Search Results (3,327)

Background and Objectives: Dental implants are a reliable solution for tooth loss; however, systemic conditions like osteoporosis and diabetes, which affect bone quality, healing, and stability, underline the importance of understanding their impact on enhanced outcomes. This study evaluated the comparative effects of osteoporosis and diabetes on dental implant stability over 12 months, utilizing objective implant mobility and stability measures. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study involved 50 patients, divided into 21 with type 2 diabetes and 29 with osteoporosis, with implant stability assessed at 6 and 12 months using Osstell ISQ and Periotest M devices and statistical analysis identifying differences between groups and time intervals at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: At 6 months, the osteoporosis group showed higher initial stability (mean ISQ: 67.04 ± 5.42) compared to the diabetes group (mean ISQ: 62.10 ± 5.46; p = 0.0215)), and by 12 months, both groups showed significant improvements in ISQ scores (osteoporosis: 68.93 ± 4.83; diabetes: 65.79 ± 3.87), with Periotest values indicating more significant reductions in implant mobility, particularly in diabetic patients (osteoporosis: −3.34 ± 1.59; diabetes: −2.81 ± 1.44; p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Osteoporosis and diabetes significantly impact implant stability through distinct osseointegration pathways, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment plans to improve patient outcomes. Full article

Research with nanoparticles for the treatment and prevention of dental caries is of special interest given the high prevalence of the disease worldwide. Several studies support the use of nanoparticles associated with materials given their antimicrobial properties and potential demineralization reduction. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chitosan gel in combination with commercial fluoride varnish on the remineralization of dental enamel. Ninety-six tooth blocks were macroscopically evaluated via stereomicroscopy, ICDAS II, and laser fluorescence. Enamel blocks were subjected to artificial demineralization and divided into four exposure groups (24, 48, 120, and 168 h), and five different remineralizing agents were applied, namely, FV (fluoride varnish), FV + CG (fluoride varnish + chitosan gel), FV + AgNPs (fluoride varnish + AgNPs), FV + AgNPs + CG (fluoride varnish + AgNPs + chitosan gel), and AgNPs + CG (AgNPs + chitosan gel). Enamel surface changes were evaluated via laser fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Laser fluorescence results obtained from demineralized blocks and subsequently exposed to remineralizing treatment indicate significant differences. After exposure to remineralizing agents, hydroxyapatite and modified apatite phases were identified mainly in the samples treated with FV + AgNPs + CG in the groups exposed for 24, 48, and 120 h. The FV + AgNPs + CG and AgNPs + CG indicate good performance in terms of the Ca/P ratio in in vitro demineralization compared to the group treated with fluorine varnish. Full article

This study evaluated the microbial growth profile of subgingival multispecies biofilm on 3D-printable resin-based composites (PRBCs). A 96-well cell plate cultivated a 39-species biofilm associated with periodontitis over 7 days. Cylindrical specimens with 12 mm high and 3 mm diameters were prepared by the PRBC group (Cosmos Temp-Yller; Prizma 3D Bio Crown; Prizma 3D Bio Prov) and an acrylic resin as control. Further, these specimens were immersed in the well plate to allow biofilm formation. After growing for 7 days, the metabolic biofilm activity was evaluated by colorimetric assay and the microbial profile by DNA-DNA hybridization. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests evaluated each bacteria count and complex group. A greater biofilm formation was observed on PRBC groups than on acrylic resin. The microbiological profile of PRBC was associated with a less pathogenic biofilm, with an absence of a red complex. Acrylic resin showed low biofilm growth, but the biofilm profile was related to periodontal disease, characterized by red-complex bacteria. The selection of PRBC may contribute more effectively to maintaining periodontal health than acrylic resin. Full article

Zirconia is increasingly favored for dental implants owing to its corrosion resistance, hypoallergenic properties, and superior esthetics, but its biocompatibility remains a challenge. This study explores laser-assisted surface modification to enhance zirconia bioactivity. Zirconia transitions from the monoclinic to the tetragonal phase during sintering, with mixed phases observed in the pre-sintered stage. These transitions are critical for understanding its structural stability and malleability. Grid patterns were imprinted on the green body implant surface using a 1064 nm Nd-YAG laser (Continuum Surelite II, San Jose, CA, USA), with mesh sizes ranging from 7 to 50 µm and depths up to 2 µm, controlled by varying laser fluence, irradiation time, and templates. SEM, AFM, and XRD analyses were used to characterize the surface morphology and crystallography. Protein adsorption studies compared two patterned samples with different surface coverage—the first sample had a patterned area of 0.212 cm² (27%), while the second sample had a patterned area of 0.283 cm² (36%)—to a control sample. Protein adsorption increased by 92% in the first and 169% in the second sample, demonstrating a direct correlation between increased pattern area and bioactivity. Enhanced protein adsorption facilitates cell attachment and growth, which are crucial for improving osseointegration. These results underscore the potential of laser-assisted surface modification to optimize zirconia’s performance as a medical implant material. Full article

