Click on the links below to jump to the various sections on this page:

Partisan balance
2024 Election results
Incumbents defeated
Margins of victory
Seats up for election
List of candidates
Battlegrounds
Incumbents not running for re-election
Outside race ratings
Battleground primaries
Party committee fundraising
Special elections
Political context
Media analysis
Congressional approval rating
Wave elections

Partisan balance

U.S. Senate Partisan Breakdown
Party		As of November 5, 2024	After the 2024 Election
	Democratic Party	47^[5]	45^[6]
	Republican Party	49	53
	Independent	4^[5]	2^[6]
Total		100	100

The chart below shows historical partisan breakdown information for the chamber.

Election results, 2024

See also: Election results, 2024: U.S. Senate

Incumbents defeated in the general election

The following table lists incumbents defeated in the 2024 general election for U.S. Senate.

U.S. Senate incumbents defeated in the 2024 general election
State	Incumbent	Election winner
Montana	Jon Tester	Tim Sheehy
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	Bernie Moreno
Pennsylvania	Bob Casey Jr.	David McCormick

Margins of victory

The average margin of victory for U.S. Senate races was, 16.7 percentage points lower than the 19.8 percentage points average margin in 2022 and the 18.1 percentage points average margin in 2020. The average margin of victory was 12.8 percentage points for Democrats and 20 percentage points for Republicans. This was below the 2022 averages for both parties, which were 16.68 percentage points for Democrats and 22.9 percentage points for Republicans.

The narrowest margin in any U.S. Senate election in 2024 was 0.2 percentage points in Pennsylvania. David McCormick (R) defeated Incumbent Bob Casey Jr. 48.8%-48.6. The largest margin of victory in 2024 was 51 percentage points in Wyoming. Incumbent John Barrasso (R) defeated Scott Morrow (D) 75.1%-24.1%

List of all 2024 U.S. Senate margins of victory

This table shows the margins of victory in U.S. Senate elections on November 5, 2024.

U.S. Senate margins of victory, 2024
State	Votes cast	Winner	Winner votes	Runner-up	Runner-up votes	Margin	Margin (%)
Arizona	3,199,898	Ruben Gallego	1,600,923	Kari Lake	1,528,297	72,626	2.2%
California	7,580,633	Adam Schiff	4,534,025	Steve Garvey	3,046,608	1,487,417	19.6%
Connecticut	320,164	Chris Murphy	182,872	Matthew Corey	132,105	50,767	15.8%
Delaware	500,606	Lisa Blunt Rochester	283,298	Eric Hansen	197,753	85,545	17.0%
Florida	10,757,428	Rick Scott	5,977,706	Debbie Mucarsel-Powell	4,603,077	1,374,629	12.8%
Hawaii	432,724	Mazie Hirono	283,454	Bob McDermott	135,761	147,693	34.1%
Indiana	1,494,930	Jim Banks	886,283	Valerie McCray	570,624	315,659	21.1%
Massachusetts	1,024,309	Elizabeth Warren	626,933	John Deaton	397,376	229,557	22.4%
Maryland	2,044,316	Angela Alsobrooks	1,078,306	Larry Hogan	917,883	160,423	7.8%
Maine	799,276	Angus King	414,127	Demi Kouzounas	274,722	139405	17.4%
Michigan	5,532,533	Elissa Slotkin	2,690,225	Mike Rogers	2,671,872	18,353	0.3%
Minnesota	1,775,095	Amy Klobuchar	1,020,587	Royce White	698,488	322,099	18.2%
Missouri	2,176,294	Josh Hawley	1,149,665	Lucas Kunce	970,058	179,607	8.2%
Mississippi	742,514	Roger Wicker	475,377	Ty Pinkins	267,137	208,240	28.0%
Montana	543,362	Tim Sheehy	289,696	Jon Tester	243,986	45,710	8.4%
North Dakota	364,327	Kevin Cramer	241,569	Katrina Christiansen	121,602	119,967	32.9%
Nebraska	677,158	Deb Fischer	354,409	Dan Osborn	322,749	31,660	4.6%
Nebraska (special election)	574,387	Pete Ricketts	336,614	Preston Love Jr.	237,773	98,841	17.2%
New Jersey	2,895,528	Andrew Kim	1,561,944	Curtis Bashaw	1,274,048	287,896	9.9%
New Mexico	820,164	Martin Heinrich	446,554	Nella Domenici	373,610	72,944	8.8%
Nevada	1,400,656	Jacky Rosen	669,034	Sam Brown	650,989	18,045	1.3%
New York	7,322,568	Kirsten Gillibrand	4,271,933	Mike Sapraicone	3,016,388	1,255,545	17.1%
Ohio	5,514,140	Bernie Moreno	2,769,656	Sherrod Brown	2,557,598	212,058	3.8%
Pennsylvania	6,960,423	David McCormick	3,398,602	Bob Casey Jr.	3,382,293	16,309	0.2%
Rhode Island	425,148	Sheldon Whitehouse	245,197	Patricia Morgan	179,951	179,951	15.4%
Tennessee	2,878,014	Marsha Blackburn	1,851,088	Gloria Johnson	969,569	881,519	30.6%
Texas	10,374,488	Ted Cruz	5,580,601	Colin Allred	4,562,874	1,017,727	9.8%
Utah	802,078	John Curtis	491,733	Caroline Gleich	271,313	220,420	27.5%
Virginia	4,005,814	Tim Kaine	2,153,825	Hung Cao	301836	301,836	7.6%
Vermont	363,253	Bernie Sanders	229,429	Gerald Malloy	116,512	112,917	31.1%
Washington	2,562,817	Maria Cantwell	1,535,231	Raul Garcia	1,027,586	507,645	19.8%
Wisconsin	3,387,208	Tammy Baldwin	1,672,550	Eric Hovde	1,672,550	28,958	0.9%
West Virginia	617,412	Jim Justice	433,428	Glenn Elliott	161,538	271,890	44.0%
Wyoming	264,162	John Barrasso	198,418	Scott Morrow	63,727	134,691	51.0%

Seats up for election

There were 33 U.S. Senate seats up for regular election in 2024—10 seats held by Republicans, 19 held by Democrats, and four held by independents who caucus with Democrats. ^[7]

Two special elections also took place on November 5, 2024. One special election was held to fill the last two years of the six-year term that Ben Sasse (R) was elected to in 2020.^[8]^[9]^[10] The other special election was held to fill the rest of the six-year term that Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) was elected to in 2018. Feinstein died on Sept. 29. 2023. The Senate seat Feinstein held was also up for regular election on November 5, 2024.^[11]

The map and table below shows what seats were up for election and the incumbent heading into the election in each race.

Table last updated: October 24, 2024

2024 Senate elections
State	Pre-election incumbent	Year first elected	Last election margin of victory (percentage points)
Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	2018	2.4
California	Laphonza Butler	Appointed 2023	8.4
Connecticut	Christopher Murphy	2012	20.2
Delaware	Thomas Carper	2000	22.2
Florida	Rick Scott	2018	0.2
Hawaii	Mazie Hirono	2012	42.4
Indiana	Mike Braun	2018	5.9
Massachusetts	Elizabeth Warren	2012	24.1
Maryland	Benjamin Cardin	2006	34.6
Maine	Angus King	2012	19.1
Michigan	Debbie Stabenow	2000	6.5
Minnesota	Amy Klobuchar	2006	24.1
Missouri	Josh Hawley	2018	5.8
Mississippi	Roger Wicker	2006	19
Montana	Jon Tester	2006	3.5
North Dakota	Kevin Cramer	2018	10.8
Nebraska	Deb Fischer	2012	19.1
Nebraska (special election)	Pete Ricketts	Appointed 2023	38.3
New Jersey	Robert Menendez	2006	11.2
New Mexico	Martin Heinrich	2012	23.6
Nevada	Jacky Rosen	2018	5
New York	Kirsten Gillibrand	2010	34
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	2006	6.8
Pennsylvania	Robert Casey	2006	13.1
Rhode Island	Sheldon Whitehouse	2006	23.1
Tennessee	Marsha Blackburn	2018	10.8
Texas	Ted Cruz	2012	2.6
Utah	Mitt Romney	2018	31.7
Virginia	Tim Kaine	2012	16
Vermont	Bernard Sanders	2006	39.9
Washington	Maria Cantwell	2000	16.8
Wisconsin	Tammy Baldwin	2012	10.8
West Virginia	Joe Manchin	2010	3.3
Wyoming	John Barrasso	2006	36.9

Incumbents who did not run for re-election

Eight United States Senators did not seek re-election to their U.S. Senate seats (not including those who left office early):

4 Democrats
2 Republicans
2 Independent

Incumbents retiring from public office

4 Democrats
1 Republican
2 Independent

Retired from public office, 2024
Name	Party	State	Date announced
Kyrsten Sinema	Independent	Arizona	March 5, 2024^[12]
Joe Manchin	Independent	West Virginia	November 9, 2023^[13]
Laphonza Butler	Democrat	California	October 19, 2023^[14]^[15]
Debbie Stabenow	Democrat	Michigan	January 5, 2023^[16]
Ben Cardin	Democrat	Maryland	May 1, 2023^[17]
Tom Carper	Democrat	Delaware	May 22, 2023^[18]
Mitt Romney	Republican	Utah	September 13, 2023^[19]

Incumbents seeking other offices

1 Republican

Ran for governor, 2024
Name	Party	State	Date announced
Mike Braun	Republican	Indiana	November 30, 2022^[20]

Battlegrounds

Elections for 34 U.S. Senate seats took place in 2024. Thirty-three of those seats were up for regular election, and one^[21] was up for a special election. Ahead of the November election, Democrats had a majority in the U.S. Senate, controlling 51 seats^[22] to Republicans' 49.

