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Materials for Display Applications
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Materials for Display Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2016) | Viewed by 36358

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jang-Kun Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
Interests: liquid crystals; organic light emitting diodes; electro-wetting; display device

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In fast-paced modern ubiquitous IT society, a display device, which connects humans and electronic devices, is of great importance, and better display technologies have always been pursued. All display devices, such as liquid crystal display, organic light emitting diode display, e-paper, electro-wetting display, and so on, were developed based on the development of core materials used in each display application. Hence, the field of materials for display applications is an extremely important area.  The main focus of the “Materials for display applications” Special Issue is to provide and comprehend important topics in this area. Therefore, recent issues and novel findings in liquid crystals, reactive mesogens, electro-luminescent materials, quantum dots, electro-phoretic, and electro-wetting materials with respect to display applications will be addressed in this issue. With immense pleasure, we invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are welcome.

Dr. Jang-Kun Song
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • liquid crystals
  • reactive mesogen
  • photo-luminescence materials
  • electro-luminescence materials
  • quantum dots
  • (di)electrophoretic  materials
  • Electrowetting materials

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

2636 KiB  
Article
Selective Photophysical Modification on Light-Emitting Polymer Films for Micro- and Nano-Patterning
by Xinping Zhang, Feifei Liu and Hongwei Li
Materials 2016, 9(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030121 - 23 Feb 2016
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6155
Abstract
Laser-induced cross-linking in polymeric semiconductors was utilized to achieve micro- and nano-structuring in thin films. Single- and two-photon cross-linking processes led to the reduction in both the refractive index and thickness of the polymer films. The resultant photonic structures combine the features of [...] Read more.
Laser-induced cross-linking in polymeric semiconductors was utilized to achieve micro- and nano-structuring in thin films. Single- and two-photon cross-linking processes led to the reduction in both the refractive index and thickness of the polymer films. The resultant photonic structures combine the features of both relief- and phase-gratings. Selective cross-linking in polymer blend films based on different optical response of different molecular phases enabled “solidification” of the phase-separation scheme, providing a stable template for further photonic structuring. Dielectric and metallic structures are demonstrated for the fabrication methods using cross-linking in polymer films. Selective cross-linking enables direct patterning into polymer films without introducing additional fabrication procedures or additional materials. The diffraction processes of the emission of the patterned polymeric semiconductors may provide enhanced output coupling for light-emitting diodes or distributed feedback for lasers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Display Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Measurements on (<b>a</b>) the refractive index as a function of wavelength and (<b>b</b>) the thickness of the PFB film after being irradiated by a UV laser beam at 405 nm for different expose time.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>AFM images of: (<b>a</b>) the photoresist (PR) grating; and the PR grating spin-coated with F8BT before (<b>b</b>) and after (<b>c</b>) the laser-induced cross-linking process. (<b>d</b>) A schematic illustration of the morphologic modification by laser-induced cross-linking. The lighter colors in the left panel indicate smaller density of F8BT molecules or less filled space before cross-linking.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Geometry for one-photon (1P) and two-photon (2P) direct writing into a PFB film through focusing a 400-nm CW and an 800-nm femtosecond pulsed laser beam by a cylindrical lens (CL), respectively. High-efficiency diffraction by the 2P-written grating is demonstrated by the diffraction pattern of a red laser at 633 nm. Grating structures written by (<b>b</b>) one- and (<b>c</b>) two-photon processes.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Optical microscopic image of the cross-linked F8BT film after the liftoff process by rinsing the sample with chloroform. (<b>b</b>) The AFM image of the grating structures produced by direct interference cross-linking and subsequent liftoff process.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Optical microscopic image of the phase-separation scheme of the F8BT:PFB blend film: before (<b>a</b>) and after (<b>b</b>) blend film is exposed to a blue laser beam at 457 nm for about 20 min; and (<b>c</b>) after the sample is rinsed in chloroform. (<b>d</b>) AFM image of the structures shown in (<b>c</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) SEM image of the metalized phase-separation scheme of the F8BT:PFB blend film; (<b>b</b>) Optical extinction spectrum measured on the structures shown in (<b>a</b>).</p> Full article ">
1424 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, X-ray Structure, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties of a White-Light-Emitting Molecule
by Jiun-Wei Hu, Ying-Hsuan Wu, Hsing-Yang Tsai and Kew-Yu Chen
Materials 2016, 9(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9010048 - 14 Jan 2016
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6052
Abstract
A new white-light-emitting molecule (1) was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 12.6814(6), b = 7.0824(4), c = 17.4628(9) Å, [...] Read more.