Background: Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth loss poses a significant challenge for successful dental implant placement. In cases of severe atrophy, bone augmentation is required to restore sufficient bone volume. This technical note outlines a detailed, stepwise surgical protocol for horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge augmentation using customized titanium mesh. Materials and Methods: The procedure includes precise mesh fitting, autologous bone grafting, and the application of bioactive agents to promote bone regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the technique’s feasibility, predictability, and the critical steps necessary for preventing complications. Results: The use of customized mesh ensures stability and improved bone regeneration outcomes, enabling clinicians to achieve successful implant placement even in severely atrophic ridges. Conclusions: The described protocol has demonstrated predictable results in both clinical and radiographic evaluations, offering an effective solution for complex bone augmentation cases. Full article

In recent decades, the integration of nanotechnology into dentistry has led to groundbreaking advancements in dental materials and applications. This article explores the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in modern dentistry, highlighting their definitions, unique properties, and various applications. The introduction establishes the significance of nanotechnology in dental health care, emphasizing the potential of NPs to transform traditional practices. The overview includes a discussion of the fundamental properties of NPs, which contribute to their effectiveness in dental applications. The article categorizes NPs into three main groups: antimicrobial, therapeutic, and material property-improving NPs, detailing their clinical uses and mechanisms of action. Furthermore, it addresses current innovations in dental products incorporating NPs and examines emerging trends in the field. The research for this review was conducted using high-quality, peer-reviewed scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with no time restriction as an inclusion criterion. These databases were selected for their credibility and comprehensive collections of relevant studies. In conclusion, NPs represent a promising avenue for innovation in dental materials and therapeutics. Their unique properties enable the development of enhanced antimicrobial agents, effective drug delivery systems, and improved material performance. However, the risks associated with cytotoxicity and stability must be carefully managed to ensure safe and effective use. Ongoing research is essential to fully understand and optimize the applications of NPs in dentistry, balancing their benefits against potential health risks. As the field advances, the integration of NPs into clinical practice will likely revolutionize approaches to dental care and treatment. Full article

Background and Objective: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of dental fear among schoolchildren in Bosnia and Herzegovina, analyze the distribution of dental anxiety by gender, age, and place of residence in relation to perceived sources of fear, and evaluate its association with oral health status. Materials and Methods: The sample included 355 schoolchildren between the ages of 12 and 15. Data were gathered using a self-assessment questionnaire, a brief clinical oral examination, and the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Results: Clinical examinations showed that 87.61% of the children had dental caries, with a mean DMFT score of 3.75 (SD = 2.93). The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher in the older group compared to the younger group (p < 0.01). Dental fear was present in 21.7% of the children, with a mean total CFSS-DS score of 27.50 (SD = 13.85). The most feared aspect among the children was “Choking” (73.8%), followed by “Injections” (63.7%) and “The noise of the dentist drilling” (52.1%). Children with dental fear had a significantly greater number of decayed and missing teeth, higher DMFT scores, and poorer gingival health and oral hygiene compared to those without dental fear (p < 0.01), even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: The study found a moderate level of dental fear among Bosnian schoolchildren, with younger children and those from urban areas showing more fear of injections. It also showed a consistent link between dental anxiety and clinical factors such as caries, gum disease, and oral hygiene, even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Full article

This study was conducted to evaluate the material properties of polymer-infiltrated zinc oxide networks (PICN) and the effect of using a phosphate monomer-containing primer applied before polymer infiltration. A total of 148 ZnO-network (zinc oxide) specimens were produced: n = 74 were treated with a primer before polymer infiltration and light curing, while the remaining specimens were untreated. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 37) based on the infiltrating polymer: UDMA (aliphatic urethane-dimethacrylates)-TEGDMA (triethylene glycol-dimethacrylate) or BisGMA (bisphenol A-glycidyl-methacrylate)-TEGDMA. Additionally, n = 7 specimens of each polymer type were prepared for comparison. Then, biaxial flexural strength was measured before and after 150 days of water storage at 37 °C, including 37,500 thermal cycles (5 °C to 55 °C). The Vickers hardness, surface roughness, and water absorption at 37 °C were also tested. The initial biaxial flexural strength was reduced in the ZnO network specimens compared to in the pure polymers. Primer application improved the flexural strength, though the strength of BisGMA-TEGDMA significantly decreased after water storage. The ZnO network increased hardness, and the polymer-infiltrated networks showed higher roughness post-grinding and absorbed less water than the pure polymer groups. The ZnO networks did not improve the flexural strength over that of the pure polymers. However, the primer’s positive impact and the network’s long-term stability suggest potential if the network structure can be modified to contain thicker, more stable branches. Full article