Ballotpedia identified 15 races as general election battlegrounds in 2024.

These battleground races were selected using the following criteria. For more information on our methodology, click here:

the results of the 2020 presidential election in each state,
whether the incumbent was seeking re-election,
whether the incumbent was serving his or her first term in the U.S. Senate, and
how the Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and Inside Elections with Nathan Gonzales rated the race.

In addition to the competitiveness data above, races were included if they were particularly compelling or meaningful to the balance of power in governments for other reasons.

In 2022, Ballotpedia identified 12 U.S. Senate battleground races: four Democratic seats and eight Republican seats. Democrats won one Republican-held seat. Republicans won no seats held by Democrats.

Click on the links below to learn more about battleground races of other types:

The following map displays all states that held U.S. Senate elections in 2024 shaded by the incumbent's or most recent incumbent's political affiliation. Battleground races are highlighted in lighter colors. Hover over a state for more information.

Battleground U.S. Senate elections, 2024
State	Incumbent	Open seat?	2018 margin	2024 margin	2020 presidential margin
Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	Yes	D+2.4^[23]	D+2.2	D+0.3
California	Laphonza Butler	Yes	N/A^[24]	D+19.6	D+29.2
Florida	Rick Scott	No	R+0.2	R+12.8	R+3.3
Maryland	Ben Cardin	Yes	D+34.6	D+7.8	D+33.2
Michigan	Debbie Stabenow	Yes	D+6.5	D+0.3	D+2.8
Montana	Jon Tester	No	D+3.5	R+8.4	R+16.4
Nebraska	Deb Fischer	No	R+19.1	R+4.6	R+19
Nevada	Jacky Rosen	No	D+5	D+1.3	D+2.4
New Jersey	Bob Menendez Sr.	Yes	D+11.2	D+9.9	D+15.9
New Mexico	Martin Heinrich	No	D+10.8	D+8.8	D+15.9
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	No	D+6.8	R+3.8	R+8.1
Pennsylvania	Bob Casey	No	D+13.1	R+0.2	D+1.2
Texas	Ted Cruz	No	R+2.6	R+9.8	R+5.6
Virginia	Tim Kaine	No	D+16	D+7.6	10.1
Wisconsin	Tammy Baldwin	No	D+10.8	D+0.9	D+0.7

Outside race ratings

The following table compared U.S. Senate race ratings from The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, Decision Desk HQ and The Hill, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball prior to the November 2024 elections.

List of candidates

The table below contains a list of all candidates for the U.S. Senate in 2024. The table is fully searchable by candidate, party and candidacy status. Depending on the size of your screen, you'll either see a menu to the left of the table or an arrow at the top right corner, which you can use to select a state.

Arizona Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Ruben Gallego	Democratic	U.S. Senate Arizona	Won General
Kari Lake	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost General
Mark Lamb	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost Primary
Jannie Prosser	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
Elizabeth Reye	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost Primary
Dustin Williams	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) Primary
Arturo Hernandez	Green	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost Primary
Mike Norton	Green	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost Primary
Eduardo Quintana	Green	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost General
Christopher Beckett	Independent	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
David Bozic	Independent	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
Shawn Petty	Independent	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
Benjamin Rodriguez	Independent	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
Steven Cavin Sanders	Independent	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
Sarah Williams	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Arizona	Lost (Write-in) General
Christopher Berschauer	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Leonard Fulcher	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Connie Moreno	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Robert Walker	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Alan White	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Brian Wright	Republican	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Alexander Keller	Democratic	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew Primary
Richard Grayson	No party preference	U.S. Senate Arizona	Withdrew General

California Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Adam Schiff	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Won General
Sharleta Bassett	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
James P. Bradley	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Eric Early	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Danny Fabricant	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost (Write-in) Primary
Steve Garvey	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost General
Denice Gary-Pandol	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Sarah Sun Liew	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
James Macauley	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Jonathan Reiss	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Stefan Simchowitz	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Carlos Guillermo Tapia	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost (Write-in) Primary
Martin Veprauskas	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Forrest Jones	American Independent Party of California	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Sepi Gilani	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Harmesh Kumar	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Barbara Lee	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Christina Pascucci	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
David Peterson	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Douglas Howard Pierce	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Katie Porter	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Perry Pound	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Raji Rab	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
John Rose	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Gail Lightfoot	Libertarian	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Michael Dilger	No party preference	U.S. Senate California	Lost (Write-in) Primary
John Dowell	No party preference	U.S. Senate California	Lost (Write-in) Primary
Laura Garza	No party preference	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Don Grundmann	No party preference	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Mark Ruzon	No party preference	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Major Singh	No party preference	U.S. Senate California	Lost Primary
Jehu Hand	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Zakaria Kortam	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Roxanne Lawler	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew (Write-in) Primary
Peter Yuan Liu	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Barack Obama Mandela	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
John Pappenheim	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
James Shuster	Republican	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Joshua Bocanegra	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Dominick Dorothy	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Jacob Farmos	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Jeremy Fennell	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Carson Franklin Jr.	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Zafar Inam	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Rommell Montenegro	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Alexander Norbash	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Lexi Reese	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Jessica Resendez	Democratic	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Paul Anderson	Green	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Eduardo Berdugo	Independent	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew (Write-in) Primary
Dana Bobbitt	Independent	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Frank Ferreira	Independent	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Renee Martinez	Independent	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Joe Sosinski	Independent	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary
Fepbrina Keivaulqe Autiameineire	Vienmerisce Veittemeignzce USA	U.S. Senate California	Withdrew Primary

Connecticut Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Christopher S. Murphy Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Connecticut	Won General
Matthew Corey	Republican	U.S. Senate Connecticut	Lost General
Gerry Smith	Republican	U.S. Senate Connecticut	Lost Primary
Robert Hyde	Cheaper Gas Groceries Party	U.S. Senate Connecticut	Lost General
Justin Paglino	Green	U.S. Senate Connecticut	Lost General
John Flynn	Republican	U.S. Senate Connecticut	Withdrew Primary

Delaware Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Lisa Blunt Rochester	Democratic	U.S. Senate Delaware	Won General
Eric Hansen	Republican	U.S. Senate Delaware	Lost General
Michael Katz	Independent	U.S. Senate Delaware	Lost General
William Taylor	Republican	U.S. Senate Delaware	Withdrew Primary
Pamela Brown	Democratic	U.S. Senate Delaware	Withdrew Primary

Florida Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Rick Scott Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Won General
John Columbus	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost Primary
Keith Gross	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost Primary
Stanley Campbell	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost Primary
Rod Joseph	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost Primary
Debbie Mucarsel-Powell	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost General
Brian Rush	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost Primary
Feena Bonoan	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost General
Ben Everidge	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost General
Howard Knepper	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost (Write-in) General
Tuan Nguyen	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Lost General
Patricia Krentcil	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Shannon O'Dell	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Disqualified Primary
Joe Smith	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Disqualified Primary
Katy Sun	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Angela Marie Walls-Windhauser	Republican	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Matt Boswell	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Disqualified Primary
Phil Ehr	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Alan Grayson	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Donald Horan	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Bernard Korn	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Josue Larose	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Chase Anderson Romagnano	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Matthew Sanscrainte	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Everett Stern	Democratic	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew Primary
Mason Cysewski	Green	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
Randy Toler	Green	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
Shantele Bennett	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
James Davis	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew (Write-in) General
Grace Granda	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
Samir Hazza	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
Salomon Hernandez	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
Marcos Reyes	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General
A.C. Toulme	One Earth Party	U.S. Senate Florida	Withdrew General

Hawaii Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Mazie K. Hirono Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Won General
Melba Amaral	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Paul Dolan	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Adriel Lam	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Bob McDermott	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost General
Arturo Reyes	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Emmanuel Tipon	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Ron Curtis	Democratic	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Clyde McClain Lewman	Democratic	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Emma Pohlman	Green	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost General
John Giuffre	Nonpartisan	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost Primary
Shelby Billionaire	We the People	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Lost General
Ku Lono Cuadra	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Shaena Dela Cruz Hoohuli	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Keith Drummond Lambert	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Harry Friel, Jr.	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Lester Fung	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Walter Kupau Jr.	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Eddie Pirkowski	Republican	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Dan Decker	Aloha Aina Party	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Jennifer Booker	Green	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Aaron Toman	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary
Link El	Nonpartisan	U.S. Senate Hawaii	Withdrew Primary

Indiana Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Jim Banks	Republican	U.S. Senate Indiana	Won General
Marc Carmichael	Democratic	U.S. Senate Indiana	Lost Primary
Valerie McCray	Democratic	U.S. Senate Indiana	Lost General
Antonio Alvarez	Independent	U.S. Senate Indiana	Lost (Write-in) General
Phillip Beachy	Independent	U.S. Senate Indiana	Lost (Write-in) General
Andy Horning	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Indiana	Lost General
Erik Benson	Republican	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
Wayne Harmon	Republican	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
Douglas McGuire	Republican	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
John Rust	Republican	U.S. Senate Indiana	Disqualified Primary
Anthony Tibby	Republican	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
Keith Potts	Democratic	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
RaeVen Ridgell	Democratic	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
Marshall Travis	Democratic	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
Aleem Young	Democratic	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew Primary
Sean Dada	Independent	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew General
Richard Kent	Independent	U.S. Senate Indiana	Withdrew General

Maine Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Angus King Incumbent	Independent	U.S. Senate Maine	Won Round 1
Demi Kouzounas	Republican	U.S. Senate Maine	Lost Round 1
David Costello	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maine	Lost Round 1
Jason Cherry	Independent	U.S. Senate Maine	Lost Round 1
Natasha Alcala	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maine	Withdrew Round 1