A new white-light-emitting molecule (1) was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 12.6814(6), b = 7.0824(4), c = 17.4628(9) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak intermolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonds, forming an infinite chain along [100], generating a C(10) motif. Compound 1 possesses an intramolecular six-membered-ring hydrogen bond, from which excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) takes place from the phenolic proton to the carbonyl oxygen, resulting in a tautomer that is in equilibrium with the normal species, exhibiting a dual emission that covers almost all of the visible spectrum and consequently generates white light. It exhibits one irreversible one-electron oxidation and two irreversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Furthermore, the geometric structures, frontier molecular orbitals (MOs), and the potential energy curves (PECs) for 1 in the ground and the first singlet excited state were fully rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations. The results demonstrate that the forward and backward ESIPT may happen on a similar timescale, enabling the excited-state equilibrium to be established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Display Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>The synthetic route of 4-<span class="html-italic">tert</span>-Butyl-1-hydroxy-11<span class="html-italic">H</span>-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one (<b>1</b>). AIBN: 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile; NBS: <span class="html-italic">N</span>-bromosuccinimide.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Computed energies of different conformers of <b>1</b> (top) and <b>2</b> (bottom) are specified relative to the respective enol-form (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G**).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Displacement ellipsoid representation of <b>1</b> with the labelling scheme. The ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level and the H atoms are drawn as spheres of arbitrary radii. The black dashed line denotes the intramolecular O-H···O hydrogen bond.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>A packing view of <b>1</b>, viewed along the <span class="html-italic">c</span> axis. Blue dashed lines denote intermolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonds.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Normalized absorption (dashed line) and emission (solid line) spectra of <b>1</b> in ethyl acetate.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Schematic representation of the white-light generation process in <b>1</b>. ESIPT: excited-state intramolecular proton transfer.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The optimized geometric structures of enol (E) and keto (K) form for <b>1</b> in the ground and the first singlet excited state together with the intramolecular hydrogen bond lengths.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The frontier molecular orbitals of <b>1</b> for E, E*, K, and K*. GSIPT: ground state intramolecular proton transfer.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Potential energy curves (PECs) from enol form (E) to keto form (K) of <b>1</b> at the ground state and excited state. The calculations are based on the optimized ground state geometry (S<sub>0</sub> state) at the B3LYP/6-31G**/ level using Gaussian 03W.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The cyclic voltammogram of <b>1</b> measured in dichloromethane solution with ferrocenium/ferrocene, at 200 mV/s.</p> Full article ">
16593 KiB  
Article
Optothermal Switching of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: A Study of Azobenzene Derivatives and Laser Wavelengths
by Tai-Chieh Huang, Yen-Yu Chen, Chih-Chien Chu and Vincent K. S. Hsiao
Materials 2015, 8(9), 6071-6084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095293 - 11 Sep 2015
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5350
Abstract
The laser-initiated thermal (optothermal) switching of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) is characterized by using different azobenzene (Azo) derivatives and laser wavelengths. Under 405-nm laser irradiation, Azo-doped CLCs undergo phase transition from cholesteric to isotropic. No cis-to-trans photoisomerization occurs when the 405-nm [...] Read more.
The laser-initiated thermal (optothermal) switching of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) is characterized by using different azobenzene (Azo) derivatives and laser wavelengths. Under 405-nm laser irradiation, Azo-doped CLCs undergo phase transition from cholesteric to isotropic. No cis-to-trans photoisomerization occurs when the 405-nm laser irradiation is blocked because only a single laser is used. The fast response of Azo-doped CLCs under the on–off switching of the 405-nm laser occurs because of the optothermal effect of the system. The 660-nm laser, which cannot be used as irradiation to generate the trans–cis photoisomerization of Azo, is used in Anthraquinone (AQ)-Azo-doped CLCs to examine the optothermal effect of doped Azo. The results show that the LC-like Azo derivative bearing two methyl groups ortho to the Azo moiety (A4) can greatly