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged as a revolutionary material in modern dentistry because of its unique combination of mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and versatility. This literature review examines the current applications and future potential of PEEK in various dental disciplines. PEEK’s favorable properties, including its low specific weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, and ability to be easily machined, have led to its adoption in prosthetics, implantology, and dental esthetic restorations. This material has shown promise for fabricating crowns, bridges, removable partial denture frameworks, and implant components. PEEK’s radiolucency and bone-like elastic modulus make it particularly suitable for dental implants and abutments. Additionally, its resistance to degradation and compatibility with various surface treatments enhances its long-term performance in the oral environment. While challenges such as bonding to other dental materials and aesthetic limitations exist, ongoing research is addressing these issues through surface modifications and composite formulations. As the dental field continues to evolve, PEEK’s adaptability and biocompatibility position it a key player in the development of next-generation dental materials and techniques, potentially transforming patient care and treatment outcomes in dentistry. Full article

Background/Objectives: Air particle abrasion (APA) is a common surface preparation method in dentistry, particularly for improving bond strength to dentin. This review evaluates the influence of APA on dentin adhesion. Methods: A systematic literature search from 2018 to 2023 was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles investigating the effects of APA on dentin adhesion using different particle types, sizes and adhesive systems were included. Data extraction included particle size, air pressure, outcomes tested and failure modes. Results: Fourteen primary studies met the criteria. Bioactive glass showed higher bond strength and more cohesive failures than alumina. Alumina particles (50 μm) bonded effectively in etch-and-rinse adhesive systems but failed more often in self-etch systems. Silica-modified alumina and mixed abrasive systems showed improvements in bonding performance. Optimal APA parameters were identified as 50 μm particle size, 60 psi (4 bar) air pressure and 5 s exposure time. Longer exposure times provided no additional benefit. Self-etch systems showed reduced bond strength compared to etch-and-rinse systems. Conclusions: This review looks at how particle type, size and air pressure affect dentin adhesion. Bioactive glass is a superior material due to its bond strength and reduced cytotoxicity. The optimal APA parameters are 50 μm particle size, 60 psi and 5 s. Etch-and-rinse systems are recommended for optimal adhesion. Further research is required on APA protocols and long-term durability. Full article

This study evaluated the color change (ΔE₀₀) and penetration depth (PD) of white spot lesions (WSLs) infiltrated with the resin infiltrant (Icon^®) functionalized with methacrylate epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). To introduce polymerizable double bonds, EGCG was reacted with methacryloyl chloride (EM). Subsequently, the Icon resin infiltrant (I) was loaded with neat EGCG (IE) or EGCG–methacrylate (IEM) at 2 wt% each. WSLs were created on bovine enamel blocks and treated with I, IE, or IEM. Sound and untreated enamel surfaces were used as controls (C). Infiltrant PD (%) was determined by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM, n = 12) analysis. For color change (ΔE₀₀) determination (n = 14), ΔL, Δa, and Δb, half of each sample was kept sound as a reference area. The color was determined with a spectrophotometer. Data were statistically evaluated (p = 0.05). Surface morphology was obtained as a qualitative response variable using 3D CLSM. PD (%) did not differ statistically for I, IE, and IEM (p = 0.780). Groups I and IEM showed similar performance on color change (ΔE₀₀) compared to the control group, while IE exhibited intermediate results, with no significant difference observed between the untreated, I, and IEM groups (p < 0.001). IEM promoted the masking of the WSL color without interfering with the PD. Full article

Interocclusal records (IORs) created with bite registration materials (BRMs) accurately reflect the opposing teeth’s physiological and anatomical associations in digital and traditional dentistry. This study assessed the linear dimensional accuracy of vinyl polysiloxane-based scannable and transparent BRMs over obligatory clinical time intervals (1, 24, 72, and 168 h/s). A total of 3 scannable [Flexitime Bite, Occlufast CAD, Virtual CADBite] and 3 transparent [Maxill Bite, Charmflex Bite, Defend ClearBite] VPS-based BRMs were divided into 28 subgroups by time interval: 1, 24, 72, and 168 h/s. Stereomicroscope measurements of 420 standardised disk-shaped specimens with three distinct linear distances between crossing vertical and horizontal lines were taken. Comparisons with the conventional BRM determined the scannable and transparent BRMs’ accuracy, while comparisons with die dimensions yielded linear dimensional changes. Statistical analysis used median rank scores, interquartile range, and median. Using a one-way ANOVA rank and Dunn test, differences were assessed between and within groups at a probability ‘p’ value of 0.05 (p ≤ 0.05). Mean linear dimensions for CAD and transparent IOR materials were [−0.06 (−0.24%) to −0.15 (−0.6%)] and [−0.06 (0.24%) to −0.10 (0.40%)] millimetres, respectively. Virtual CADBite and Maxill Bite had the lowest linear disagreement after 1 h, but both showed significant variations at 7 days. Other commercial brands maintained their clinically acceptable linear accuracy (0.11). Flexitime Bite (CAD) was the sole material with a linear accuracy above the clinical threshold. IOR shrinkage reduced the linear dimensions in all materials. Until 7 days, all IOR materials except Flexitime bite (CAD) were clinically correct. Virtual CADBite and Maxill bite changed significantly during 1 h and 7 days. Full article