Maryland Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Angela Alsobrooks	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Won General
Moe Barakat	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Chris Chaffee	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Robin Ficker	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Lorie Friend	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Larry Hogan	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost General
John Myrick	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Laban Seyoum	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Michael Cobb Sr.	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Marcellus Crews	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Brian Frydenborg	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Scottie Griffin	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Robert Houton	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Joseph Perez	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Steven Seuferer	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
David Trone	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Andrew Wildman	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost Primary
Mike Scott	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost General
Billy Bridges	Unaffiliated	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost (Write-in) General
Patrick Burke	Unaffiliated	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost (Write-in) General
Irwin Gibbs	Unaffiliated	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost (Write-in) General
Christy Helmondollar	Unaffiliated	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost (Write-in) General
Robin Rowe	Unaffiliated	U.S. Senate Maryland	Lost (Write-in) General
Ray Bly	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew Primary
Christopher Puleo	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew Primary
John Teichert	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew Primary
John Thormann	Republican	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew Primary
Juan Dominguez	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew Primary
William Jawando	Democratic	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew Primary
Moshe Landman	Green	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew General
Nancy Wallace	Green	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew General
Shaunesi Deberry	Independent	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew General
Emmanuel Osuchukwu	Independent	U.S. Senate Maryland	Disqualified General
Keith Packer	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew (Write-in) General
Michael Sigmon	Progressive Party	U.S. Senate Maryland	Withdrew General

Massachusetts Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Elizabeth Warren Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Won General
Robert Antonellis	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Lost Primary
Ian Cain	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Lost Primary
John Deaton	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Lost General
Zakhai Akiba	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew Primary
John Berman	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew Primary
Rebekah Etique	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew Primary
Aaron Packard	Republican	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew Primary
Louis Marino	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew General
Shiva Ayyadurai	Unenrolled	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew General
Joseph Schena	Unenrolled	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew General
Brandon James Griffin	Workers Party	U.S. Senate Massachusetts	Withdrew General

Michigan Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Elissa Slotkin	Democratic	U.S. Senate Michigan	Won General
Justin Amash	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost Primary
James Chapman	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost (Write-in) General
Sherry O'Donnell	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost Primary
Sandy Pensler	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost Primary
Mike Rogers	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost General
Hill Harper	Democratic	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost Primary
Douglas P. Marsh	Green	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost General
Joseph Solis-Mullen	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost General
Doug Dern	Natural Law Party	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost General
Dave Stein	U.S. Taxpayers Party	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost General
Valerie Willis	U.S. Taxpayers Party	U.S. Senate Michigan	Lost (Write-in) General
James Craig	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Rebekah Curran	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Michael Hoover	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Peter Meijer	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Bensson Samuel	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Sharon Savage	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Nikki Snyder	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Alexandria Taylor	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Glenn Wilson	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
J.D. Wilson	Republican	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Nasser Beydoun	Democratic	U.S. Senate Michigan	Disqualified Primary
Zack Burns	Democratic	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Leslie Love	Democratic	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Pamela Pugh	Democratic	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew Primary
Frank Acosta	Independent	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew General
James Frizzell	Independent	U.S. Senate Michigan	Withdrew General

Minnesota Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Amy Klobuchar Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Won General
John Berman	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Loner Blue	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Joe Fraser	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Alycia Gruenhagen	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Patrick Munro	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Raymond Petersen	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Christopher Seymore	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Royce White	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost General
Steve Carlson	Democratic	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Ahmad Hassan	Democratic	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
George Kalberer	Democratic	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Ole Savior	Democratic	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost Primary
Joyce Lacey	Independence-Alliance Party of Minnesota	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost General
Rebecca Whiting	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Lost General
David Hilbrich	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Withdrew Primary
Gene Rechtzigel	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Withdrew Primary
Mike Ruoho	Republican	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Withdrew Primary
Derek Logan	Democratic	U.S. Senate Minnesota	Withdrew Primary

Mississippi Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Roger Wicker Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Mississippi	Won General
Ghannon Burton	Republican	U.S. Senate Mississippi	Lost Primary
Dan Eubanks	Republican	U.S. Senate Mississippi	Lost Primary
Ty Pinkins	Democratic	U.S. Senate Mississippi	Lost General

Missouri Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Josh Hawley Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Missouri	Won General
Jared Young	Better Party	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost General
Mita Biswas	Democratic	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost Primary
December Harmon	Democratic	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost Primary
Lucas Kunce	Democratic	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost General
Karla May	Democratic	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost Primary
Nathan Kline	Green	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost General
Gina Bufe	Independent	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost (Write-in) General
W. C. Young	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Missouri	Lost General
Christopher Murphy	Republican	U.S. Senate Missouri	Withdrew Primary
Wesley Bell	Democratic	U.S. Senate Missouri	Withdrew Primary
Samuel Rutherford	Democratic	U.S. Senate Missouri	Withdrew Primary
Zack Exley	Independent	U.S. Senate Missouri	Withdrew General
Doris Canaday	Socialist Equality Party	U.S. Senate Missouri	Withdrew General

Montana Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Tim Sheehy	Republican	U.S. Senate Montana	Won General
Brad Johnson	Republican	U.S. Senate Montana	Lost Primary
Charles A. Walking Child	Republican	U.S. Senate Montana	Lost Primary
Michael Hummert	Democratic	U.S. Senate Montana	Lost Primary
Jon Tester Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Montana	Lost General
Robert Barb	Green	U.S. Senate Montana	Lost General
Sid Daoud	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Montana	Lost General
Thomas Madigan	Republican	U.S. Senate Montana	Withdrew Primary
Jeremy Mygland	Republican	U.S. Senate Montana	Withdrew Primary
Matt Rosendale	Republican	U.S. Senate Montana	Withdrew Primary
Michael Downey	Green	U.S. Senate Montana	Withdrew General
Devin Braaten	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Montana	Withdrew Primary

Nebraska Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Deb Fischer Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Won General
Arron Kowalski	Republican	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Lost Primary
Dan Osborn	Independent	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Lost General
Kenneth Peterson	Legal Marijuana Now Party	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Lost Primary
Michael Janulewicz	Democratic	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Withdrew Primary
Paul Theobald	Democratic	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Withdrew Primary
Kerry Eddy	Legal Marijuana Now Party	U.S. Senate Nebraska	Withdrew General

Nevada Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Jacky Rosen Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Nevada	Won General
Sam Brown	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost General
William Conrad	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Vincent Geronimo Rego	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Tony Grady	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Jeff Gunter	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Eddie Hamilton	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Ronda Kennedy	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Barry Lindemann	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Garn Mabey	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Jim Marchant	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Gary Marinch	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Stephanie Phillips	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Mike Schaefer	Democratic	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Troy Walker	Democratic	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost Primary
Janine Hansen	Independent American Party	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost General
Chris Cunningham	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Nevada	Lost General
Cornell Clark	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew Primary
Heath Fulkerson	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew Primary
Shawn White	Republican	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew Primary
Bradley Scott Wing	Independent	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew General
Christopher Okubo	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew General
Joseph Destin	No Political Party	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew General
Chris Mazlo	No Political Party	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew General
Allen Rheinhart	No Political Party	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew General
Ed Uehling	No Political Party	U.S. Senate Nevada	Withdrew General

New Jersey Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Andrew Kim	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Won General
Curtis Bashaw	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost General
Albert Harshaw	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost Primary
Justin Murphy	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost Primary
Christine Serrano-Glassner	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost Primary
Patricia Campos Medina	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost Primary
Lawrence Hamm	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost Primary
Christina Khalil	Green	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost General
Kenneth Kaplan	Libertarian	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost General
Joanne Kuniansky	Socialist Workers Party	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost General
Patricia Mooneyham	Vote Better Party	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Lost General
Daniel Cruz	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Michael Estrada	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Shirley Maia-Cusick	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Gregg Mele	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Peter Vallorosi	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Alex Zdan	Republican	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Kevin Cupples	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Kyle Jasey	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Patrick Merrill	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Tammy Murphy	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Joseph Signorello	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew Primary
Nick Carducci	Independent	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew General
Bob Menendez Incumbent	Independent	U.S. Senate New Jersey	Withdrew General

New Mexico Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Martin Heinrich Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Won General
Nella Domenici	Republican	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Lost General
Manuel Gonzales III	Republican	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Disqualified Primary
Robert Kwasny	Republican	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew Primary
Benjamin Luna	Republican	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew Primary
John Roberts	Republican	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew Primary
Reece Wright-McDonald	Republican	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew Primary
Joshua Kenderdine	Democratic	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew Primary
Cameron Chick	Independent	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew General
Jerry Rose	Independent	U.S. Senate New Mexico	Withdrew General

New York Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Kirsten Gillibrand Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate New York	Won General
Mike Sapraicone	Republican	U.S. Senate New York	Lost General
Diane Sare	LaRouche Party	U.S. Senate New York	Lost General
David Bellon	Republican	U.S. Senate New York	Disqualified Primary
Cara Castronuova	Republican	U.S. Senate New York	Disqualified Primary
Calvin Driggers	Republican	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew Primary
Joshua Eisen	Republican	U.S. Senate New York	Disqualified Primary
Jeffrey Rozler	Republican	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew Primary
Emily Yuexin Miller	American Independent Party	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew General
Tyrrell Lev Sharif Ben-Avi	Democratic	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew Primary
Daniel Foti	Democratic	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew Primary
Khaled Salem	Democratic	U.S. Senate New York	Disqualified Primary
William Schweitzer	Democratic	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew Primary
Reece Wright-McDonald	Democratic	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew Primary
Jonathan Ramos	Independent	U.S. Senate New York	Withdrew General

