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Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022
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Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 11696

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ping Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: photonics; optical fiber sensors; fiber acoustic detection; gas detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chaotan Sima

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Guest Editor
School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: photonics; optical fiber sensors; fiber acoustic detection; gas detection
Prof. Dr. Hongpeng Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Interests: photoacoustic spectrometry; photothermal spectroscopy; laser applications in environmental monitoring; industrial process control and medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We cordially invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of the journal Sensors devoted to the latest findings in optical communication, optical sensing and imaging, and relevant technologies. In addition, a few highly qualified papers selected and extended in the framework of the 2022 IEEE 14th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT) will be included in this Special Issue. ICAIT 2022 will be held online on 8–11 July 2022 in Chongqing, China, (http://www.icait.org/index.html).

The topics of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to wireless communication and networks, optical fiber communication and networks, space communications, navigation and tracking, fiber and sensor technologies, microwave photonics, micro- and nano-optical devices and sensing, fiber laser technologies and applications, optical imaging technologies and applications, signal, information and data processing for communications, semiconductor optoelectronic devices, and photoacoustic detection technologies and applications.

Prof. Dr. Ping Lu
Dr. Chaotan Sima
Prof. Dr. Hongpeng Wu
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3864 KiB  
Communication
A Computational Model of Cn2 Profile Inversion for Atmospheric Laser Communication in the Vertical Path
by Haifeng Yao, Yuxi Cao, Weihao Wang, Qingfang Jiang, Jie Cao, Qun Hao, Zhi Liu, Peng Zhang, Yidi Chang, Guiyun Zhang and Tongtong Geng
Sensors 2023, 23(13), 5874; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135874 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
In this paper, an atmospheric structure constant Cn2 model is proposed for evaluating the channel turbulence degree of atmospheric laser communication. First, we derive a mathematical model for the correlation between the atmospheric coherence length r0, the isoplanatic angle [...] Read more.
In this paper, an atmospheric structure constant Cn2 model is proposed for evaluating the channel turbulence degree of atmospheric laser communication. First, we derive a mathematical model for the correlation between the atmospheric coherence length r0, the isoplanatic angle θ0 and Cn2 using the Hufnagel–Valley (HV) turbulence model. Then, we calculate the seven parameters of the HV model with the actual measured r0 and θ0 data as input quantities, so as to draw the Cn2 profile and the θ0 profile. The experimental results show that the fitted average Cn2 contours and single-day Cn2 contours have superior fitting performance compared with our historical data, and the daily correlation coefficient between the single-day computed θ0 contours and the measured θ0 contours is up to 87%. This result verifies the feasibility of the proposed method. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed method and provide a new technical tool for the inversion of turbulence Cn2 profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Working diagram of measuring instrument. The beacon light emitted by the star is received by the measuring instrument through the transmission of atmospheric turbulence, and then the required physical quantity is calculated.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Specific calculation method. First, the measured data of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> are taken as inputs, determining the average of the <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> and thereby determining the range of values of the scale factor <span class="html-italic">M</span>, the range of values and the accuracy <span class="html-italic">G</span> of the seven parameters (<math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mi>c</mi></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>) of the generalized HV model. Finally, the data input and qualification conditions are imported into the calculation program. Seven parameter values are determined and substituted into Equation (3) to obtain the <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile, substituting Equation (10) to solve the value of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> from <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic diagram of measurement principle. After the plane wave emitted by a star propagates through the turbulent atmosphere, its wavefront is distorted, and the wavefront distortion changes the propagation direction and energy of the light wave. The DIMM calculates <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> via measuring the position jitter variance of the starlight (<math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>l</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math>). Through measuring the normalized light intensity fluctuation variance of starlight (<math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mfenced><mn>0</mn></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math>), the isoplanatic angle measuring instrument calculates <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Physical drawing (<b>a</b>) and structural drawing (<b>b</b>) of three-ring apodizing mirror. In (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>), the three rings connected by solid blue dots are opaque (the black ring corresponds to the bright silver ring) and the three rings connected by the orange hollow circle are transparent parts (the white ring corresponds to the transparent ring). In (<b>b</b>), the inner and outer radii of the transparent rings, from inside to outside, are as follows: for the innermost first bright ring, the inner ring radius is 37.389 mm and the outer ring radius is 43.840 mm; for the middle second bright ring, the inner ring radius is 62.890 mm and the outer ring radius is 69.240 mm; for the outermost third bright ring, the inner ring radius is 81.940 mm and the outer ring radius is 101.600 mm; finally, the outermost black ring is the reserved installation allowance, and the size can be set according to the actual situation.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Structure diagram of optical receiving system. (<b>a</b>) is a general view of the optical receiving system; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) are sectional views; the orange line points to the triple loop apodization mirror in (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>); the receiving system is a Cassegrain-type system; the yellow line points to the secondary mirror in the receiving system in sections (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>); the red line points to the primary mirror in the receiving system in the sectional views (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>); the path and direction of the light are marked in sections (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) with blue lines, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Comparison of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) represent the single day <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profiles of different dates compared with the <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile and average <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile of the Xianghe model; in (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>), the red solid line represents the Xianghe model <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile, the blue dash-dotted line represents the calculated average <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile and the black dashed line represents the single-day <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math> profile.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Comparison of calculated values and measured values. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) represent calculated values of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> on a single day compared to actual measurements, respectively; the red implementation represents the actual measured value of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> every day; the blue double-dashed line represents the calculated value of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> at the same time.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Trend change of <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math>. The relationship between the measured value and the calculated value profile of 16 group <math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math> data with good measurement results in the time interval of 11 December 2020 to 7 January 2021 are listed, Orange dots and lines represent the trend of data.</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 2980 KiB  
Communication
LSTM Attention Neural-Network-Based Signal Detection for Hybrid Modulated Faster-Than-Nyquist Optical Wireless Communications