Traditional pulp-capping materials like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) offer excellent biocompatibility and sealing, but limitations such as prolonged setting time, low bioactivity, and high costs persist. Metformin, with its potential in craniofacial regeneration, could enhance dentin synthesis by targeting pulp cells. This study aimed to: (1) develop a calcium phosphate cement with chitosan (CPCC) with improved physio-mechanical properties; (2) incorporate metformin (CPCC-Met) to assess release; and (3) evaluate human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) response. CPCC was mixed at different powder-to-liquid ratios to evaluate physio-mechanical properties compared to MTA. The optimized CPCC formulation was loaded with 0, 50, 100, and 150 µg of metformin to measure release and assess hDPSCs attachment and proliferation (1, 4, and 7 d) via live/dead imaging and SEM. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results showed CPCC at a 3.25:1 ratio significantly reduced setting time to 41.5 min versus 123 min for MTA (p < 0.05). Metformin release correlated with concentration, and SEM confirmed the presence of a porous, hydroxyapatite-rich surface. Cell viability was consistently high across groups (>93% at 1 d, >95% at 4 d, ≈98% at 7 d), with no significant differences (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that the novel CPCC-Met demonstrates promise as a fast-setting, cost-effective pulp-capping material, offering metformin delivery to enhance dentin repair. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) is widely used in the dental industry as a photoinitiator for resin-based materials, while its use may be further limited given its toxicological risks. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyze the residual TPO content of 3D-printed resin-based dental splint materials. Methods: Six resin-based splint materials were analyzed: LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (DMG), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (Detax), optiprint splint (Dentona), KeySplint Soft (KeyPrint), FREEPRINT ortho (Detax), V-Print splint comfort (Voco). Grid-shaped specimens were fabricated using the recommended workflow of each manufacturer (n = 18). TPO extraction was conducted using a maximum of eight extraction cycles of 72 h at a temperature of 37 °C until no more TPO eluates were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The margin of safety (MoS) was calculated as the ratio between the Derived No-Effect Level (DNEL) and the estimated exposure based on the amount of TPO extracted. Results: The total amount of extracted TPO was the lowest for LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (Mean ± SD; 44.0 ± 17.1 ng/mL), followed by optiprint splint (80.6 ± 21.1 ng/mL), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (127.4 ± 25.3 ng/mL), FREEPRINT ortho (2813.2 ± 348.0 ng/mL), V-Print splint comfort (33,424.6 ± 8357.9 ng/mL) and KeySplint Soft (42,083.5 ± 3175.2 ng/mL). For all tested materials, the calculated MoS was above the critical value of 1, demonstrating toxicological safety in the cured, clinically relevant state. Conclusions: Large differences in the residual TPO content were observed between the materials. Although the TPO content in the uncured state may exceed toxicological safety limits, appropriate curing of the investigated materials resulted in a significant reduction in TPO elution and, thus, in products with a very low toxicological risk for the patient. Full article

This review explores the recent advancements and ongoing challenges in regenerating alveolar bone, which is essential for dental implants and periodontal health. It examines traditional techniques like guided bone regeneration and bone grafting, alongside newer methods such as stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and 3D bioprinting. Each approach is considered for its strengths in supporting bone growth and integration, especially in cases where complex bone defects make regeneration difficult. This review also looks at different biomaterials, from bioactive scaffolds to nanomaterials, assessing how well they encourage cell growth and healing. Personalized treatments, like customized 3D-printed scaffolds, show promise in enhancing bone formation and tissue compatibility. Additionally, signaling molecules, like bone morphogenetic proteins, play a crucial role in guiding the process of bone formation and remodeling. Despite these advances, challenges remain—particularly with severe bone loss and with refining biomaterials for more reliable, long-term outcomes. This review proposes combining advanced materials, regenerative technologies, and personalized approaches to achieve more effective and consistent outcomes in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Full article