North Dakota Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Kevin Cramer Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate North Dakota	Won General
Katrina Christiansen	Democratic	U.S. Senate North Dakota	Lost General
Kristin Hedger	Independent	U.S. Senate North Dakota	Withdrew General

Ohio Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Bernie Moreno	Republican	U.S. Senate Ohio	Won General
Matt Dolan	Republican	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost Primary
Frank LaRose	Republican	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost Primary
Sherrod Brown Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost General
Stephen Faris	Independent	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost (Write-in) General
David Pastorius	Independent	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost (Write-in) General
Nathan Russell	Independent	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost (Write-in) General
Tariq Shabazz	Independent	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost (Write-in) General
Don Kissick	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Ohio	Lost General
Joel Mutchler	Republican	U.S. Senate Ohio	Withdrew Primary
Doug Stuart	Republican	U.S. Senate Ohio	Disqualified Primary

Pennsylvania Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
David McCormick	Republican	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Won General
Cory Widmann	Republican	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Lost (Write-in) General
Marty Selker	Constitution Party	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Lost General
Bob Casey Jr. Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Lost General
Leila Hazou	Green	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Lost General
Quincy Magee	Independent	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Lost (Write-in) General
John Thomas	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Lost General
Tariq Parvez	Republican	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Withdrew Primary
Brandi Tomasetti	Republican	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Disqualified Primary
Joseph Vodvarka	Republican	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Withdrew Primary
Erik Messina	American Solidarity Party	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Withdrew General
Blaine Forkner	Democratic	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Withdrew Primary
William Parker	Democratic	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Disqualified Primary
Hussein Tartour-Aguirre	Independent	U.S. Senate Pennsylvania	Withdrew General

Rhode Island Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Sheldon Whitehouse Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Rhode Island	Won General
Raymond McKay	Republican	U.S. Senate Rhode Island	Lost Primary
Patricia Morgan	Republican	U.S. Senate Rhode Island	Lost General
Michael Costa	Democratic	U.S. Senate Rhode Island	Lost Primary
Armando Anzoli	Independent	U.S. Senate Rhode Island	Lost (Write-in) General
Allen Waters	Democratic	U.S. Senate Rhode Island	Withdrew Primary

Tennessee Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Marsha Blackburn Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Won General
Tres Wittum	Republican	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost Primary
Marquita Bradshaw	Democratic	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost Primary
Lola Denise Brown	Democratic	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost Primary
Gloria Johnson	Democratic	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost General
Civil Miller-Watkins	Democratic	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost Primary
Tharon Chandler	Independent	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost General
Pamela Moses	Independent	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost General
Hastina Robinson	Independent	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Lost General
Dylan Fain	Democratic	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Withdrew Primary
Kevin Lee McCants	Democratic	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Withdrew Primary
Marshal Weaver	Independent	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Disqualified General
Wisdom Zerit Teklay	Wisdom People Party	U.S. Senate Tennessee	Withdrew General

Texas Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Ted Cruz Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Won General
Holland Gibson	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Rufus Lopez	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Colin Allred	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost General
Meri Gomez	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Mark A. Gonzalez	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Roland Gutierrez	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Ahmad Hassan	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Steve Keough	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Heli Rodriguez Prilliman	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Carl Sherman Sr.	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Thierry Tchenko	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost Primary
Tracy Andrus	Independent	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost (Write-in) General
Analisa Roche	Independent	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost (Write-in) General
Ted Brown	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Texas	Lost General
Cody Andrews	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Carlos Garza	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Josiah Ingalls	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Montgomery Markland	Republican	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Aaron Arguijo	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Disqualified Primary
Victor D. Dunn	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
John Love III	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Zachariah Manning	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Soren Pendragon	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Sherri Taylor	Democratic	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew Primary
Mason Cysewski	Green	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew General
Dan McQueen	Independent	U.S. Senate Texas	Withdrew General

Utah Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
John Curtis	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Won General
Carolyn Phippen	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Advanced Round 2
Jeremy Friedbaum	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost Round 2
Josh Randall	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost Round 2
Trent Staggs	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost Primary
Jason Walton	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost Primary
Brad R. Wilson	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost Primary
Caroline Gleich	Democratic	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost General
Carlton Bowen	Independent American Party of Utah	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost General
Robert Newcomb	Independent American Party of Utah	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost Convention
Laird Hamblin	Unaffiliated	U.S. Senate Utah	Lost (Write-in) General
JR Bird	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Brent Hatch	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Brian Jenkins	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Ty Jensen	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Gabriel Lobo-Blanco	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Chandler Tanner	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Clark White	Republican	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary
Archie Williams III	Democratic	U.S. Senate Utah	Withdrew Primary

Vermont Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Bernie Sanders Incumbent	Independent	U.S. Senate Vermont	Won General
Gerald Malloy	Republican	U.S. Senate Vermont	Lost General
Mark Stewart Greenstein	Epic Party	U.S. Senate Vermont	Lost General
Justin Schoville	Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party of Vermont	U.S. Senate Vermont	Lost General
Steve Berry	Independent	U.S. Senate Vermont	Lost General
Matthew Hill	Libertarian	U.S. Senate Vermont	Lost General

Virginia Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Tim Kaine Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Virginia	Won General
Hung Cao	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Lost General
Jonathan Walker Emord	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Lost Primary
Eddie Garcia	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Lost Primary
Scott Parkinson	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Lost Primary
Chuck Smith	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Lost Primary
Gary Barve	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew General
Craig Ennis	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew Primary
Gwendolyn Hickman	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew Primary
Kimberly Nadine Lowe	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew Primary
Ron Vitiello	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew Primary
TJ Wallace	Republican	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew Primary
Jonathan Hardin	Independent	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew General
Csaba Menezes Rusznak	Independent	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew General
Tiger Xiong	Independent	U.S. Senate Virginia	Withdrew General

Washington Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Maria Cantwell Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Washington	Won General
Raul Garcia	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost General
GoodSpaceGuy	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Isaac Holyk	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Scott Nazarino	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Melanie Ram	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Paul Giesick	Democratic	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Thor Amundson	Independent	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Charlie Jackson	Independent	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
David Tilton	No party preference	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Henry Dennison	Socialist Workers Party	U.S. Senate Washington	Lost Primary
Destiny Archer	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Withdrew Primary
John Guenther	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Withdrew Primary
Gregory Saunders	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Withdrew Primary
Ryan Searcy	Republican	U.S. Senate Washington	Withdrew Primary
John Peterson	Democratic	U.S. Senate Washington	Withdrew Primary
Aria Ursa	Democratic	U.S. Senate Washington	Withdrew Primary

West Virginia Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Jim Justice	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Won General
Bryan Bird	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Zane Lawhorn	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Don Lindsay	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Bryan McKinney	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Janet McNulty	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Alexander Mooney	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Don Blankenship	Democratic	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Glenn Elliott	Democratic	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost General
Zachary Shrewsbury	Democratic	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost Primary
Lewie Andrews	Independent	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost (Write-in) General
Joshua Standridge	Independent	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost (Write-in) General
Tim Stevenski	Independent	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost (Write-in) General
David Moran	Libertarian	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Lost General
Christopher Rose	Republican	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Withdrew General
Joe Manchin III Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Withdrew Primary
Michael Sigmon	Independent	U.S. Senate West Virginia	Withdrew General

Wisconsin Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
Tammy Baldwin Incumbent	Democratic	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Won General
Charles Barman	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Lost Primary
Eric Hovde	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Lost General
Rejani Raveendran	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Lost Primary
Thomas Leager	America First Party	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Lost General
Phillip Anderson	Disrupt The Corruption Party	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Lost General
John Schiess	Independent	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Lost (Write-in) General
Douglas Alexander	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Disqualified Primary
Kyle Corrigan	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew Primary
Matthew Harvey	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew Primary
Dan Helm	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew Primary
Stacey Klein	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew Primary
Patrick Schaefer-Wicke	Republican	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew Primary
Scott Aubart	American Independent Party	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew General
Joshua Harrington	No Party Affiliation	U.S. Senate Wisconsin	Withdrew General

Wyoming Senate Candidates - 2024
candidate	party	office	status
John Barrasso Incumbent	Republican	U.S. Senate Wyoming	Won General
John Holtz	Republican	U.S. Senate Wyoming	Lost Primary
Reid Rasner	Republican	U.S. Senate Wyoming	Lost Primary
Scott Morrow	Democratic	U.S. Senate Wyoming	Lost General

Seats that changed party hands in 2018

See also: United States Senate elections, 2018

In 2018—the last time these 33 seats were up for election—six seats changed party hands. Republicans picked up four seats and Democrats picked up two seats.

Senate seats that changed party hands, 2018
State	Pre-election incumbent	2018 winner	Margin of victory (percentage points)
Arizona	Jeff Flake	Kyrsten Sinema^[25]	2.4
Florida	Bill Nelson	Rick Scott	0.2
Indiana	Joe Donnelly	Mike Braun	5.9
Missouri	Claire McCaskill	Josh Hawley	5.8
North Dakota	Heidi Heitkamp	Kevin Cramer	10.8
Nevada	Dean Heller	Jacky Rosen	5

Battleground primaries

See also: U.S. Senate battleground primaries, 2024

Democratic Party battleground primaries

There were 2 U.S. Senate Democratic battleground primaries in 2024.

The following map shows each state with a Democratic battleground primary for U.S. Senate in 2024. Hover over or tap a state to view the incumbent's name.

Republican Party battleground primaries

There were 7 U.S. Senate Republican battleground primaries in 2024.

The following map shows each state with a Republican battleground primary for U.S. Senate in 2024. Hover over or tap a state to view the incumbent's name.