by Minghua Cao, Ruifang Yao, Jieping Xia, Kejun Jia and Huiqin Wang
Sensors 2022, 22(22), 8992; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228992 - 20 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
In order to improve the accuracy of signal recovery after transmitting over atmospheric turbulence channel, a deep-learning-based signal detection method is proposed for a faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) hybrid modulated optical wireless communication (OWC) system. It takes advantage of the long short-term memory (LSTM) network [...] Read more.
In order to improve the accuracy of signal recovery after transmitting over atmospheric turbulence channel, a deep-learning-based signal detection method is proposed for a faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) hybrid modulated optical wireless communication (OWC) system. It takes advantage of the long short-term memory (LSTM) network in the recurrent neural network (RNN) to alleviate the interdependence problem of adjacent symbols. Moreover, an LSTM attention decoder is constructed by employing the attention mechanism, which can alleviate the shortcomings in conventional LSTM. The simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed LSTM attention neural network is 1 dB better than that of the back propagation (BP) neural network and outperforms by 2.5 dB when compared with the maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) detection method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic of atmospheric optical communication system based on the 4PPM–QPSK–FTN modulation mode.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>RNN network structure unfolded along the time line.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Diagram of the LSTM network.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Diagram of the LSTM attention decoder.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Internal calculation process diagram of the attention mechanism.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>BER under different atmospheric turbulence channels.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Relationship between BER and roll factor: (<b>a</b>) LSTM attention and BP decoding algorithms; (<b>b</b>) LSTM attention and MLSE decoding algorithms.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Relationship of BER and acceleration factor <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>τ</mi> </semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">
10 pages, 6169 KiB  
Article
Optical Fiber Sensor for Curvature and Temperature Measurement Based on Anti-Resonant Effect Cascaded with Multimode Interference
by Yinqiu Gui, Qian Shu, Ping Lu, Jiajun Peng, Jiangshan Zhang and Deming Liu
Sensors 2022, 22(21), 8457; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218457 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1970
Abstract
In this paper, a novel inline optical fiber sensor for curvature and temperature measurement simultaneously has been proposed and demonstrated, which can measure two parameters with very little crosstalk. Two combinational mechanisms of anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide and inline Mach–Zehnder interference structure are [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel inline optical fiber sensor for curvature and temperature measurement simultaneously has been proposed and demonstrated, which can measure two parameters with very little crosstalk. Two combinational mechanisms of anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide and inline Mach–Zehnder interference structure are integrated into a 3 mm-long single hole twin suspended core fiber (SHTSCF). The 85 μm hole core gives periodic several dominant resonant wavelengths in the optical transmission spectrum, acting as the anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW). The modes in two suspended cores and the cladding form the comb pattern. Reliable sensor sensitivity can be obtained by effective experiments and demodulation. Through intensity demodulation of the selected dip of Gaussian fitting, the curvature sensitivity can be up to −7.23 dB/m−1. Through tracking the MZI dip for wavelength demodulation, the temperature sensitivity can be up to 28.8 pm/°C. The sensor is simple in structure, compact, and has good response, which can have a bright application in a complex environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of the SHTSCF (<b>a</b>) Cross-sectional microscopic magnified image of SHTSCF; (<b>b</b>) Schematic of sensor structure.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) The aperture size of the SHTSCF; (<b>b</b>) Guiding mechanism of the SHTSCF.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of the establishment of simulation model; (<b>b</b>) Simulation of beam propagation at the wavelength of 1550 nm.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Experimental spectrum of the combinational two different mechanisms.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Spatial frequency spectra from 0 to 0.3 nm<sup>−1</sup>; (<b>b</b>) Spatial frequency spectra from 0.5 nm<sup>−1</sup> to 2 nm<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Diagram of experimental setup.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Curvature response in the 1530~1650 nm spectral range; (<b>b</b>) Curvature response in the spectral range from 1640 to 1650 nm.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The Gaussian fitting of the dip wavelength.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) The intensity Gaussian fit at the resonant wavelength from 1.09 m<sup>−1</sup> to 1.56 m<sup>−1</sup>; (<b>b</b>) The linear fit of the resonant wavelength about the sensitivity of −7.23 dB/m<sup>−1</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) The wavelength variation of the MZI dip with temperature increasing from 20 °C to 70 °C; (<b>b</b>) The linear fit of the MZI dip about the sensitivity of 28.8 pm/°C.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) The variation of the transmission spectrum with temperature increasing from 20 °C to 80 °C; (<b>b</b>) The linear fit of the resonant wavelength about the sensitivity of 0.018 dB/°C.</p> Full article ">
9 pages, 3700 KiB  
Communication
Optical Gas-Cell Dynamic Adsorption in a Photoacoustic Spectroscopy-Based SOF2 and SO2F2 Gas Sensor
by Ying Zhang, Mingwei Wang, Pengcheng Yu and Zhe Liu
Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7949; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207949 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1841
Abstract
SO2F2 and SOF2 are the main components from the decomposition of insulation gas SF6. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been acknowledged as an accurate sensing technique. Polar material adsorption for SO2F2 and SOF2 in [...] Read more.
SO2F2 and SOF2 are the main components from the decomposition of insulation gas SF6. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been acknowledged as an accurate sensing technique. Polar material adsorption for SO2F2 and SOF2 in the photoacoustic gas cell of PAS may affect detection efficiency. In this paper, the optical gas-cell dynamic adsorptions of four different materials and the detection effects on SO2F2 and SOF2 are theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The materials, including grade 304 stainless steel (SUS304), grade 6061 aluminum alloy (Al6061), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDC), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), were applied inside the optical gas cell. The results show that, compared with metallic SUS304 and Al6061, plastic PVDC and PTFE would reduce the gas adsorption of SO2F2 and SOF2 by 10 to 20% and shorten the response time during gas exchange. The complete gas defusing period in the experiment was about 30 s. The maximum variations of the 90% rising time between the different adsorption materials were approximately 3 s for SO2F2 and 6 s for SOF2, while the generated photoacoustic magnitudes were identical. This paper explored the material selection for PAS-based gas sensing in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Absorption spectra of SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> and SF<sub>6</sub>. The selected absorption line of SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> is labeled at 6648 nm.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) The acoustic field and (<b>b</b>) the airflow distribution inside the PAC.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Molecular structure of (<b>a</b>) SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) SOF<sub>2</sub> [<a href="#B18-sensors-22-07949" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-sensors-22-07949" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Temporal dynamic airflow and concentration distribution inside the gas cell.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Temporal gas concentration at the center of PACs with varied absorptions.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Schematic structures of PACs made of (<b>a</b>) metal or (<b>b</b>) with inner-coated plastic.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of the PAS experimental system; (<b>b</b>) core modules including the four PACs.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Measured second harmonics for the two gases.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Amplitude response of four PACs for SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Amplitude response of four PACs for SOF<sub>2</sub>.</p> Full article ">

