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Advanced Energy Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2025 | Viewed by 512

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Guest Editor
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Interests: perovskite solar cells; two-dimensional materials; photocatalysis; DFT calculations; hybrid photovoltaics; materials chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photovoltaic (PV) devices play a vital role in converting solar energy into electricity, offering a promising avenue for mitigating carbon emissions and addressing the escalating demand for energy consumption. Several PV technologies have helped to shape the environment of renewable sources of energy. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as particularly noteworthy contenders in this area. Based on thin films (<1 mm), simple deposition methods promise to reduce production costs and produce high-quality semiconductors for solar cells, rivaling other established ones such as Si, CdTe, and GaAs. Within just a few years, PSCs have achieved PCEs comparable to those of established CdTe solar cells, surpassing the 22% mark in 2016. Therefore, the pursuit of highly efficient perovskite solar cells in response to pressing economic concerns has become paramount. Driven by their physicochemical properties, high power conversion efficiencies, flexibility, low manufacturing costs, and long-term stability, perovskite solar cells are considered to be one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies.

This Special Issue, titled “Advanced Energy Materials for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells”, aims to delve into the latest achievements in perovskite solar cells, covering novel materials, device structures, technologies, and characterization methods. This Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both experimental and theoretical approaches, showcasing the cutting-edge developments in this field.

Dr. Pingping Sun
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • perovskite solar cells
  • organic–inorganic hybrid materials
  • advanced and functional materials
  • photovoltaic performance
  • transport properties
  • thin films
  • materials processing and characterization
  • electron and hole transport materials
  • theoretical and experimental approach

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

18 pages, 2363 KiB  
Article
Mixed Pt-Ni Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application
by Huilong Liu, Rubaiya Murshed and Shubhra Bansal
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246196 - 18 Dec 2024
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Cs2PtI6 is a promising photoabsorber with a direct bandgap of 1.4 eV and a high carrier lifetime; however, the cost of Pt inhibits its commercial viability. Here, we performed a cost analysis and experimentally explored the effect of replacing Pt [...] Read more.
Cs2PtI6 is a promising photoabsorber with a direct bandgap of 1.4 eV and a high carrier lifetime; however, the cost of Pt inhibits its commercial viability. Here, we performed a cost analysis and experimentally explored the effect of replacing Pt with earth-abundant Ni in solution-processed Cs(PtxNi1−x)(I,Cl)3 thin films on the properties and stability of the perovskite material. Films fabricated with CsI and PtI2 precursors result in a perovskite phase with a bandgap of 2.13 eV which transitions into stable Cs2PtI6 with a bandgap of 1.6 eV upon annealing. The complete substitution of PtI2 in films with CsI + NiCl2 precursors results in a wider bandgap of 2.35 eV and SEM shows two phases—a rod-like structure identified as CsNi(I,Cl)3 and residual white particles of CsI, also confirmed by XRD and Raman spectra. Upon extended thermal annealing, the bandgap reduces to 1.65 eV and transforms to CsNiCl3 with a peak shift to higher 2-theta. The partial substitution of PtI2 with NiCl2 in mixed 50-50 Pt-Ni-based films produces a bandgap of 1.9 eV, exhibiting a phase of Cs(Pt,Ni)(I,Cl)3 composition. A similar bandgap of 1.85 eV and the same diffraction pattern with improved crystallinity is observed after 100 h of annealing, confirming the formation of a stable mixed Pt-Ni phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Atmospheric synthesis of PtI<sub>2</sub>, mixed PtI<sub>2</sub>-NiCl<sub>2</sub>, and NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films in 50:50 DMF: DMSO via solution processing.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>USD/Watt (solute) of various Pb and Pb-free perovskite compositions calculated with respect to the PCE and thickness reported in the corresponding literature (blue) and the highest PCE of 25.6% and thickness of 2000 nm reported for the Pb-based FAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite (red). <a href="#app1-materials-17-06196" class="html-app">Figure S1</a> represents the USD/watt with the discrete effect of optimized PCE and absorber layer thickness.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>USD/Watt (solute + encapsulant) of various Pb and Pb-free perovskite compounds calculated with respect to the highest PCE of 25.6% and thickness of 2000 nm reported for the Pb-based FAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite. E1, E2, E3, and E4 represent different encapsulants: Polyolefin, Teflon, PET, and EVA, respectively. <a href="#app1-materials-17-06196" class="html-app">Figure S2</a> represents the USD/Watt (solute + encapsulant) calculated with respect to the PCE and absorber layer thickness reported in the corresponding literature. <a href="#app1-materials-17-06196" class="html-app">Figure S3</a> represents the USD/watt (solute + encapsulant) with the discrete effect of optimized PCE reported for the Pb-based FAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite and the corresponding absorber layer thickness from the literature. <a href="#app1-materials-17-06196" class="html-app">Figure S4</a> represents the USD/watt (solute + encapsulant) with the discrete effect of the optimized absorber layer thickness reported for the Pb-based FAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite and PCE from the literature.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Absorption spectrums of 2 h annealed (at −15 in Hg and 100 °C) PtI<sub>2</sub>, mixed PtI<sub>2</sub>-NiCl<sub>2</sub>, and NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films; (<b>b</b>) Tauc plot showing the optical bandgap of the 2 h annealed (at −15 in Hg and 100 °C) PtI<sub>2</sub>, mixed PtI<sub>2</sub>-NiCl<sub>2</sub>, and NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films; (<b>c</b>) XRD spectra of the 2 h annealed (at −15 in Hg and 100 °C) PtI<sub>2</sub>, mixed PtI<sub>2</sub>-NiCl<sub>2</sub>, and NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films; SEM images of (<b>d</b>) PtI<sub>2</sub>, (<b>e</b>) mixed PtI<sub>2</sub>-NiCl<sub>2</sub>, and (<b>f</b>) NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films; Raman spectra of (<b>g</b>) PtI<sub>2</sub>-based and (<b>h</b>) NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films, respectively; (<b>i</b>) Goldschmidt and (<b>j</b>) Bartel tolerance factors for Cs(Pt,Ni)(Cl,I)<sub>3</sub>.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>PtI<sub>2</sub>-based films before and after the dark thermal annealing test with t representing the annealing duration: (<b>a</b>) absorption coefficient; (<b>b</b>) Tauc plot; (<b>c</b>) XRD pattern; (<b>d</b>) cross-section SEM images before annealing; (<b>e</b>) cross-section SEM images after annealing; and (<b>f</b>) EDS analysis showing the atomic % of the elemental distribution.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Mixed PtI<sub>2</sub>-NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films before and after the dark thermal annealing test with t representing the annealing duration: (<b>a</b>) absorption spectrum; (<b>b</b>) Tauc plot; (<b>c</b>) XRD pattern; (<b>d</b>) cross-section SEM image before annealing; (<b>e</b>) cross-section SEM image after annealing; and (<b>f</b>) EDS analysis showing the atomic % of the elemental distribution.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>NiCl<sub>2</sub>-based films before and after the dark thermal annealing test with t representing the annealing duration: (<b>a</b>) absorption spectrum; (<b>b</b>) Tauc plot; (<b>c</b>) XRD pattern; (<b>d</b>) SEM morphology before annealing; (<b>e</b>) SEM morphology after annealing; and (<b>f</b>) EDS analysis showing the atomic % of the elemental distribution.</p>
Full article ">
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