Top-two and top-four battleground primaries

There was one U.S. Senate top-two or top-four battleground primary in 2024:

United States Senate election in California, 2024 (March 5 top-two primary)

Party committee fundraising

DSCC

See also: Party committee fundraising, 2023-2024

The Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) reported the following fundraising amounts for the 2023-24 election cycle:

Monthly fundraising for the DSCC for the 2023-24 election cycle
Month (Dates covered)	Total receipts	Total disbursements	Cash on hand (end of month)	Debts owed (end of month)	FEC document
Post-General 2024 (October 17-November 25, 2024)	$28,235,189.72	$50,272,848.78	$15,267,217.59	$20,000,000.00	Filing
Pre-General 2024 (October 1-16, 2024)	$40,241,985.42	$40,335,024.52	$37,304,876.65	$20,000,000.00	Filing
October 2024 (September 1-30, 2024)	$28,073,337.85	$37,628,622.27	$37,397,915.75	$0.00	Filing
September 2024 (August 1-31, 2024)	$19,189,774.30	$31,569,714.51	$46,953,200.17	$0.00	Filing
August 2024 (July 1-31, 2024)	$14,866,600.74	$8,639,158.20	$59,333,140.38	$0.00	Filing
July 2024 (June 1-30, 2024)	$12,107,758.55	$7,312,788.12	$53,105,697.84	$0.00	Filing
June 2024 (May 1-31, 2024)	$10,642,216.67	$6,655,375.60	$48,310,727.41	$0.00	Filing
May 2024 (April 1-30, 2024)	$9,332,114.63	$6,017,825.97	$44,323,886.34	$0.00	Filing
April 2024 (March 1-31, 2024)	$13,508,962.18	$4,410,244.43	$41,009,597.68	$0.00	Filing
March 2024 (February 1-29, 2024)	$9,511,330.21	$4,645,296.24	$31,910,879.93	$0.00	Filing
February 2024 (January 1-31, 2024)	$9,720,714.23	$3,986,420.22	$27,044,845.96	$0.00	Filing
Year-End 2023 (December 1-31, 2023)	$7,972,504.39	$3,774,405.87	$21,310,551.95	$0.00	Filing
December 2023 (November 1-30, 2023)	$5,498,388.27	$3,730,228.46	$17,112,453.43	$0.00	Filing
November 2023 (October 1-31, 2023)	$5,315,869.17	$4,079,837.28	$15,344,293.62	$0.00	Filing
October 2023 (September 1-30, 2023)	$6,177,728.41	$2,766,398.19	$14,108,261.73	$0.00	Filing
September 2023 (August 1-31, 2023)	$4,992,020.36	$3,663,267.72	$10,696,931.51	$0.00	Filing
August 2023 (July 1-31, 2023)	$5,157,126.37	$3,222,330.20	$9,368,178.87	$0.00	Filing
July 2023 (June 1-30, 2023)	$7,427,497.79	$7,315,614.65	$7,433,382.70	$0.00	Filing
June 2023 (May 1-31, 2023)	$5,918,384.97	$7,088,848.36	$7,321,499.56	$3,000,000.00	Filing
May 2023 (April 1-30, 2023)	$6,186,012.21	$7,280,755.25	$8,491,962.95	$7,000,000.00	Filing
April 2023 (March 1-31, 2023)	$9,459,749.27	$7,882,490.39	$9,586,705.99	$11,000,000.00	Filing
March 2023 (Feb. 1-28, 2023)	$5,542,819.98	$5,449,998.25	$8,009,447.11	$15,000,000.00	Filing
February 2023 (Jan. 1-31, 2023)	$4,673,631.39	$5,352,223.88	$7,916,625.38	$18,000,000.00	Filing

NRSC

See also: Party committee fundraising, 2023-2024

The National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) reported the following fundraising amounts for the 2023-24 election cycle:

Monthly fundraising for the NRSC for the 2023-24 election cycle
Month (Dates covered)	Total receipts	Total disbursements	Cash on hand (end of month)	Debts owed (end of month)	FEC document
Post-General 2024 (October 17-November 25, 2024)	$28,012,304.32	$42,024,616.83	$5,781,809.70	$17,000,000.00	Filing
Pre-General 2024 (October 1-16, 2024)	$29,750,048.68	$31,024,731.18	$19,794,122.21	$17,000,000.00	Filing
October 2024 (September 1-30, 2024)	$30,713,278.44	$53,253,641.12	$21,068,804.71	$0.00	Filing
September 2024 (August 1-31, 2024)	$19,140,179.03	$26,542,619.98	$43,609,167.39	$0.00	Filing
August 2024 (July 1-31, 2024)	$17,006,684.74	$14,301,144.12	$51,011,608.34	$0.00	Filing
July 2024 (June 1-30, 2024)	$18,526,967.69	$11,223,941.80	$48,306,067.72	$0.00	Filing
June 2024 (May 1-31, 2024)	$12,363,159.55	$9,360,646.45	$41,003,041.83	$0.00	Filing
May 2024 (April 1-30, 2024)	$13,153,581.64	$11,693,870.31	$38,000,528.73	$0.00	Filing
April 2024 (March 1-31, 2024)	$18,296,197.19	$6,561,007.14	$36,540,817.40	$0.00	Filing
March 2024 (February 1-29, 2024)	$13,140,404.43	$6,527,476.89	$24,805,627.35	$0.00	Filing
February 2024 (January 1-31, 2024)	$10,828,320.12	$7,004,624.34	$18,192,699.81	$0.00	Filing
Year-End 2023 (December 1-31, 2023)	$9,722,094.10	$3,075,142.77	$14,369,004.03	$0.00	Filing
December 2023 (November 1-30, 2023)	$6,020,717.63	$5,263,802.25	$7,722,052.70	$0.00	Filing
November 2023 (October 1-31, 2023)	$5,359,549.01	$6,564,098.06	$6,965,137.32	$0.00	Filing
October 2023 (September 1-30, 2023)	$8,104,492.54	$6,427,702.98	$8,169,686.37	$500,000.00	Filing
September 2023 (August 1-31, 2023)	$5,028,592.35	$6,799,472.85	$6,492,896.81	$2,900,000.00	Filing
August 2023 (July 1-31, 2023)	$5,423,862.47	$6,645,063.69	$8,263,777.31	$4,250,000.00	Filing
July 2023 (June 1-30, 2023)	$7,755,495.96	$6,835,894.90	$9,484,978.53	$6,250,000.00	Filing
June 2023 (May 1-31, 2023)	$6,512,464.45	$6,837,230.80	$8,565,377.47	$7,750,000.00	Filing
May 2023 (April 1-30, 2023)	$6,231,654.08	$5,397,762.21	$8,890,143.82	$10,750,000.00	Filing
April 2023 (March 1-31, 2023)	$7,815,097.81	$8,119,969.57	$8,056,251.95	$12,750,000.00	Filing
March 2023 (Feb. 1-28, 2023)	$5,490,474.62	$5,992,200.52	$8,361,123.71	$16,350,000.00	Filing
February 2023 (Jan. 1-31, 2023)	$4,511,554.07	$3,826,440.31	$8,862,849.61	$20,000,000.00	Filing

Special elections

See also: Special elections to the 118th United States Congress (2023-2024)

Special elections to United States Senate are often required in the event of vacancies. This table lists special Senate elections from 2023 to 2024.

Results of special elections to the 118th Congress (Senate)
Race	Election date	Incumbent	Winner	Election MOV	Previous election MOV	2020 Presidential election MOV (statewide)^[26]
California Senate	November 5, 2024	Dianne Feinstein	Adam Schiff	D+18.6	D+8.4	D+29^[27]
Nebraska Senate	November 5, 2024	Ben Sasse	Pete Ricketts	R+17.2	R+38.3	R+19^[28]

Historical special election data

Special elections, 2013-2024

From 2013 to 2024, 80 special elections to the United States Congress were called during the 113th through 118th Congresses. During that time, special elections were called for 29 seats vacated by Democrats and 51 vacated by Republicans.

The table below details how many congressional seats changed parties as the result of a special election between 2013 and 2024. The numbers on the left side of the table reflect how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the numbers on the right side of the table show how many vacant seats each party won in special elections.

Congressional special election vacancies and results, 113th Congress to 118th Congress
Congress	Total elections held	Vacancies before elections		Seats held after elections		Net change
Congress	Total elections held	Democrats	Republicans	Democrats	Republicans	Net change
118th Congress	13	6	7	7	6	+1D, -1R
117th Congress	17	7	10	7	10	No change
116th Congress	10	3	7	4	6	+1D, -1R
115th Congress	17	4	13	8	9	+4 D, -4 R
114th Congress	7	2	5	2	5	No change
113th Congress	16	7	9	7	9	No change
Averages	13.33	4.83	8.5	6.67	7.5	N/A

U.S. Senate special election partisan change from special elections, 113th Congress to 118th Congress
Party	As of special election	After special election
Democrats	5	8
Republicans	7	4
Total	12	12

U.S. House special election partisan change from special elections, 113th Congress to 118th Congress
Party	As of special election	After special election
Democrats	20	23
Republicans	39	36
Total	59	59

To see a list of all the Congressional special elections referenced in the table above, click [show] at the right.