Review

Jump to: Research

16 pages, 3439 KiB  
Review
Ultrasensitive Optical Fiber Sensors Working at Dispersion Turning Point: Review
by Shengyao Xu, Peng Kang, Zhijie Hu, Weijie Chang and Feng Huang
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031725 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2966
Abstract
Optical fiber sensors working at the dispersion turning point (DTP) have served as promising candidates for various sensing applications due to their ultrahigh sensitivity. In this review, recently developed ultrasensitive fiber sensors at the DTP, including fiber couplers, fiber gratings, and interferometers, are [...] Read more.
Optical fiber sensors working at the dispersion turning point (DTP) have served as promising candidates for various sensing applications due to their ultrahigh sensitivity. In this review, recently developed ultrasensitive fiber sensors at the DTP, including fiber couplers, fiber gratings, and interferometers, are comprehensively analyzed. These three schemes are outlined in terms of operation principles, device structures, and sensing applications. We focus on sensitivity enhancement and optical transducers, we evaluate each sensing scheme based on the DTP principle, and we discuss relevant challenges, aiming to provide some clues for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Infocomm Technology including Selected Papers from 14th ICAIT 2022)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Typical structure of microfiber coupler.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Group-effective RI difference versus wavelength for microfiber couplers. (<b>b</b>) Calculated sensitivities as a function of wavelength. (<b>c</b>) Simulated reflective spectra with different surrounding RIs [<a href="#B13-sensors-23-01725" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Illustrative diagram of femtosecond laser processing. Schematics of the femtosecond-laser-induced grating and transmission principles: (<b>b</b>) FBG, (<b>c</b>) TFBG, and (<b>d</b>) LPG.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of a graphene oxide-coated LPG immunosensor. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Functional material integration into the optical fiber waveguide platform.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of in-fiber interferometric structure. (<b>b</b>) Typical experimental setup of an in-fiber interferometer.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Group birefringence G and (<b>b</b>) calculated sensitivity for PAHF and SMF microfibers with different diameters. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) RI sensitivity and interference cutoff regions of PAHF and SMF microfibers, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Schematic diagram of the advanced design of optical fiber microstructures.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Schematic diagrams of fiber sensor package. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) optical fiber integration to microfluidic channel for sensing; (<b>c</b>) optical fiber probe for sensing.</p> Full article ">
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