lower the clearing temperature and generate large amount of heat in AQ-A4-doped CLCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Display Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Absorption spectral response of A1 of <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> in the tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution before and under 405-nm laser irradiation; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Typical POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) of A1-doped CLC (15 wt% A1, 20 wt% ZLI811, and 65 wt% MDA3461) under (<b>b</b>) and stop (<b>c</b>) 405-nm laser exposure; (<b>d</b>) The transmission spectra of A1-doped CLC under different conditions of laser exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Absorption spectral response of A2 of <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> in the THF solution before and under 405-nm laser irradiation; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Typical POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) of A2-doped CLC (15 wt% A2, 20 wt% ZLI811, and 65 wt% MDA3461) under (<b>b</b>) and stop (<b>c</b>) 405-nm laser exposure; (<b>d</b>) The transmission spectra of A2-doped CLC under different conditions of laser exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Absorption spectral response of A3 of <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> in the THF solution before and under 405-nm laser irradiation; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Typical POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) of A3-doped CLC (15 wt% A3, 20 wt% ZLI811, and 65 wt% MDA3461) under (<b>b</b>) and stop (<b>c</b>) 405-nm laser exposure; (<b>d</b>) The transmission spectra of A3-doped CLC under different conditions of laser exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Absorption spectral response of A4 of <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> in the THF solution before and under 405-nm laser irradiation; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Typical POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) of A4-doped CLC (15 wt% A4, 20 wt% ZLI811, and 65 wt% MDA3461) under (<b>b</b>) and stop (<b>c</b>) 405-nm laser exposure; (<b>d</b>) The transmission spectra of A4-doped CLC under different conditions of laser exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Transmittance of Azo-doped CLC samples dependent on the heating temperature. The order of CT-lowering ability is A4 &gt; A2 &gt; A1 &gt; A3.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Temperature change of Azo-doped CLC samples under different conditions of laser exposure. The order of temperature change is A4 &gt; A2 &gt; A1 &gt; A3.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) and (<b>b</b>) transmission spectra of AQ dye-doped CLC containing A4 molecules (3 wt% AQ dye, 15 wt% A4, 20 wt% S811 and 62 wt% MDA3461) under different conditions of 660-nm wavelength laser exposure. The laser intensity was 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Transmission spectra of the sample without the addition of (<b>a</b>) AQ dye and (<b>b</b>) A4 under different conditions of laser exposure.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Switching performance of AQ-A4-doped CLC under alternative on–off laser irradiation (660 nm); (<b>b</b>) time-dependent transmittance change under laser exposure; and (<b>c</b>) time-dependent change as turning off the laser light.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) and (<b>b</b>) transmission spectra of AQ dye-doped CLC containing A1 molecules (3 wt% AQ dye, 15 wt% A1, 20 wt% S811, and 62 wt% MDA3461) under different conditions of 660-nm wavelength laser exposure. The laser intensity was 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) and (<b>b</b>) transmission spectra of AQ dye-doped CLC containing A2 molecules (3 wt% AQ dye, 15 wt% A2, 20 wt% S811, and 62 wt% MDA3461) under different conditions of 660-nm wavelength laser exposure. The laser intensity was 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) POM images (picture area: 270 μm × 320 μm) and (<b>b</b>) transmission spectra of AQ dye-doped CLC containing A3 molecules (3 wt% AQ dye, 15 wt% A3, 20 wt% S811, and 62 wt% MDA3461) under different conditions of 660-nm wavelength laser exposure. The laser intensity was 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Structures of the LC-like Azo derivatives and their abbreviations.</p> Full article ">

Review

Jump to: Research

12757 KiB  
Review
Engineering of Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Light Emitting Applications
by Francesco Todescato, Ilaria Fortunati, Alessandro Minotto, Raffaella Signorini, Jacek J. Jasieniak and Renato Bozio
Materials 2016, 9(8), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9080672 - 9 Aug 2016
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 9432
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals are rapidly spreading into the display and lighting markets. Compared with liquid crystal and organic LED displays, nanocrystalline quantum dots (QDs) provide highly saturated colors, wide color gamut, resolution, rapid response time, optical efficiency, durability and low cost. This remarkable progress [...] Read more.