Results of special elections to the 113th through 118th Congress
Race	Election date	Incumbent	Winner	Election MOV	Previous election MOV
Illinois' 2nd Congressional District	April 9, 2013	Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.	Robin Kelly	D+49	D+40
South Carolina's 1st Congressional District	May 7, 2013	Tim Scott	Mark Sanford	R+9	R+26
Missouri's 8th Congressional District	June 4, 2013	Jo Ann Emerson	Jason Smith	R+40	R+47
U.S. Senate in Massachusetts	June 25, 2013	John Kerry	Ed Markey	D+10	D+34
U.S. Senate in New Jersey	October 16, 2013	Frank Lautenberg	Cory Booker	D+11	D+14
Louisiana's 5th Congressional District	November 16, 2013	Rodney Alexander	Vance McAllister	R+19^[29]	R+63
Massachusetts' 5th Congressional District	December 10, 2013	Ed Markey	Katherine Clark	D+34	D+23
Alabama's 1st Congressional District	December 17, 2013	Jo Bonner	Bradley Byrne	R+41	R+98^[30]
Florida's 13th Congressional District	March 11, 2014	C. W. Bill Young	David Jolly	R+2	R+15
Florida's 19th Congressional District	June 24, 2014	Trey Radel	Curt Clawson	R+38	R+26
U.S. Senate in Hawaii	November 4, 2014	Daniel Inouye	Brian Schatz	D+40	D+25
U.S. Senate in South Carolina	November 4, 2014	Jim DeMint	Tim Scott	R+24	R+34
North Carolina's 12th Congressional District	November 4, 2014	Melvin Watt	Alma Adams	D+51	D+59
U.S. Senate in Oklahoma	November 4, 2014	Tom Coburn	James Lankford	R+39	R+45
Virginia's 7th Congressional District	November 4, 2014	Eric Cantor	David Brat	R+24	R+17
New Jersey's 1st Congressional District	November 4, 2014	Rob Andrews	Donald Norcross	D+18	D+38
New York's 11th Congressional District	May 5, 2015	Michael Grimm	Daniel Donovan	R+19	R+12
Mississippi's 1st Congressional District	May 12, 2015	Alan Nunnelee	Trent Kelly	R+40	R+39
Illinois' 18th Congressional District	September 10, 2015	Aaron Schock	Darin LaHood	R+38	R+49
Ohio's 8th Congressional District	June 7, 2016	John Boehner	Warren Davidson	R+56	R+40
Pennsylvania's 2nd Congressional District	November 8, 2016	Chaka Fattah	Dwight Evans	D+81	D+75
Hawaii's 1st Congressional District	November 8, 2016	Mark Takai	Colleen Hanabusa	D+43	D+4
Kentucky's 1st Congressional District	November 8, 2016	Ed Whitfield	James Comer Jr.	R+44	R+46
Kansas' 4th Congressional District	April 11, 2017	Mike Pompeo	Ron Estes	R+6	R+31
Montana's At-Large Congressional District	May 25, 2017	Ryan Zinke	Greg Gianforte	R+6	R+15
California's 34th Congressional District	June 6, 2017	Xavier Becerra	Jimmy Gomez	D+18^[31]	D+54^[31]
Georgia's 6th Congressional District	June 20, 2017	Tom Price	Karen Handel	R+4	R+24
South Carolina's 5th Congressional District	June 20, 2017	Mick Mulvaney	Ralph Norman	R+3	R+20
Utah's 3rd Congressional District	November 7, 2017	Jason Chaffetz	John Curtis	R+32	R+47
U.S. Senate in Alabama	December 12, 2017	Jeff Sessions	Doug Jones	D+2	R+28
Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District	March 13, 2018	Tim Murphy	Conor Lamb	D+0^[32]	R+100
Arizona's 8th Congressional District	April 24, 2018	Trent Franks	Debbie Lesko	R+6	R+38
Texas' 27th Congressional District	June 30, 2018	Blake Farenthold	Michael Cloud	R+23	R+24
Ohio's 12th Congressional District	August 7, 2018	Patrick Tiberi	Troy Balderson	R+1	R+40
Michigan's 13th Congressional District	November 6, 2018	John Conyers Jr.	Brenda Jones	D+78	D+61
U.S. Senate in Minnesota	November 6, 2018	Al Franken	Tina Smith	D+11	D+10
U.S. Senate in Mississippi	November 6, 2018	Thad Cochran	Cindy Hyde-Smith	R+8	R+22
New York's 25th Congressional District	November 6, 2018	Louise Slaughter	Joseph Morelle	D+16	D+12
Pennsylvania's 7th Congressional District	November 6, 2018	Patrick Meehan	Mary Gay Scanlon	D+6	R+19
Pennsylvania's 15th Congressional District	November 6, 2018	Charlie Dent	Susan Wild	D+0^[33]	R+20
Pennsylvania's 12th Congressional District	May 21, 2019	Tom Marino	Fred Keller	R+36	R+32
North Carolina's 3rd Congressional District	September 10, 2019	Walter Jones	Greg Murphy	R+24	R+100
North Carolina's 9th Congressional District	September 10, 2019	None^[34]	Dan Bishop	R+2	N/A
Maryland's 7th Congressional District	April 28, 2020	Elijah Cummings	Kweisi Mfume	D+49	D+55
California's 25th Congressional District	May 12, 2020	Katie Hill	Mike Garcia	R+10	D+9
Wisconsin's 7th Congressional District	May 12, 2020	Sean Duffy	Tom Tiffany	R+14	R+22
New York's 27th Congressional District	June 23, 2020	Chris Collins	Christopher Jacobs	R+5	R+0^[35]
U.S. Senate in Arizona	November 3, 2020	John McCain	Mark Kelly	D+2	R+13
Georgia's 5th Congressional District	December 1, 2020	John Lewis	Kwanza Hall	D+8	D+100
U.S. Senate in Georgia	January 5, 2021	Kelly Loeffler	Raphael Warnock	D+2	R+14
Louisiana's 5th Congressional District	March 21, 2021	Ralph Abraham^[36]	Julia Letlow	R+38	R+24^[37]
Louisiana's 2nd Congressional District	April 24, 2021	Cedric Richmond	Troy Carter	D+10^[38]	D+49
New Mexico's 1st Congressional District	June 1, 2021	Debra Haaland	Melanie Ann Stansbury	D+30	D+16
Texas' 6th Congressional District	July 27, 2021	Ronald Wright	Jake Ellzey	R+6^[39]	R+9
Ohio's 11th Congressional District	November 2, 2021	Marcia Fudge	Shontel Brown	D+58	D+60
Ohio's 15th Congressional District	November 2, 2021	Steve Stivers	Mike Carey	R+17	R+27
Florida's 20th Congressional District	January 11, 2022	Alcee Hastings	Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick	D+60	D+57
California's 22nd Congressional District	June 7, 2022	Devin Nunes	Connie Conway	R+24	R+8
Texas' 34th Congressional District	June 14, 2022	Filemon Vela	Mayra Flores	R+8	D+14
Nebraska's 1st Congressional District	June 28, 2022	Jeffrey Fortenberry	Mike Flood	R+6	R+22
Minnesota's 1st Congressional District	August 9, 2022	Jim Hagedorn	Brad Finstad	R+4	R+3
Alaska's At-Large Congressional District	August 16, 2022	Don Young	Mary Peltola	D+3	R+9
New York's 19th Congressional District	August 23, 2022	Antonio Delgado	Pat Ryan	D+2	D+12
New York's 23rd Congressional District	August 23, 2022	Tom Reed	Joe Sempolinski	R+7	R+17
U.S. Senate in Oklahoma	November 8, 2022	Jim Inhofe	Markwayne Mullin	R+26.6	R+30
U.S. Senate in California	November 8, 2022	Kamala Harris	Alex Padilla	D+17.6	D+23.2
Indiana's 2nd Congressional District	November 8, 2022	Jackie Walorski	Rudy Yakym	R+29.9	R+23
Virginia's 4th Congressional District	February 21, 2023	Donald McEachin	Jennifer McClellan	D+44.4	D+27.6
Utah's 2nd Congressional District	November 21, 2023	Chris Stewart	Celeste Maloy	R-21.6	R+25.7
Rhode Island's 1st Congressional District	November 7, 2023	David Cicilline	Gabe Amo	D+29.6	D+27.6
New York's 3rd Congressional District	February 13, 2024	George Santos	Tom Suozzi	D+7.8	R+7.5
New York's 26th Congressional District	April 30, 2024	Brian Higgins	Tim Kennedy	D+35.8	D+27.9
California's 20th Congressional District	May 21, 2024	Kevin McCarthy	Vince Fong	R+21.0	R+34.4
Ohio's 6th Congressional District	June 11, 2024	Bill Johnson	Michael Rulli	R+9.4	R+35.4
Colorado's 4th Congressional District	June 25, 2024	Ken Buck	Greg Lopez	R+23.6	R+24.3
New Jersey's 10th Congressional District	September 18, 2024	Donald Payne Jr.	LaMonica McIver	D+33.8	D+55.3
Texas' 18th Congressional District	November 5, 2024	Sheila Jackson Lee	Erica Lee Carter	D+47.9	D+44.5
Wisconsin's 8th Congressional District	November 5, 2024	Mike Gallagher	Tony Wied	R+17.6	R+45.1
California Senate	November 5, 2024	Dianne Feinstein	Adam Schiff	D+18.6	D+8.4
Nebraska Senate	November 5, 2024	Ben Sasse	Pete Ricketts	R+17.2	R+38.3

Special elections, 1986-2012

The table below presents the results of special elections to Congress from 1986 to 2012. Contact Ballotpedia at editor@ballotpedia.org for access to earlier data.

