A lab bench and blackboard showing the theory and products of atom transfer radical polymerization

Atom transfer radical polymerization

Atom transfer radical polymerization approaches generate a diverse array of polymers that can be used to generate nanostructures with applications in biotechnology and biomedicine.

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    Journals from across the Nature portfolio have put together a series of collections to mark the 2024 Nobel Prizes. Check out our Primer articles in the Physics and Physiology or Medicine collections

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    Machine learning models are increasingly used in real-world clinical settings. Our latest Comment examines how to avoid introducing bias in these settings.

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Latest Primers & PrimeViews

  • Metal halide perovskite solar cells are emerging as next-generation photovoltaics, offering an alternative to silicon-based cells. This Primer gives an overview of how to fabricate the photoactive layer, electrodes and charge transport layers in perovskite solar cells, including assembly into devices and scale-up for future commercial viability.

    • Jiye Han
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  • Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a technique that employs the transfer of a halogen or pseudohalogen group between a catalyst and a monomeric or polymeric radical to generate and elongate polymers, respectively. In this Primer, Harrisson et al. describe considerations for ATRP, its available initiators, catalysts and mechanisms, the range of structures that can be generated and techniques for assessing the ATRP product, concluding with an overview of upcoming developments in the field.

    • Simon Harrisson
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  • Low-intensity focused ultrasound offers non-invasive neuromodulation, targeting deep brain structures with adjustable parameters. In this Primer, Legon and Strohman discuss mechanisms and safety considerations and highlight findings from clinical applications, emphasizing its potential as a tool in neuroscience and therapeutic interventions.

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  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy is an element-specific and orbital-specific technique that can probe local atomic and electronic structures, without the need for long-range order. This Primer discusses the background principles, experimental methods and data analysis processes used in X-ray absorption spectroscopy to derive oxidation states, coordination and bond lengths of solids, liquids and gases.

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  • Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is used to fabricate features with nanometre-scale resolution. This Primer explores how EUV lithography can be applied to manufacture semiconductor devices, explaining lithographic tools, photoresists and potential future developments.

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News & Comment

  • Machine learning models are increasingly being deployed in real-world clinical settings and have shown promise in patient diagnosis, treatment and outcome tasks. However, such models have also been shown to exhibit biases towards specific demographic groups, leading to inequitable outcomes for under-represented or historically marginalized communities.

    • Haoran Zhang
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    • Marzyeh Ghassemi
    Comment

  • Thriving in academia with a disability sparks creativity and innovation. My experience in chemistry and pharmacy laboratories highlights the need for universities to establish inclusive environments with clear, effective accommodations. I advocate for inclusivity, urging academia to support all researchers to excel and making science accessible to everyone.

    • Marwa M. I. Rizk
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  • Single-case experimental designs are rapidly growing in popularity. This popularity needs to be accompanied by transparent and well-justified methodological and statistical decisions. Appropriate experimental design including randomization, proper data handling and adequate reporting are needed to ensure reproducibility and internal validity. The degree of generalizability can be assessed through replication.

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  • Bayesian optimization is a promising approach towards a more environmentally friendly chemical synthesis, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. It can aid chemists to explore vast chemical spaces and find green reaction conditions with few experiments, decreasing resource consumption and waste generation while reducing discovery timelines and costs.

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