Semiconductor nanocrystals are rapidly spreading into the display and lighting markets. Compared with liquid crystal and organic LED displays, nanocrystalline quantum dots (QDs) provide highly saturated colors, wide color gamut, resolution, rapid response time, optical efficiency, durability and low cost. This remarkable progress has been made possible by the rapid advances in the synthesis of colloidal QDs and by the progress in understanding the intriguing new physics exhibited by these nanoparticles. In this review, we provide support to the idea that suitably engineered core/graded-shell QDs exhibit exceptionally favorable optical properties, photoluminescence and optical gain, while keeping the synthesis facile and producing QDs well suited for light emitting applications. Solid-state laser emitters can greatly profit from QDs as efficient gain materials. Progress towards fabricating low threshold, solution processed DFB lasers that are optically pumped using one- and two-photon absorption is reviewed. In the field of display technologies, the exploitation of the exceptional photoluminescence properties of QDs for LCD backlighting has already advanced to commercial levels. The next big challenge is to develop the electroluminescence properties of QD to a similar state. We present an overview of QLED devices and of the great perspectives for next generation display and lighting technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Display Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Schematic representation of band alignment and carriers distribution in Type-I (<b>a</b>) and Type-II QDs (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>High-resolution transmission electron micrographs of CdSe cores of varying size overcoated by 2, 4 and 6 MLs of CdS. Scale bar equals 5 nm for Panels <b>A</b>–<b>D</b> and 10 nm for Panels <b>E</b>–<b>P</b>. Histograms of the measured particle sizes are included for reference, with the dashed lines indicating the predicted size based on the quantity of monomer added. Reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B50-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Electronic structure of core/shell/shell QD during ZnS shell growth and alloying. The shell initially confines both e and h to the core (center), until extended alloying smoothes out the potential well and the electron wavefunction spreads out over the whole structure in a quasi Type-II configuration (right). Reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B57-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>High-resolution transmission electron micrographs (<b>a</b>), cross-sectional core-shell structure depiction (<b>b</b>) and a schematic representation of the electronic (hole) density distribution (<b>c</b>) of CdSe-CdS, CdSe-Cd<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>S and CdSe-CdS-Cd<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>S-ZnS QDs. The scale bar in (<b>a</b>) represents a 10 nm length. The vertical scale bar in (<b>c</b>) is relative to vacuum and the represented energy levels are that of the bulk materials. (<b>b</b>) is reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B66-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Schematic diagram of non-radiative AR in a QD that acquires a positive charge: in both trion and biexciton case the exciton energy can ejected the extra hole towards discrete levels (<b>a</b>) or into the continuum (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Absorption (<b>a</b>) and emission (<b>b</b>) spectra of CdSe-CdS QDs as a function of shell ML number; (<b>c</b>) QY of core-shell QDs based on CdSe core and different shell as a function of shell ML number; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) Radiative (k<sub>R</sub>) and non-radiative (k<sub>NR</sub>) recombination rate of CdSe based core/shell as a function of shell type and ML number.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>DFB grating (<b>a</b>) and scheme of the laser prototype (<b>b</b>). Laser emission measurements, carried out by one- (<b>c</b>) and two-photon (<b>d</b>) optical pumping, show lasing emission above the optical gain threshold: TM (with electric field polarized perpendicular to the grating grooves) and TE (with polarization in the plane of incidence parallel to the grating grooves) lasing modes are detected. The threshold fluences are 0.077 ± 0.023 and 0.108 ± 0.056 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for the one-photon pumped TM and TE modes respectively, and 8.3 ± 2.5 and 11.4 ± 3.2 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for the up-converted ones. Photostability of TM mode at one- (<b>e</b>) and two-photon pumping (<b>f</b>). Reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B95-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">95</a>]. Copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Optical image of a 5 μm silica microsphere coated with a CdSe/CdS NR film; (<b>b</b>) Emission spectra of NR coated microsphere below (800 μJ/cm<sup>2</sup>) and above (900 μJ/cm<sup>2</sup>) lasing threshold under one-photon pumping; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Emission intensity as a function of pump intensity for one- (blue) and two-photon excitation (red). Photo-stability under one- (<b>e</b>) and two-photon (<b>f</b>) excitation. Reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B110-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">110</a>]. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Scheme of the VCSEL of the NPLs employ DBR with a six bilayer stack of SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles each; (<b>b</b>) Emission spectrum of VCSEL at increasing pumping intensity; (<b>c</b>) Integrated emission intensity vs. 2-photon pump intensity. Reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B93-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) Scanning electron microscopy cross-sectional image of DBR structure; (<b>b</b>) Surface normal reflectance of DBR with ten-bilayer of TiO<sub>2</sub> and SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles along with the emission of the QDs in the cavity with 15 μm optical thickness; (<b>c</b>) Emission intensity vs. pump intensity for frequency up-converted VCSEL; (<b>d</b>) Photographic image of the lasing spot from the VCSEL. Reprinted with permission from reference [<a href="#B111-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">111</a>]. Copyright 2015 Wiley.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Depiction of the on-edge implementation QLED geometries. QDs are placed within the Blue LED package, which is coupled to the light guide (<b>a</b>) or between the Blue LED package and the light guide plate (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>QDEF integration into an LCD backlight. QDEF is sandwiched between the LCM (Liquid Crystal Module), the BEF (Brightness Enhancement Film) and the blue LED. Reprinted with permission from Reference [<a href="#B133-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">133</a>]. Copyright 2012, SID DIGEST.