Results of special elections to Congress (1986-2012)
Election cycle	Total special elections	U.S. House elections	Seats changing partisan control	U.S. Senate elections	Seats changing partisan control
2011-2012	11	11	None	None	None
2009-2010	15	10	3 (2 Democratic gains; 1 Republican gain)	5	2 (all Republican gains)
2007-2008	14	12	3 (2 Republican gains; 1 Democratic gain)	2	None
2005-2006	12	12	3 (all Democratic gains)	None	None
2003-2004	6	6	None	None	None
2001-2002	6	5	2 (all Democratic gains)	1	1 (Republican gain)
1999-2000	9	8	1 (Republican gain)	1	1 (Democratic gain)
1997-1998	3	3	None	None	None
1995-1996	11	9	1 (Republican gain)	2	1 (Democratic gain)
1993-1994	9	6	1 (Republican gain)	3	3 (all Republican gains)
1991-1992	10	7	2 (all Republican gains)	3	1 (Democratic gain)
1989-1990	10	8	1 (Democratic gain)	2	None
1987-1988	12	12	3 (2 Democratic gains; 1 Republican gain)	None	None
1985-1986	8	8	1 (Republican gain)	None	None
Total	136	117	21 (11 Democratic gains; 10 Republican gains)	19	9 (6 Republican gains; 3 Democratic gains)

Political context

Presidential election results in 2024 Senate states

The following table shows the 2024 presidential election margin of victory in percentage points for each state with a Senate election in 2024. Click [show] on the right to expand the table.

2024 Senate elections
State	Pre-election incumbent	2024 presidential margin of victory
Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	Trump + 5.5
California	Laphonza Butler	Harris + 20.7
Connecticut	Christopher Murphy	Harris + 14.5
Delaware	Thomas Carper	Harris + 14.7
Florida	Rick Scott	Trump + 13.1
Hawaii	Mazie Hirono	Harris + 23.1
Indiana	Mike Braun	Trump + 18.9
Massachusetts	Elizabeth Warren	Harris + 24.8
Maryland	Benjamin Cardin	Harris + 27.9
Maine	Angus King	Harris + 6.9
Michigan	Debbie Stabenow	Trump + 1.4
Minnesota	Amy Klobuchar	Harris + 4.2
Missouri	Josh Hawley	Trump + 18.4
Mississippi	Roger Wicker	Trump + 24.3
Montana	Jon Tester	Trump + 19.9
North Dakota	Kevin Cramer	Trump + 36.5
Nebraska	Deb Fischer	Trump + 20.5
New Jersey	Robert Menendez	Harris + 5.8
New Mexico	Martin Heinrich	Harris + 6.0
Nevada	Jacky Rosen	Trump + 3.1
New York	Kirsten Gillibrand	Harris + 11.8
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	Trump + 11.3
Pennsylvania	Robert Casey	Trump + 1.8
Rhode Island	Sheldon Whitehouse	Harris + 13.7
Tennessee	Marsha Blackburn	Trump + 29.7
Texas	Ted Cruz	Trump + 13.9
Utah	Mitt Romney	Trump + 21.4
Virginia	Tim Kaine	Harris + 5.2
Vermont	Bernard Sanders	Harris + 31.5
Washington	Maria Cantwell	Harris + 18.5
Wisconsin	Tammy Baldwin	Trump + 0.9
West Virginia	Joe Manchin	Trump + 41.9
Wyoming	John Barrasso	Trump + 45.8

Senator's party vs. governor's party

In eight states with Senate seats up for election in 2024, the seat going into the election was held by a senator of a different party than the governor. Four seats held by Democratic senators in states with Republican governors were up. Four seats held by independents were up. No seats held by Republican senators in states with Democratic governors were up.

Senator's vs. Governor's party, 2022
State	Pre-election Senate incumbent	Last election MoV^[40]	Pre-election Governor	Last election MoV^[40]
Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	2.4	Katie Hobbs	4.7
Maine	Angus King	19.1	Janet T. Mills	42.4
Montana	Jon Tester	3.5	Greg Gianforte	12.8
Nevada	Jacky Rosen	5.0	Joe Lombardo	1.5
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	6.8	Mike DeWine	25.0
Virginia	Tim Kaine	16.0	Glenn Youngkin	2.0
Vermont	Bernie Sanders	39.9	Phil Scott	47.0
West Virginia	Joe Manchin	3.3	Jim Justice	33.3

States with senators from different parties

Seven states had senators from different parties in the 118th Congress: Arizona, Maine, Montana, Ohio, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Three of those states, Montana, Ohio, and Wisconsin had one Democratic and one Republican senator. Arizona and Vermont each had one Democratic senator and one independent senator, and West Virginia and Maine had one Republican senator and one independent senator.

2022 election party changes

In the 2022 Senate election cycle, Democrats flipped one seat.

John Fetterman (D) defeated Mehmet Oz (R) in Pennsylvania.

2020 election party changes

In the 2020 Senate election cycle, Democrats flipped four seats and Republicans flipped one:

Tommy Tuberville (R) defeated incumbent Doug Jones (D) in Alabama.
Mark Kelly (D) defeated incumbent Martha McSally (R) in Arizona's special election.
John Hickenlooper (D) defeated incumbent Cory Gardner (R) in Colorado.
Raphael Warnock (D) defeated Kelly Loeffler (R) in Georgia's special election.
Jon Ossoff (D) defeated David Perdue (R) in Georgia.

2018 election party changes

In the 2018 Senate election cycle, Republicans flipped four seats and Democrats flipped two.

Kyrsten Sinema (D)^[41] defeated Martha McSally (R) in Arizona.
Rick Scott (R) defeated incumbent Bill Nelson (D) in Florida.
Mike Braun (R) defeated incumbent Joe Donnelly (D) in Indiana
Josh Hawley (R) defeated incumbent Claire McCaskill (D) in Missouri
Kevin Cramer (R) defeated incumbent Heidi Heitkamp (D) in North Dakota.
Jacky Rosen (D) defeated incumbent Dean Heller (R) in Nevada.

Media analysis of 2024 U.S. Senate elections

Effect of split-ticket voting

“

Senate Democrats may have lost their majority this cycle, but they did something that the party had never done in the age of Trump: win multiple Senate races in states the former and soon-to-be president carried.

The 2024 elections saw four Trump-won states also elect Democratic senators: Arizona, Nevada, Michigan and Wisconsin.

In the previous two presidential cycles, Democrats had never achieved this feat. In fact, since 2016, only one senator — Republican Susan Collins of Maine — won reelection in 2020 even as Joe Biden won her state. She outran Trump that year by seven points. That’s the same amount Jon Tester was able to outpace Harris by in Montana this year, proving that may be the modern max for any candidate.

If every state had once again gone the same way as the presidential contest, Republicans would have won a 57-seat majority instead of their 53-seat one. That makes a Democratic resurgence in 2026 or in 2028 more plausible — though that’s still a tall order given the seats Democrats need to defend.^[42]

”

—Jessica Taylor, The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter (November 19, 2024)^[43]

“	Ultimately, Democrats’ early money advantage and ability to define their GOP opponents may have been the crucial element. In every single battleground Senate race, the Republican candidate underperformed Trump’s margins and vote share, proving that the once-and-future president’s unique coalition isn’t automatically transferable to other downballot candidates — a dynamic evidenced in the 2018 and 2022 midterms as well. ^[42]	”
—Jessica Taylor, The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter (November 19, 2024)^[44]

“	Even as President-elect Donald Trump swept every swing state, four of those battlegrounds are sending Democrats to the Senate. That’s the highest number of Senate-presidential ticket splits in 12 years, and a warning sign for Republicans as they try to protect and grow their ranks in 2026.^[42]	”
—Ally Mutnick and Ursula Perano, Politico (November 12)^[45]

“

Sens. Tammy Baldwin (D-Wis.) and Jacky Rosen (D-Nev.) and Reps. Elissa Slotkin (D-Mich.) and Ruben Gallego (D-Ariz.) won even as Trump swept their states.

Two major reasons: Trump voters splitting their tickets for Democratic Senate candidates or skipping the Senate races entirely.^[42]

”

—Ally Mutnick and Ursula Perano, Politico (November 12)^[46]

“	Four states that Republican Donald Trump carried in this month’s presidential election also elected Democratic senators. That may not seem like a lot, but it’s twice as many “mismatches” between states’ presidential and U.S. Senate results as in all Senate elections held in 2020, 2021 and 2022 combined. ...No states had mismatches in the other direction, electing Republican senators but picking Democrat Kamala Harris for president.^[42]	”
—Drew DeSilver, Pew Research Center (November 26, 2024)^[47]

Effect of campaign spending

“

The six presidential swing states Trump flipped this year have seen 19 Senate races since his first election. Republicans won just two of them: Sen. Ron Johnson’s 2022 reelection in Wisconsin and, now, McCormick.

One big reason for McCormick’s swing-state success: money.

He is the former CEO of the world’s largest hedge fund, boasting both deep personal wealth and a network of connected donors. McCormick’s allies formed a super PAC that spent over $50 million on his behalf. National Republicans spent even more. The race received more GOP spending than any Senate race beyond Ohio.

Other Republicans did not have that advantage. In Nevada and Wisconsin, the GOP was outspent in advertising by $20 to 25 million, according to the tracking firm AdImpact. In Arizona, it was $66 million.^[42]

”

—Ally Mutnick and Ursula Perano, Politico (November 12)^[48]

Congressional approval rating

Ballotpedia's congressional approval polling average: 17% (January 6, 2025)

Results are updated daily at 9:30 a.m. EST and aggregated from the most recent polls from the sources listed in the methodology section below. Think we're missing something? Email us.

The congressional approval rating indicates public satisfaction in the job performance of the members of the United States Congress. It is the percentage of people polled who responded favorably toward the work of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.

Wave elections

See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)

In a July 2018 report, Ballotpedia defined wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in the last 100 years resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party. U.S. Senate waves from 1918 to 2016 are listed in the table below.

U.S. Senate wave elections
Year	President	Party	Election type	Senate seats change	Senate majority^[49]
1932	Hoover	R	Presidential	-13	D (flipped)
1958	Eisenhower	R	Second midterm	-12	D
1980	Carter	D	Presidential	-11	R (flipped)
1946	Truman	D	First midterm	-10	R (flipped)
1942	Roosevelt	D	Third midterm	-9	D
2014	Obama	D	Second midterm	-9	R (flipped)
1986	Reagan	R	Second midterm	-8	D (flipped)
2008	George W. Bush	R	Presidential	-8	D
1926	Coolidge	R	First midterm^[50]	-7	R
1930	Hoover	R	First midterm	-7	R

External links

Election coverage by office

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Footnotes

↑ Two independents-Sens. Angus King and Bernie Sanders-caucus with the Democratic Party.
↑ This number does not include the special election for a Senate seat in California, as that seat was also up for regular election.
↑ Siouxland News, "Nebraska's Ben Sasse resigning from US Senate," December 5, 2022
↑ Associated Press, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, trailblazer and champion of liberal priorities, dies at age 90," September 29, 2023
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Three independents caucused with the Democratic Party. Another independent, Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, counted toward the Democratic majority for committee purposes.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Two independents caucus with the Democratic Party.
↑ The map below also includes the seat held by Sen. Pete Ricketts (R-Neb.). That seat is up for special election in 2024.
↑ Tampa Bay Times, "Sen. Ben Sasse chosen as 13th UF president in unanimous vote of trustees," November 1, 2022
↑ Fox 42, "Sen. Ben Sasse has been confirmed as President of the University of Florida," November 9, 2022
↑ Siouxland News, "Nebraska's Ben Sasse resigning from US Senate," December 5, 2022
↑ Associated Press, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, trailblazer and champion of liberal priorities, dies at age 90," Sept. 29, 2023
↑ NBC News, "Independent Sen. Kyrsten Sinema will not run for re-election in Arizona," March 5, 2024
↑ The Hill, "Manchin won’t seek reelection in West Virginia," November 9, 2023
↑ Laphonza Butler, "Sen. Laphonza Butler not running in 2024 after filling Dianne Feinstein's seat," October 19, 2023
↑ Butler was appointed to her Senate seat on Oct. 1, 2023, to fill the vacancy left by the death of Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D). Feinstein had previously announced her retirement from public office.
↑ Debbie Stabenow, "Senator Stabenow Announces She Will Not Seek Re-Election in 2024," January 5, 2023
↑ Politico, "Cardin not running for reelection," May 1, 2023
↑ Washington Post, "Democratic Sen. Tom Carper of Delaware won't seek reelection, opening up seat in liberal state," May 22, 2023
↑ Washington Post, "Mitt Romney says he will not seek a second term in the Senate," September 13, 2023
↑ Politico, "Braun to run for Indiana governor, opening Senate seat in 2024," November 30, 2022
↑ This number does not include the special election for a Senate seat in California, as that seat is also up for regular election.
↑ This number includes three independents
↑ Sinema won in 2018 as a Democrat.
↑ Democratic incumbent Sen. Dianne Feinstein defeated Democrat Kevin De Leon in the general election by a margin of 8.4%.
↑ Sen. Sinema changed her partisan affiliation from Democrat to Independent after the 2022 elections.
↑ 270towin, "Historical Timeline," accessed March 25, 2022
↑ 270towin, "California," accessed October 17, 2023
↑ 270towin, "Nebraska," accessed March 7, 2023
↑ Both general election candidates were Republicans.
↑ This race was unopposed.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 Both general election candidates were Democrats.
↑ Lamb won by a margin of 0.4 percentage points.
↑ Wild won by a margin of 0.2 percentage points.
↑ The state Board of Elections declined to certify the results of the 2018 election following allegations of absentee ballot fraud.
↑ Collins won by 0.3 percentage points.
↑ This special election was called to fill the vacancy left by 2020 Congressman-elect Luke Letlow (R), who died before being sworn in to Congress.
↑ Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.
↑ Runoff MOV between two Democratic candidates.
↑ Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 Margin of victory
↑ Sinema announced that she was leaving the Democratic Party on December 9, 2022.
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 ^42.2 ^42.3 ^42.4 ^42.5 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
↑ [https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/senate/senate-overview/what-was-behind-return-senate-split-ticket-voting The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, "What Was Behind the Return of Senate Split-Ticket Voting," November 19, 2024
↑ [https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/senate/senate-overview/what-was-behind-return-senate-split-ticket-voting The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, "What Was Behind the Return of Senate Split-Ticket Voting," November 19, 2024
↑ Politico, "Republicans won big in the Senate. A warning lurks in the purple states." November 12, 2024
↑ Politico, "Republicans won big in the Senate. A warning lurks in the purple states." November 12, 2024
↑ Pew Research Center, "2024 elections show more partisan splits between states’ presidential and Senate votes than in recent past," November 26, 2024
↑ Politico, "Republicans won big in the Senate. A warning lurks in the purple states." November 12, 2024
↑ Denotes the party that had more seats in the U.S. Senate following the election.
↑ Calvin Coolidge's (R) first term began in August 1923 after the death of President Warren Harding (R), who was first elected in 1920. Before he had his first midterm in 1926, Coolidge was re-elected as president in 1924.

[1] Two independents-Sens. Angus King and Bernie Sanders-caucus with the Democratic Party.

[2] This number does not include the special election for a Senate seat in California, as that seat was also up for regular election.

[3] Siouxland News, "Nebraska's Ben Sasse resigning from US Senate," December 5, 2022

[4] Associated Press, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, trailblazer and champion of liberal priorities, dies at age 90," September 29, 2023

[ind-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Three independents caucused with the Democratic Party. Another independent, Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, counted toward the Democratic majority for committee purposes.

[ind2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Two independents caucus with the Democratic Party.

[7] The map below also includes the seat held by Sen. Pete Ricketts (R-Neb.). That seat is up for special election in 2024.

[8] Tampa Bay Times, "Sen. Ben Sasse chosen as 13th UF president in unanimous vote of trustees," November 1, 2022

[9] Fox 42, "Sen. Ben Sasse has been confirmed as President of the University of Florida," November 9, 2022

[resign-10] Siouxland News, "Nebraska's Ben Sasse resigning from US Senate," December 5, 2022

[11] Associated Press, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, trailblazer and champion of liberal priorities, dies at age 90," Sept. 29, 2023

[sinema-12] NBC News, "Independent Sen. Kyrsten Sinema will not run for re-election in Arizona," March 5, 2024

[Manchin-13] The Hill, "Manchin won’t seek reelection in West Virginia," November 9, 2023

[butler-14] Laphonza Butler, "Sen. Laphonza Butler not running in 2024 after filling Dianne Feinstein's seat," October 19, 2023

[15] Butler was appointed to her Senate seat on Oct. 1, 2023, to fill the vacancy left by the death of Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D). Feinstein had previously announced her retirement from public office.

[stabenow-16] Debbie Stabenow, "Senator Stabenow Announces She Will Not Seek Re-Election in 2024," January 5, 2023

[17] Politico, "Cardin not running for reelection," May 1, 2023

[18] Washington Post, "Democratic Sen. Tom Carper of Delaware won't seek reelection, opening up seat in liberal state," May 22, 2023

[19] Washington Post, "Mitt Romney says he will not seek a second term in the Senate," September 13, 2023

[20] Politico, "Braun to run for Indiana governor, opening Senate seat in 2024," November 30, 2022

[21] This number does not include the special election for a Senate seat in California, as that seat is also up for regular election.

[22] This number includes three independents

[23] Sinema won in 2018 as a Democrat.

[24] Democratic incumbent Sen. Dianne Feinstein defeated Democrat Kevin De Leon in the general election by a margin of 8.4%.

[25] Sen. Sinema changed her partisan affiliation from Democrat to Independent after the 2022 elections.

[26] 270towin, "Historical Timeline," accessed March 25, 2022

[27] 270towin, "California," accessed October 17, 2023

[28] 270towin, "Nebraska," accessed March 7, 2023

[Reps-29] Both general election candidates were Republicans.

[Unopp-30] This race was unopposed.

[Dems-31] 31.0 ^31.1 Both general election candidates were Democrats.

[32] Lamb won by a margin of 0.4 percentage points.

[33] Wild won by a margin of 0.2 percentage points.

[34] The state Board of Elections declined to certify the results of the 2018 election following allegations of absentee ballot fraud.

[35] Collins won by 0.3 percentage points.

[36] This special election was called to fill the vacancy left by 2020 Congressman-elect Luke Letlow (R), who died before being sworn in to Congress.

[37] Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.

[38] Runoff MOV between two Democratic candidates.

[39] Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.

[mov-40] 40.0 ^40.1 Margin of victory

[41] Sinema announced that she was leaving the Democratic Party on December 9, 2022.

[quotedisclaimer-42] 42.0 ^42.1 ^42.2 ^42.3 ^42.4 ^42.5 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.

[43] [https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/senate/senate-overview/what-was-behind-return-senate-split-ticket-voting The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, "What Was Behind the Return of Senate Split-Ticket Voting," November 19, 2024

[44] [https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/senate/senate-overview/what-was-behind-return-senate-split-ticket-voting The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, "What Was Behind the Return of Senate Split-Ticket Voting," November 19, 2024

[45] Politico, "Republicans won big in the Senate. A warning lurks in the purple states." November 12, 2024

[46] Politico, "Republicans won big in the Senate. A warning lurks in the purple states." November 12, 2024

[47] Pew Research Center, "2024 elections show more partisan splits between states’ presidential and Senate votes than in recent past," November 26, 2024

[48] Politico, "Republicans won big in the Senate. A warning lurks in the purple states." November 12, 2024

[49] Denotes the party that had more seats in the U.S. Senate following the election.

[CC-50] Calvin Coolidge's (R) first term began in August 1923 after the death of President Warren Harding (R), who was first elected in 1920. Before he had his first midterm in 1926, Coolidge was re-elected as president in 1924.

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