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) Color primaries of a QDs sample (named QD6) as well as NTSC standard in CIE 1931 color space; and (<b>b</b>) Color primaries of QD 6 and NTSC standard in CIE 1976 color space. Reprinted with permission from Reference [<a href="#B117-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">117</a>]. Copyright 2013, OSA.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) Transfer printing process for micropatterning of quantum dots; (<b>b</b>) Fluorescence image of the RGB QD microstripes onto the glass substrate; (<b>c</b>) Electroluminescence image of a 4-inch full-color QD display using a HIZO TFT backplane with a 320 × 240 pixel array. Reprinted with permission from Reference [<a href="#B138-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">138</a>]. Copyright 2011, Macmillan Publishers Ltd.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>(<b>a</b>) Device structure and (<b>b</b>) cross-sectional TEM micrograph of all-solution processed full-color QLED. Reprinted with permission from Reference [<a href="#B21-materials-09-00672" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.</p> Full article ">
1868 KiB  
Review
Liquid Crystal Microlenses for Autostereoscopic Displays
by José Francisco Algorri, Virginia Urruchi, Braulio García-Cámara and José M. Sánchez-Pena
Materials 2016, 9(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9010036 - 11 Jan 2016
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8351
Abstract
Three-dimensional vision has acquired great importance in the audiovisual industry in the past ten years. Despite this, the first generation of autostereoscopic displays failed to generate enough consumer excitement. Some reasons are little 3D content and performance issues. For this reason, an exponential [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional vision has acquired great importance in the audiovisual industry in the past ten years. Despite this, the first generation of autostereoscopic displays failed to generate enough consumer excitement. Some reasons are little 3D content and performance issues. For this reason, an exponential increase in three-dimensional vision research has occurred in the last few years. In this review, a study of the historical impact of the most important technologies has been performed. This study is carried out in terms of research manuscripts per year. The results reveal that research on spatial multiplexing technique is increasing considerably and today is the most studied. For this reason, the state of the art of this technique is presented. The use of microlenses seems to be the most successful method to obtain autostereoscopic vision. When they are fabricated with liquid crystal materials, extended capabilities are produced. Among the numerous techniques for manufacturing liquid crystal microlenses, this review covers the most viable designs for its use in autostereoscopic displays. For this reason, some of the most important topologies and their relation with autostereoscopic displays are presented. Finally, the challenges in some recent applications, such as portable devices, and the future of three-dimensional displays based on liquid crystal microlenses are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Display Applications)
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<p>Charles Wheatstone-mirror stereoscope (XIX century) [<a href="#B1-materials-09-00036" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Public Domain.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>One channel of the active tiling modulator concept of QinetiQ [<a href="#B8-materials-09-00036" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Reproduced with permission from Slinger, C.; Cameron, C.; Stanley, M. Computer; published by IEEE, 2005.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>“PerspectaRAD mouse Phantom” by Gregg Favalora. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>“Parallax barrier <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> lenticular screen” by Cmg Lee. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Number of manuscripts as a result of the search in Scopus database (Elsevier). The search was restricted to only the titles of the manuscripts: (<b>a</b>) Autostereoscopic technologies and (<b>b</b>) Spatial multiplexing technologies. Queries for each technology were “holographic and display and 3D (or three-dimensional or autostereoscopic)”, and “volumetric display” and for spatial multiplexing, “parallax barrier display” and “lenticular (or lenses or microlenses) and display”. Dashed lines are real data, while solid lines are tendency lines (polynomial fit). The fitting is done by an orthogonal polynomial with four degrees.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>First proposals of LC lenses: (<b>a</b>) Plano-concave lens and (<b>b</b>) Plano-convex lens [<a href="#B34-materials-09-00036" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. The Japan Society of Applied Physics (JSAP). Reprinted with permission from Sato, S. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics; published by IOP Publishing, 1979.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Multilayer liquid crystal lens [<a href="#B53-materials-09-00036" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. Reprinted with permission from Wang, B.; Ye, M.; Sato, S. Applied Optics; published by OSA Publishing, 2004.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Active birefringent lens: (<b>a</b>) without voltage and (<b>b</b>) with voltage [<a href="#B55-materials-09-00036" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Reprinted with permission from Willemsen, O.H.; de Zwart, S.T.; IJzerman, W.L.; Hiddink, M.G.H.; Dekker, T. International Society for Optics and Photonics; published by SPIE, 2006.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Polarization activated microlenses [<a href="#B22-materials-09-00036" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Reprinted with permission from De Boer, D.K.G.; Hiddink, M.G.H.; Sluijter, M.; Willemsen, O.H.; de Zwart, S.T. International Society for Optics and Photonics; published by SPIE, 2007.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Structure of a liquid crystal microlens based on hole patterned technique.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Structure of a liquid crystal cylindrical lens based on modal control technique: (<b>a</b>) 2D view and (<b>b</b>) 3D view of the bottom substrate, detail of the electrode pattern.</p> Full article ">
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